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  • Articles  (131)
  • QnAs  (131)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (131)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1
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    QnAs with Ben Barres [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: The density of cells in the human brain defies imagination. Among the cellular throng, neurons garner much of the credit for brain function. Viewed under the microscope, however, slices of brain tissue are crisscrossed by swarms of cells of varying shapes. Collectively called glia, these cells enrobe neurons, embrace blood...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 2
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    QnAs with Jorge Galan [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: For more than three decades, Jorge Galán has studied infectious diseases. Initially trained in veterinary medicine, the Argentinian microbiologist began investigating bacterial pathogens as a graduate student at Cornell University in 1982. The dual influence instilled an awareness of the importance of infectious diseases in human health and the significance...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 3
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    QnAs with Stephen Quake [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: Stephen Quake’s foray into molecular diagnosis began as a discomfiting personal experience. As he watched his pregnant wife undergo invasive diagnostic tests before the birth of his children, Quake came to grips with the startling risks posed by the procedures. Before long, he devised an ingenious workaround: a method to...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 4
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    QnAs with Carol S. Dweck [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: In a classic psychological experiment performed in the late 1960s, animals in one group could stop administered shocks by pressing a lever, whereas those in another group could not stop the shocks despite pressing the lever. Later, when the powerless animals were eventually presented with a working lever, they didn’t...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 5
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    QnAs with Roger D. Cone [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The factors underlying obesity are multifaceted, but recent research suggests that the brain’s melanocortin circuits, which play a key role in controlling the balance between energy consumption and use, lie at the heart of obesity. According to Roger D. Cone, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010 and...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 6
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    QnAs with Patrick Moore [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Since its inception just over a century ago, the field of tumor virology has provided insights into the causes for many cancers. Patrick Moore, director of the Cancer Virology Program at the University of Pittsburgh, is a leading contributor to the field, having codiscovered two of the seven known human...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 7
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    QnAs with Karl Deisseroth [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-06
    Description: When Karl Deisseroth, a neuroscientist at Stanford University, recently set out to improve a trusty molecular tool for finessing the activity of brain cells in living animals, he had nary a clue that nature had long-anticipated his fastidious feat of engineering. Deisseroth, whose name has become nearly metonymous with optogenetics,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 8
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    Q&As with Sharon Hammes-Schiffer [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-06
    Description: From photosynthesis to cellular respiration, proton-coupled electron transfer lies at the heart of many reactions that build and sustain our environment. The process, which involves the movement of charge to or from a particular molecule or substrate, occurs in reduction-oxidation reactions. As late as the mid-1990s, when Sharon Hammes-Schiffer began...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 9
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    QnAs with Robert Tibshirani [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-24
    Description: In the past two decades, with the advent of the Internet, the ubiquity of data generation and collection, and the prevalence of microarray and related “-omic” technologies, Robert Tibshirani’s work developing statistical tools has gained importance. The origins of his research can be partly traced to August 1998, when Tibshirani...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 10
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    QnAs with Abraham Nitzan [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-24
    Description: Biology involves many reactions of oxidation and reduction that move electrons from one site to another in electron-transfer steps. At a fundamental level, organisms use electron transfer to shuttle energy. Photosynthesis, corrosion, and electronic devices operate through basic electron-transfer processes. Abraham Nitzan, a chemist at the University of Pennsylvania and...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 11
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    QnAs with John Rogers [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-11
    Description: From soft, stretchable biosensors that move naturally with the human body, to transient, biocompatible electronics that dissolve after use, John Rogers’ inventions seem to have sprung out of science fiction. He has received both a MacArthur Genius Grant and the Lemelson–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Prize for inventors and holds more...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 12
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    QnAs with Shiv Grewal [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-24
    Description: The chromosomes that make up eukaryotic genomes consist of a complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins called chromatin. Chromatin occurs in two forms: euchromatin, a loosely packaged form that is poised for transcription, and heterochromatin, a tightly packaged, transcriptionally repressed form. By determining which genes are expressed, heterochromatin influences cell...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 13
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    QnAs with Graham Cooks [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: The first line of defense against brain cancers is often surgery. Surgeons strive to extract as much tumor as possible without removing healthy tissue important for brain function. Currently, tumor margins are delineated through MRI and visual examination. Mass spectrometry (MS) may change that approach, according to analytical chemist Graham...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 14
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    QnAs with Mitsuhiro Yanagida [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Profiling metabolites present in blood can reveal crucial information about health. Energy production and other cellular processes produce small molecules unique to specific reactions, such ATP production or muscle breakdown. Metabolomics can help provide a snapshot of such cellular activity. Mitsuhiro Yanagida, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 15
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    QnAs with Partha Dasgupta [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-01
    Description: Back in the early 1970s, Partha Dasgupta realized that the economic models of the time were neglecting an entire class of capital assets: natural resources. Over the course of his career, Dasgupta, an economist at the University of Cambridge and a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences, has...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 16
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    QnAs with Leroy E. Hood [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: Molecular biologist Leroy Hood says a transformation in medicine is gingerly afoot. The change, which he calls P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory), could turn today’s reactive approach to medicine into a proactive one in the future. Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington, is no stranger to scientific revolutions. In the 1980s Hood helped invent automated DNA and protein synthesizers and sequencers, which made the Human Genome Project possible. Those technological feats snagged Hood many laurels, including the Kyoto Prize and the Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention and Innovation. Hood tells PNAS how systems biology—the...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 17
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    QnAs with Jane Lubchenco [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-17
    Description: As the first marine ecologist to serve as administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), from 2009 to 2013, Jane Lubchenco found that communicating in the political atmosphere of Washington, DC often required the same attention to subtle cues and environmental context as swimming in complex marine ecosystems....
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 18
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    QnAs with Madhav Gadgil [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-17
    Description: Madhav Gadgil’s enchantment with the Western Ghats, a nearly 1,600-kilometer-long chain of lush mountains that tracks India’s west coast across six states, began during childhood, in the late 1940s. Smitten with the serene beauty of the landscape—riotous evergreen forests, ambling Asian elephants, grazing Nilgiri tahrs, hamlets hugging hillsides—Gadgil took inspiration...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 19
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    QnAs with Hopi Hoekstra [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-10
    Description: [N]ature cares nothing for appearances, except in so far as they may be useful to any being. She can act on every internal organ, on every shade of constitutional difference, on the whole machinery of life. Since its publication more than 150 years ago, Charles Darwin’s sly observation has earned...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 20
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    QnAs with Venki Ramakrishnan [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: For more than three and a half centuries, the United Kingdom’s science Academy, The Royal Society, which today occupies the stately address of 6–9 Carlton House Terrace near London’s St. James’s Park, has played a prominent role in shaping science policy in that country, offering impartial advice on scientific matters,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 21
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    QnAs with James J. Collins [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-08
    Description: When it comes to administering antibiotics, two are not necessarily better than one. Instead of working in synergy, antibiotics intended to slow bacterial growth can undermine the effects of antibiotics intended to kill bacteria. In his Inaugural Article, James Collins, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2014, uses...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 22
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    QnAs with May R. Berenbaum [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-03
    Description: Insects and plants often share a complicated relationship, and University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign entomologist May Berenbaum has a fine understanding of its chemistry. Berenbaum, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has long studied how insects and plants evolve chemical arsenals to survive together, pitting cunning defense against toxic offense. Author of a number of popular science books on coevolution, Berenbaum won the 2011 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her contributions to entomology. Among her many pursuits is an exploration of the likely cause of honey bee die-offs across the United States, an affliction called colony collapse disorder....
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 23
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    QnAs with Ralph R. Isberg [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: The moment a bacterium invades a human cell, the immune system triggers a series of events meant to destroy the pathogen and display the remnants like victory flags on the cell’s surface. National Academy of Sciences member Ralph R. Isberg, a professor of molecular biology and microbiology at Tufts University...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 24
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    QnAs with Subra Suresh [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-03
    Description: Expertise, transparency, impartiality, appropriateness, confidentiality, and integrity: Those are the guiding principles of scientific merit review espoused by a recent global summit hosted by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Led by the federal agency’s director Subra Suresh, former dean of engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a newly elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 25
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    QnAs with Jeannie T. Lee [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: The role of RNA as an intermediary between DNA and protein synthesis has long been recognized, but the work of National Academy of Sciences member Jeannie T. Lee continues to reveal that long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are not merely passive genetic messengers. Instead, these RNA molecules can exert powerful control over...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 26
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    QnAs with Baldomero M. Olivera [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-22
    Description: As an aspiring young biologist in the 1960s, Baldomero Olivera left Stanford University to return to his native Philippines, finding a laboratory devoid of equipment. While applying for research funding, Olivera decided to study something local and inexpensive, recalling from his childhood that certain cone snails use a harpoon-like tooth to inject prey with a deadly paralyzing venom. On a whim, Olivera decided to purify cone snail venom to see how it works. That off-the-cuff decision spawned a surprisingly successful career. Olivera, now a distinguished professor of biology at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT) and recently elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 27
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    QnAs with Charles F. Stevens [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-12
    Description: Charles F. Stevens applies the methods of theoretical physics, molecular biology, and anatomy to answer fundamental questions about the brain. A professor of neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1982, Stevens has helped unravel the molecular details of...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 28
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    QnAs with Shu Chien [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-20
    Description: Shu Chien is one of only 13 scholars to belong jointly to the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine—a testament to his expertise in biology, medicine, and engineering and his ability to fuse the three fields in his research. A professor of bioengineering and medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Director of the UCSD Institute of Engineering in Medicine, Chien received the 2011 National Medal of Science, the highest honor bestowed to scientists and engineers by the United States government. His research has contributed greatly to our understanding...
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  • 29
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    QnAs with Peter M. Kareiva [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-27
    Description: For his strident advocacy of people-centered conservation, aimed at striking a balance between economic and ecological interests, Peter Kareiva has been often cast as a maverick among environmentalists. Thanks to a growing infusion of science into conservation efforts in the 21st century, Kareiva, elected in 2011 to the National Academy of Sciences, says the environmental movement has come a long way since its birth two centuries ago. As chief scientist at The Nature Conservancy, a bastion for environmental interests, Kareiva helped launch a collaborative endeavor called the Natural Capital Project in 2006 to develop scientific tools to evaluate the costs...
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    QnAs with Kirk R. Smith [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-30
    Description: Nearly half of the world’s population relies on fuels such as wood or dung for cooking and heating. In the 1980s, Kirk R. Smith, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of global health at the University of California at Berkeley, sounded the alarm that these fuels, when burned in open fires or traditional cook stoves, produce high levels of indoor air pollution that prematurely kill about 2 million people each year—more than either malaria or tuberculosis, according to Smith. Cleaner alternatives to traditional cook stoves exist, but convincing funding agencies and decision makers to invest...
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    QnAs with Ruth S. DeFries [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Rising global demand for food, biofuels, and agricultural commodities such as soybeans and oil palm has driven the clearing of vast swaths of tropical forests to make way for cattle ranches and cropland. According to Columbia University geographer and National Academy of Sciences member Ruth DeFries, intensive high-yield farming is an often-proposed solution to simultaneously conserve tropical forests, increase food production, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forest clearing. But whether this strategy works remains unclear. DeFries has long used satellite imagery to examine human transformation of the planet’s landscape. Here, DeFries shares her recent counterintuitive findings from a study...
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    QnAs with W. E. Moerner [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: The interplay of light and matter has long preoccupied Stanford University physical chemist W. E. Moerner. As a scientist at IBM Research during the late 1980s, Moerner developed then-novel techniques to configure holograms by altering the light-refracting properties of a polymer. Today, Moerner uses the power of light to probe how individual biological molecules behave within and without the seeming clutter of living cells. Moerner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his work, in particular the optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules. Those studies opened a window into the nanoscale world of cells, offering...
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    QnAs with Bruce M. Spiegelman [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Like good and bad cholesterol, human body fat comes in two varieties: white fat cells, which store excess calories, and brown fat cells, which burn energy to generate body heat. Less well known outside the scientific community, brown fat cells have long been a fascination for National Academy of Sciences member Bruce Spiegelman, a professor of cell biology at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. Spiegelman’s work on fat metabolism is far-reaching: From finding ways to stimulate brown fat development in the body to unraveling the activity of drugs against diabetes, he has shown how understanding the genetics of...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Arthur L. Horwich [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: In the late 1950s, biochemist Christian Anfinsen demonstrated that the sequence of amino acids in a protein contains all of the information required for the protein to acquire its functional shape. In recent years, researchers have found that many newly minted proteins make an important stop on their journey to the native shape: they bind to one or more helper proteins called molecular chaperones, which prevent the proteins’ exposed surfaces from sticking to one another. Such undesirable molecular association can lead to protein aggregation, a hallmark of many human diseases. Together, German biochemist F. Ulrich Hartl and Yale University geneticist...
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    QnAs with Porter W. Anderson, Jr. [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: The work of National Academy of Sciences (NAS) member Porter W. Anderson, Jr. has benefitted millions of people around the globe: Anderson has spent his career developing vaccines against some of the leading causes of infection in children. For his contributions to the development and commercialization of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine—which has virtually eradicated one of the leading causes of meningitis in preschool-aged children—Anderson shared the 1996 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award with the late David Smith, Rachel Schneerson, and NAS member John Robbins. Since retiring from the University of Rochester in the late 1990s, Anderson...
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    QnAs with John P. Grotzinger [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: In late November 2011, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to launch its robotic explorer to scour Mars for signs of the planet’s ability to support life. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft is scheduled to lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, shuttling Curiosity, an SUV-sized rover with a hefty scientific payload, to the red planet’s surface. John Grotzinger, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology, helps oversee the mission. He became involved in the quest after studying how changes in the Earth’s...
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    QnAs with Vern L. Schramm [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-09
    Description: At Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York City, Vern Schramm, a professor of biochemistry, devises ways to block cellular enzymes. Those enzymes, which catalyze a range of reactions at the heart of normal physiology, might hold keys to treating psoriasis, autoimmune disease, and some forms of cancer. Schramm’s studies on the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have led to a handful of drugs now being tested in clinical trials. In 2009, he developed a test for ricin, a deadly toxin found in castor beans, which has the potential to be used by bioterrorists. Schramm tells PNAS...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Gary King [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-30
    Description: Gary King, a professor of social science at Harvard University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, fashions tools that harness the power of statistics, machine learning, and informatics to make sense of the numbers that matter to society. From evaluating the efficacy of a Mexican health policy reform to predicting the fate of the US Social Security trust fund, King’s sophisticated number crunching has important practical implications for disciplines as diverse as social, political, and health sciences. King tells PNAS how quantitative social science research can extend from academic journals into real-world scenarios.PNAS:You designed a health policy...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Gilbert Strang [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-16
    Description: Of the world’s mathematicians, Gilbert Strang is possibly the most visible—or at least among the most frequently viewed. Millions of students from the Americas, Africa, China, Europe, India, and Singapore have watched Strang’s lectures on linear algebra courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s OpenCourseWare Web site (1), and many have e-mailed him to ask for one-on-one help. A former president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), author of several textbooks (2–9), and 2009 electee to the National Academy of Sciences, Strang wrote the book on linear algebra—and his text has changed how the material is taught....
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    QnAs with James E. Haber [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-06
    Description: As the director of the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center at Brandeis University in Waltham, MA, James Haber seeks to understand how cells repair damaged DNA—and what happens when the process goes awry, triggering the onset of cancer and other devastating diseases. Haber’s work on yeast genetics has earned him some of the highest honors in science, including the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime contributions in genetics and election to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010. Haber recently spoke with PNAS about the technologies his laboratory has used to explore a form of DNA damage known as...
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    QnAs with Neil Shubin [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: From the rust-brown sediments of long-dried streams that once rumbled through the rugged terrain of Canada’s Ellesmere Island, a team of paleontologists unearthed in 2004 fossils of a 375 million-year-old species of fish that may have nearly crossed an evolutionary Rubicon. Named Tiktaalik roseae, the now-extinct animal has come to...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Richard Scheller [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: As electrical signals course through brain cells, a stepwise process of information transfer ensures that the signals are relayed across junctions called synapses. Orchestrating the process on either side of the synaptic gulf is a suite of proteins found on neuronal membranes and on tiny vesicles that ferry signaling molecules,...
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    QnAs with William Bialek [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: William Bialek works at the interface of physics and biology, searching for predictive mathematical theories that can quantify and explain diverse biological phenomena. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Bialek is the John Archibald Wheeler/Battelle Professor in Physics at Princeton University, a member of Princeton’s multidisciplinary Lewis-Sigler Institute...
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    QnAs with Ann M. Graybiel [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-23
    Description: Much of our everyday behavior is guided by habits. By studying the electrical activity in the brains of animals as they acquire a habit, Ann M. Graybiel, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a National Academy of Sciences member, uncovers the neurobiological basis of how habits form...
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    QnAs with Joseph LeDoux [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: In his 1933 inaugural address to the American people, President Franklin Roosevelt attempted to rouse the nation out of the stultifying Depression with his famous aphorism on fear as a self-fulfilling end. Decades later, a scientific understanding of fear continues to remain elusive, despite the unraveling of brain circuits triggered...
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    QnAs with Richard T. Durrett [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Richard Durrett’s work lies at the interface of mathematics and biology, where the tools of probability theory are used to study problems in ecology, genetics, and cancer biology. Durrett, a professor of mathematics at Duke University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted his career to developing models for biological questions ranging from the behavior of populations in ecological systems to the effects of mutations and natural selection on genomes. Durrett talks to PNAS about his recent work on the development and spread of cancer and how mathematical approaches can be applied to biological...
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    QnAs with Peter H. Gleick [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-06
    Description: National Academy of Sciences member Peter Gleick is cofounder and president of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security in Oakland, California, where he explores new ways of thinking about water issues. His creative insights have resulted in the biennial book series The World’s Water, a MacArthur Fellowship award in 2003, multiple appearances as an expert witness before Congress and the courts, and the 2010 book Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Peak water, the concept introduced in his PNAS Inaugural Article (1), became one of the New York Times’ “Words of...
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    QnAs with Eric S. Lander [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: This year marks the 10th anniversary of the sequencing of the human genome. More than two decades after the launch of the Human Genome Project, researchers have made remarkable inroads into unraveling human biology, evolution, and disease. As the tools of genome sequencing and analysis grow more sophisticated, insights into the human genome will slowly shift the terrain in the treatment of disease. To be sure, the shift has already begun. Eric Lander, founding director of the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, offers PNAS readers his perspectives...
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    QnAs with Susan L. Lindquist [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Prions defy molecular biology’s central dogma. Misfolded proteins that self-perpetuate, prions were first isolated in the early 1980s as the cause of a fatal sheep disease called scrapie. Since then, prions have been implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases, composing a rogue’s gallery of deadly disease agents. Susan Lindquist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, has found that prions may have a little-appreciated positive side. Lindquist casts these seeming biochemical misfits in a surprising evolutionary role: Her studies have revealed that prions might...
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    QnAs with David Baltimore [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: At the age of 37, David Baltimore accomplished what many researchers dream of but few achieve: reversing an entrenched dogma, eventually leading to a new view of life. In the early 1970s, Baltimore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology, discovered reverse transcriptase—an enzyme found in some tumor viruses whose genetic code is written in the RNA alphabet. He found that reverse transcriptase can copy RNA into DNA, indicating that some viruses replicate via a DNA intermediate. The finding, which won Baltimore and others the 1975 Nobel Prize...
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    QnAs with Inder M. Verma [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: On November 1, 2011, Inder Verma, a professor of molecular biology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1997, took the reins of PNAS as Editor-in-Chief. Verma succeeds University of California, Berkeley cell biologist Randy Schekman as leader of the journal. Verma received a PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and performed postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate David Baltimore. Long recognized in the scientific community for his work in cancer genetics and gene therapy, Verma was most recently honored with...
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    QnAs with Cynthia Kenyon [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-12
    Description: For more than a decade, developmental biologist Cynthia Kenyon has sought the essence of youth in the soil-dwelling roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Through her studies on genes that control aging in the worm, Kenyon, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, joined the quest for immortality that has tickled the imagination of thinkers since time immemorial. Kenyon’s work has uncovered aging-related genes that affect physiological processes like metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Contradictory reports of experimental compounds purported to extend life or delay aging in animals have often roiled...
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    QnAs with John A. Rogers [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-12
    Description: Nature is full of curves. So it is only natural that manmade devices meant to interact with nature emulate its elements of design. That is the line of reasoning behind the innovations of John Rogers, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a professor of materials science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Rogers’ innovations have inspired an array of approaches to render supple rigid surfaces found in electronic devices. From stretchable electronic sensors that can be slapped onto human skin like removable tattoos to digital cameras that mimic the retina to create pin-sharp images, Rogers has attempted...
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    QnAs with Harald zur Hausen [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: The first carcinogenic virus was discovered in chickens in 1911. More than 70 years later, Harald zur Hausen demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, for which he garnered the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. A professor emeritus at the German Cancer Research Center and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, zur Hausen’s contributions to the field of virology have reshaped our understanding of the connections between infectious and chronic diseases. PNAS recently spoke with the Nobel laureate about HPV, undercooked beef, and scientific “dogma.”pnas;109/5/1378/UNFIG01F1unfig01Harald zur Hausen.PNAS:In general, how do viruses cause cancer?zur...
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    QnAs with Cynthia J. Burrows [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-26
    Description: DNA sequences called telomeres, located at the ends of chromosomes, fold into compact structures called G-quadruplexes. These structures are named for the four repeated sequences of the nucleotide guanine that characterize telomeric DNA and shape the folding of the quadruplex. Cynthia J. Burrows, a chemist at the University of Utah...
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    QnAs with Patricia Kuhl [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: Machines that can precisely recognize and decode human speech remain a largely unrealized challenge facing scientists and engineers. Yet infants below the age of one recognize and attempt to imitate the sounds of human speech even before they begin to grasp the meaning of words or produce them. Around 12...
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    QnAs with Fred Gage [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: With the advent of rapid genome sequencing, the view of the human genome as a vast desert dotted with far-flung oases of functional genes has contended with a growing appreciation of the role of regulatory sequences in shaping gene expression. The fraction of the human genome’s noncoding component that can...
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    QnAs with Burton Richter [QnAs] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-01
    Description: Forty years ago, on November 11, 1974, Burton Richter of Stanford University and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and Samuel C. C. Ting of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology jointly announced their independent discoveries of the J/ψ meson, a particle whose existence was proscribed under the then-Standard Model of...
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    QnAs with Alan Guth [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-15
    Description: The announcement in March 2014 that a telescope near the South Pole had detected possible evidence of gravitational waves brought renewed attention to inflationary theory, which describes the earliest moments of the universe. According to inflationary theory, exotic matter present at the birth of the universe exerted repulsive gravitational effects,...
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    QnAs with Robert C. Malenka [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Experiences bridge brain circuitry with behavior, affecting our ability to learn and remember. By influencing the nature of neurotransmission across synapses—junctions between nerve cells—experiences can physically shape the mind. Those influences, collectively termed synaptic plasticity, have been a focus of study for neuroscientist Robert Malenka for more than two decades. Malenka, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. Along the way, he has pinpointed changes in a raft of synaptic proteins that can alter the efficacy of neurotransmission across synapses. An offshoot of his studies on synaptic plasticity, Malenka’s work on how...
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    QnAs with Tom Insel [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Description: When it comes to uncovering how the brain develops across the human lifespan, “change” may be the key word. Mounting evidence from molecular atlases of brain development suggests that the midgestational human brain markedly differs from the adult brain, undergoing wholesale transformation over time by tuning the timing and location...
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    QnAs with Davis Masten and Peter Zandan [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-05
    Description: The scientific community is often overshadowed by competing interests when it comes to gaining public attention. As a result, scientific findings are sometimes not given due prominence, hindering their ability to inform and shape public opinion and public policy, say Davis Masten and Peter Zandan, members of the Presidents’ Circle...
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    QnAs with Victor Dzau [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-23
    Description: On July 1, 2014, Victor Dzau, the current chancellor of health affairs at Duke University, will relinquish his position at the university to begin the first day of his six-year term as President of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States National Academies. Dzau is a prominent figure...
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    QnAs with Elizabeth Spelke [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-02
    Description: If humans have a defensible claim of supremacy in the animal kingdom, it might lie in our superior cognitive abilities, which have endowed our species with unparalleled powers to probe our world. Those fundamental abilities—some shared with other species—help us make sense of space and number, use language, and forge...
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    QnAs with John Clarke [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-27
    Description: More than five decades after superconductivity was discovered, John Clarke’s graduate adviser, Brian Pippard, at Cambridge University proposed a novel device to measure minute voltages. Clarke, now a Professor of the Graduate School in the Department of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley, constructed such an ultrasensitive voltmeter based...
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    QnAs with Lynn M. Riddiford [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
    Description: Lynn M. Riddiford may not have become a developmental biologist had she not stumbled across an article in Seventeen magazine as a teenager. She read that the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine—1,500 miles from her parents’ farm in Illinois—had a summer research program for high school...
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    QnAs with Mary C. Waters [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-19
    Description: In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, a massive Category 3 storm, slammed into New Orleans, destroying levees, flooding most of the city, and forcing the relocation of thousands of residents. Some of these residents had been participating in a study of the effects of community college on low-income parents. Katrina proved the...
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    QnAs with Mark Hay [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-27
    Description: All organisms, particularly those that lack vision and hearing, rely on chemical cues to locate food and potential mates, avoid predators, or suppress competitors. Chemical signals constitute a language through which diverse organisms interact, and deciphering the language could deepen researchers’ understanding of ecological communities. Mark Hay, a marine ecologist...
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    QnAs with Rafael Radi [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-27
    Description: Rafael Radi has received numerous awards for his work on free radicals, oxidants, and reduction/oxidation pathways in biomedicine. During a long and fruitful career, he has characterized the formation and chemistry of peroxynitrite, including its role in mitochondrial dysfunction, pathology, and in immune responses to intracellular pathogens, such as Trypanosoma...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Steven A. Kliewer [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-28
    Description: Steven A. Kliewer has spent his career studying the workings of regulatory proteins called nuclear hormone receptors, and their effects on metabolism. Kliewer’s clinically relevant discoveries include the mechanism of action of thiazolidinedione diabetes drugs. A professor of molecular biology and pharmacology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Jan Svoboda [QnAs] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-13
    Description: HIV belongs to a family of viruses known as retroviruses. The ability of retroviruses to synthesize DNA using their RNA genome as a template distinguishes them from other viruses. The synthesized DNA can then integrate itself into the genome of an infected cell, becoming what is known as a provirus....
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Helmut Schwarz [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-14
    Description: In the early 1900s, German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed a way to synthesize ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and methane-derived hydrogen. The method became a vital step in manufacturing not only fertilizers but also explosives. Haber likened the process to making “bread from air” (Haber and Bosch are...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Emilio F. Moran [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: Globally, hydropower provided 71% of renewable energy in 2016 (1). In the United States, however, large hydropower dams fell out of favor in the 1970s (2). Emilio F. Moran, an environmental social scientist at Michigan State University, has explored the reasons for this shift and future outlook for hydropower. Elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with John E. Cronan [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-04
    Description: John E. Cronan has spent a long and distinguished research career studying the various pathways by which lipids and fatty acid-derived cofactors, such as biotin and lipoic acid, are synthesized. Cronan and his colleagues have uncovered several important biosynthetic pathways, including one for the cofactor lipoic acid. These biomolecules play...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Caroline Dean [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: As winter gives way to spring, many plants erupt in a riot of colors in a bid to attract pollinators and set seed. As if by clockwork, these species time their bloom, delaying flowering until the onset of spring, when conditions favor fertilization and seed development. Researchers have long known...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Arthur Beaudet [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-24
    Description: In May 2012 Arthur Beaudet, a geneticist at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, reported a preliminary link between the deficiency of a gene that helps cells synthesize a biomolecule called carnitine and the risk of autism in some boys. Beaudet’s...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Adrian N. Raftery [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-31
    Description: Adrian Raftery has a penchant for probability. Over a three-decade career spanning several disciplines, Raftery, a professor of statistics and sociology at the University of Washington, Seattle, and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has used statistical tools to unravel uncertainty in all manner of projections....
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Detlef Weigel [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-10
    Description: In his scientific career, National Academy of Sciences member Detlef Weigel has gone from studying how fruit flies and flowers develop to investigating how plants adapt to different environments and the genomic variation that allows them to do so. Director of the Department of Molecular Biology at the Max Planck...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Michael S. Gazzaniga [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-04
    Description: Michael Gazzaniga began his career in neuroscience by studying how the human brain’s left and right hemispheres are specialized for different tasks. Over the years, those insights into brain function have fueled his interest in how the brain influences the mind. Gazzaniga, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has served on the US President’s Council on Bioethics and has authored several popular books that explore the links between the brain, behavior, and the law. As those links continue to burgeon, evidence based on neuroscience...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Philippe J. Sansonetti [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-20
    Description: As a young resident doctor at France’s Hôpitaux de Paris in the 1970s, Philippe Sansonetti saw a lot of patients with infectious diseases, such as typhoid, whooping cough, and leprosy. Sansonetti and his colleagues treated those patients with antibiotics. By that point, however, the first signs of antibiotic resistance were...
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    QnAs with Randolph Blake [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-22
    Description: Psychologist Randolph Blake has been fascinated for most of his career by a form of perceptual magic called binocular rivalry: Dissimilar images presented simultaneously one to each eye take turns perceptually disappearing and reappearing unpredictably. Furthermore, it is impossible to hold just one of those images in conscious awareness indefinitely....
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Alan Hastings [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-23
    Description: Theoretical ecology uses conceptual and mathematical models, computer simulations, and data analysis to study ecological systems. Alan Hastings, a Distinguished Professor of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis, has contributed significantly to the development of this field over the past four decades. Much of his research...
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    QnAs with Daan Frenkel [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-16
    Description: The self-assembly of biological molecules and systems is a common phenomenon in nature. Linear chains of protein molecules fold into functional 3D structures in one example of biological self-assembly (1). Computational scientist Daan Frenkel at the University of Cambridge seeks to explore how self-assembly might be applied to fields such...
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    QnAs with David B. Wake [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period opened up a wide range of ecological niches, and frogs were among the surviving animal groups to take advantage of the opportunity. Three lineages of frogs in particular—Hyloidea, Microhylidae, and Natatanura—were so successful in the time period following the extinction...
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    QnAs with Pardis Sabeti [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: Pardis Sabeti received the 2017 National Academy of Sciences Richard Lounsbery Award in biology for her groundbreaking work in computational genetics and global health. A professor at Harvard University, the Broad Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sabeti has developed computational methods to detect genetic variants under natural selection,...
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    QnAs with Luciana Borio [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-16
    Description: Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) are often held up as a touchstone for assessing the safety and efficacy of new drugs and vaccines. Because randomly assigning patients to either a control or intervention group renders the two groups comparable and reduces bias, RCTs have become the coin of the realm...
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    QnAs with Alta Charo and George Church [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-07
    Description: When the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine released a long-awaited report on human genome editing in February 2017, it was met with the media attention that befits a signal moment in science policy. Among a raft of measured recommendations, the report notes that heritable modifications...
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    QnAs with Tony Hunter and James Allison [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-28
    Description: In the mid-1990s, the miracle drug Gleevec revolutionized cancer treatment, offering terminally ill patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) a new lease on life. Until then, the only weapons in the medical arsenal against cancer were the blunt and brutal triad of surgery, radiation, and conventional chemotherapy. Gleevec, which ushered...
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    QnAs with Wolfgang Lutz [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-04
    Description: In 2015, 193 nations came together to define 17 sustainable development goals. However, the large number of specific development targets renders prioritizing the use of development resources a challenging endeavor. Demographer Wolfgang Lutz, of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Vienna, Austria, and a recently elected member of...
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    QnAs with Rodolphe Barrangou [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-12
    Description: The past decade in biological research might well be christened the age of CRISPR, a once-curious feature of bacterial genomes that spawned a handy tool for editing genes. Using CRISPR-based tools, researchers are making leaps in basic clinical research, and biotechnology companies are racing to launch trials of gene therapies...
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    QnAs with Karel Svoboda [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-12
    Description: When Karel Svoboda describes his decades-long efforts to visualize the brain with ever-greater precision, the unmistakable impression is that of a man driven by an insatiable urge to expand the frontiers of technology in the service of science. Since the mid-1990s, when he and his colleagues developed transformative imaging techniques...
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    QnAs with Liqun Luo [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Description: To make us who we are, each of around 86 billion neurons has to find and connect with thousands of other neurons, forming the dense and complex network of the human brain. How is the precision of neuronal wiring achieved? Liqun Luo, a neurobiologist at Stanford University, investigates this question....
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    QnAs with Joe Lutkenhaus [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-09
    Description: Bacterial cell division is an intricate process involving the highly coordinated interplay of many different proteins. Joe Lutkenhaus, a microbiology professor at Kansas University Medical Center, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2014 for his key contributions to unraveling the complexities of this process. Among other findings,...
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    QnAs with Nancy A. Lynch [QnAs] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-04
    Description: In computer science, distributed systems involve many processors cooperating to complete a certain task—a field with significance for the current age of wireless communications and cloud computing. Nancy Lynch, the NEC Professor of Software Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, literally wrote the book on distributed computing....
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    QnAs with Donald Geman [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-02
    Description: With the proliferation of “omics” technologies, personalized medicine—which tailors treatment to an individual’s genomic profile—promised a revolution in care. That revolution, says applied mathematician Donald Geman, has been slow to arrive. Geman has spent nearly four decades devising statistical methods for a variety of applications. He recently teamed up with...
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    QnAs with Howard Y. Chang [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-09
    Description: According to the traditional paradigm in molecular biology, genetic information contained in DNA is transcribed into RNA, which goes on to make proteins. A notable exception to this paradigm is long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA), which is not involved in protein synthesis. Although lncRNAs have been known for decades, recent discoveries have...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Nicholas C. Spitzer [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-16
    Description: The developing human brain is known for its remarkable plasticity, whereas the adult brain has been considered relatively unchanging. However, learning and memory continue throughout adult life, as do changes in synapse strength and synapse number. Adding to these facets of adult brain plasticity is the phenomenon of neurotransmitter switching,...
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    QnAs with Joanne Chory [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-13
    Description: Few plant biologists would imagine the honor of a walk down a glitzy red carpet. However, that is where Joanne Chory, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, found herself in December 2017. She, along...
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    QnAs with Lia Addadi [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-25
    Description: Lia Addadi has spent her career studying biomineralization: the formation of crystals in organisms. She has explored a wide variety of questions about the formation and structure of crystals in organisms in both physiological and pathological contexts. Her research on crystal formation in gout, atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis could lead to...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Gary A. Glatzmaier [QnAs] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-04
    Description: In the interiors of stars and most planets, global magnetic fields are generated by thermal convection of an electrically conducting fluid under the influence of rotation. Planetary scientist Gary A. Glatzmaier, Professor Emeritus of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz and a member of the...
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