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  • Triticum aestivum  (861)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (759)
  • Springer  (1,587)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (33)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Food waste is becoming an important and growing concern at both local and global levels. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), one-third of all food production is wasted globally, and in particular, 1.3 billion tons of food produced for human consumption is wasted per year, representing an economic loss of EUR 800 billion. The main foods wasted are represented by vegetables, fruits, meat, and fish. Considering the high availability and the composition of food waste, there is an increasing interest in their bio-valorization. Moreover, according to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 12 and 13), an appropriate waste management represents an essential prerequisite for the sustainable development.This reprint collects interesting manuscripts regarding innovative research focused on food waste valorization through fermentation processes for obtaining value-added products such as enzymes, feed additives, biofuels, animal feeds as well as other useful chemicals or products, food-grade pigments, and single-cell protein (SCP), enhancing food security and environmentally sustainable development.
    Keywords: industrial food waste ; valorization ; biorefinery ; bioenergy ; biobased materials ; promotion policy ; rice husk ; pyrolysis ; porous biochar ; pore property ; surface composition ; microbial red pigment ; Monascus purpureus ; simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation ; sustainability ; whey ; RSM ; bioethanol ; yeast fermentation ; sugar beet molasses ; industrial by-product ; scale-up ; agricultural waste ; wastewater ; microbial fuel cell ; techno-economic ; commercialization ; life cycle assessment ; Neurospora intermedia ; bread ; process development ; cheese whey ; Aspergillus awamori ; β-galactosidase ; lactose hydrolysis ; Acetobacter xylinum ; bacterial cellulose ; biosurfactant ; bioemulsifier ; waste frying oil ; Bacillus cereus ; food additives ; cookie ; microalgae ; DHA ; lignocellulosic biomass ; organosolv fractionation ; liquid fraction ; solid pulp ; omega-3 fatty acids ; soap ; olives ; olive oil ; fermentation ; food waste ; fish waste ; citrus peel ; aquafeed ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Lactobacillus reuteri ; whey product ; proteins ; ultrafiltration ; nanofiltration ; keratinocytes scratch assay ; mozzarella cheese manufacturing ; pressing residue ; grape ; apple ; silage ; animal production ; enzyme production ; polyphenols ; Juglans regia L. ; walnut green husk ; agricultural wastes ; soil conditions ; glucans ; pectins ; Aspergillus oryzae ; rice hull ; paper mill wastewater ; bioremediation ; amylase ; solid-state fermentation (SSF) ; goat feeding ; durian peel ; silage additives ; propionate ; methane mitigation ; nitrogen balance ; waste management ; biofuel production ; circular economy ; single cell protein ; value-added product ; food and feed production ; yeast ; probiotics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.
    Keywords: nanospheroids ; zinc-doped CaO ; natural triglycerides ; aminolysis ; heterogeneous catalyst ; recyclability ; catalyst ; sodium hydroxide ; fatty acid methyl ester ; central composite rotatable design ; operational conditions ; aerated irrigation ; soil enzyme activity ; soil microbial biomass ; soil respiration ; bio-derived phenol ; Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 ; in-situ hydrodeoxygenation ; cyclohexane ; hydrogenolysis ; biomass ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ; 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid ; aerobic oxidation ; metal catalysts ; acid catalysis ; biodiesel ; biofuel ; esterification ; fatty acid ; methanolysis ; molybdenum oxide ; transesterification ; vegetable oil ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol ; 1-heptanol ; 4-methyl-2-pentanol ; viscosity ; flash and combustion points ; methyl oleate ; methyl ricinoleate ; cellulase ; cellulose ; paper sludge ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; synergism ; furfural ; carbon-supported catalyst ; xylose conversion ; iron ; heterogeneous catalysts ; thermoset polymer ; epoxy ; cellulose nanofiber ; curing characteristics ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; RSM ; numerical optimization ; keratinase ; feather ; Bacillus sp. ; amino acids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Almost 25 years ago, the first mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channel was cloned and published. TRP channels now represent an extended family of 28 members fulfilling multiple roles in the living organism. Identified functions include control of body temperature, transmitter release, mineral homeostasis, chemical sensing, and survival mechanisms in a challenging environment. The TRP channel superfamily covers six families: TRPC with C for “canonical”, TRPA with A for “ankyrin”, TRPM with M for “melastatin”, TRPML with ML for “mucolipidin”, TRPP with P for “polycystin”, and TRPV with V for “vanilloid”. Over the last few years, new findings on TRP channels have confirmed their exceptional function as cellular sensors and effectors. This Special Book features a collection of 8 reviews and 7 original articles published in “Cells” summarizing the current state-of-the-art on TRP channel research, with a main focus on TRP channel activation, their physiological and pathophysiological function, and their roles as pharmacological targets for future therapeutic options.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; n/a ; transient receptor potential channels ; photochromic ligands ; elementary immunology ; Purkinje cell ; EPSC ; substance P ; chemicals ; organ toxicity ; lymphocytes ; HSP70 ; physiology ; bioavailable ; inflammatory bowel disease ; platelets ; pollutants ; yeast ; regulatory T cells ; kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; manganese ; cerebellum ; TRP channel ; NHERF ; inflammation ; nanoHPLC-ESI MS/MS ; TRPM7 ; chemical probes ; TRPM8 ; dorsal column nuclei ; TRPV2 ; TRPV3 ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; TRPV1 ; ion channels ; transient receptor potential ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; MALDI-TOF MS(/MS) ; TRPV4 ; overproduction ; sulfur mustard ; oxidative stress ; graft versus host disease ; menthol ; topical ; chemosensor ; AP18 ; calcium signalling ; mucosal epithelium ; cuneate nucleus ; production platform ; TRPC channels ; ulcerative colitis ; channel structure ; xerostomia ; neutrophils ; cardiovascular system ; TRPC5 ; TRPC6 ; TRPC3 ; TRPC4 ; calcium signaling ; protein purification ; adipose tissue ; transient receptor potential (TRP) channels ; sodium ; TH17 ; diacylglycerol ; hypersensitivity ; TRPY1 ; GABAB ; HEK293 ; thrombosis ; ion channel ; TRPC ; pathophysiology ; SMAD ; toxicology ; endothelium ; calcium ; proteomics ; TRPA1 ; salivary glands ; TRP channels ; lipid mediators ; sensors ; radiation ; TRPM4 channel ; human medulla oblongata ; mGluR1 ; small molecules ; TRPC3 pharmacology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Mitochondria play an increasingly central role in the context of cellular physiology. These organelles possess their own genome (mtDNA), which is functionally coordinated with the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial gene expression is mediated by molecular processes (replication, transcription, translation, and assembly of respiratory chain complexes) that all take place within the mitochondria. Several aspects of mtDNA expression have already been well characterized, but many more either are under debate or have yet to be discovered. Understanding the molecular processes occurring in mitochondria also has clinical relevance. Dysfunctions affecting these important metabolic ‘hubs’ are associated with a whole range of severe disorders, known as mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; however, to date, mitochondrial diseases are complex genetic disorders without any effective therapy. Current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are aimed at mitigating clinical manifestations and slowing the disease progression to improve the quality of life of patients. The goal of the Special Issue ‘Mitochondria: from Physiology to Pathology’ published in Life (ISSN: 2075-1729) was to collect research and review articles covering the physiological and pathological aspects related to mtDNA maintenance and gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, organelle metabolism, and quality control.
    Keywords: atherosclerosis ; carotid intima-media thickness ; mitochondrial mutations ; cardiovascular risk factors ; mitochondria ; mtDNA ; cristae ; mitochondrial fission ; mitochondrial fusion ; mitochondrial diseas ; mitochondrial dynamics ; mitoenergetics ; mitosteroidogenesis ; LH ; cAMP ; Leydig cell ; mitochondrial DNA segregation ; heteroplasmy ; selective elimination ; mitophagy ; mitochondrial engineered nucleases ; kinases ; phosphorylation ; disease ; PINK1 ; Parkinson’s disease ; mitochondria homeostasis ; Cterm ; MELAS ; transmitochondrial cybrids ; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ; LARS2 ; mitochondrial disease ; therapeutic peptides ; FAD synthase ; FAD1 ; mitochondria localization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mRNA ; mitochondrial localization motif ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: The externalization of animals’ genetic potential is determined by a number of external factors, of which feeding plays a major role. Animals’ nourishment is one of the most important levers to ensure the efficiency of animal production due to both the high share of feed costs in the total cost of products and the influence this has on the growth, reproduction, and health of animals as well as the quality of products obtained from these. This field is one of the most dynamic in the field of husbandry sciences due to the takeover and permanent use of numerous results obtained from research on energy metabolism and nutrients related to the composition of feed and its influence on animal products. This is also due to the great advances in genetics, which create new types of animals with increasing productive potential, but also with different food requirements. This Special Issue collated innovative papers on animal nutrition, physiology, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, reproduction, and breeding technologies. The articles covered a wide range of topics related to feed quality, the influence of food on the production level, the quality of production, and also on animals’ health.
    Keywords: carcass yield ; commercial cuts ; low cost ; neutral detergent fiber ; non-fiber carbohydrate ; Yucca schidigera ; antimicrobial ; secondary metabolites ; sustainability ; pollution ; production ; food animals ; Ajuga iva ; chemical composition ; nutritive value ; unconventional feeds ; phenolic ; growing conditions ; dairy buffaloes ; farming environment ; reproductive and productive performances ; feeding trial ; mozzarella cheese ; sensory properties ; alternative feed ; degradability ; fractions ; ram ; sperm quality ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; apparent digestibility ; honey ; quality ; phenolic content ; flavonoid content ; Pearson’s correlation ; female camels ; milk ; minerals ; heavy metals ; winter ; total mixed ration ; paddlefish ; meat quality ; fatty acids ; biological value ; body condition score ; ewes ; reproductive traits ; flushing ; animal production ; genetic diversity ; grey cattle ; mitochondrial DNA ; Podolian cattle ; European catfish ; somatometry ; corporal indice ; flesh yield ; nutritional quality ; lactation ; manganese ; reproductive performance ; sows ; AP monitoring ; IoT ; AP estimation ; decision support ; livestock farming ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; meat ; chicken ; duck ; turkey ; phenols ; flavonoids ; FTIR ; rearing system ; birds’ welfare condition ; biochemical analysis ; productive parameters ; food and feed safety ; yeasts and molds ; Salmonella spp. ; Escherichia coli ; Clostridium perfringens ; rabbit ; hare ; lipid health indices ; water-holding capacity ; cooking loss ; egg weight ; shell weight ; fractional reduction ; deletion method ; reproduction ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Wine has a complex matrix with many volatile compounds present, which evolves over time. These volatile compounds are important to wine quality as they contribute to the aroma and varietal characteristics of wine. Recent development in the analysis of volatile compounds in wine has greatly improved our understanding of the complexity of wine aroma. Analytical methods used for wine aroma fingerprinting have shown potential in determining the origin and quality of wine. Thus, research on volatile compounds responsible for wine aroma and their correlation with wine provenance and wine quality have increasingly attracted great interest from researchers and winegrowers. This Special Issue presents the latest research regarding wine aroma compounds, including, but not limited to, the topics on the characterization of aroma compounds in grapes and wine, factors influencing the production of aroma compounds in wine during fermentation and maturation, and analytical methods for wine aroma analysis.
    Keywords: marselan wine ; aroma compounds ; indigenous yeast strains ; Saccharomyces ; non-Saccharomyces ; icewine ; Vidal ; yeast ; sensory analysis ; amino acid ; fruity ester ; wine aroma ; nitrogen management ; Pearson correlation analysis ; carbon metabolism ; Vitis davidii Foёx ; spend coffee grounds ; fermentation ; sensory property ; volatile profile ; yeast protein hydrolysate ; nitrogen supplementation ; volatile compounds ; wine higher alcohols ; wine esters ; monoterpenes ; triangle test ; check-all-that-apply ; correspondence analysis ; Cochran’s Q-test ; nutrients ; central composite design ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; strain effect ; aromas ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; ethanol tolerance ; ultraviolet irradiation ; diethyl sulfate mutagenesis ; vineyard mechanization ; phenolics ; sensory properties ; anthocyanins ; bentonite ; cold soaking ; colour ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; Pinot noir ; tannin ; antioxidants ; glutathione ; glutathione-enriched inactivated dry yeasts ; methoxypyrazines ; oxidation ; Sauvignon Blanc ; thiols ; aroma profile ; grape pomace ; model juice ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Over the last few years, the subject of food authenticity and food fraud has received increasing attention from consumers and other stakeholders, such as government agencies and policymakers, control labs, producers, industry, and the research community. Among the different approaches aiming to identify, tackle, and/or deter fraudulent practices in the agri-food sector, the development of new, fast, and accurate methodologies to evaluate food authenticity is of major importance. This book, entitled “Target and Non-Target Approaches for Food Authenticity and Traceability”, gathers original research and review papers focusing on the development and application of both targeted and non-targeted methodologies applied to verify food authenticity and traceability. The contributions regard different foods, among which some are frequently considered as the most prone to adulteration, such as olive oil, honey, meat, and fish. This book is intended for readers aiming to enrich their knowledge through reading contemporary and multidisciplinary papers on the topic of food authentication.
    Keywords: COIBar–RFLP (cytochrome oxidase I barcode–restriction fragment length polymorphism) ; seafood ; fraud ; DNA barcoding ; food authenticity ; food adulteration ; food fraud ; donkey ; cytochrome b ; real-time PCR ; meat products ; honey ; regional origin ; chemometric analysis ; mineral content ; Montenegro ; Sepia ; common cuttlefish ; Sepia officinalis ; real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) ; species identification ; food authentication ; COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) ; Olea europaea var Sylvestris ; oleaster ; olive ; olive oil ; adulteration ; SNP ; DNA ; virgin olive oil ; quality ; volatile compounds ; sensory analysis ; chemometrics ; anti food fraud ; Curcuma longa ; DNA markers ; SYBR-GREEN real-time PCR ; Zea mays ; pasta ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; genetic traceability ; digital PCR ; semolina ; species ; truffle ; Tuber spp. ; species differentiation ; near-infrared spectroscopy ; red deer ; roe deer ; water deer ; multiplex PCR ; capillary electrophoresis ; perilla ; sesame ; geographic origin ; metabolomics ; multivariate analysis ; metabolite profiling ; quantification ; chicken ; guinea fowl ; pheasant ; quail ; turkey ; authentication ; authenticity ; chemometric ; fish ; origin ; meat ; milk ; spectroscopy ; 1H-NMR ; GC-MS ; HPLC-UV/VIS ; protein hydrolysate ; free amino acid contents ; ProHydrAdd ; monofloral honey ; direct analysis in real time (DART) ; high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) ; geographical origin ; Ginkgo biloba ; plant infusions ; real-time polymerase chain reaction ; DNA extraction ; opium poppy ; seed ; pollen grains ; bakery product ; oil ; PCR ; Salmo salar L. ; fatty acids ; mislabeling ; machine learning ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels, and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewers’ or bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by humans. Saccharomyces is a top-choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications. This Special Issue “Yeast Biotechnology 2.0” is a continuation of the first Special Issue, “Yeast Biotechnology” (https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/324). It compiles the current state-of-the-art of research and technology in the area of “yeast biotechnology” and highlights prominent current research directions in the fields of yeast synthetic biology and strain engineering, new developments in efficient biomolecule production, fermented beverages (beer, wine, and honey fermentation), and yeast nanobiotechnology.]
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; bioethanol production ; mead ; nanobiotechnology ; fermentation-derived products ; flavor ; citric acid production ; enzyme production ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermented beverages ; bioreactors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; beer ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Allohexaploid bread wheat and diploid barley are two of the most cultivated crops in the world. This book reports novel research and reviews concerning the use of modern technologies to understand the molecular bases for wheat and barley improvement. The contributions published in this book illustrate research advances in wheat and barley knowledge using modern molecular techniques. These molecular approaches cover genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phenomic levels, together with new tools for gene identification and the development of novel molecular markers. Overall, the contributions for this book lead to a further understanding of regulatory systems in order to improve wheat and barley performance.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; biotechnology ; transgene ; Aegilops tauschii ; antioxidant enzymes ; aquaporin ; molecular marker ; Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) ; transgenic wheat ; purple acid phosphatase phytase ; genome editing ; genes ; resistance ; genome assembly ; germination ; protein two-dimensional electrophoresis ; 1 ; disease resistance ; Thinopyrum ; plant ; oligo probe ; optical mapping ; genetic biofortification ; breeding ; population structure ; marker-assisted selection ; crops ; hybrid necrosis ; PAPhy ; Triticeae ; wheat ; Barley ; genome stability ; CRISPR ; powdery mildew ; RNA editing ; bread wheat ; allohexaploid ; nucleus ; chromatin ; introgression ; favorable alleles ; genetic engineering ; Tunisian landraces ; barely ; Pm40 ; Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici ; Transcriptional dynamics ; Lr42 ; Triticum durum ; histochemical analysis ; molecular mapping ; ribosomal DNA ; 12-oxophytodienoate reductase ; small segment translocation ; HIGS ; Powdery mildew ; abiotic stress ; phytase ; RNA-seq ; Bulked segregant analysis-RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) ; grain ; DArTseq technology ; center of diversity ; mature grain phytase activity (MGPA) ; cereals ; Grain development ; hybrid ; homoeolog ; 3D-FISH ; jasmonates ; Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; genetic diversity ; ND-FISH ; durum wheat ; protease ; transpiration ; TdPIP2 ; cereal cyst nematodes ; mass spectrometry ; 6R ; Landrace ; marker-trait associations ; BAC ; chromosome ; barley ; freezing tolerance ; KASP markers ; Triticum aestivum ; rye ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Fermented foods are consumed all over the world and their consumption shows an increasing trend. They play many roles, from preservation to food security, improved nutrition and social well-being. Different microorganisms are involved in the fermentation process and the diversity of the microbiome is high.Fermented foods are food substrates that are invaded or overgrown by edible microorganisms whose enzymes hydrolyze polysaccharides, proteins and lipids to nontoxic products with flavors, aromas, and textures that are pleasant and attractive to the human consumer. Fermentation plays different roles in food processing, including the development of a wide diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food, lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic acid, alkaline and high salt fermentations for food preservation purposes, biological enrichment of food substrates with vitamins, protein, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids and detoxification during food fermentation processing.
    Keywords: fermented foods ; nutritional guidelines ; legislation ; national food guides ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; biomass ; date extract ; optimization ; response surface methodology ; kinetic models ; antifungal ; bioprotection ; bread ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; phenyllactic acid ; Aspergillus ; Penicillium ; Fusarium ; sauerkraut ; microbiome ; fermentation ; probiotics ; high-throughput sequencing ; nutrition ; health benefits ; microbiology ; health ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The purpose of this book was not to provide a comprehensive overview of the vast arena of how fungi and fungal metabolites are able to improve human and animal nutrition and health; rather, we, as Guest Editors, wished to encourage authors working in this field to publish their most recent work in this rapidly growing journal in order for the large readership to appreciate the full potential of wonderful and beneficial fungi. Thus, this Special Issue welcomed scientific contributions on applications of fungi and fungal metabolites, such as bioactive fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, etc., with great potential in human and animal nutrition and health.
    Keywords: fungal pigment ; natural dye ; spalting ; Scytalidium cuboideum ; dramada ; sustainable clothing ; selenium ; biofortification ; transporters ; mycorrhizal fungi ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) ; fungal pigments ; textile dyeing ; toxicity testing ; biotechnological approaches ; challenges ; limits ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; probiotics ; gastrointestinal tract ; Alginate ; β-glucan ; oligosaccharides ; elicitation ; Sargassum species ; Sparassis latifolia ; polyphenol ; antioxidant ; agave mezcalero bagasse ; apple bagasse ; solid-state fermentation ; secondary metabolites ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; Endophytic fungi ; Hyptis dilatata ; Pestalotiopsis mangiferae ; Pestalotiopsis microspora ; chemical elicitors ; antibacterial activity ; LC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS ; yeast ; biological control ; postharvest decay ; fruit ; mycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; Thymus vulgare ; growth ; photosynthesis ; metabolites ; biological activity ; Candida albicans ; non-albicans Candida species ; Candida auris ; aromatic alcohols ; fungi ; metabolomics ; NTCD ; additives ; functional foods ; nutraceuticals ; sustainability ; healthy aging ; Mortierella alpina ; animal fat by-product ; arachidonic acid ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; Mucor circinelloides ; high-throughput screening ; metal ions ; phosphorus ; lipids ; biofuel ; FTIR spectroscopy ; bioremediation ; co-production ; natural colorants ; filamentous fungi ; stirred-tank bioreactor ; biodegradable films ; food package ; bioactive compounds ; FIP ; human health ; immunomodulation ; induced apoptosis ; lectin ; medicinal mushrooms ; polysaccharide ; terpenes and terpenoids ; melanin ; carotenoids ; polyketides ; azaphilones ; antitumor ; medical roles ; sphinganine-analog mycotoxins ; fumonisins ; AAL-toxin ; chemical structure ; toxicity ; genetics and evolution ; biosynthesis ; livestock ; ewes ; energy ; cytokines ; yeasts ; liquid swine diets ; MALDI-TOF ; biochemical identification ; growth temperature Ancom Gas Production System ; Candida krusei ; Candida lambica ; M. purpureus ; red yeast rice ; cholesterol reduction ; probiotic potential ; natural colorant ; extraction ability ; marine fungi ; Talaromyces albobiverticillius ; aqueous two-phases system extraction ; ionic liquids ; feed additive ; probiotic ; Sporidiobolus ruineniae ; tannase ; micro-fungi ; macro-fungi ; Ganoderma ; kombucha ; anticancer ; carotenoid ; medicinal mushroom ; mycobiome ; antimicrobial ; antifungal ; bioconversion ; cheese ; dairy ; Sclerotinia ; secondary metabolite ; endophytic fungi ; uncommon secondary metabolites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Keywords: Laurus nobilis ; medicinal plant ; mobile genomic elements ; germplasm characterization ; Mediterranean region ; chloroplast ; Ipomoea batatas ; simple sequence repeat ; sweet potato ; plant germplasm ; landrace rice ; fat-soluble nutraceuticals ; β-sitosterol ; genetic variability ; cluster analysis ; Solanum melongena ; germplasm ; Greece ; islands ; mainland ; phenotyping ; genotyping ; mineral composition ; landraces ; genetic diversity ; genetic structure ; Panax ginseng ; Triticum turgidum ; HMW glutenins ; LMW glutenins ; gluten quality ; non-allelic interactions ; combined analysis ; evolution ; genetic resources ; Zea mays ; Blumeria graminis ; disomic addition line ; molecular cytogenetics ; wheat ; Psathyrostachys huashanica ; natural variation ; maize ; root length ; domestication selection ; ZmMADS60 gene ; genetic basis ; GWAS ; eating and cooking qualities ; rice ; genetic variation ; eggplant ; cropping condition ; yield ; agro-morphological characterization ; chili pepper ; gene bank ; molecular markers ; morphological descriptor ; DArTseq markers ; GBS ; Triticum aestivum ; starch ; SNP ; InDel ; CAPS ; intron-loss ; NGS ; phosphorus use efficiency ; phosphorus ; proteomics ; grain hardness ; PIN ; kernel texture ; triticum ; SKCS ; Cucumis sativum ; downy mildew ; genetics ; inheritance ; oomycetes ; resistance ; rice genotypes ; blast resistant genotype ; genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ; phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ; heritability values ; DArT SNP markers ; early maturity ; heat and drought tolerance ; salt stress ; nitrogen metabolism ; oxidative stress response ; G6PDH ; GDH ; GS/GOGAT ; Triticum aestivum L. ; γ-gliadins ; Gli-B1 ; polymorphism ; PCR analysis ; ginseng ; genetic composition ; SSR ; fonio ; fonio millet ; white fonio ; Digitaria exilis ; agro morphological descriptors ; phenotypic diversity ; neglected and underutilized species (NUS) ; genetic improvement ; catechin ; phytochemicals ; targeted-oriented core collection ; tea germplasm ; agronomic performance ; correlation analysis ; malawi ; pigeonpea ; yield stability ; bermudagrass ; forage breeding ; genetic parameters ; genotype by harvest interaction ; Tifton 85 ; accessions ; descriptors ; anthracnose ; Colletotrichum lentis ; disease screening ; lentil ; plant resistance ; tall wild pea ; Pisum sativum subsp. elatius ; neoplasm ; pea weevil ; Bruchus pisorum ; expressivity ; Africa ; cowpea ; microsatellites ; Aegilops ; triticale ; leaf rust ; stripe rust ; yellow rust ; Puccinia ; drought ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; plant breeding ; rhizobia ; stress ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The milk industry is largely based on dairy cattle production. After decades of great advancements in genetics, nutrition, and management, today, one cow can reach unprecedented levels of milk production. New challenges have been posed to preserving the health and welfare of these domestic animals. “High-Yielding Dairy Cows” is a collection of scientific papers focusing on three main areas: metabolic diseases, reproduction diseases, and herd (heath) management in confined and pasture production systems. This book aggregates knowledge from a molecular level to a more holistic approach on disease prevention and management, giving the reader an accurate overview of the current state of the art of this topic. It intends to contribute to ensuring the supply of ethical and responsible animal protein for about eight billion of people.
    Keywords: dairy cow ; fatty liver ; lipid metabolism ; oxidative stress ; SIRT1 ; dairy cows ; PPARγ ; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ; genetic factor ; dairy industry ; milking system ; work routine ; parlor ; milking model ; small dairy ; reproductive strategy ; parity ; season ; rank of AI ; type of AI ; heat stress ; whole transcript sequencing ; immune response ; stress response ; myostatin gene ; variation ; milk ; fatty acid ; cattle ; milk production ; metabolomics ; biomarkers ; flaxseed ; dry period ; enterolactone ; milk fatty acids ; peak of lactation ; lipolysis ; fatty acids ; casein ; postpartum diseases ; activin ; inhibin ; cytokines ; endometrium ; subclinical endometritis ; cow ; milk beta-hydroxybutyrate ; fat to protein content ratio ; left displaced abomasum ; negative energy balance ; alpha-tocopherol/vitamin E-related gene ; calving ; colostrum ; high-yield dairy cows ; inflammation ; health ; lactation ; liver ; mammary gland ; ultrasonography ; pregnancy proteins ; embryonic mortality ; fetal mortality ; body condition score ; urea ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; metabolism ; urea in milk ; primiparous cows ; lactation curves ; feeding system ; herd management ; protein metabolism ; amino acids ; milk protein ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-yield cows ; pH ; VFA ; inflammatory cytokines ; transition period ; ketosis ; RNA-Seq ; clustering ; liver metabolism ; Jersey ; oral calcium bolus ; calcium ; hypocalcemia ; mastitis ; culling ; reproduction ; herd health ; milking management ; production systems ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Adaptation to external changes is necessary for all cells to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Key to these responses are the MAPK-mediated signaling pathways, intracellular communication routes that sense stimuli at the cell surface, and are ubiquitous in all eukaryotic organisms. In the case of fungi, MAPKs mediate essential processes, such as adaptation to environmental stresses, morphology regulation, or developmental processes. First studied in the early nineties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway has proven to be a central MAPK-mediated signaling cascade conserved in the fungal kingdom. Cells need to sense cell wall-perturbing conditions and mount the appropriate salvage response. Understanding this CWI pathway-mediated compensatory mechanism is key for the development of cell wall-targeted antifungal therapies. Moreover, its functional roles go beyond the maintenance of this essential structure, reaching many other physiological aspects that have major implications in development or virulence.In this Special Issue, expert researchers in this relevant subject have contributed with seven reviews and eleven original articles to advance our understanding of the CWI pathway by covering different structural, regulatory, and functional aspects in distinct yeasts and filamentous fungi.
    Keywords: Wsc1 ; membrane sensor ; SMALP ; detergent-free extraction ; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; 3D reconstruction ; fission yeast ; MAPK ; cell integrity pathway ; S. japonicus ; S. pombe ; protein kinase C ; Pmk1 ; dimorphism ; hyphae ; yeast ; cell wall integrity ; phosphorylation ; azoles ; clotrimazole ; cytokinesis ; actomyosin ring ; septum ; cell integrity ; fungi ; cell wall ; cell wall proteins ; signaling pathways ; stress tolerance ; mannoprotein ; budding yeast ; morphology ; CalMorph ; cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway ; PKC ; GTPases ; MAP kinase ; morphogenesis ; virulence ; pathogenesis ; Hrr25 ; Mec1 ; Tel1 ; Pkc1 ; hydroxyurea ; UV irradiation ; cell wall integrity (CWI) ; Mtl1 ; autophagy ; glucose ; mitophagy ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; histidine kinase ; Paracoccidioides ; paracoccidioidomycosis ; cell cycle ; Slt2 ; checkpoint ; DNA damage ; conjugation ; ploidy ; lysis ; Cell Integrity Pathway ; stress ; CWI pathway ; UPR ; glucosamine ; tunicamycin ; N-glycosylation ; cell wall integrity pathway ; MAPK substrate ; kinase assay ; fungal cell wall ; cysteine-rich domain ; PAN domain ; aromatic clusters ; filamentous fungi ; signaling pathway ; surface sensor ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; plant pathogen ; application ; fungicide ; drug target ; culture ; productivity ; stress response ; screening ; transcription ; essential genes ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; low-ethanol wines ; wine-related fungi ; non-Saccharomyces ; yeasts ; narince ; wine quality ; tryptophol ; low ethanol wine ; serotonin ; non-conventional yeasts ; Bombino bianco ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; volatile compounds ; ethyl carbamate ; phthalates ; autochthonous ; meta-taxonomic analysis ; Pichia kluyveri ; pH control ; IAA ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; chemical analyses ; aroma profile ; yeast ; enzymatic patterns ; wine flavor ; fermentation ; must replacement ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; malolactic fermentation ; wine ; HACCP ; food quality ; sequential inoculation ; alcoholic beverages ; itaconic acid ; biocontrol application ; white wine ; hydroxytyrosol ; tryptophan ; glucose ; kinetic analysis ; wine aroma ; amino acid decarboxylation ; lactic acid bacteria ; vineyard soil ; wine color ; tyrosol ; Saccharomyces ; Gompertz-model ; sequential culture ; biogenic amines ; SO2 reduction ; climate change ; Vineyard Microbiota ; A. terreus ; sulfur dioxide ; human health-promoting compounds ; Hanseniaspora guilliermondii ; non-Saccharomyces screening ; aromatic/sensorial profiles ; Malvar (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) ; probiotics ; Yeasts ; native yeast ; color ; glutathione ; hot pre-fermentative maceration ; technological characterization ; wine-related bacteria ; Riesling ; Torulaspora microellipsoides ; Lachancea thermotolerans ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; cashew apple juice ; resveratrol ; biocontrol ; shiraz ; Tannat ; ochratoxin A ; aroma compound ; trehalose ; wine composition ; Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast ; food safety ; acidity ; sensory evaluation ; viticulture ; melatonin ; alcoholic fermentation ; aroma ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Explore a decade of groundbreaking research in "10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae, and Fungi Cell Biology." This reprint offers a comprehensive journey into the realms of plant, algae, and fungi cell biology. Delve into the world of genomics, cellular defense mechanisms, mycorrhizal fungi, and the physiology of extremophile algae. A celebration of scientific excellence, this reprint is a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and enthusiasts passionate about these fascinating domains. Join us in commemorating a decade of discovery and advancement in cellular biology.
    Keywords: membrane proteins ; overproduction ; production platform ; protein purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solute carrier 39 ; SLC39 ; family ; yeast ; zinc ; zinc transporters ; ZIPs ; Agave americana ; crassulacean acid metabolism ; genetic engineering ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; photosynthesis ; drought tolerance ; salt tolerance ; microalgae ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; starch ; supraoptimal temperature ; cell cycle ; pilot-scale production ; DNA methylation ; Fusarium graminearum ; in vitro subcultures ; virulence reduction ; ddRAD-MCSeEd ; virulence genes ; 13C ; 14C ; aldol ; Calvin-Benson cycle ; light respiration ; isotope labeling ; cytokinin ; endocytosis ; cytoskeleton ; actin ; plant immunity ; induced resistance ; Parachlorella kessleri ; supra-optimal temperature ; energy reserves ; growth processes ; reproduction events ; deuterium ; deuterated starch ; deuterated lipid ; soft scale insects ; Ophiocordyceps ; symbiosis ; transovarial transmission ; Verticillium wilt ; Glomus viscosum Nicolson ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; oxidative stress ; antioxidant systems ; defense ability ; ABI5 ; ABF ; AREB ; abiotic stress response ; abscisic acid ; phytohormone crosstalk ; salinity stress ; chloroplast ; plastid ; osmolytes ; osmotic adjustment ; reactive oxygen species ; herbivory ; membrane potential ; ion channel ; Arthrospira ; haloalkalotolerant cyanobacteria ; metagenomics ; phylogenomics ; fatty acid ; enveloped virus ; Ebola virus ; HIV ; herpes simplex virus ; human cytomegalovirus ; influenza virus ; MERS-CoV ; SARS-CoV-2 ; N-glycosite ; O-glycosite ; high-mannose glycan ; complex N-glycans ; Vicieae man-specific lectin ; T/Tn-specific lectin ; specific interaction ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by man. Saccharomyces is a top choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes for antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals, technical enzymes, and ethanol and biofuels. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications, such as e.g. Saccharomyces species, Pichia pastoris and other Pichia species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida species, Phaffia rhodozyma, wild yeasts for beer brewing, etc. This Special Issue is focused on recent developments of yeast biotechnology with topics including recent techniques for characterizing yeast and their physiology (including omics and nanobiotechnology techniques), methods to adapt industrial strains (including metabolic, synthetic and evolutionary engineering) and the use of yeasts as microbial cell factories to produce biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, alcohols, organic acids, flavours and fine chemicals, and advances in yeast fermentation technology and industrial fermentation processes.
    Keywords: coffee processing ; coffee fermentation ; starter culture ; coffee beverage ; yeast ; Icewine ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; hyperosmotic stress ; CRISPR-Cas9 ; glycerol transport ; STL1 ; brewing ; Cyberlindnera ; NABLAB ; non-alcoholic beer ; non-conventional yeast ; non-Saccharomyces yeast ; response surface methodology ; Ustilago ; itaconic acid ; process improvement ; lignocellulosic feedstock ; yeasts ; grape ; federweisser ; wine ; microbiota identification ; MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; craft beer ; microbrewery plant ; mixed fermentation ; aroma profile ; strain collection ; aroma profiling ; gas chromatography ; wine yeast ; Saccharomyces ; fermentation ; volatile aroma compounds ; Simultaneous inoculation ; Alcoholic fermentation ; Malolactic fermentation ; Sacccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oenococcus oeni ; PN4TM ; OmegaTM ; Aroma profile ; antioxidant ; coffee ; W. anomalus ; industrial brewer’s strains ; adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ; snowflake phenotype ; beer fermentation ; wine yeasts ; lactic acid bacteria ; co-inoculation ; sequence inoculation ; flavor compounds ; color pigments ; cell printing ; piezoelectric dispensing ; GFP-tagged yeast clone collection ; living cell microarrays ; microfluidic chip ; dynamic single-cell analysis ; Candida albicans ; adhesion ; fibronectin ; nanomotion ; atomic force microscope (AFM) ; xylose metabolism ; genetic engineering ; biofuel ; Spathaspora passalidarum ; Pichia stipitis ; volatile organic compounds ; proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; flavor ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermentation-derived products ; fermented beverages ; beer ; coffee bean fermentation ; itaconic acid production ; bioethanol production ; bioreactors ; yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This reprint represents a general view of what and how the research on plants at the molecular level (genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and so on) contributes to a good equilibrium among human needs, food security, and future strategies for mitigating the effects of global climate changes. Now more than ever, it is critical to understand the genetics and evolution of the gene mechanisms and the networks of different molecular pathways acting on plant abiotic stress tolerance in order to find new solutions for modern agricultural problems.This reprint is full of technical and specialized terms and, for this reason, its target audience is scientists and students trained in plant functional genomics, breeding, agronomy, and genetics. It is an exciting virtual tour through plant molecular responses to various environmental stresses, and new ideas and applications will be derived.
    Keywords: environmental stress ; seed development ; site II element ; HSFA2 ; TT2/ MYB5-MBW complex ; triacontanol ; drought ; rice ; aquaporins ; PIP1,1, PIP1,2, PIP2,4 and PIP2,5 genes ; abiotic stress ; biotic stress ; crop improvement ; HD-ZIP ; plant development ; cold ; stress ; differentially expressed genes ; transcriptome ; transcription factors ; in silico ; Cis-regulatory elements ; gene transcription ; trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase ; wheat ; early heat stress ; Triticum aestivum ; heat tolerance ; VRN ; PPD ; photoperiod ; Rosmarinus officinalis Lour. ; suspension cells ; MeJA ; antioxidant enzymes ; RNA-seq ; qRT-PCR ; durum wheat ; osmotic adjustment ; QTL ; climate change ; drought tolerance ; crop modelling ; expression profiles ; field trials ; TdDRF1 gene ; Wdhn13 ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book focuses on the fundamental and applied research of the non-destructive estimation and diagnosis of crop leaf and plant nitrogen status and in-season nitrogen management strategies based on leaf sensors, proximal canopy sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing, manned aerial remote sensing and satellite remote sensing technologies. Statistical and machine learning methods are used to predict plant-nitrogen-related parameters with sensor data or sensor data together with soil, landscape, weather and/or management information. Different sensing technologies or different modelling approaches are compared and evaluated. Strategies are developed to use crop sensing data for in-season nitrogen recommendations to improve nitrogen use efficiency and protect the environment.
    Keywords: UAS ; multiple sensors ; vegetation index ; leaf nitrogen accumulation ; plant nitrogen accumulation ; pasture quality ; airborne hyperspectral imaging ; random forest regression ; sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) ; SIF yield indices ; upward ; downward ; leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) ; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ; laser-induced fluorescence ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; back-propagation neural network ; principal component analysis ; fluorescence characteristics ; canopy nitrogen density ; radiative transfer model ; hyperspectral ; winter wheat ; flooded rice ; pig slurry ; aerial remote sensing ; vegetation indices ; N recommendation approach ; Mediterranean conditions ; nitrogen ; vertical distribution ; plant geometry ; remote sensing ; maize ; UAV ; multispectral imagery ; LNC ; non-parametric regression ; red-edge ; NDRE ; dynamic change model ; sigmoid curve ; grain yield prediction ; leaf chlorophyll content ; red-edge reflectance ; spectral index ; precision N fertilization ; chlorophyll meter ; NDVI ; NNI ; canopy reflectance sensing ; N mineralization ; farmyard manures ; Triticum aestivum ; discrete wavelet transform ; partial least squares ; hyper-spectra ; rice ; nitrogen management ; reflectance index ; multiple variable linear regression ; Lasso model ; Multiplex®3 sensor ; nitrogen balance index ; nitrogen nutrition index ; nitrogen status diagnosis ; precision nitrogen management ; terrestrial laser scanning ; spectrometer ; plant height ; biomass ; nitrogen concentration ; precision agriculture ; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ; digital camera ; leaf chlorophyll concentration ; portable chlorophyll meter ; crop ; PROSPECT-D ; sensitivity analysis ; UAV multispectral imagery ; spectral vegetation indices ; machine learning ; plant nutrition ; canopy spectrum ; non-destructive nitrogen status diagnosis ; drone ; multispectral camera ; SPAD ; smartphone photography ; fixed-wing UAV remote sensing ; random forest ; canopy reflectance ; crop N status ; Capsicum annuum ; proximal optical sensors ; Dualex sensor ; leaf position ; proximal sensing ; cross-validation ; feature selection ; hyperparameter tuning ; image processing ; image segmentation ; nitrogen fertilizer recommendation ; supervised regression ; RapidSCAN sensor ; nitrogen recommendation algorithm ; in-season nitrogen management ; nitrogen use efficiency ; yield potential ; yield responsiveness ; standard normal variate (SNV) ; continuous wavelet transform (CWT) ; wavelet features optimization ; competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) ; partial least square (PLS) ; grapevine ; hyperparameter optimization ; multispectral imaging ; precision viticulture ; RGB ; multispectral ; coverage adjusted spectral index ; vegetation coverage ; random frog algorithm ; active canopy sensing ; integrated sensing system ; discrete NIR spectral band data ; soil total nitrogen concentration ; moisture absorption correction index ; particle size correction index ; coupled elimination ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue, “Biotechnology Applications of Microalgae”, is focused on the latest novel advances related to the production of different bioactive compounds from microalgae and their biotechnological use.
    Keywords: enzymatic activity ; fluid dynamics ; microalgae ; oxidative stress ; static magnetic fields ; violaxanthin ; reactive oxygen species ; ascorbic acid ; glutathione ; tocopherols ; phenolic compounds ; carotenoids ; thraustochytrids ; antioxidants ; saturated fatty acids ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; transcriptomics ; sustainability ; industrial valorization ; carbon dioxide fixation ; biological activities ; phytosterol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; Sparus aurata ; β-glucans ; pulse feeding ; immune tolerance ; salt stress ; seawater cultivation ; Internet of Things ; proteomics ; blue light ; astaxanthin ; fatty acid ; heme ; cell wall ; salicylic acid ; fucoxanthin ; green consumption ; food consumption ; amino acids ; carbohydrates ; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ; RP-HPLC ; Chromochloris zofingiensis ; lutein ; CO2 aeration ; cGMP-dependent kinase ; biodiesel ; microalgal biotechnology ; natural antioxidants ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Chlorella vulgaris ; growth ; fatty acids ; Spirulina ; healthcare ; space missions ; medicine applications ; microgravity effects ; humic substances ; microalgae cultivation ; hormetic effects ; increased nutrient availability ; improved protection against abiotic stress ; higher accumulation of bioactive ingredients ; enhanced microalgal productivity ; Dunaliella salina ; chlorpropham ; herbicide ; phytoene ; Nannochloropsis ; mixotrophy ; photobioreactors ; CHN analysis ; metabolomics ; bioassay ; cell death pathway ; autophagy ; antitumoral activity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This reprint presents recent developments in the field of biological liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS, also known as biomolecular condensation). LLPS and related biogenesis of various membraneless organelles (MLOs) and biomolecular condensates (BMCs) represent fundamental molecular mechanisms governing the spatio-temporal organization of the intracellular space. In fact, MLOs and BMCs, being liquid droplets, represent specific compartments within a cell that are not enclosed by a lipid membrane. Most biological LLPS processes are reversible, and many MLOs/BMCs exist transiently; they rapidly emerge when conditions are changed and rapidly disintegrate as soon as the original conditions are restored, thereby showing a characteristic “now you see me, now you don’t” behavior. Numerous MLOs/BMCs are found inside eukaryotic cells, where they exist as liquid droplets (or cellular bodies, puncta, etc.) in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, and stroma of chloroplasts. Furthermore, MLOs/BMCs are commonly observed in Archaea, bacteria, and, likely, viruses. MLOs/BMCs have numerous crucial functions, and their biogenesis is known to be controlled by various external factors and environmental cues, such as changes in temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the solution. All of these have garnered the close attention of many researchers to biological LLPS, MLOs, and BMCs.
    Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease ; amyloid aggregation ; lipid bilayer ; cholesterol ; time-lapse AFM imaging ; molecular dynamics ; liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) ; membraneless organelles ; phase-separated condensates ; human diseases ; liquid–liquid phase separation ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; proteins with low complexity ; P-body ; Nst1 ; polyampholyte domain ; aggregation-prone domain ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; membrane-less organelle ; nuclear speckle ; nucleolus ; phase separation ; chromatin organization ; nuclear condensate ; intrinsically disordered region ; transcription ; DNA damage repair ; super-enhancer ; quantitative imaging ; CTP synthase ; cytoophidium ; fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; Drosophila ; epithelium ; follicle cell ; ingression ; paramyxoviruses ; Hendra virus ; amyloid-like fibrils ; Taylor Dispersion Analysis (TDA) ; negative staining Transmission Electron Microscopy (ns-TEM) ; Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assays ; Congo Red ; Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ; actin ; actin polymerization ; actin-binding proteins ; coacervate ; membrane ; signaling proteins ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Among gluten-related disorders, coeliac disease (CD) is the best-known one to date, a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is a common disease, occurring at all ages and characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, affecting any organ or tissue. The diagnosis rate of this pathology has increased in the last 10 years, so worldwide epidemiologic data are now available that show that CD is ubiquitous, with a prevalence of 1.4%, higher in female than male individuals. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is strict and lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, CD research is changing rapidly due to the continuous advancing of knowledge. For this reason, the main goal of this Special Issue has been to address the existing knowledge gaps and help advance such important aspects as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic options of this pathology. This Special Issue includes 12 peer-reviewed articles reporting on the latest research findings in and evidence related to CD. The published articles cover a range of topics central to CD and GFDs.
    Keywords: celiac disease ; relatives ; microbiota ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacteroides caccae ; coeliac disease ; oral diseases ; oral prevention ; gingival bleeding ; sleep-related breathing disorders ; oral health ; enamel defects ; interceptive orthodontics ; data mining gluten free diet ; gluten proteins ; immunogenicity ; evidence-based practice ; case management ; treatment adherence and compliance ; anemia ; iron transporter ; IgA nephropathy ; tissue transglutaminase autoantibody ; tissue transglutaminase-targeted IgA deposits ; flow cytometry ; age ; sex ; lesion grade ; intraepithelial lymphocytes TCRγδ+ ; functional bowel disease ; gluten-free diet ; tissue biomarkers ; non-coeliac gluten sensitivity ; FODMAP diet ; dietitian ; rural health services ; gluten ; gliadin ; gluten immunogenic peptides ; non-dietary therapies ; gluten cross-contaminations ; dietary adherence ; vital gluten ; oat ; hidden gluten ; patients with CD ; symptoms ; gluten excretion urine ; gluten-free diet monitoring ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Tryptophan is a rate-limiting essential amino acid and a unique building block of peptides and proteins. This largest amino acid serves as the precursor for the important endogenous indoleamines serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin that act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Kynurenic acid is the most potent endogenous antiexitotoxic agent. Other highly relevant pathways of tryptophan are the reversible transamination to indole-3-pyruvate with formation related indolic acids that act as potent antioxidant agents. Tryptophan metabolites, such as melatonin, and structurally related agents, such as indole-3-propionic acid, act as potent catalytic antioxidants and bioenergetic agents that facilitate regeneration and protection against stress and aging. Several indole compounds act as uremic toxins since these agents can induce radical formation that is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and damage. The exploration of the effects of these protective and toxic tryptophan derived agents has revealed important molecular mechanisms and mediators of adaptation and aging. Research on tryptophan in nutrition and health can facilitate the development of new approaches to extend human health and life span. Amino acids are the building blocks of life that enable repair, as well as recycling and regeneration. Research on nutrients like amino acids, such as tryptophan and its metabolites, as well as peptides and proteins, or extracts containing this molecular metabolism modifiers can improve health. Research into the indololome is a new emerging and rapidly growing field of utmost relevance to science and society.
    Keywords: tryptophan ; kynurenine ; kynurenic acid ; FICZ ; AhR ; melanoma ; proliferation ; cell death ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; chronic kidney disease ; developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) ; hypertension ; indole ; melatonin ; serotonin ; uremic toxin ; virus ; immunity ; codon ; depression ; chronic mild stress ; oxidative stress ; tryptophan catabolites pathway ; methylation ; expression ; escitalopram ; 5-hydroxytryptophan ; natural sources ; microbial production ; biosynthetic pathways ; physiological effects ; animal ; human ; kynurenine pathway ; MEL biosynthesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; tryptophan extraction ; LC-MS/MS ; soybean ; skin ; atopic dermatitis ; psoriasis ; severe acute respiratory syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; malignant melanoma ; urine ; autofluorescence ; transplantation ; ischemia-reperfusion ; tolerance ; rejection ; indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase ; L-tryptophan ; amino acids ; MAC-T cell ; proteomics ; omics ; β-casein ; mTOR ; systemic inflammation ; dysbiosis ; gut ; microbiota ; obesity ; mice ; tyrosine ; cytokines ; behavior ; inflammation ; liver morphology ; color ; cell culture media ; LC-MS ; antioxidant ; cytotoxicity ; biomanufacturing ; 5-hydroxytryptamine ; secretion ; metabolism ; nitrofurantoin ; antibiotics ; human serum albumin ; molecular interactions ; FTIR ; fluorescence ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on biological systems and the use of these effects for exploring the structure, function, and molecular dynamics of biological macromolecules and their ensembles. Here, we present a selection of papers highlighting new experimental findings and new theoretical concepts in high-pressure biosciences. In these studies, the authors combine pressure perturbation approaches with NMR and optical spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic techniques, functional genomics and transcriptomics, and molecular dynamics simulations to gain new insights into the conformational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids and to better understand the mechanisms of high-pressure adaptation in piezophiles. The articles collected in this issue demonstrate the unique exploratory potential of the pressure perturbation approach for biochemistry, biophysics, mechanistic enzymology, and evolutionary biology.
    Keywords: protein folding ; NMR ; high hydrostatic pressure ; thermodynamic stability ; protein–ligand binding ; high pressure ; Martian salts ; perchlorate ; BSA ; ANS ; viroid ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature ; structure–activity relationship ; RNA World ; n/a ; G-quadruplex ; i-motif ; volumetric properties ; pressure-temperature phase diagram ; thermodynamics ; hepatitis B ; DNA ; oligo ; FRET ; FTIR ; spectroscopy ; pressure ; volume change ; TMPyP4 ; deep-sea adaptations ; compressibility ; cavities ; potential energy landscape ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-pressure response ; genetic manipulation ; transcriptomics ; piezophysiology ; Anfinsen’s dogma ; native state N ; unfolded state U ; fibril state F ; protofibrils ; hen lysozyme ; circular dichroism ; 1H NMR spectroscopy ; atomic force microscopy ; cytochrome P450 reductase ; conformational change ; pressure-perturbation spectroscopy ; protein hydration ; reduction kinetics ; stop-flow spectroscopy ; Sorghum bicolor ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which uses numerical analysis to predict and model complex flow behaviors and transport processes, has become a mainstream tool in engineering process research and development. Complex chemical processes often involve coupling between dynamics at vastly different length and time scales, as well as coupling of different physical models. The multiscale and multiphysics nature of those problems calls for delicate modeling approaches. This book showcases recent contributions in this field, from the development of modeling methodology to its application in supporting the design, development, and optimization of engineering processes.
    Keywords: pumped hydroelectric storage ; inlet/outlet ; surrogate model selection ; multi-objective optimization process ; thermal environment ; numerical simulations ; ventilation cooling ; duct position ; the heat dissipation of LHD ; auxiliary ventilation ; triboelectric separation ; particle size distribution ; particle charge ; binary mixture ; in situ particle size measurement ; charge estimation ; computational fluid dynamics ; membrane module ; gas separation ; concentration polarization ; coal mining ; radon concentration ; ventilation ; occupational exposure assessment ; gasification ; fluidized bed ; CFD ; hydrodynamics ; multiphase flow ; surface tension modelling ; VOF ; rising bubbles ; capillary rise ; high pressure bubble column ; the critical bubble diameter ; the gas holdup ; the large bubbles ; the small bubbles ; Stirred fermenter ; dual-impeller ; Segment impeller ; Optimization ; rotating packed bed ; natural gas desulfurization ; droplet characteristic ; Eulerian–Lagrangian approach ; heat transport ; optimized design ; dynamic numerical simulation ; evaporative cooling system ; water recycling ; temperature ; humidity ; n/a ; gas–solid ; cyclone separator ; elevated temperature process ; pneumatic conveying ; large coal particles ; Euler–Lagrange approach ; DPM ; pressure drop ; swirling burner ; combustion characteristics ; industrial pulverized coal furnace ; scale-up ; scale-down ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mechanistic kinetic model ; bioreactor ; concentration gradients ; digital twin ; bioprocess engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 27
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives is a scientific paper collection specially published on the anniversary of Plants. Covering all major areas of plant science, it is a valuable guide through current achievements and future discoveries in this scientific field.
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Secale montanum ; Secale strictum ; QTL mapping ; molecular marker ; self-incompatibility ; fertility ; seed set ; abiotic stress ; cell homeostasis ; heterologous host synthetic approach ; terpenophenolics ; brown spot ; ACT ; fungus culture filtrate ; mycotoxin ; fruit development ; fruit gauge ; VPD ; Mangifera indica ; cell division ; cell expansion ; ripening ; pulegone ; isomenthone ; menthone ; thymol ; p-cymene ; chemotypes ; seasonal variation ; enantiomeric distribution ; label-free proteomics ; Panax ginseng ; ginsenosides ; cytochrome p450 ; UDP-glycosyltransferase ; MEP pathway ; MVA pathway ; TCA/acetone ; methanol/chloroform ; endophytes ; foliar pathogens ; pathogenicity ; taxonomy ; Thymus vulgaris ; Crithmum maritimum ; leather artifacts ; essential oils ; anti-bacterial activity ; Euphorbia dendroides L. ; aerial parts ; polyphenols ; antioxidant activity ; anti-inflammatory activity ; toxicity ; calcium oxalate crystals ; colleter ; extrafloral nectaries ; resin gland ; bud protection ; plant-environment interaction ; carbohydrate metabolism ; microarray ; crop ; rice ; productivity ; endosperm ; geometry ; morphology ; seed shape ; Vitaceae ; exDNA ; environmental DNA ; DNA sensing ; self-DNA inhibition ; autotoxicity ; plant response ; DAMP ; PAMP ; EDAP ; climate change ; food security ; Mediterranean countries ; sustainable exploitation ; phytogenetic resources ; candidate gene ; quantitative trait locus ; recombinant inbred line ; soybean drought tolerance ; weighted drought coefficient ; antioxidants ; biostimulants ; biotic stress ; GABA ; metabolism ; phytohormones ; reactive oxygen species ; signaling ; tricarboxylic acid cycle ; bacterial functions ; co-presence networks ; metagenomics ; microbial ecology ; plant domestication ; trace element ; plant nutrient ; salinity ; antioxidant defense system ; glyoxalase system ; biochar ; licorice ; soil enzymes ; nutrients ; root system ; ALS ; BCAA ; low oxygen ; flooding ; AIP1 ; Eucommia ulmoides Oliver ; trait variations ; probability grading ; quantitative traits ; planting models ; leaves ; cytokinin ; TD-K ; thidiazuron ; INCYDE ; CPPU ; isopentenyl transferase ; IPT ; cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ; CKX ; wheat ; barley ; yield ; cucumber ; QTL-seq ; SNP markers ; white immature fruit skin color ; ecological costs ; germination models ; herbicide resistance ; hydrotime ; target-site resistance ; hydrogen peroxide ; sodium hypochlorite ; generalized regression neural network ; genetic algorithm ; scarification ; seed dormancy ; plant tissue culture ; foliar descriptors ; leaf area ; models ; vine leaves ; Olea europaea L. ; olive ; genotype by sequencing (GBS) ; single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; whole-genome sequencing (WGS) ; reference genome ; plastid markers ; DNA barcoding ; ISSR markers ; Egyptian barley ; agro-morphological traits ; cluster analysis ; genetic variation ; biplot ; drought stress ; drying processes ; mathematical model ; plant hydric stress tolerance ; rate of weight loss ; RWLMod ; water evaporation ; photosynthesis ; elevated CO2 ; Rubisco ; electron transport ; light ; diurnal cycle ; sexual propagation ; cold stratification ; in situ ; ex situ ; plant endemism ; Morocco ; biodiversity ; ex-situ conservation ; protocols ; germplasm ; forest berries ; brushing ; lettuce ; chicory ; phytochemicals ; antioxidant capacity ; Ziziphus lotus ; phenolics ; SH-SY5Y cell line ; chromatography ; Koelreuteria paniculata ; dry ethanol extracts ; GC-MS analysis ; chemical compounds ; antitumor and antimicrobial activities ; medicinal plant ; bioactive compounds ; plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) ; cell suspension culture (CSC) ; bioreactor engineering ; apple ; Golden Delicious ; Top Red ; fruitlet thinners ; light reactions ; electron transport rate ; photoprotective mechanism ; state transitions ; PSII repair cycle ; vegetation structure ; environmental variables ; PC-ORD ; plant community assembly ; Himalaya ; allopolyploidy ; interspecific hybridization ; unreduced gametes ; cytological diploidization ; genomic changes ; root length ; root/shoot ratio ; specific root length ; Saragolle Lucana ; seed coating ; heavy metals ; evolution ; hyperaccumulation ; black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) ; anthocyanin stability ; herbs ; co-pigmentation ; color stability ; functional foods/beverages ; biotechnological tools ; ethnomedicine ; in vitro culture ; genetic improvement ; pollen ; tip growth ; calcium ; calcium dependent protein kinase ; Rho Guanine Dissociation Inhibitor ; ROP GTPase ; RhoGDI displacement factor ; polarity ; guar ; gene expression ; qRT-PCR ; RNA-Seq ; salt stress ; salt tolerance ; stress ; transcriptome ; D-tagatose ; IFP48 ; induced resistance ; sweet immunity ; sugar-enhanced defense ; Plasmopara viticola ; Botrytis cinerea ; Vitis vinifera ; human diet ; edible wild plants ; Plantago coronopus L. ; Rumex acetosa L. ; Cichorium intybus L. ; Artemisia dracunculus L. ; phytochemistry ; anti-inflammatory properties ; stem photosynthesis ; hydraulic recovery ; soaking ; X-ray micro-CT ; bark water uptake ; embolism ; genetic resources ; Solanaceae ; Cucumis ; Lactuca ; diversity ; vegetables ; genebank ; essential oil ; iNOS ; interleukin ; lavenders ; NF-κB ; glycosyltransferases ; ER-Golgi trafficking ; mechanism of protein sorting ; COPI and COPII complexes ; sequences and motifs involved in trafficking ; Arabidopsis ; gene regulation ; protein-protein interaction ; transcription factor ; WRI1 ; TCP20 ; lipases ; lipid metabolism ; plant-environment interactions ; reproductive development ; vegetative development ; Urtica dioica ; soilless systems ; cultivated nettle ; stress factors ; functional properties ; preharvest sprouting ; MKK3 ; maternal and paternal expressed genes ; imprinted genes ; polycomb repressive complex 2 ; mRNA processing bodies ; ribonucleic binding proteins ; monosomes ; ethylene ; elicitors ; fruit ripening ; ACC synthase/oxidase ; GC-MS ; polyamines ; Vigna genus ; introgression ; hybridisation ; phylogeny ; de novo domestication ; feralisation ; novel ecosystems ; complex networks ; tree communities ; Lantana camara ; Prosopis juliflora ; ascorbic acid ; genetic diversity ; molecular markers ; aquaculture pond sediment ; recovery ; Triticum aestivum ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; wheat grass juice quality ; UV-B radiation ; olive tree ; metabolomic ; phenolic profile ; lipophilic profile ; ecophysiology ; environment ; arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis ; comparative transcriptomics ; Arum-type ; Paris-type ; Solanum lycopersicum ; Rhizophagus irregularis ; Gigaspora margarita ; Camelina sativa ; semi-arid lands ; biofuel feedstock ; biodiesel ; renewable diesel ; crop breeding ; transgenesis ; genome editing ; Xanthomonas euvesicatoria ; host associate factor ; comparative genomics ; Cannabis sativa L. ; chemovars ; secondary metabolites ; trichomes ; residual by-products ; biogeography ; cardioid ; islands ; geometric models ; Mediterranean flora ; Silene ; super-ellipse ; abscisic acid ; aromatic herb ; ascorbate-glutathione cycle ; jasmonic acid ; lipoic acid ; oxidative stress ; salicylic acid ; Salvia officinalis ; drought ; state of stress ; tolerance ; avoidance ; stress survival ; amino acids ; nitrate reductase ; glutamine synthetase ; plants mycorrhized ; dark septate ; Daphne genkwa ; Thymelaeaceae ; flavonoids ; design of experiments ; blooming stages ; germination stimulant ; witchweed ; methyl phenlactonoates (MPs) ; Nijmegen-1 ; weed ; plant development ; vasculature ; leaf traces ; structure ; microtomography ; Euphorbiaceae ; in vitro crop ; gamma radiation ; ionizing radiation ; mutants ; Fumaria scheleicheri Soy. Will. ; isoquinoline alkaloids ; HPLC-DAD ; in vitro anti-cholinesterase ; cytotoxic ; antioxidant ; ABC model ; hop ; transcription factors ; type-II MADS box ; type-I MADS-box ; AFLP ; carpological traits ; genetic structure ; molecular systematics ; plastid phylogeny ; Valerianaceae ; auxins ; embryogenic calli ; HPLC ; IAA ; immunohistochemistry ; deficit irrigation ; grape quality ; phenology ; plant diseases ; bacterium ; symptoms ; molecular classification ; common juniper ; common larch ; Cupressaceae ; Pinaceae ; SPME-GC-MS ; volatile compounds ; herbicidal activity ; weed control ; trait association ; GCV ; genetic variability ; genetic advance ; heritability ; PCV ; Cicer arietinum L. ; gold nanoparticles ; carbon nanotubes ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; machine learning techniques ; principal component analysis ; support vector machine classification ; citrus ; melanose ; Diaporthe citri ; epidemiology ; symptomatology ; Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis ; resistance-nodulation-cell division transporter ; type-three secretion system ; phytoalexin ; brassinin ; glucosinolate ; cabbage ; flowering ; juvenile traits ; genetic stability ; flow cytometry ; somaclonal variation ; thorniness ; carbohydrates ; protein ; lipids ; fatty acids ; minerals ; plastome ; Plicosepalus acaciae ; Plicosepalus curviflorus ; loranthaceae ; mistletoe ; phylogenetic relationship ; plastome structure ; comparative analysis ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Solanum tuberosum ; multi-exponential transverse relaxation ; water stress ; broccoli ; human nutrition ; improved health ; melatonin ; postharvest ; apricot ; pollen tube ; pollination ; Prunus armeniaca ; S-alleles ; Populus ; hexokinase ; sucrose metabolism ; sugar signaling ; stress and defense ; centres of origin ; crop wild relatives ; crop domestication ; cryopreservation ; conservation ; in vitro storage ; ecosystem restoration ; plant breeding ; acidification ; alkalinisation ; bud burst ; freezing ; Malus domestica ; pH ; Picea abies ; Pinus cembra ; histone modification ; Taraxacum kok-saghyz ; natural rubber ; high light stress ; singlet oxygen ; signalling ; GPX5 ; beta cyclocitral ; acrolein ; glutathione peroxidase ; carbonyl ; transcription ; SLIM1 transcription factor ; sulfur deficiency ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; sulfate transporter ; sulfate assimilation ; stress tolerance ; LRR-RLK receptors ; dodders ; parasitic plants ; proteomics ; virus vertical transmission ; CMV-Fny strain ; pseudorecombinant virus ; chimeric virus ; infection rate ; seed-growth tests ; electron microscopy ; circular dichroism spectroscopy ; viral assembly ; Adiantetea capilli-veneris ; demographic analysis ; ecology ; IUCN ; plant conservation ; phytosociology ; rupicolous habitat ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
    Language: English
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  • 29
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-05-11
    Description: Toxins are biologically active substances produced by most kinds of living organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They present a vast diversity of molecular structures and target a wide variety of receptors involved in a range of physiological processes. As toxins are selected during evolution to acquire/improve their disabling/lethal effects, they display finely tuned functional properties often associated with high affinities and selectivity. Moreover, toxins are valuable tools to unravel cellular processes due to their extreme specificity for cell surface and/or intracellular targets. Therefore, toxins are very attractive compounds because of their Janus-like character; while they mostly act as deadly poisons like monstrous Mr. Hyde, they can also be tamed into good remedies like admirable Dr. Jekyll. As such, they have been primarily investigated not only for the light they can throw on fundamental physiological processes but also for their potential therapeutic applications. This reprint, emerging from the 27th Annual Meeting of the French Society of Toxinology (SFET, http://sfet.asso.fr/international), will be of great interest for those in the scientific community who want to know more about the fascinating world of toxins.
    Keywords: toxins ; peptide chemistry ; native chemical ligation ; α-bungarotoxin ; click chemistry ; automated patch-clamp ; fluorescent peptide ; TE671 cells ; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ; animal toxin ; bacterial toxin ; marine toxin ; medical application ; plant toxin ; toxin function/activity ; toxin receptor/target ; toxin structure ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; Wickerhamomyces anomalus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDR transporters ; killer toxin ; fetal adrenomedullary chromaffin cell ; gambierol ; potassium currents ; calcium-activated K+ channels ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; catecholamine release ; Clostridium tetani ; Clostridium botulinum ; botulinum neurotoxin ; tetanus neurotoxin ; toxin gene regulation ; two-component system ; small RNA ; adenylate cyclase toxin ; Bordetella pertussis ; cyclic nucleotide ; cAMP ; spectrophotometric enzymatic assay ; ASIC ; sodium channels ; peptide ; PcTx1 ; APETx2 ; MitTx ; mambalgin ; pain ; nociception ; clostridial C3 toxin ; C3bot ; C3botE174Q ; dendritic cells ; macrophages ; monocytes ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; super-resolution microscopy ; trained immunity ; effector-triggered immunity ; effector-triggered trained immunity ; staphylococcal superantigen ; enterotoxin ; toxin pathogenicity ; immunomodulation ; molecular and cellular targets ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives is a scientific paper collection specially published on the anniversary of Plants. Covering all major areas of plant science, it is a valuable guide through current achievements and future discoveries in this scientific field.
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Secale montanum ; Secale strictum ; QTL mapping ; molecular marker ; self-incompatibility ; fertility ; seed set ; abiotic stress ; cell homeostasis ; heterologous host synthetic approach ; terpenophenolics ; brown spot ; ACT ; fungus culture filtrate ; mycotoxin ; fruit development ; fruit gauge ; VPD ; Mangifera indica ; cell division ; cell expansion ; ripening ; pulegone ; isomenthone ; menthone ; thymol ; p-cymene ; chemotypes ; seasonal variation ; enantiomeric distribution ; label-free proteomics ; Panax ginseng ; ginsenosides ; cytochrome p450 ; UDP-glycosyltransferase ; MEP pathway ; MVA pathway ; TCA/acetone ; methanol/chloroform ; endophytes ; foliar pathogens ; pathogenicity ; taxonomy ; Thymus vulgaris ; Crithmum maritimum ; leather artifacts ; essential oils ; anti-bacterial activity ; Euphorbia dendroides L. ; aerial parts ; polyphenols ; antioxidant activity ; anti-inflammatory activity ; toxicity ; calcium oxalate crystals ; colleter ; extrafloral nectaries ; resin gland ; bud protection ; plant-environment interaction ; carbohydrate metabolism ; microarray ; crop ; rice ; productivity ; endosperm ; geometry ; morphology ; seed shape ; Vitaceae ; exDNA ; environmental DNA ; DNA sensing ; self-DNA inhibition ; autotoxicity ; plant response ; DAMP ; PAMP ; EDAP ; climate change ; food security ; Mediterranean countries ; sustainable exploitation ; phytogenetic resources ; candidate gene ; quantitative trait locus ; recombinant inbred line ; soybean drought tolerance ; weighted drought coefficient ; antioxidants ; biostimulants ; biotic stress ; GABA ; metabolism ; phytohormones ; reactive oxygen species ; signaling ; tricarboxylic acid cycle ; bacterial functions ; co-presence networks ; metagenomics ; microbial ecology ; plant domestication ; trace element ; plant nutrient ; salinity ; antioxidant defense system ; glyoxalase system ; biochar ; licorice ; soil enzymes ; nutrients ; root system ; ALS ; BCAA ; low oxygen ; flooding ; AIP1 ; Eucommia ulmoides Oliver ; trait variations ; probability grading ; quantitative traits ; planting models ; leaves ; cytokinin ; TD-K ; thidiazuron ; INCYDE ; CPPU ; isopentenyl transferase ; IPT ; cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ; CKX ; wheat ; barley ; yield ; cucumber ; QTL-seq ; SNP markers ; white immature fruit skin color ; ecological costs ; germination models ; herbicide resistance ; hydrotime ; target-site resistance ; hydrogen peroxide ; sodium hypochlorite ; generalized regression neural network ; genetic algorithm ; scarification ; seed dormancy ; plant tissue culture ; foliar descriptors ; leaf area ; models ; vine leaves ; Olea europaea L. ; olive ; genotype by sequencing (GBS) ; single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; whole-genome sequencing (WGS) ; reference genome ; plastid markers ; DNA barcoding ; ISSR markers ; Egyptian barley ; agro-morphological traits ; cluster analysis ; genetic variation ; biplot ; drought stress ; drying processes ; mathematical model ; plant hydric stress tolerance ; rate of weight loss ; RWLMod ; water evaporation ; photosynthesis ; elevated CO2 ; Rubisco ; electron transport ; light ; diurnal cycle ; sexual propagation ; cold stratification ; in situ ; ex situ ; plant endemism ; Morocco ; biodiversity ; ex-situ conservation ; protocols ; germplasm ; forest berries ; brushing ; lettuce ; chicory ; phytochemicals ; antioxidant capacity ; Ziziphus lotus ; phenolics ; SH-SY5Y cell line ; chromatography ; Koelreuteria paniculata ; dry ethanol extracts ; GC-MS analysis ; chemical compounds ; antitumor and antimicrobial activities ; medicinal plant ; bioactive compounds ; plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) ; cell suspension culture (CSC) ; bioreactor engineering ; apple ; Golden Delicious ; Top Red ; fruitlet thinners ; light reactions ; electron transport rate ; photoprotective mechanism ; state transitions ; PSII repair cycle ; vegetation structure ; environmental variables ; PC-ORD ; plant community assembly ; Himalaya ; allopolyploidy ; interspecific hybridization ; unreduced gametes ; cytological diploidization ; genomic changes ; root length ; root/shoot ratio ; specific root length ; Saragolle Lucana ; seed coating ; heavy metals ; evolution ; hyperaccumulation ; black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) ; anthocyanin stability ; herbs ; co-pigmentation ; color stability ; functional foods/beverages ; biotechnological tools ; ethnomedicine ; in vitro culture ; genetic improvement ; pollen ; tip growth ; calcium ; calcium dependent protein kinase ; Rho Guanine Dissociation Inhibitor ; ROP GTPase ; RhoGDI displacement factor ; polarity ; guar ; gene expression ; qRT-PCR ; RNA-Seq ; salt stress ; salt tolerance ; stress ; transcriptome ; D-tagatose ; IFP48 ; induced resistance ; sweet immunity ; sugar-enhanced defense ; Plasmopara viticola ; Botrytis cinerea ; Vitis vinifera ; human diet ; edible wild plants ; Plantago coronopus L. ; Rumex acetosa L. ; Cichorium intybus L. ; Artemisia dracunculus L. ; phytochemistry ; anti-inflammatory properties ; stem photosynthesis ; hydraulic recovery ; soaking ; X-ray micro-CT ; bark water uptake ; embolism ; genetic resources ; Solanaceae ; Cucumis ; Lactuca ; diversity ; vegetables ; genebank ; essential oil ; iNOS ; interleukin ; lavenders ; NF-κB ; glycosyltransferases ; ER-Golgi trafficking ; mechanism of protein sorting ; COPI and COPII complexes ; sequences and motifs involved in trafficking ; Arabidopsis ; gene regulation ; protein-protein interaction ; transcription factor ; WRI1 ; TCP20 ; lipases ; lipid metabolism ; plant-environment interactions ; reproductive development ; vegetative development ; Urtica dioica ; soilless systems ; cultivated nettle ; stress factors ; functional properties ; preharvest sprouting ; MKK3 ; maternal and paternal expressed genes ; imprinted genes ; polycomb repressive complex 2 ; mRNA processing bodies ; ribonucleic binding proteins ; monosomes ; ethylene ; elicitors ; fruit ripening ; ACC synthase/oxidase ; GC-MS ; polyamines ; Vigna genus ; introgression ; hybridisation ; phylogeny ; de novo domestication ; feralisation ; novel ecosystems ; complex networks ; tree communities ; Lantana camara ; Prosopis juliflora ; ascorbic acid ; genetic diversity ; molecular markers ; aquaculture pond sediment ; recovery ; Triticum aestivum ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; wheat grass juice quality ; UV-B radiation ; olive tree ; metabolomic ; phenolic profile ; lipophilic profile ; ecophysiology ; environment ; arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis ; comparative transcriptomics ; Arum-type ; Paris-type ; Solanum lycopersicum ; Rhizophagus irregularis ; Gigaspora margarita ; Camelina sativa ; semi-arid lands ; biofuel feedstock ; biodiesel ; renewable diesel ; crop breeding ; transgenesis ; genome editing ; Xanthomonas euvesicatoria ; host associate factor ; comparative genomics ; Cannabis sativa L. ; chemovars ; secondary metabolites ; trichomes ; residual by-products ; biogeography ; cardioid ; islands ; geometric models ; Mediterranean flora ; Silene ; super-ellipse ; abscisic acid ; aromatic herb ; ascorbate-glutathione cycle ; jasmonic acid ; lipoic acid ; oxidative stress ; salicylic acid ; Salvia officinalis ; drought ; state of stress ; tolerance ; avoidance ; stress survival ; amino acids ; nitrate reductase ; glutamine synthetase ; plants mycorrhized ; dark septate ; Daphne genkwa ; Thymelaeaceae ; flavonoids ; design of experiments ; blooming stages ; germination stimulant ; witchweed ; methyl phenlactonoates (MPs) ; Nijmegen-1 ; weed ; plant development ; vasculature ; leaf traces ; structure ; microtomography ; Euphorbiaceae ; in vitro crop ; gamma radiation ; ionizing radiation ; mutants ; Fumaria scheleicheri Soy. Will. ; isoquinoline alkaloids ; HPLC-DAD ; in vitro anti-cholinesterase ; cytotoxic ; antioxidant ; ABC model ; hop ; transcription factors ; type-II MADS box ; type-I MADS-box ; AFLP ; carpological traits ; genetic structure ; molecular systematics ; plastid phylogeny ; Valerianaceae ; auxins ; embryogenic calli ; HPLC ; IAA ; immunohistochemistry ; deficit irrigation ; grape quality ; phenology ; plant diseases ; bacterium ; symptoms ; molecular classification ; common juniper ; common larch ; Cupressaceae ; Pinaceae ; SPME-GC-MS ; volatile compounds ; herbicidal activity ; weed control ; trait association ; GCV ; genetic variability ; genetic advance ; heritability ; PCV ; Cicer arietinum L. ; gold nanoparticles ; carbon nanotubes ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; machine learning techniques ; principal component analysis ; support vector machine classification ; citrus ; melanose ; Diaporthe citri ; epidemiology ; symptomatology ; Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis ; resistance-nodulation-cell division transporter ; type-three secretion system ; phytoalexin ; brassinin ; glucosinolate ; cabbage ; flowering ; juvenile traits ; genetic stability ; flow cytometry ; somaclonal variation ; thorniness ; carbohydrates ; protein ; lipids ; fatty acids ; minerals ; plastome ; Plicosepalus acaciae ; Plicosepalus curviflorus ; loranthaceae ; mistletoe ; phylogenetic relationship ; plastome structure ; comparative analysis ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Solanum tuberosum ; multi-exponential transverse relaxation ; water stress ; broccoli ; human nutrition ; improved health ; melatonin ; postharvest ; apricot ; pollen tube ; pollination ; Prunus armeniaca ; S-alleles ; Populus ; hexokinase ; sucrose metabolism ; sugar signaling ; stress and defense ; centres of origin ; crop wild relatives ; crop domestication ; cryopreservation ; conservation ; in vitro storage ; ecosystem restoration ; plant breeding ; acidification ; alkalinisation ; bud burst ; freezing ; Malus domestica ; pH ; Picea abies ; Pinus cembra ; histone modification ; Taraxacum kok-saghyz ; natural rubber ; high light stress ; singlet oxygen ; signalling ; GPX5 ; beta cyclocitral ; acrolein ; glutathione peroxidase ; carbonyl ; transcription ; SLIM1 transcription factor ; sulfur deficiency ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; sulfate transporter ; sulfate assimilation ; stress tolerance ; LRR-RLK receptors ; dodders ; parasitic plants ; proteomics ; virus vertical transmission ; CMV-Fny strain ; pseudorecombinant virus ; chimeric virus ; infection rate ; seed-growth tests ; electron microscopy ; circular dichroism spectroscopy ; viral assembly ; Adiantetea capilli-veneris ; demographic analysis ; ecology ; IUCN ; plant conservation ; phytosociology ; rupicolous habitat ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 31
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The Special issue "Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II" is continuing the intriguing research on the use of natural plant products. The second edition follows the aim of the first one.
    Keywords: Bergenia species ; botanical description ; traditional uses ; phytochemistry ; pharmacology ; anti-urolithiatic activity ; bergenin ; Flaxseed oil ; linusorb B3 ; anti-cancer ; apoptosis ; actin polymerization ; Src ; glioblastoma ; chlorogenic acid ; coffee ; cyclooxygenase ; espresso ; instant coffee ; platelet aggregation ; Rubia tinctorum L. ; antioxidants ; polyphenols ; ethylene glycol ; urolithiasis ; histophatology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; β-glucan ; antimicrobial and anticancer activities ; detoxification ability ; immunomodulatory effect ; Aquilaria sinensis ; pheophorbide A ; MMP-2 ; MMP-9 ; HT-1080 ; advanced glycation end product (AGE) ; oxidative stress ; epithelial to mesenchymal transition ; AGE-inhibitor ; swertiamarin ; diabetic nephropathy ; astragaloside IV ; Astragalus membranaceus ; huang qi ; Astragali Radix ; liver ; liver regeneration ; 70% partial hepatectomy ; proliferation ; rat ; memory ; object recognition ; Ginkgo biloba ; dorsal hippocampus formation ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; Diclofenac ; γ-lactone ; nano-emulsion ; methylcellulose ; Ostrich oil ; Struthio camelus ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; leaf extract ; neuroprotection ; antioxidant activity ; DAF-16 ; Clerodendrum infortunatum ; terpenoids ; phenylpropanoids ; antidiabetic ; breast cancer ; Combretum indicum L. ; antidiabetic activity ; histopathology ; UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS ; network pharmacology ; Biebersteinia heterostemon ; galegine ; hypotensive ; toxicity ; Sage ; Salvia officinalis ; cytotoxicity ; hepatoprotection ; MDA ; TAOxC ; MCF-7 ; HeLA cells ; HepG-2 cells ; Peganum harmala ; anti-inflammatory activity ; antioxidant ; LC-ESI-MS/MS ; traditional medicine ; rheumatoid arthritis ; rosmanol ; carnosol ; Callicarpa longissima ; TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK ; synergistic effect ; diabetes mellitus ; anti-diabetic drugs ; monoterpenes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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  • 32
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells; however, mitochondrial dysfunction causes energy depletion and cell death in a variety of diseases. Altered oxidative phosphorylation and ion homeostasis are associated with ROS production resulting from the disassembly of respiratory supercomplexes and the disruption of electron transfer chains. In pathological conditions, the dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis promotes Ca2+ overload in the matrix and ROS accumulation, which induces the mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation responsible for mitochondrial morphological changes linked to membrane dynamics, and ultimately, cell death. Finally, studies on the impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in pathology could provide molecular tools to counteract diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
    Keywords: aging heart ; Bcl-2 family ; mitochondria ; programmed cell death ; fatty acid oxidation ; palmitate ; oleate ; m.3243A&gt ; G mutation ; MT-ATP6 ; m.8909T&gt ; C ; ATP synthase ; nephropathy ; oxidative phosphorylation ; mitochondrial disease ; cardiolipin ; Barth syndrome ; Sengers syndrome ; respiratory chain ; Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia ; cardiomyopathy ; mammalian complex I ; NADH dehydrogenase ; complex I assembly ; complex I structure ; complex I deficiency ; supernumerary subunits ; electron transport chain ; mitochondrial dysfunction ; Leigh syndrome ; mitochondrial diseases ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; pet mutants ; pancreatic endocrine cells ; mathematical model ; cellular bioenergetics ; diabetes ; glucagon ; insulin ; exercise ; immune system ; metabolic disease ; COVID-19 ; mitochondrial dynamics ; viral infections ; MAVS ; RIG-I ; MDA5 ; innate immune response ; SARS CoV-2 ; RSV ; influenza ; respiratory supercomplexes ; ROS ; ATP synthase/hydrolase ; mitochondrial permeability transition pore ; cristae ; cellular signaling ; human disease ; mitochondrial dynamic ; cell signaling ; cancer ; respiratory complexes ; oxidative stress ; mitochondrial DNA ; MTCYB mutations ; cytochrome b ; complex III ; aging ; energy metabolism ; entorhinal cortex ; lipoxidation-derived damage ; neurodegeneration ; oxidative damage ; protein import ; respiratory complex assembly ; supercomplexes ; mitochondrial proteostasis ; heart failure ; bioenergetics ; assembly factor ; atypical myopathy ; high-resolution respirometry ; toxicity assays ; cell culture ; equine primary myoblasts ; fibroblasts ; frozen tissue ; leukocytes ; oxygen consumption ; platelets ; respirometry ; skeletal muscle ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 33
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives is a scientific paper collection specially published on the anniversary of Plants. Covering all major areas of plant science, it is a valuable guide through current achievements and future discoveries in this scientific field.
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Secale montanum ; Secale strictum ; QTL mapping ; molecular marker ; self-incompatibility ; fertility ; seed set ; abiotic stress ; cell homeostasis ; heterologous host synthetic approach ; terpenophenolics ; brown spot ; ACT ; fungus culture filtrate ; mycotoxin ; fruit development ; fruit gauge ; VPD ; Mangifera indica ; cell division ; cell expansion ; ripening ; pulegone ; isomenthone ; menthone ; thymol ; p-cymene ; chemotypes ; seasonal variation ; enantiomeric distribution ; label-free proteomics ; Panax ginseng ; ginsenosides ; cytochrome p450 ; UDP-glycosyltransferase ; MEP pathway ; MVA pathway ; TCA/acetone ; methanol/chloroform ; endophytes ; foliar pathogens ; pathogenicity ; taxonomy ; Thymus vulgaris ; Crithmum maritimum ; leather artifacts ; essential oils ; anti-bacterial activity ; Euphorbia dendroides L. ; aerial parts ; polyphenols ; antioxidant activity ; anti-inflammatory activity ; toxicity ; calcium oxalate crystals ; colleter ; extrafloral nectaries ; resin gland ; bud protection ; plant-environment interaction ; carbohydrate metabolism ; microarray ; crop ; rice ; productivity ; endosperm ; geometry ; morphology ; seed shape ; Vitaceae ; exDNA ; environmental DNA ; DNA sensing ; self-DNA inhibition ; autotoxicity ; plant response ; DAMP ; PAMP ; EDAP ; climate change ; food security ; Mediterranean countries ; sustainable exploitation ; phytogenetic resources ; candidate gene ; quantitative trait locus ; recombinant inbred line ; soybean drought tolerance ; weighted drought coefficient ; antioxidants ; biostimulants ; biotic stress ; GABA ; metabolism ; phytohormones ; reactive oxygen species ; signaling ; tricarboxylic acid cycle ; bacterial functions ; co-presence networks ; metagenomics ; microbial ecology ; plant domestication ; trace element ; plant nutrient ; salinity ; antioxidant defense system ; glyoxalase system ; biochar ; licorice ; soil enzymes ; nutrients ; root system ; ALS ; BCAA ; low oxygen ; flooding ; AIP1 ; Eucommia ulmoides Oliver ; trait variations ; probability grading ; quantitative traits ; planting models ; leaves ; cytokinin ; TD-K ; thidiazuron ; INCYDE ; CPPU ; isopentenyl transferase ; IPT ; cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase ; CKX ; wheat ; barley ; yield ; cucumber ; QTL-seq ; SNP markers ; white immature fruit skin color ; ecological costs ; germination models ; herbicide resistance ; hydrotime ; target-site resistance ; hydrogen peroxide ; sodium hypochlorite ; generalized regression neural network ; genetic algorithm ; scarification ; seed dormancy ; plant tissue culture ; foliar descriptors ; leaf area ; models ; vine leaves ; Olea europaea L. ; olive ; genotype by sequencing (GBS) ; single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ; whole-genome sequencing (WGS) ; reference genome ; plastid markers ; DNA barcoding ; ISSR markers ; Egyptian barley ; agro-morphological traits ; cluster analysis ; genetic variation ; biplot ; drought stress ; drying processes ; mathematical model ; plant hydric stress tolerance ; rate of weight loss ; RWLMod ; water evaporation ; photosynthesis ; elevated CO2 ; Rubisco ; electron transport ; light ; diurnal cycle ; sexual propagation ; cold stratification ; in situ ; ex situ ; plant endemism ; Morocco ; biodiversity ; ex-situ conservation ; protocols ; germplasm ; forest berries ; brushing ; lettuce ; chicory ; phytochemicals ; antioxidant capacity ; Ziziphus lotus ; phenolics ; SH-SY5Y cell line ; chromatography ; Koelreuteria paniculata ; dry ethanol extracts ; GC-MS analysis ; chemical compounds ; antitumor and antimicrobial activities ; medicinal plant ; bioactive compounds ; plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) ; cell suspension culture (CSC) ; bioreactor engineering ; apple ; Golden Delicious ; Top Red ; fruitlet thinners ; light reactions ; electron transport rate ; photoprotective mechanism ; state transitions ; PSII repair cycle ; vegetation structure ; environmental variables ; PC-ORD ; plant community assembly ; Himalaya ; allopolyploidy ; interspecific hybridization ; unreduced gametes ; cytological diploidization ; genomic changes ; root length ; root/shoot ratio ; specific root length ; Saragolle Lucana ; seed coating ; heavy metals ; evolution ; hyperaccumulation ; black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) ; anthocyanin stability ; herbs ; co-pigmentation ; color stability ; functional foods/beverages ; biotechnological tools ; ethnomedicine ; in vitro culture ; genetic improvement ; pollen ; tip growth ; calcium ; calcium dependent protein kinase ; Rho Guanine Dissociation Inhibitor ; ROP GTPase ; RhoGDI displacement factor ; polarity ; guar ; gene expression ; qRT-PCR ; RNA-Seq ; salt stress ; salt tolerance ; stress ; transcriptome ; D-tagatose ; IFP48 ; induced resistance ; sweet immunity ; sugar-enhanced defense ; Plasmopara viticola ; Botrytis cinerea ; Vitis vinifera ; human diet ; edible wild plants ; Plantago coronopus L. ; Rumex acetosa L. ; Cichorium intybus L. ; Artemisia dracunculus L. ; phytochemistry ; anti-inflammatory properties ; stem photosynthesis ; hydraulic recovery ; soaking ; X-ray micro-CT ; bark water uptake ; embolism ; genetic resources ; Solanaceae ; Cucumis ; Lactuca ; diversity ; vegetables ; genebank ; essential oil ; iNOS ; interleukin ; lavenders ; NF-κB ; glycosyltransferases ; ER-Golgi trafficking ; mechanism of protein sorting ; COPI and COPII complexes ; sequences and motifs involved in trafficking ; Arabidopsis ; gene regulation ; protein-protein interaction ; transcription factor ; WRI1 ; TCP20 ; lipases ; lipid metabolism ; plant-environment interactions ; reproductive development ; vegetative development ; Urtica dioica ; soilless systems ; cultivated nettle ; stress factors ; functional properties ; preharvest sprouting ; MKK3 ; maternal and paternal expressed genes ; imprinted genes ; polycomb repressive complex 2 ; mRNA processing bodies ; ribonucleic binding proteins ; monosomes ; ethylene ; elicitors ; fruit ripening ; ACC synthase/oxidase ; GC-MS ; polyamines ; Vigna genus ; introgression ; hybridisation ; phylogeny ; de novo domestication ; feralisation ; novel ecosystems ; complex networks ; tree communities ; Lantana camara ; Prosopis juliflora ; ascorbic acid ; genetic diversity ; molecular markers ; aquaculture pond sediment ; recovery ; Triticum aestivum ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; wheat grass juice quality ; UV-B radiation ; olive tree ; metabolomic ; phenolic profile ; lipophilic profile ; ecophysiology ; environment ; arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis ; comparative transcriptomics ; Arum-type ; Paris-type ; Solanum lycopersicum ; Rhizophagus irregularis ; Gigaspora margarita ; Camelina sativa ; semi-arid lands ; biofuel feedstock ; biodiesel ; renewable diesel ; crop breeding ; transgenesis ; genome editing ; Xanthomonas euvesicatoria ; host associate factor ; comparative genomics ; Cannabis sativa L. ; chemovars ; secondary metabolites ; trichomes ; residual by-products ; biogeography ; cardioid ; islands ; geometric models ; Mediterranean flora ; Silene ; super-ellipse ; abscisic acid ; aromatic herb ; ascorbate-glutathione cycle ; jasmonic acid ; lipoic acid ; oxidative stress ; salicylic acid ; Salvia officinalis ; drought ; state of stress ; tolerance ; avoidance ; stress survival ; amino acids ; nitrate reductase ; glutamine synthetase ; plants mycorrhized ; dark septate ; Daphne genkwa ; Thymelaeaceae ; flavonoids ; design of experiments ; blooming stages ; germination stimulant ; witchweed ; methyl phenlactonoates (MPs) ; Nijmegen-1 ; weed ; plant development ; vasculature ; leaf traces ; structure ; microtomography ; Euphorbiaceae ; in vitro crop ; gamma radiation ; ionizing radiation ; mutants ; Fumaria scheleicheri Soy. Will. ; isoquinoline alkaloids ; HPLC-DAD ; in vitro anti-cholinesterase ; cytotoxic ; antioxidant ; ABC model ; hop ; transcription factors ; type-II MADS box ; type-I MADS-box ; AFLP ; carpological traits ; genetic structure ; molecular systematics ; plastid phylogeny ; Valerianaceae ; auxins ; embryogenic calli ; HPLC ; IAA ; immunohistochemistry ; deficit irrigation ; grape quality ; phenology ; plant diseases ; bacterium ; symptoms ; molecular classification ; common juniper ; common larch ; Cupressaceae ; Pinaceae ; SPME-GC-MS ; volatile compounds ; herbicidal activity ; weed control ; trait association ; GCV ; genetic variability ; genetic advance ; heritability ; PCV ; Cicer arietinum L. ; gold nanoparticles ; carbon nanotubes ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; machine learning techniques ; principal component analysis ; support vector machine classification ; citrus ; melanose ; Diaporthe citri ; epidemiology ; symptomatology ; Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis ; resistance-nodulation-cell division transporter ; type-three secretion system ; phytoalexin ; brassinin ; glucosinolate ; cabbage ; flowering ; juvenile traits ; genetic stability ; flow cytometry ; somaclonal variation ; thorniness ; carbohydrates ; protein ; lipids ; fatty acids ; minerals ; plastome ; Plicosepalus acaciae ; Plicosepalus curviflorus ; loranthaceae ; mistletoe ; phylogenetic relationship ; plastome structure ; comparative analysis ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Solanum tuberosum ; multi-exponential transverse relaxation ; water stress ; broccoli ; human nutrition ; improved health ; melatonin ; postharvest ; apricot ; pollen tube ; pollination ; Prunus armeniaca ; S-alleles ; Populus ; hexokinase ; sucrose metabolism ; sugar signaling ; stress and defense ; centres of origin ; crop wild relatives ; crop domestication ; cryopreservation ; conservation ; in vitro storage ; ecosystem restoration ; plant breeding ; acidification ; alkalinisation ; bud burst ; freezing ; Malus domestica ; pH ; Picea abies ; Pinus cembra ; histone modification ; Taraxacum kok-saghyz ; natural rubber ; high light stress ; singlet oxygen ; signalling ; GPX5 ; beta cyclocitral ; acrolein ; glutathione peroxidase ; carbonyl ; transcription ; SLIM1 transcription factor ; sulfur deficiency ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; sulfate transporter ; sulfate assimilation ; stress tolerance ; LRR-RLK receptors ; dodders ; parasitic plants ; proteomics ; virus vertical transmission ; CMV-Fny strain ; pseudorecombinant virus ; chimeric virus ; infection rate ; seed-growth tests ; electron microscopy ; circular dichroism spectroscopy ; viral assembly ; Adiantetea capilli-veneris ; demographic analysis ; ecology ; IUCN ; plant conservation ; phytosociology ; rupicolous habitat ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 34
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
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  • 35
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ethanol fermentation ; Wheat starch ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; immobilization ; Continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor ; Biocatalyst bioreactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.
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  • 36
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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  • 37
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 403-412 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; Triticum aestivum ; endosymbiont ; insect-plant interactions ; phloem ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behavior of Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae) on susceptible hosts causes both ultrastructural and tissue level damage which may affect phloem composition. Genetic evidence suggests that endosymbiotic bacteria in most aphids overproduce limiting amino acids to benefit hosts but that D. noxia depends less on endosymbionts for these nutrients, possibly due to an enriched diet. To determine whether D. noxia feeding damage results in higher concentrations of essential amino acids, stylet exudates were analyzed from wheat (Triticum aestivum) damaged to different degrees. Comparison of samples from undamaged and damaged susceptible wheat revealed changes in amino acid composition and an increase in levels of essential amino acids, indicating a nutritionally enhanced ingesta. The changes in stylet exudates paralleled changes in leaf exudates, indicating that the effects are systemic. Feeding damage is not observed on a resistant wheat host, var. Halt, and leaf exudates from infested Halt did not show changes in amino acid composition. Mean relative growth of nymphs was significantly lower on Halt than on susceptible Arapahoe, indicating that Halt is a less suitable host. Both varieties show similar amino acid levels in non-infested samples, suggesting that D. noxia infestation does not enhance the phloem environment in Halt. This study provides evidence that aphid feeding can generate a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet.
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  • 38
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; antixenosis ; plant resistance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Antixenose gegenüberRhopalosiphum padi (L.) in den drei Weizensorten Timmo, Moghan 2 und Ommid, von denen die zwei letzteren Sorten aus dem Iran stammen, wurde unter Verwendung des systemischen Insektizids Pirimicarb gemessen. Jeweils zwei Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Sorten wurden als Paar verwendet (in allen Kombinationen der drei Sorten), pro Paar ein Topf mit Pirimicarb gegossen, und zwanzig Blattlaüse über Blattflächen von beiden Sorten gekäfigt. Ähnliche Versuche wurden auch ohne Insektizid ausgeführt. Beide Methoden zeigten deutliche Antixenose von Moghan 2 und Ommid in Vergleich mit Timmo. Die Insektizidmethode zeigte auch eine Bevorzugung von Moghan 2 gegenüber Ommid, ein Resultat, das mit der schon bekannten relativen Antibiose dieser zwei Sorten übereinstimmte, während sich ohne Insektizid kein solcher Unterschied erwies. Die statistische Analyse solcher Versuche mit einem Insektizid, die eine Modifikation der Berechnung des erwarteten Werts mit dem χ2 Test enthält, ist beschrieben.
    Notes: Abstract Antixenosis in three wheat varieties (Timmo, Moghan 2 and Ommid) toRhopalosiphum padi (L.) was measured by pairing plants of any two varieties with one plant of each pair treated with a soil drench of the systemic insecticide pirimicarb. Aphids were then allowed access to equivalent leaf areas from the two plants in a leaf cage. The results were compared with similar choice experiments without insecticide. By either technique, the two Iranian varieties (Moghan 2 and Ommid) showed antixenosis in comparison with Timmo. The statistical analysis of the data, using a heterogeneity χ2 test, is described.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: LepidopteraEphestia kuehniella ; α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; endosperm ; α-amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crude α-amylase preparations from seven Lepidoptera pests were susceptible to inhibition by salt-soluble proteins of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm. Protein fractions that corresponded to tetrameric, dimeric, and monomeric wheat α-amylase inhibitors, were decreasingly effective against the insect α-amylase activity. To further confirm these results, purified inhibitors were tested against an α-amylase preparation fromEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). This preparation showed decreased activity when increasing amounts of an heterotetrameric inhibitor (reconstituted from its isolated subunits WTAI-CM2, -CM3 and -CM16) were assayed. Activity was only partially inhibited by homodimeric (WDAI-1, synonym 0.53; WDAI-2, synonym 0.19) and monomeric (WMAI-1, synonym 0.28) inhibitors.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: iron ; siderophores ; transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transport proteins of microorganisms may either belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily or to the major facilitator (MFS)-superfamily. MFS transporters are single-polypeptide membrane transporters that transport small molecules via uniport, symport or antiport mechanisms in response to a chemiosmotic gradient. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a non-siderophore producer, various bacterial and fungal siderophores can be utilized as an iron source. From yeast genome sequencing data six genes of the unknown major facilitator (UMF) family were known of which YEL065w Sce was recently identified as a transporter for the bacterial siderophore ferrioxamine B (Sit1p). The present investigation shows that another UMF gene, YHL047c Sce, encodes a transporter for the fungal siderophore triacetylfusarinine C. The gene YHL047c Sce (designated TAF1) was disrupted using the kanMX disruption module in a fet3 background (strain DEY 1394 Δfet3), possessing a defect in the high affinity ferrous iron transport. Growth promotion assays and transport experiments with 55Fe-labelled triacetylfusarinine C showed a complete loss of iron utilization and uptake in the disrupted strain, indicating that TAF1 is the gene for the fungal triacetylfusarinine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and possibly in other siderophore producing fungi.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: major facilitator superfamily ; iron transport ; siderophores ; enterobactin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract While in fungi iron transport via hydroxamate siderophores has been amply proven, iron transport via enterobactin is largely unknown. Enterobactin is a catecholate-type siderophore produced by several enterobacterial genera grown in severe iron deprivation. By using the KanMX disruption module in vector pUG6 in a fet3Δ background of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we were able to disrupt the gene YOL158c Sce of the major facilitator super family (MFS) which has been previously described as a gene encoding a membrane transporter of unknown function. Contrary to the parental strain, the disruptant was unable to utilize ferric enterobactin in growth promotion tests and in transport assays using 55Fe-enterobactin. All other siderophore transport properties remained unaffected. The results are evidence that in S. cerevisiae the YOL158c Sce gene of the major facilitator super family, now designated ENB1, encodes a transporter protein (Enb1p), which specifically recognizes and transports enterobactin.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Manganese ; Electron spin resonance ; Superoxide dismutase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Manganese accumulation was studied by room-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy inSaccharomyces cerevisiae grown in the presence of increasing amounts of MnSO4. Mn2+ retention was nearly linear in intact cells for fractions related to both low-molecular-mass and macromolecular complexes (‘free’ and ‘bound’ Mn2+, respectively). A deviation from linearity was observed in cell extracts between the control value and 0.1 mM Mn2+, indicating more efficient accumulation at low Mn2+ concentrations. The difference in slopes between the two straight lines describing Mn2+ retention at concentrations lower and higher than 0.1 mM, respectively, was quite large for the free Mn2+ fraction. Furthermore it was unaffected by subsequent dialyses of the extracts, showing stable retention in the form of low-molecular-mass complexes. In contrast, the slope of the line describing retention of ‘bound’ Mn2+ at concentrations higher than 0.1 mM became less steep after subsequent dialyses of the cell extracts. This result indicates that the macromolecule-bound Mn2+ was essentially associated with particulate structures. In contrast to Cu2+, Mn2+ had no effect on the major enzyme activities involved in oxygen metabolism except for a slight increase of cyanide-resistant Mn-superoxide dismutase activity, due to dialyzable Mn2+ complexes.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: EPR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; uptake ; vanadate ; vanadyl
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Vanadium uptake by whole cells and isolated cell walls of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. When orthovanadate was added to wild-type S. cerevisiae cells growing in rich medium, growth was inhibited as a function of the VO4 3- concentration and the growth was completely arrested at a concentration of 20 mM of VO4 3- in YEPD. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to obtain structural and dynamic information about the cell-associated paramagnetic vanadyl ion. The presence of EPR signals indicated that vanadate was reduced by whole cells to the vanadyl ion. On the contrary, no EPR signals were detected after interaction of vanadate with isolated cell walls. A ‘mobile’ and an ‘immobile’ species associated in cells with small chelates and with macromolecular sites, respectively, were identified. The value of rotational correlation time τ r indicated the relative motional freedom at the macromolecular site. A strongly ‘immobilized’ vanadyl species bound to polar sites mainly through coulombic attractions was detected after interaction of VO2+ ions with isolated cell walls.
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  • 46
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cereals ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Aphididae ; barley yellow dwarf virus ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), a hydroxamic acid (Hx) occurring in wheat, was shown to deter feeding by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and to reduce BYDV transmission to the plant. Dual choice tests with wheat leaves showed the preferential settlement of aphids on leaves with lower levels of DIMBOA. Electric monitoring of aphid feeding behaviour showed that in seedlings with higher DIMBOA levels fewer aphids reached the phloem and they needed longer times to contact a phloem vessel than in those with lower levels. When aphids carrying BYDV were allowed to feed on wheat cultivars with different DIMBOA levels, fewer plants were infected with BYDV in the higher DIMBOA cultivars than in the lower ones. Preliminary field experiments showed a tendency for wheat cultivars with higher Hx levels to be more tolerant to infection by BYDV than lower Hx level ones.
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  • 47
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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  • 48
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 886-888 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; trichothecenes ; mycotoxins ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several trichothecene mycotoxins were shown to inhibit the growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. This effect was most pronounced with the macrocyclic trichothecenes, especially verrucarin A. Much less growth inhibition was observed with T-2 toxin. Verrucarol, diacetoxyscirpenol, acetyl T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol and neosolaniol were inactive at a concentration of 75 μg of toxin per disc. Incubation ofS. cerevisiae with verrucarin A together with vitamins resulted in a decrease in toxicity. Pyridoxine-HCl, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine-HCl and α-tocopheryl acetate were amongst the most potent of the vitamins tested which reversed growth inhibition, overcoming the inhibitory potential of the toxins.
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  • 49
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 888-890 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiaminase ; thiamine ; thiamine antagonist ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was found that cell-free extracts ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae contain thiaminase II which hydrolyzes thiamine and thiamine analogs. The possible involvement of this enzyme and thiamine-synthesizing enzymes in thiamine production from thiamine antagonists is discussed.
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  • 50
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1130-1135 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondria ; mRNA-specific translational activation ; synthetic genes ; gene regulation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial gene expression in yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depends on translational activation of individual mRNAs by distinct proteins encoded in the nucleus. These nuclearly coded mRNA-specific translational activators are bound to the inner membrane and function to mediate the interaction between mRNAs and mitochondrial ribosomes. This complex system, found to date only in organelles, appears to be an adaptation for targeting the synthesis of mitochondrially coded integral membrane proteins to the membrane. In addition, mRNA-specific translational activation is a rate-limiting step used to modulate expression of at least one mitochondrial gene in response to environmental conditions. Direct study of mitochondrial gene regulation and the targeting of mitochondrially coded proteins in vivo will now be possible using synthetic genes inserted into mtDNA that encode soluble reporter/passenger proteins.
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  • 51
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1162-1164 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polygodial ; warburganal ; antifungal activity ; Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pityrosporum ovale ; enhancing effect ; antioxidants ; vitamin C ; BHA ; anethole
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antifungal activity of two drimane sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial (1) and warburganal (2), alone and in combination with several other substances, was examined against three fungi,Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae andPityrosporum ovale employing a broth dilution method. Anethole significantly synergized the activity of the two sesquiterpenoids againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae however, it had only an, additive effect againstP. ovale. By contrast, two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), noticeably enhanced the activity of the sesquiterpenoids againstP. ovale, but had no, effect againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae.
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  • 52
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1033-1041 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; cytoskeleton ; mutants ; endocytosis ; actin ; myosin ; calmodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endocytosis is a general term that is used to describe the internalization of external and plasma membrane molecules into the cell interior. In fact, several different mechanisms exist for the internalization step of this process. In this review we emphasize the work on the actin-dependent pathways, in particular in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, because several components of the molecular machinery are identified. In this yeast, the analysis of endocytosis in various mutants reveals a requirement for actin, calmodulin, a type I myosin, as well as a number of other proteins that affect actin dynamics. Some of these proteins have homology to proteins in animal cells that are believed to be involved in endocytosis. In addition, the demonstration that ubiquitination of some cell surface molecules is required for their efficient internalization is described. We compare the actin, myosin and ubiquitin requirements for endocytosis with recent results found studying these processes usingDictyostelium discoideum and animal cells.
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  • 53
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1111-1116 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; mitochondrial inheritance ; cytoskeleton ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; membrane proteins ; organelle movement ; mitochondrial morphology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanisms mediating the inheritance of mitochondria are poorly understood, but recent studies with the yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae andSchizosaccharomyces pombe have begun to identify components that facilitate this essential process. These components have been identified through the analysis of conditional yeast mutants that display aberrant mitochondrial distribution at restrictive conditions. The analysis of these mutants has uncovered several novel proteins that are localized either to cytoskeletal structures or to the mitochondria themselves. Many mitochondrial inheritance mutants also show altered mitochondrial morphology and defects in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome. Although some inheritance components and mechanisms appear to function specifically in certain types of cells, other conserved proteins are likely to mediate mitochondrial behavior in all eukaryotic cells.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial ribosomes ; peptidyl transferase ; Varl ribosomal protein ; gene relocation ; posttranscriptional rRNA modification
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria posses their own ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of a small number of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome. In yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the two ribosomal RNAs and a single ribosomal protein, Varl, are products of mitochondrial genes, and the remaining approximately 80 ribosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The mitochondrial translation system is dispensable in yeast, providing an excellent experimental model for the molecular genetic analysis of the fundamental properties of ribosomes in general as well as adaptations required for the specialized role of ribosomes in mitochondria. Recent studies of the peptidyl transferase center, one of the most highly conserved functional centers of the ribosome, and the Varl protein, an unusual yet essential protein in the small ribosomal subunit, have provided new insight into conserved and divergent features of the mitochondrial ribosome.
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  • 55
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    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: accumulation ; gold ; proton efflux ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; toxicity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effects of ionic gold on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as determined by long-term (growth in gold-containing media) and short-term interactions (H+ efflux activity). An increasing gold concentration inhibited growth and at 〈0.2 mM Au, growth was not observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no differences in ultrastructure but fine electron dense particles were observed in unstained preparations from gold-containing medium. After glucose addition (to 10mM) to starved suspensions of S. cerevisiae, glucose-dependent reduction of external pH occurred as the cells extruded protons. In the presence of increasing gold concentrations, the lag time before proton extrusion did not change but the rate and duration decreased significantly with a marked influence on proton efflux rate being observed at ≤ 10 μM. Extension of preincubation time of yeast cells in gold-containing medium resulted in a decreasing proton efflux rate and colloidal phase formation in the cell suspensions, the time between gold addition and the beginning of colloidal phase formation depending on the gold concentration used. Both Ca and Mg enhanced the inhibitory effect of gold on the yeast cells with Ca showing a stronger inhibitory effect than Mg.
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  • 56
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Jerusalem artichoke ; High-fructose syrup ; Ethanol ; Immobilized yeast cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The results from this study showed that Jerusalem artichoke juice can be used for the production of very enriched fructose syrup by selective conversion of glucose to ethanol in a continuous process using immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859. The product contained up to 99% of the total carbohydrates as fructose compared to 76% in the feed. Using Jerusalem artichoke juice supplemented with some glucose a product was obtained with 7.5% w/v ethanol which made ethanol recovery economically favourable. It was found that some fructose was consumed in these continuous processes; the glucose/fructose conversion rate ratio was regulated by the glucose concentration in the product stream.
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  • 57
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; Aroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three fermentations of Pedro Ximénez grapes, collected in three degrees of ripeness, were carried out by inoculation with three types of inoculum: pure cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae races and ofTorulaspora delbrueckii, indigenous yeasts, and mixed cultures of indigenous yeasts enriched with the pure cultures. By means of variance analysis 21 compounds were determined whose final concentrations in the wines significantly depended on the musts, the inocula or both. Eleven products that depended significantly on the inocula were subjected to a discriminant analysis in which most of the pure cultures gathered in a discriminant space area different from that occupied by the indigenous yeasts. The centroids corresponding to most of the mixed cultures were shifted to the central area of the discriminant space, moved away from their corresponding pure cultures and approached the indigenous yeasts. The results show a high similarity between the fermentations carried out with mixed cultures with the addedS. cerevisiae races and those fermentations carried out with the indigenous yeasts, with regard to those compounds which were significantly dependent on the inocula.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Hydroponics ; Nitrate uptake ; Root respiration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Oxygen and CO2 fluxes were measured in hydroponically grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hano roots. The NO3 – uptake of the plants was used to estimate the amount of root respiration attributable to ion uptake. Plants were grown at 4 mM N and 10 μM P, where a total and viable mycorrhizal root colonisation of 48% and 18%, respectively, by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) was observed. The O2 consumption and NO3 – uptake rates were similar and the CO2 release was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal wheat. This resulted in a significantly higher respiratory quotient (RQ, mol CO2 mol–1 O2) in mycorrhizal (1.27±0.13) than in non-mycorrhizal (0.79±0.05) wheat. As the biomass and N and P concentrations in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wheat were the same, the higher RQ resulted from the mycorrhizal colonisation and not differences in nutrition per se.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wheat ; Paddy straw compost ; N and P enrichment ; Rock phosphate ; Pyrite ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nutrient-rich compost from paddy straw was prepared using urea and Mussoorie rock phosphate for N and P enrichment respectively. Inorganic N was partly conserved in the compost by the addition of pyrite. Citric-acid-soluble P also increased with the addition of pyrite. Compost containing about 1.6% total N and 3.3% total P was found to be a good source of P for a wheat crop and also supplied a significant amount of N to the plants.
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  • 60
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    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 281-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Surface sterilization ; Contaminants ; Sterile plant selection ; Axenic seedlings ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sterile seedlings are required for the investigation of interactions between microorganisms and plants. The present study was designed to develop a simple and reliable method for the selection of sterile seedlings by the use of liquid nutrient media, avoiding some of the disadvantages of solid media. The method of germinating surface-sterilized seedlings on solid water agar or nutrient media was compared with our method for sterility control in nutrient broth. Sterile plant selection in liquid media was the most sensitive method for detecting bacterial and fungal contaminants. Sterile plants grow with the same vigour as unsterilized plants and can be used for sterile plant experiments.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.
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  • 62
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    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phosphatases ; Rhizosphere ; Organic phosphorus ; Allium cepa ; Brassica oleracea ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium alexandrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The distribution of phosphatase activity and of phosphate fractions of the soil in the proximity of roots was studied in order to evaluate the significance of phosphatases in P nutrition of various plants (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium alexandrinum). A considerable increase in both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in all the four soil-root interfaces was observed. Maximum distances from the root surface at which activity increases were observed ranged from 2.0 mm to 3.1 mm for acid phosphatase and from 1.2 mm to 1.6 mm for alkaline phosphatase. The increase in phosphatase activity depended upon plant age, plant species and soil type. A significant correlation was noticed between the depletion of organic P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil of wheat (r = 0.99**) and clover (r = 0.97**). The maximum organic P depletion was 65% in clover and 86% in wheat, which was observed within a distance from the root of 0.8 mm in clover and 1.5 mm in wheat. Both the phosphatases in combination appear to be responsible for the depletion of organic P.
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  • 63
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    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: CO2 emission ; Field method ; Soil respiration ; Triticum aestivum ; Soil moisture ; Carbon reservoirs ; Greenhouse effect ; Grey forest soil ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the rate of CO2 evolution from soil in fallow and croplant under spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a crop rotation in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe during the growing season and in different years. It was shown that the regional characteristics of soils and hydrothermal conditions in different years affect the rate of CO2 evolution in agroecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of CO2 is characterized by insignificant changes in the autumn to spring period and enhanced emission in hot and dry summers. CO2 evolution is assumed to increase due to enhanced mineralization and partial diffusion from the carbonate horizon at the depth of the seasonal frost. During the growing season the dynamics of CO2 evolution depends on the soil moisture regime. There was a strong correlation between the rate of CO2 emission and soil moisture in the particularly dry year of 1993 (η=0.86) and a moderate correlation in the other years (η=0.38–0.54). The effect of the previous crop and fertilizer application on the rate of CO2 emission was insignificant. In a continuous fallow the total carbon release into the atmosphere varied throughout the years studied from 558 to 1880 kg ha-1. Humus losses varied from 0.9% to 3.1%.
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  • 64
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    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 76-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biomass accumulation ; Decomposition ; Litter ; Soil organic matter ; Soil respiration ; 14C deposition ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment with 14C-labeled winter wheat conducted in the north-central region of the United States, crop-accumulated carbon (grain excluded) returned to the soil was found to be 542 g m−2 year−1. Almost half of the carbon from the underground compartment was released in the form of CO2 during the first 3 months after harvest due to very favorable conditions for biological activity. After 18 months, no less than 80% of the carbon from the plant residues was mineralized. About 16% of straw carbon and 24% of root carbon was transferred into soil organic matter. The annual rate of soil organic matter decomposition was approximated as 1.7%.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. turgidum ; Nitrogen fixation ; Field inoculation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eight commercial Israeli spring wheat cultivars (six Triticum aestivum and two T. turgidum) grown with 40 and 120 kg N/ha were tested for responses to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. At the low level of N fertilization (40 kg/ha), five cultivars showed significant increases in plant dry weight measured at the milky ripe stage; however, by maturation only the cultivar “Miriam” showed a significant increase in grain yield. Two cultivars, which had shown a positive inoculation effect at the earlier stages, had a significant decrease in grain yield. No significant effect of inoculation was found at the high N level. To confirm those results, four wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars were tested separately over 4 years in 4 different locations under varying N levels. Only Miriam showed a consistently positive effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain yield. Inoculation increased the number of roots per plant on Miriam compared with uninoculated plants. This effect was found at all N levels. Nutrient (N, P and K) accumulation and number of fertile tillers per unit area were also enhanced by Azospirillum, but these parameters were greatly affected by the level of applied N. It is suggested that the positive response of the spring wheat cultivar “Miriam” to Azospirillum inoculation is due to its capacity to escape water stresses at the end of the growth season.
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  • 66
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    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words CO2 emission ; Field method ; Soil respiration ; Triticum aestivum ; Soil moisture ; Carbon reservoirs ; Greenhouse effect ; Grey forest soil ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the rate of CO2 evolution from soil in fallow and cropland under spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a crop rotation in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe during the growing season and in different years. It was shown that the regional characteristics of soils and hydrothermal conditions in different years affect the rate of CO2 evolution in agroecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of CO2 is characterized by insignificant changes in the autumn to spring period and enhanced emission in hot and dry summers. CO2 evolution is assumed to increase due to enhanced mineralization and partial diffusion from the carbonate horizon at the depth of the seasonal frost. During the growing season the dynamics of CO2 evolution depends on the soil moisture regime. There was a strong correlation between the rate of CO2 emission and soil moisture in the particularly dry year of 1993 (η=0.86) and a moderate correlation in the other years (η=0.38–0.54). The effect of the previous crop and fertilizer application on the rate of CO2 emission was insignificant. In a continuous fallow the total carbon release into the atmosphere varied throughout the years studied from 558 to 1880 kg ha–1. Humus losses varied from 0.9% to 3.1%.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms ; Mussoorie rock phosphate ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient-deficient soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of inoculating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the PO4 3–-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) Bacillus circulans and Cladosporium herbarum and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus sp. 88 with or without Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) amendment in a nutrient-deficient natural sandy soil was studied. In the sandy soil of low fertility root colonization by VAM fungi was low. Inoculation with Glomus sp. 88 improved root colonization. At maturity, grain and straw yields as well as N and P uptake improved significantly following inoculation with PSM or the VAM fungus. These increases were higher on combined inoculation of PSM and the VAM fungus with MRP amendment. In general, a larger population of PSM was maintained in the rhizosphere of wheat in treatments with VAM fungal inoculation and MRP amendment. The results suggest that combined inoculation with PSM and a VAM fungus along with MRP amendment can improve crop yields in nutrient-deficient soils.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Triticum aestivum ; Inoculation ; N and dry matter yield ; N percentages in plant parts ; Associative N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in pots and in the field under the Mediterranean climate of the south of France were inoculated with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense. Comparisons with non-inoculated plants grown under the same conditions showed significant responses to inoculation with an increase in the number of fertile tillers, shoot and root dry weight, and root to shoot biomass ratio. The roots of inoculated plants attracted relatively more assimilates than those of the control plants until a late stage of growth (heading stage) but the rhizosphere respiration expressed per unit of root growth was not increased by inoculation. Nitrogen yield, both total and in grains, was also enhanced; however, N percentages of all aerial parts of the plants grown in pots were always statistically lower after inoculation than in the control. At maturity, the N % in seeds was 1.81 and 2.45, respectively. The possible mechanisms of this effect of inoculation under the experimental conditions of this study are discussed.
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  • 69
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    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 273-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Rhizosphere ; Soil microflora ; Gram-negative bacteria ; API 20 NE ; Flavobacterium spp ; Cytophaga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We identified 161 Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the root surface of wheat grown under different soil conditions. The strains were divided into seven groups based on major morphological and physiological properties. Taxonomic allocation of the groups was verified by guanine+cytosine contents of DNA. Except for one group, which may be assumed to include bacteria belonging to the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga, the various groups were taxonomically united. The distribution of the groups changed with soil improvement. Pseudomonads predominated in unimproved soil, but Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. were predominant in the most improved soil. As all the strains were non-fermentative by Hugh and Leifson's test, API 20NE identification was applied. However, many strains were misidentified by this system, especially in the Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. group. For ecological studies, the strains were classified to species level by the API 20 NE system and by the results of a combination of guanine+cytosine (mol%) and isoprenoid quinone data. The pattern of distribution of the bacteria on the root surface of wheat varied at species level within one genus depending on soil conditions.
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  • 70
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Soil C mineralization ; 14C-labelled plant material ; Decomposition stages ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the roots removed from the soil, and a new crop was started. Thus, the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of active roots on C-mineralization rates during different stages of decomposition and during long-term incubation. During the first 200 days, corresponding to the active decomposition stages, the roots weakly reduced 14C mineralization. With a lower level of decomposition, when more than 60% of the initial 14C was mineralized and when the available nutrients were markedly exhausted by plant uptake, the roots stimulated 14C mineralization.[/ p]
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  • 71
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Rhizosphere ; C metabolism ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the old roots removed from the soil, so that the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. During the initial stages of high microbial activity, due to decomposition of the labile compounds, the size of the total microbial biomass was comparable for both treatments, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2-C = mg CO2-C·mg−1 Biomass C·h−1) was increased by the plants. During the subsequent low-activity decomposition stages, after the labile compounds had been progressively mineralized, the biomass was multiplied by a factor of 2–4 in the presence of plants compared to the bare soils. Nevertheless, qCO2-C tended to reach similar low values with both treatments. The 14C-labelled biomass was reduced by the presence of roots and qCO2-14C was increased. The significance of these results obtained from a model experiment is discussed in terms of (1) the variation in the substrate originating from the roots and controlled by the plant physiology, (2) nutrient availability for plants and microorganisms, (3) soil biotic capacities and (4) increased microbial turnover rates induced by the roots.
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  • 72
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    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Azospirillum amazonense ; rate reductase ; Inoculation ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three field experiments with wheat were conducted in 1983, 1984, and 1985 in Terra Roxa soil in Paraná, the major Brazilian wheat-growing region, to study inoculation effects of various strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. amazonense. In all three experiments inoculation with A. brasilense Sp 245 isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots in Paraná produced the highest plant dry weights and highest N% in plant tops and grain. Grain yield increases with this strain were up to 31 % but were not significant. The application of 60 or 100 kg N ha−1 to the controls increased N accumulation and produced yields less than inoculation with this strain. Another A. brasilense strain from surface-sterilized wheat roots (Sp 107st) also produced increased N assimilation at the lower N fertilizer level but reduced dry weights at the high N level, while strain Sp 7 + Cd reduced dry weights and N% in the straw at both N levels. The A. amazonense strain isolated from washed roots and a nitrate reductase negative mutant of strain Sp 245 were ineffective. Strains Sp 245 and Sp 107st showed the best establishment within roots while strain Cd established only in the soil.
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  • 73
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    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Competition ; Migration ; Colonization potential ; Replica printing ; Triticum aestivum ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacillus subtilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Colonization patterns of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis on roots of wheat seedlings growing on water agar were studied qualitatively by replica printing and quantitatively by the plate count method. The results indicated a stronger colonization potential for P. fluorescens (up to 107 cfu/cm root) than for B. subtilis (up to 105 cfu/cm root). Although the numbers of both species were lower when inoculated together, the observed colonization patterns on the roots were comparable to those found with single inoculations. For none of these bacteria was active migration along the root surface in any direction observed, indicating that distal positions are reached mainly by a passive displacement on the root tip and elongating cells. Ecological implications of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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  • 74
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    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; VegVetative growth ; Pathogenicity ; Herbicides ; Diquat+paraquat ; Glyphosate ; Dicamba ; Trifluralin ; Chlorsulfuron ; Chlorthal dimethyl ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of Spray Seed (diquat + paraquat), Roundup (glyphosate), Banvel-D (dicamba), Treflan (trifluralin), Glean (chlorsulfuron) and Dacthal (chlorthal dimethyl) at concentrations of 0–500 ppm product on the vegetative growth, vigour and pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat were examined. All herbicides with the exception of dicamba and chlorsulfuron inhibited fungal growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at concentrations 10–500-fold of rates recommended for use in the field. The vegetative growth of the pathogen growing out of straw colonized on PDA supplemented with 100 ppm diquat + paraquat or glyphosate was reduced by 47.4% and 42.4%, respectively. When portions of these colonies were subcultured onto unamended PDA, their growth and the pathogenicity of straw pieces colonized by these subcultures were found to be unaltered. Straw colonized by Ggt on agar amended with concentrations of diquat + paraquat or at all concentrations of glyphosate produced less root disease in wheat seedlings in comparison to those colonized on unamended agar. It is proposed that the reduced pathogenicity of inocula prepared on agar amended with these two herbicides is due to poor colonization by the pathogen of straw on these media, and that a similar effect on saprophytic colonization in the field could lead to a reduction in the field inocula of the pathogen.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biopores ; Root growth ; Transpiration ; Simulations ; Mechanical impedance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of vertical biopores by wheat (Triticum aestivum) seminal roots for easy access to the subsoil and the consequences for plant water supply and yield has been investigated by computer simulation. Parameters included were: biopore density and diameter, depth of cultivation and strength of the subsoil — all under a wide range of seasonal weather conditions. The model predicts that biopores add significantly to root penetration at depth, even at a density of 0.1% v/v of small, vertical pores, while 1.5% to 2.0% v/v can ensure maximum root penetration. When the growing season is shorter a larger number of biopores is needed to ensure timely root penetration to depth. With shallow tillage, biopores occur closer to the soil surface, and their importance is increased. Deeper root penetration invariably gives greater water uptake and transpiration, but may have a negative effect on grain yield, especially under the driest climatic conditions. An increase in early water use may result in less soil water being available during the grain-filling period. The effect of biopores on plant transpiration varies from year to year, depending on the amount of rain and its distribution in time, and on the amount of soil water stored at time of sowing.
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  • 76
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    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 577-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Cyclic AMP ; G0 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the cyr1-1 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which require cyclic AMP (cAMP) for growth, were starved for cAMP, cell division was arrested at the G1 state of the mitotic cell cycle and the cells entered the resting state (G0) also observed in wild-type cells transferred to sulfur-free medium. The level of cAMP in wild-type cells decreased rapidly when the cells were starved for sulfur and subsequently increased following its addition. The cyr1-1 cells starved for cAMP preferentially synthesized nine G0 proteins. The synthesis of these G0 proteins in the sulfur-starved cells was repressed by the addition of cAMP. The RAS2 val19 or bcy1 cells, which produced an elevated level of cAMP or cAMP-independent protein kinase, did not synthesize the G0 proteins under the sulfur-starved condition. The results suggest that cAMP plays a role in the transition between the proliferating state and G0 state.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; rad52-mediated chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ogd1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity; they cannot grow on glycerol and produce an increased amount of organic acids during growth on glucose as substrate. Using gamma ray-induced rad52-mediated chromosome loss the ogd1 mutation can be assigned to chromosome IX. Tetrad analysis of crosses between ogd1 and other markers on chromosome IX revealed that the OGD1 gene maps on the left arm of this chromosome 1.9 cM from his5.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (5PRPP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA5 gene is known to encode this enzyme activity. In this paper we present the cloning and sequencing of a yeast gene, named URA10, encoding a second OPRTase enzyme. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between URA5 and URA10 genes shows more than 75% similarity. These sequences have also been compared to those of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina, Sordaria macrospora and Dictyostelium discoideum. Remarkable similarities in the primary structure of these proteins have been found. Gene disruption experiments revealed that URA10 gene expression is responsible for the leaky phenotype of a ura5 mutant. Assays of OPRTase activity in extracts from ura5 and ura10 mutants indicate that the URA10 product contributes only 20% of the total activity found in wild type cells.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site specific recombination ; 2 μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work is to identify and quantitate in vivo 2 μ plasmid FLP-independent recombination in yeast, using a nonselective assay system for rapid detection of phenotypic expression of the recombination events. A tester plasmid was constructed such that in vivo recombination between 2 μ direct repeat sequences produces the resolution of the plasmid into two circular DNA molecules. This recombinational event is detected as a phenotypic shift from red to white colonies, due to the mitotic loss of the plasmid portion containing the yeast ADE8 gene in a recipient ade1 ade2 ade8 genetic background. In the absence of the 2 μ FLP recombinase and/or its target DNA sequence, recombination is not abolished but rather continues at a high frequency of about 17%. This suggests that the FLP-independent events are mediated by the chromosomally-encoded general homologous recombination system. We therefore conclude that the totality of 2 μ DNA recombination events occurring in FLP+ cells is the contribution of both FLP-mediated and FLP-independent events.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene bank of Sau3A partially restricted Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA in YEp13 was used to transform an arg4 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One colony was recovered which contained the YEp13 plasmid bearing a large insert complementing the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) mutation. As shown by restriction mapping and subcloning experiments, the DNA sequence required for complementation is localized on a 2 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment. The plasmid complemented several S. cerevisiae arg4 mutants of independent origin and a S. pombe arg7 mutant lacking ASL. Low but significant ASL activities were detected in crude extracts of these transformants. No complementation of the E. coli argH mutant was observed. Southern blot hybridizations showed that the insert originates from the S. pombe genome. No cross-hybridization was found between this sequence and S. cerevisiae DNA. It can be concluded that the cloned DNA fragment bears the S. pombe ARG7 gene coding for ASL.
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  • 81
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    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome length polymorphisms ; FIGE ; OFAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains generally have similar chromosomal band patterns as revealed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, individual bands often move slightly differently from one strain to the other. Surveying strains from our stock collection, we found that nearly all the bands of a certain pair of strains differed in their mobility. Some of these chromosome length polymorphisms segregated in a 2:2 ratio, indicating that they resulted from single structural alterations (i.e. additions or deletions). One of these was mapped on the right arm of chromosome 1. Others did not segrate in a simple 2:2 ratio. That is, there were progenies which had bands not present in either parent. We suggest that these new bands are the products of recombination between homologous chromosomes having two or more structural alterations.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of rye, plus a total of about 90 kilobase pairs of flanking DNA, have been cloned and maps of restriction enzyme cleavage sites have been constructed. Like their homologs from hexaploid wheat, the rye genes are closely linked and are part of a three-copy family of recombining repeats (the “18S/5S repeat”). The rye repeat probably also contains a mitochondrial tRNAfMet gene, which the wheat repeat is known to carry. However, despite the overall organizational similarity between the wheat and rye 18S/5S repeats in the immediate vicinity of their coding regions, extensive rearrangement of flanking sequences has taken place during evolutionary divergence of the two species. Our data provide additional support for an emerging picture of plant mitochondrial genomes as evolving much more rapidly in structure than in sequence.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ARS ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Tetrahymena thermophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated several Tetrahymena thermophila chromosomal DNA fragments which function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in the heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe selection systems. The Tetrahymena ARS sequences were first isolated in S. cerevisiae and were derived from non-ribosomal micro- and macronuclear DNA. Sequence analysis of the ARS elements identified either perfect or close matches with the 11 by S. cerevisiae ARS core consensus sequence. Subcloning studies of two Tetrahymena ARS elements defined functional regions ranging in size from 50 to 300 bp. Testing of the ARS elements in S. pombe revealed that most of the T. thermophila inserts confer ARS function in both yeasts, at least in the sense of promoting a high transformation frequency to plasmids which contain them. However, the actual sequences responsible for ARS activity were not always identical in the two yeasts.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; CYH2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed that has one copy of the ribosomal protein gene CYH2 completely deleted and replaced with the TRP1 gene using the method of Rothstein (1983). There are only small differences in growth rate and no detectable difference in steady state level of CYH2 mRNA between the diploid that is heterozygous for the CYH2 deletion and the parent diploid with two normal copies of this gene. This suggests that the diploid must partially compensate for the loss of one CYH2 gene. Tetrad dissection shows that haploid spores lacking the CYH2 gene cannot germinate. The lethality of this deletion can be rescued by a CYH2 cDNA on a low copy vector. Haploids which lack the genomic copy of the CYH2 gene, but contain a plasmid copy of the CYH2 cDNA are able to grow normally. These CYH2 deleted yeast haploids should be useful to analyze mutationally altered CYH2 genes and genes homologous to CYH2 from other organisms without interference from a genomic copy.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Gene regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDCI promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 870 by promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene that includes the carbon source dependent regulatory regions was investigated using 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions. The results indicate that glucose and ethanol regulation of PDC1 transcription are independently controlled by distinct cis-acting regions. The consensus sequence AAATCGATA may play a role in this regulation, while the sequence (ATCA)AACCT may be important in transcription initiation.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutants ; Farnesyl diphosphate synthetase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vector ; Glyphosate resistance ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The E. coli aroA gene was inserted between yeast promoter and terminator sequences in different shuttle expression plasmids and found to confer enhanced EPSP synthase activity as well as resistance to glyphosate toxicity. Subsequently, a transformation system using these newly constructed vectors in yeast was characterized. The efficiency of the glyphosate resistance marker for transformation and selection with plasmid pHR6/20-1 in S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 was found to be relatively high when compared with selection for LEU2 prototrophy. The fate of the recombinant plasmid pHR6/20-1 in the transformants, the preservation of the aroA E. coli DNA fragment in yeast, mitotic stability, EPSP synthase activity, and growth on glyphosate-containing medium have been investigated. As this plasmid also allows direct selection for glyphosate resistant transformants on rich media, the glyphosate resistance marker was used for transforming both S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 and brewer's yeast strains S. cerevisiae var. “uvarum” BHS5 and BHS2. In all cases, the vector pHR6/20-1 was maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. The resistance marker is, therefore, suitable for transforming genetically unlabeled S. cerevisiae laboratory, wild, and industrial yeast strains.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucose oxidase ; Aspergillus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the cloning of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene and its use to elevate glucose oxidase productivity in A. niger by increasing the gene dosage. In addition, the gene has been introduced into A. nidulans where it provides the novel capacity to produce glucose oxidase. A plasmid, in which DNA encoding the mature form of glucose oxidase was preceded by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal, effected high-level production of extracellular glucose oxidase in this yeast.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the ARG7 gene, coding for argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) has been determined. It consists of an open reading frame of 461 codons. The deduced protein has a molecular weight of 51 200 Da. The gene is devoid of introns which is confirmed by the fact that it is expressed in Escherichia coli after spontaneous insertion of a bacterial sequence probably bearing a prokaryotic promoter. A perfect “TATA” box is found at-72 and the major transcription initiation site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located at-11 as shown by primer extension experiments. Comparison of the S. pombe lyase with related proteins from other organisms reveals an important degree of conservation except in the carboxyterminal part of the polypeptide. Additionally, a deletion removing 66 amino acids of the carboxy terminus yields an enzyme exhibiting some biological activity. A unique 1500 b transcript was found in S. cerevisiae when the intact gene was present, but the deleted version of the gene gave rise to at least three transcripts of 1800, 2800 and 3900 b.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome V ; Ty elements ; tRNA genes ; Transposition hot-spots ; Yeast polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ty4 is a novel transposable element in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is present in only a few copies in the genome (Stucka et al. 1989). In strain C836 one of the three copies (Ty4-90) is contained in cosmid clone c90, where it resides on chromosome V. Analysis of this region reveals a “hot-spot” of transposition: in addition to Ty4-90, the locus contains a complete Ty3 element and seven singular delta, sigma and tau elements. Three tRNA genes (for His, Lys, and Ile) are located in this region, and these are closely associated with one or the other of the elements, a phenomenon commonly observed in yeast. A comparison of c90 with corresponding regions from other strains shows that the locus is highly polymorphic and that this polymorphism is explicitly associated with Ty transposition and recombination events.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyrimidine salvage pathway ; Semi-dominant mutants ; FUR1 ; Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein encoded by the FUR1 gene is absolutely required for the expression of uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity. The occurrence of semi-dominant mutations for 5-fluorouracil-(5FU)-resistance at this locus led us to clone and sequence the semi-dominant fur 1–5 allele. A single point mutation, resulting in the substitution of arginine 134 for serine, is responsible for this mutant phenotype. The fur 1–5 allele is transcribed and expressed at the same level as the wild-type allele. But, in contrast with the wild-type, the UPR Tase activity of the fur 1–5 mutant strain is stimulated in vitro by UTP and does not, therefore, correspond to a loss of feedback of UPR Tase activity. We found that uracil, as a free base, induces a significative increase in transcription and UPR Tase activity in a wild-type strain as well as in uracil-overproducing mutants which principally explains the high efficiency of the pyrimidine salvage pathway in S. cerevisiae.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
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  • 93
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    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 401-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Baking yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dough leavening ; Benomyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To investigate the leavening ability of yeast in dough, chromosome loss was induced by benomyl treatment in YOY1037, a diploid between a baking strain and a laboratory strain, and its effect on the leavening ability was studied. When benomyl-treated cells were spread on plates with a dye indicator for ploidy, about 20% of the visible colonies were stained dark blue or dark purple; the rest stained pale blue, similar to the diploid YOY1037. Strains showing the MATα phenotype, and non-galactose fermenting strains, apparently having lost particular chromosomes, were observed only in those with darkcoloured colonies. Strains with dark-coloured colonies showed a wider range of leavening ability than did those with pale-coloured colonies.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Xylitol dehydrogenase gene ; Pichia stipitis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Xylose utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A P. stipitis cDNA library in λgt11 was screened using antisera against P. stipitis xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively. The resulting cDNA clones served as probes for screening a P. stipitis genomic library. The genomic XYL2 gene was isolated and the nucleotide sequence of the 1089 bp structural gene, and of adjacent non-coding regions, was determined. The XYL2 open-reading frame codes for a protein of 363 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The XYL2 gene is actively expressed in S. cerevisiae transformants. S. cerevisiae cells transformed with a plasmid, pRD1, containing both the xylose reductase gene (XYL1) and the xylitol dehydrogenase gene (XYL2), were able to grow on xylose as a sole carbon source. In contrast to aerobic glucose metabolism, S. cerevisiae XYL1-XYL2 transformants utilize xylose almost entirely oxidatively.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Centromere flanking sequences ; tRNA modification enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transcriptional analysis of the region flanking the left boundary of the centromere of chromosome VI revealed the presence of a gene immediately adjacent to CEN6. The transcription of the gene is directed toward the centromere, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the coding region terminates only 50 bp away from CEN6. Our results extend to chromosome VI the observation that centromere-flanking regions of S. cerevisiae are transcriptionally active. Disruption of the coding region of the gene showed that its product, whilst not essential for cell viability, is important for normal cell growth. The gene has been termed DEG1 (DEpressed Growth rate). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of DEG1 with a protein sequence databank revealed homology with the enzyme tRNA pseudouridine synthase I of E. coli.
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  • 96
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    Current genetics 1 (1979), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Translation ; Coordinate regulation ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The products of protein synthesis from exponential phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at 23 °C or at 36 °C appear to be essentially identical. However, yeast cells respond to a shift in culture temperature from 23 °C to 36 °C with the rapid de novo synthesis of a polypeptide species of molecular weight 100,000. Within 60–90 min after the shift this polypeptide represents approximately 2.5% of the total cellular protein, a 5–10 fold increase over the preshift level. The level of this polypeptide then decreases with continued growth of the cells at 36 °C. Analyses by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of polypeptides obtained from cells pulse labeled with [35S]methionine demonstrate that following a temperature shift from 23 °C to 36 °C the synthetic rate of the 100,000 molecular weight polypeptide (as well as a number of other polypeptide species) increases to a level at least 10 fold higher than that observed prior to the shift. A concomittant decrease is observed in the synthesis of a large number of polypeptide species which were actively synthesized before the shift. Maximum changes in synthetic rates are observed 20–30 min after the shift and preshift synthetic patterns are regained within 60–90 min. Synthetic changes of the same magnitude and time course can be produced by short (20–30 min) exposures to 36 °C implicating a heat shock response. Several of the transiently induced polypeptides, including the 100,000 molecular weight species, show an affinity for DNA as determined by DNA-cellulose chromatography.
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  • 97
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    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 943-945 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; α-factor ; Protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When Mat a cells are treated with α-factor prior to being protoplasted and fused, the frequency of karyogamy is higher than in unarrested controls.
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  • 98
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    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Resistance ; Mercury ; Tyrosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary From a cross of two strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, both of which had the same (wild type or normal) level of resistance to inorganic mercury, segregants having three distinguishable resistance levels, normal, sensitive and semi-sensitive, were obtained. Genetic analyses of the parents and the progeny indicated that the levels of inorganic mercury sensitivity were determined by three distinct loci,HGS1, HGS2 andMSM1. The recessive allele of theHGS1 locus,hgsl-1, and the codominant allele of theHGS2 locus,HGS2-1, were necessary for the sensitive phenotypes, and alleles in theMSM1 locus,MSMI-1 andmsml-2, were responsible for the different sensitivity levels. In short, the strains of genotypeshgs1-1 HGS2-1 msml-2 andhgsl-1 HGS2-1 MSMI-1 were sensitive and semi-sensitive, respectively, while the strains of all other genotypes were normal. Although thehgs1-1 allele was identified as thearo7-1 mutation which confers deficiency of tyrosine and phenylalanine, mutations such asaro1B (deficiency of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan) andtyr1 (deficiency of tyrosine) had similar effects asaro7-1 on inorganic mercury sensitivity. From these results we conclude that theHGS2-1 allele causes inorganic mercury sensitivity when the cells are defective in the tyrosine biosynthesis. In fact, addition of tyrosine to the growth medium containing inorganic mercury resulted in increase of colony forming ability of the sensitive strains.
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  • 99
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    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 665-670 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Multiple drug resistance ; Genetic mapping ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two nuclear pleiotropic drug resistance mutations pdr3-1 (former designation muc PR) and pdr3-2 (former designation DRI9/T7) have been selected as resistant to mucidin and as resistant to chloramphenicol plus cycloheximide, respectively. The pdr3 mutations were found not to affect the plasma membrane ATPase activity measured in a crude membrane fraction. Meiotic mapping using strains with standard genetic markers revealed that mutation pdr3-1 is centromere linked on the left arm of chromosome II at a distance of 5.9 ± 3.3 cM from its centromere and 11.6 ± 3.1 cM from the marker pet9. The centromere linked pdr3-2 mutation exhibited also genetic linkage to pet9 with a map distance of 9.8 ± 3.2 cM. These results indicate that pdr3-1 and pdr3-2 are alleles of the same pleiotropic drug resistance locus PDR3 which is involved in the control of the plasma membrane permeability in yeast.
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  • 100
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    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 657-664 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Amino acid biosynthesis ; General control ; GCD-genes ; GCN-genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutant strains, resistant against the amino acid analogues 5-methyltryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan and canavanine were isolated, starting with a trp2 leaky auxotrophic strain. Of 10 such strains, only four turned out to be of the “general control derepressed” (gcd) mutant type. Three other isolates were shown to be defective in the general amino acid permease system, while the remaining three strains displayed low spore viability and were not further investigated. Complementation tests amongst the four new gcd-mutant strains, including strain RH558 gcd2-1 isolated earlier, yielded five complementation groups: GCD2, GCD3, GCD4, GCD5, and GCD6. All mutant strains showed a dual phenotype, which was not separable by wild type backcrosses: “constitutive derepression” and “slow growth”. Epistatis of all gcd mutations over gcn1-1, gcn2-1 and gcn3-1 was found with respect to both phenotypes, except for gcd5-1, which was lethal in these combinations. On the other hand gcn4-101 was found to be epistatic over all gcd mutations, but only with respect to the “constitutive derepression” phenotype, and not to “slow growth”; again the combination with gcd5-1 was lethal. Mutation gcd2-1 was mapped on chromosome VII, 50 cM from leu1 and 22 cM from ade6. A new model is discussed, in which GCD-genes are involved in the amino acid uptake into the vacuoles.
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