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  • Articles  (14,895)
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  • 1
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 365-407 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 2
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Quantum theory ; Bell's theorem ; realisability of probability functions ; quantum ontology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A class of probability functions is studied. This class contains the probability functions of half-spin particles and spinning classical objects. A notion of realisability for these functions is defined. In terms of this notion two versions of Bell's theorem and their inverses are stated and proved.
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  • 3
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: discovery ; heuristics ; functional language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This paper provides an explication and defense of a view that many philosophers and biologists have accepted though few have understood, the idea that functional language can play an important role in biological discovery. I defend four theses in support of this view: (1) functional statements can serve as background assumptions that produce research problems; (2) functional questions can be important parts of research problems; (3) functional concepts can provide a framework for developing general theories; (4) functional statements can serve as heuristics for generating hypotheses. I develop and defend these four claims by describing a taxonomy of functional discourse, providing an account of scientific discovery, and by applying this framework to some cases of successful research in biology.
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 153-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: transcendental pragmatics ; ultimate foundation ; Apel ; Kuhlmann
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Is transcendental pragmatics a matter of ultimate foundation or a matter of holism? Transcendental pragmatics as developed by Karl-Otto Apel has been the object of various criticisms. Against the fallibilists' claim (Albert) that argumentation is at last either dogmatic, axiomatic or circular, the transcendental pragmatists have given an argument that ultimate foundation (‘Letztbegründung’) cannot be proved to be impossible. But this clarification of their claims leaves open the questions whether their method can establish universal statements, and whether they prove statements which are synthetica priori. Against the claim of the reconstructive scientist (Habermas) they have to restate their view, and take into account an element of fallibilism. Here we encounter a first element of holism. With regard to the question whether there can be ultimate foundation without ultimate foundation of the method of ultimate foundation holism breaks in. The distinction between a vicious and a transcendental circle, used against Albert, is of no use in the establishment of the transcendental circle.
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  • 5
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 302-320 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Argumentationszusammenhang der im Titel genannten Schrift von König, welche Erziehungswissenschaft als praktische Disziplin von Grund auf revidieren und neu aufbauen soll, wird dargestellt, das Gesamtwerk dann aber einer eingehenden Kritik unterzogen. Dabei wird nachgewiesen, daß die Begründung oberster Normen bei König zirkelhaft ist. Außerdem wird auf eine Reihe von Unklarheiten und Verwechslungen begrifflicher Art, sowie auf Unkorrektheiten formaler Art hingewiesen. Vor allem aber wird deutlich gemacht, daß König sich viele Schwierigkeiten und Unklarheiten durch die kritiklose Übernahme der Lehren der Erlanger Schule eingehandelt hat.
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  • 6
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verfasser behandelt die Frage, ob die Naturwissenschaften ihre gegenwärtige Hauptfunktion, die Lieferung technikrelevanter Erkenntnisse, wirksamer als bisher erfüllen könnten, wenn sie sich nicht nur während revolutionärer Perioden, sondern ununterbrochen theoretisch pluralistisch entwickeln würden. Zuerst wird gezeigt, warum die Naturwissenschaften unter der Forderung nach maximaler Effektivität stehen, anschließend, daß diese Forderung durch einander abwechselnde pluralistische und nichtpluralistische Entwicklungsphasen in höherem Grade erfüllt wird als durch eine permanent pluralistische Entwicklung. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß eine Ersetzung der bisherigen Entwicklungsdynamik in den Naturwissenschaften durch eine permanent pluralistische wenig Realisierungschancen hat. Mit Hilfe der Effektivitätsforderung wird ferner erklärt, warum auch während evolutionärer Perioden in einem gewissen Ausmaß theoretischer Pluralismus besteht, insbesondere, warum in der Praxis neue Theorien bei Mißerfolgen nicht strikt eliminiert werden, sondern Bewährungsfristen erhalten.
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  • 7
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 332-346 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A. Vagueness is not definable in terms of behaviour (Section 4). B. Variations in the application of a term T is neither sufficient nor necessary conditions for T to be vague. Nor are such variations an indication — a loose criterion — for vagueness (Section 3). C. That Black's and Hempel's theories contain negations of A and B as central theses. They are therefore irredeemably false.
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  • 8
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 11 (1980), S. 354-356 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird begründet, daß die Konstruktion des Kartenparadoxons von Kerridge auf einer fehlerhaften Betrachtungsweise beruht. Eine genauere Analyse zeigt, daß das Kerridge-Argument mit dem Hackingschen Likelihood-Stützungsargument im Einklang steht.
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  • 9
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 323-326 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: pseudoscience ; A. A. Derksen ; epistemology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary I respond to two criticisms levelled by A. A. Derksen in a recent issue of this journal against characterizing pseudoscience as structurally flawed practice: I argue that he surreptitiously invokes this conception, his official view that we should concentrate on pseudoscientists' pretensions rather than their practices notwithstanding; and I critically examine his contention that judgements of scientificity (and pseudoscientificity) cannot properly be made independently of a consideration of whether the relevant theories and practices are empirically well-confirmed.
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  • 10
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 365-404 
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: practical progress ; biomedical sciences ; Regularität ; Myokardprotektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to elucidate the structure of the term ‘practical progress’ and to reconstruct it logically. The importance of discovery and confirmation of new regularities as well as of practical rules arising from them depends on their contribution to the solution of practical problems. The application of this structuralistic definition of ‘practical progress’ is demonstrated with an example from cardiac surgery concerning the solution of the practical medical problem of myocardial protection during open heart surgery.
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  • 12
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Constructivist Philosophy of Science ; Measurement-theoretical Apriori ; Protogeometry ; Protologic ; Protophysics ; Protoscience ; Prototheory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A central concept of the constructivist philosophy of science is the term ‘protoscience’. From an orthodox point of view, protosciences are bound to give the so called ‘measurement-theoretical Apriori’ (‘meßtheoretisches Apriori’) for a science. Protophysics for example (operationally) defines the quantities ‘length’, ‘time’, and ‘mass’. Thereby it yields some basic physical laws, which usually are regarded as “laws of nature”, but in fact follow already from the definitions of the basic quantities. The attempt to establish other protodisciplines than protophysics is traditionally regarded as not very promising, because other sciences do not like physics build their main theories on certain basic quantities. Nevertheless such enterprises like “protochemistry”, “protobiology” and “protopsychology” recently appeared on the scene. Does this mark a breakthrough in constructivist philosophy of science or is this multiplication of protosciences no more than a promotion strategy? In the article it is shown that the orthodox definition of ‘protoscience’ is in fact far to narrow. An alternative definition is proposed which on one hand preserves the classic tasks of protophysics but on the other hand allows for other protosciences as equally useful enterprises. A central concept within the complex topic “protoscience” is the one of ‘reconstruction’. It can be shown that there is a certain ambiguity in the use of this critical concept. Therefore the article ends with a reconstruction of the term ‘reconstruction’.
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  • 13
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: International Congress ; Logic ; Methodology ; History and Philosophy of Science ; Foundations of Formal and Natural Sciences ; Ethics and social aspects of Science and Technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science organizing the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science is at its cross-road: the alternative is mass-performance or creative exchange of ideas. The program is criticized because the thematic center in History and Philosophy of Science has been shifted too far into the realm of micro-fields of Logic and the time reduction for presentation and discussion of papers to 20 minutes should be reconsidered. Several outstanding papers are shortly discussed: Martin-Löw on “Formalized Tarski-Semantics of Type Theory”, Hoyningen-Huene on “Feyerabend and Kuhn”, Leroux on “Helmholtz and Hertz”, and Muller on “Bell meets Dirac”. Finally the visiting-program is gratefully appreciated.
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  • 14
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 281-306 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: common sense ; common sense psychology ; modal logics ; psycho-logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This paper is about the efforts the norwegian psychologist Jan Smedslund made in analyzing and checking philosophically his theory called ‘Psycho-logic’. I am going to reconstruct and discuss the debates between Smedslund and several critics, which have been going on since about 1978, mainly in the “Scandinavian Journal of Psychology”. A result will be that the kind of modal logics Smedslund uses — a type with realistic semantics and epistemology — is not the proper one for the analysis of ‘Psycho-logic’.
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  • 15
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: dialectic ; theory of dialectic ; Hegel ; Hegel's logic ; predication ; transcendental conditions of predicate logic ; formal explication ; artefacts of formalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The criticism formulated by L. B. Puntel concerning the theory of dialectic proposed by the author is rejected. Puntel's attempt at explicating predication by means of (second order) predicate logic fails: It misjudges predication being already presupposed for the possibility of predicate logic, thus belonging to the transcendental conditions of formal predicate logic, so that predication itself cannot be further explicated by means of such logic. What is in fact criticized by Puntel is something like an artefact of formalization. The unreflected application of formal logic here generates problems instead of solving them.
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  • 16
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 307-323 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Continuity ; natural classification ; history ; aims of science ; realism ; Pierre Dulem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wer nur einen kurzen Blick auf die Wellen, die einen Strand zu erobern versuchen, wirft, bemerkt nicht das Ansteigen der Flut. Er sieht, wie eine Woge sich erhebt, näher kommt, sich schäumend bricht, er sieht wie sie einen schmalen streifen Sand bedeckt und sich dann wieddr zurückzieht, wobei der Boden, der erobet schien, wieder trocken wird. eine neue Wogen folgt ihr, welche manchmal ein wenig weiter geht als die vorherige, manchmal dagegen nicht einmal jenen Kiesel erreicht, den diese benetzt hatte. Aber unter dieseer oberflächlichen Hin- und Herbewegung entsteht eine andere, tiefergehende, langsamere, dem kurzen Beobachter unmerkliche Bewegung, die stets im Selben Sinne fortschreitet, der zufolge das Meer unaufhörlich steigt.
    Notes: Summary Duhem is commonly held to have founded his view of history of science as continuous on the ‘metaphsical assertion’ of natural classification. With the help of a strict distinction between formal and material characterization of natural classification I try to show that this imputation is problematic, if not simply incorrect. My analysis opens alternative perspectives on Duhem's talk of continuity, the ideal form of theories, and the rôle of ‘bon sens’; moreover it emphasizes some aspects of Duhem's realism that play an important part in his philosophy of science.
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  • 17
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 413-417 
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  • 18
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 206-210 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 19
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 83-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: emergence ; levels ; explanation ; determinism ; ontology ; reduction ; materialism ; vitalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The vitalism/reductionism debate in the life sciences shows that the idea of emergence as something principally unexplainable will often be falsified by the development of science. Nevertheless, the concept of emergence keeps reappearing in various sciences, and cannot easily be dispensed with in an evolutionary world-view. We argue that what is needed is an ontological non reductionist theory of levels of reality which includes a concept of emergence, and which can support an evolutionary account of the origin of levels. Classical explication of emergence as “the creation of new properties” is discussed critically, and specific distinctions between various kinds of emergence is introduced for the purpose of developing an ontology of levels, framed in a materialistic and evolutionary perspective. A concept of the relation between levels as being inclusive is suggested, permitting the “local” existence of different ontologies. We identify, as a working hypothesis, four primary levels and explicate their nonhomomorphic interlevel relations. Explainability of emergence in relation to determinism and predictability is considered. Recent research in self-organizing non-linear dynamical systems represents a revival of the scientific study of emergence, and we argue that these recent developments can be seen as a step toward a final “devitalisation” of emergence.
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  • 20
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 19-53 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Hacking ; observation ; ontology ; operationalism ; reality ; Stegmüller ; theory ladenness ; van Fraassen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Operationalism and theoretical entities. The thesis of the“theory ladenness” of observation leads to an antinomy. In order to solve this antinomy a technical operationalism is sketched, according to which theories should in principle not contain anything that cannot be reduced to technical procedures. This implies the rejection of Quine's underdeterminacy thesis and of many views about the theoretical-observational distinction, e.g. neopositivistic views, van Fraassen's view, Sneed-Stegmüller's view. Then I argue for the following theses: 1. All scientific concepts are theory laden in the sense that they allow us to anticipate possible experiences, but they have to be in principle fully observable, i.e. integrally convertible into operational-technical applications. 2. The observation/theory distinction can be maintained as a historical one: what is observable depends on the instruments that are available at any stage of the development of science. 3.In principle theoretical entities are empirically real in Hacking's sense. However, some aspects of Hacking's realism are to be criticized. Theoretical entities are to be resolved into the totality of the interrelated properties accessible to us by means of theoretical points of view embodied in scientific instruments.
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  • 21
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 235-256 
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: philosophy of chemistry ; epistemology ; experiment ; classification ; reference ; prediction ; technology ; matter ; material properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper shows epistemological, methodological and ontological peculiarities of chemistry taken as a classificatory science of materials using experimental methods. Without succumbing to standard interpretations of physical science, chemical methods of experimental investigation, classification, reference, theorizing, prediction and production of new entities are developed one by one as first steps towards a philosophy of chemistry. Chemistry challenges traditional concepts of empirical object, empirical predicate, reference frame and theory, but also the distinction commonly drawn between natural science and technology. Due to its many peculiarities, I propose to treat chemistry philosophically as a special type of science, apart from other sciences.
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  • 23
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Hume ; philosophy of geometry ; infinite divisibility ofextension ; philosophy of space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although Hume's analysis of geometry continues to serve as a reference point for many contemporary discussions in the philosophy of science, the fact that the first Enquiry presents a radical revision of Hume's conception of geometry in the Treatise has never been explained. The present essay closely examines Hume's early and late discussions of geometry and proposes a reconstruction of the reasons behind the change in his views on the subject. Hume's early conception of geometry as an inexact non-demonstrative science is argued to be a consequence of his attempt to discredit geometrical proofs of infinite divisibility of extension by anchoring the meaning of geometrical concepts in inherently inexact qualitative measurement procedures. This measurement-based attack on the exactness and certainty of geometry is analyzed and shown to be both self-refuting and inconsistent with the general epistemological framework of the Treatise. The revised conception of geometry as a demonstrative science in the first Enquiry is then interpreted as Hume's response to the failure of his earlier attempt to discredit geometrical proofs of infinite divisibility of extension.
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  • 24
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  • 25
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 401-402 
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  • 26
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 59-70 
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    Keywords: Putnam ; natural kind terms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract According to Putnam the reference of natural kind terms is fixed by the world, at least partly; whether two things belong to the same kind depends on whether they obey the same objective laws. We show that Putnam's criterion of substance identity only “works” if we read “objective laws” as “OBJECTIVE LAWS”. Moreover, at least some of the laws of some of the special sciences have to be included. But what we consider to be good special sciences and what not depends upon our values. Hence, “objective laws” cannot be read as “OBJECTIVE LAWS”. It follows that the reference of natural kind terms cannot be fixed by the world, not even partly. The final conclusion applies to a variety of realisms.
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  • 27
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 361-403 
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  • 28
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 40-48 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The paper considers Ernst' Cassirer's standpoint with reference to Euclidean geometry and the complementarity principle of quantum theory, interpreted as a choice between a causal description and a space — time description. The acceptance of the complementarity principle by Cassirer not only lands him off the Kantian path slightly, but it also leads him to some contradictions and incompatibilities within his own system of thought. 1. Accepting complementarity, Cassirer cannot still hold that there is an infinite hierarchy of objective levels as he does towards the end of hisDeterminismus; and 2. accepting complementarity, Cassirer cannot still hold on to the observability principle of Leibniz.
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  • 29
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 28-39 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary This paper will attempt to integrate (1) some new reflections on the implications for ontology of Monistic interpretations of formulae in quantification theory, with (2) a review of earlier material that I have published on such implications, and with (3) a sketch of several points made by others which bear on related issues. I hope that a review of these moves and issues might indirectly help the reader in dealing with two strange questions. (A) Does the development of modern quantification theory with its ways of systematically formalising relational inferences throwany light on Ontology, on the question of What There Is for scientists and applied mathematicians to study? (B) Are there any analogies between Monist interpretations of quantification theory and the attraction of holding down the number of basic entities in physics by viewing some as mere modes of other more ‘really basic’ ones? More directly I try to throw sympathetic light on more traditional philosophers of science like Leibniz and Spinoza.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 63-80 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung J. Habermas hat vor kurzem eine Konsenstheorie der Wahrheit in ihren Grundzügen skizziert, die er ausdrücklich als notwendige Alternative zu der s. E. unhaltbaren realistischen Korrespondenztheorie der Wahrheit versteht. In einer Kritik der Habermasschen Konsenstheorie wird jedoch zu zeigen versucht, daß die Plausibilität dieser Theorie gerade auf der Inanspruchnahme nicht explizit gemachter realistischer Voraussetzungen beruht. Es wird argumentiert, daß sich realistische Prämissen in den Habermasschen Überlegungen ebenso in der Explikation des Begriffs „Konsenstheorie“ nachweisen lassen wie in der Annahme nicht-konventioneller Methoden zur Überprüfung empirischer Aussagen und in der Verwendung des Begriffs Kompetenz ebenso wie in der Theorie der idealen Sprechsituation.
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  • 31
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 37-57 
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    Keywords: interdisciplinary ; extension/intension ; complexity ; subsymbolic representation ; structure of time ; three-digit relation of cognition ; postulate of relation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical gaps of the cognitive science. First of all the gap-thesis is based on a criticism 1. of the computer-orientated cognitive science (it confuses information with the information carrier), 2. of connectivism (its linguistic borrowing from the neurobiology is not appropriate), 3. of Varelas production model (the elimination of the function of representation results in the loss of the cognitive ability). From the context of meaning and time, then the author sketches a cognitive theoretical approach, in which thinking as a (symbolic and/or subsymbolic) representation of meaning is introduced, which develops in a three-digit relation between world, language and substrate on the basis of isomorphy of time.
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  • 32
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 205-223 
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    Keywords: constructive philosophy of science ; discourse theory of truth ; foundation of discourse rules ; prototheories ; starting point of foundations
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    Notes: Abstract The pre-discoursive agreement. Theory of scientific truth and procedural justification. — On basis of the constructive philosophy of science, the attention is focussed to the pre-discoursive elements of discoursive theories of truth. By using a pragmatic approach it is shown that foundation of those pre-discoursive elements, like discourse rules or the basic terminology, is possible though the discourse rules are not available at this level. Propositions which can be shown in the presented theory to be true, always describe a know-how instead of a knowledge about the world. As a result, the relevance of the presented analysis for prototheories of scientific disciplines is investigated.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 225-244 
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    Keywords: cumulativism ; deduction and induction ; empiricism andrationalism ; fallibilism and fundamentalism ; irrationalism ; instrumentalist and realist views of scientific theories ; metaphysics ; method ; methodological maxims (strategems)
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    Notes: Abstract The basic (negative and positive) methodological maxims of three currents of philosophy of science (logical empiricism, falsificationism, and postpositivism) are formulated. Many of these maxims (stratagems) are controversial, e.g., the stance about the nonsense of metaphysics, and that of its indispensability. The restricted validity of these maxims allows for their unification. Within the framework of most of them there may be a relationship of (synchronic, or diachronic) subordination of the contradicting desiderata. In this vein ten stratagems are formulated.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 352-355 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 353-363 
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    Notes: Summary The complex of ‚lysenkoism‘ cannot satisfyingly be explained as a pure and internal marxist tradition and reception. A necessary external addition has to consider the social history of the Soviet Union, her political economy, and the development of her scientific history. Hence, a more adequate connection to the ‚stalinist‘ epoch can be drawn.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 364-400 
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    Notes: Summary My concern in what follows is to give a comparative report on some important lectures held at the Hegel-Kongreß 1981 in Stuttgart. In discussing the views of Quine, Hacking, Davidson, Putnam and Habermas I want to confront them with some details of Rorty's recent critique of our philosophical tradition. At last I try to give a tentative answer whether there is an end or a turning-point for current analytical philosophy.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 12 (1981), S. 401-412 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 302-328 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dialektik ist eine Modevokabel geworden. In seinem Aufsatz geht Becker ihren philosophiegeschichtlichen Quellen nach. Er zeigt, daß die begrifflichen Konstruktionselemente der dialektischen Methode von Hegel und Marx dem Selbstbewußtseinstheorem der klassischen Transzendentalphilosophie entstammen. Die Wurzeln dieses Theorems reichen bis zu Descartes zurück. Die konsequenteste Ausbildung hat es jedoch erst in der Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus erhalten. B. macht klar, unter welchen Bedingungen es zu Marxens ‚materialistischer Umstülpung‘ der dialektischen Methode kommen konnte. In einer Kurzanalyse der Warentheorie von Marx wird deutlich gemacht, wie Dialektik als Methode im Rahmen einer ökonomischen Theorie fungiert und welche — irrationalen — Konsequenzen sie in diesem ökonomischen und geschichtsphilosophischen Rahmen bewirkt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 13 (1982), S. 70-83 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Geschichte des Begriffs des Naturgesetzes, besonders den Umständen seiner Durchsetzung, wird der systematische Hinweis entnommen, daß die generellen Sätze der Physik methodisch primär von Apparaten gelten. Daraus ergeben sich Gesichtspunkte für eine Hierarchisierung physikalischer Sätze. Eine technik-orientierte Deutung der Physik läßt dann auch die ökologische Dimension physikalischer Forschung in einem kritischeren Licht erscheinen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 13 (1982), S. 48-69 
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    Notes: Summary The paper's aim is to contribute to a better understanding of Weber's methodology by clarifying the difference of Weber's concept ofVerstehen from Dilthey's concept ofVerstehen, and by answering the question of how Weber's claim to objectivity of hisVerstehende Soziologie is compatible with his claim that the specific method of hisVerstehende Soziologie, the idealtypical construction, is empirically irrefutable. My thesis is that there are three classes of ideal types in Weber: concepts of ‚historical individuals‘, concepts of ‚objective possibilities‘ and idealtypical classifying concepts. Common to them is the end to grasp the individual character of a social phenomenon. Their different functions in realizing this end justify to describe Weber'sVerstehende Soziologie as a system, in which social phenomena are presented as if they were the result of conscious human decisions.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 392-400 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 101-130 
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    Keywords: concept of truth ; criterion of truth ; protocol sentence ; linguistic framework ; formal and material mode of speech ; ontology ; structure ; logical syntax ; semantics ; internal and external questions ; existence ; fact ; reality ; world ; Carnap ; Hempel ; Neurath ; Schlick
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    Notes: Abstract The present article purports to show that the protocol sentence debate, pursued by some leading members of the Vienna Circle in the mid-1930s, was essentially a controversy over the explanation and the real significance of the concept of truth. It is further shown that the fundamental issue underlying the discussions about the concept of truth was the relationship between form and content, as well as between logic/language and the world. R. Carnap was the philosopher who most explicitly and systematically attempted to come to grips with this problem. It is shown that the form-content distinction pervades the three most important phases of Carnap's philosophical development: the structuralist (in Der logische Aufbau der Welt), the syntactical and the semantical. His final semantical stance is essentially determined by the concept of linguistic frameworks. The article purports to demonstrate that this concept cannot be dispensed with in philosophy, but that Carnap failed to work out its ontological implications. Finally, the concept of an internal ontology is briefly delineated.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 176-178 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 13 (1982), S. 166-173 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 285-297 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung „Die Kritik ist nicht die Wissenschaft.“ Zu diesem Ergebnis führt eine Besinnung auf den Begriff der Objektivität in der kunstwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Die aktuelle Situation, die durch wissenschaftstheoretische und methodologische Überlegungen bestimmt ist, verlangt neue Zielsetzungen und Aufgaben. Das zentrale Problem — die Begründung der Ästhetik als selbständige, moderne Wissenschaft — steht und fällt mit der Frage, ob die Kunst Gegenstand einer generellen, empirisch prüfbaren Theorie sein kann. Der zeitgenössische Strukturalismus glaubt diese Frage positiv beantworten zu können. Er versucht, die ästhetischen Gebilde nicht nur (wie die Kritik) als registrierbare Einzelfälle zu erklären und zu bewerten, sondern auf allgemeinere Gesetzmäßigkeiten zurückzuführen. „Die Tatsachen lassen mich vermuten und mein Vertrauen in die Menschheit läßt mich hoffen, daß es angeborene geistige Strukturen gibt.“ N. Chomsky. Interview der new left review Nr. 57/1969
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 3 (1972), S. 298-301 
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    Notes: Summary The incommensurability of scientific theories is not the only famous incommensurability issue in the history of western philosophy. The commensurability of all magnitudes (things) by means of ratios of integers (arithmetical ratios) wasthe thesis of Pythagoreanism. The diagonal and side of a square, however, are not commensurable, thus the Pythagorean thesis is refuted. Most philosophers ancient and contemporary would agree that Pythagoreanism was refuted by the counter-example and the concommitant argument or proof. The incommensurabilists were victorious. The present paper examines the prospects of the contemporary thesis of the incommensurability of scientific theories in the light of the history of the Pythagorean thesis. What factors were responsible for the rather clear-cut victory of theincommensurability side? How were they able to carry through a refutation? How likely is it that the contemporary dispute over the commensurability of scientific theories will be resolved in such a sharp manner? The paper concludes that it is not at all likely.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 201-232 
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    Keywords: scientific revolutions ; epistemic ruptures ; epistemicframework ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; Kuhn ; Lakatos ; Crowe ; Dauben
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    Notes: Abstract The question whether Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions could be applied to mathematics caused many interesting problems to arise. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether there are different kinds of scientific revolution, and if so, how many. The basic idea of the paper is to discriminate between the formal and the social aspects of the development of science and to compare them. The paper has four parts. In the first introductory part we discuss some of the questions which arose during the debate of the historians of mathematics. In the second part, we introduce the concept of the epistemic framework of a theory. We propose to discriminate three parts of this framework, from which the one called formal frame will be of considerable importance for our approach, as its development is conservative and gradual. In the third part of the paper we define the concept of epistemic rupture as a discontinuity in the formal frame. The conservative and gradual nature of the changes of the formal frame open the possibility to compare different epistemic ruptures. We try to show that there are four different kinds of epistemic rupture, which we call idealisation, re-presentation, objectivisation and re-formulation. In the last part of the paper we derive from the classification of the epistemic ruptures a classification of scientific revolutions. As only the first three kinds of rupture are revolutionary (the re-formulations are rather cumulative), we obtain three kinds of scientific revolution: idealisation, re-presentation, and objectivisation. We discuss the relation of our classification of scientific revolutions to the views of Kuhn, Lakatos, Crowe, and Dauben.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 13 (1982), S. 234-279 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wissenschaftstheorie hat sich in der Vergangenheit hauptsächlich mit dem Aufbau und der Analyse wissenschaftlicher Theorien und den logischen Problemen in ihrem eigenen Gebiet beschäftigt, während Probleme der Wissenschaftspraxis, hier vor allem die theoretischen Grundlagen des Messens, nur am Rande oder gar nicht behandelt wurden. Dies ist insofern bemerkenswert, weil die Messung das wichtigste erfahrungswissenschaftliche Hilfsmittel zur Gewinnung von Erkenntnis darstellt. Beim Messen erfolgt der wichtige Übergang vom Empirischen zum Formalen, indem die empirisch vorliegende Intensität einer Meßgröße durch eine mathematische Größe beschrieben und damit überhaupt erst die Voraussetzung für eine erfahrungswissenschaftliche Theorie geschaffen wird. Die vorliegende Meßtheorie ist in Meßprozeßtheorie, Metrisierungstheorie und Fehlertheorie gegliedert. Die Meßprozeßtheorie behandelt die Vorgänge zwischen Meßobjekt und Meßgerät, die Metrisierungstheorie die Darstellung der empirischen Größe als formale und die Fehlertheorie die Schätzung des gesuchten wahren Wertes aus mehreren fehlerbehafteten gleichwertigen Meßwerten. Der Schätzwert ist das Endergebnis einer Messung. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Meßtheorie aus dem engen Kreis der Metrisierungs- bzw. Skalentheorie herauszulösen und auf die häufig übersehenen notwendigen Bedingungen einer Messung aufmerksam zu machen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 273-287 
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    Keywords: concept of observation ; research practices ; instruments ; image processing ; astronomy
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    Notes: Abstract Vision, Visibility, and Empirical Research. In general, natural scientists use the concept of observation in a liberal way: they talk of observing electrons, DNA, or distant quasars. Several philosophers of science have recently argued for a similar use of the concept of observation: they have claimed that the important aspects of scientific research can only be properly reconstructed in accordance with how this term is actually used in science. With reference to an example from astronomy, I point out that the proposed generalisation of the concept of observation leads to undesirable consequences. I argue that a differentiated conceptual framework is required in order to give an adequate account of the varieties of scientific experience. Thus, the appropriate starting point for distinguishing these various scientific research practices should not be the generalised scientific conception of observation, but instead distinctly different uses of the term observation drawn from ordinary language.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 179-185 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 87-101 
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    Keywords: deterministic chaos ; computational complexity ; effective complexity reduction
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    Notes: Abstract Some problems rarely discussed in traditional philosophy of science are mentioned: The empirical sciences using mathematico-quantitative theoretical models are frequently confronted with several types of computational problems posing primarily methodological limitations on explanatory and prognostic matters. Such limitations may arise from the appearances of deterministic chaos and (too) high computational complexity in general. In many cases, however, scientists circumvent such limitations by utilizing reductional approximations or complexity reductions for intractable problem formulations, thus constructing new models which are computationally tractable. Such activities are compared with reduction types (more) established in philosophy of science.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 17-36 
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    Keywords: Cartesianism ; geometrodynamics ; holism ; non-separability ; quantum entanglement
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to contribute to a more balanced judgement than the widespread impression that the changes which are called for in today's philosophy of physics and which centre around the concept of holism amount to a rupture with the framework of Cartesian philosophy of physics. I argue that this framework includes a sort of holism: As a result of the identification of matter with space, any physical property can be instantiated only if there is the whole of matter. Relating this holism to general relativity, I maintain that this holism cannot be directly applied to today's philosophy of physics consequent upon the failure of geometrodynamics. I show in what respect precisely the holism in quantum physics amounts to a revision of the holism within Cartesianism.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 379-388 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 289-316 
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    Keywords: realism in quantum theory ; empirical versus metaphysical realism ; Bohmian interpretations ; Vienna Circle ; Salmon's account of causal explanation ; d'Espagnat's empirical realism
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    Notes: Abstract On Two Types of Realism in Quantum Theory. Current realist approaches to the foundations of quantum theory emphasize the dichotomy between (Copenhagen) positivism and ‘beable’-realism. Recently it was even attempted to turn this picture into two (equally possible) histories in order to legitimate Bohmian Mechanics as a viable alternative. This paper argues that this dichotomy is philosophically inadequate and historically questionable by embedding it into the philosophical discussion on positivism and realism that has taken place since the 1920s. Logical Empiricists back then advocated empirical realism and contrasted it to absolutistic metaphysical realism. From this viewpoint David Bohm's ‘beable’-realism combines elements of Mach's sensualism with a pre-Kantian metaphysics. As Wesley Salmon's position shows, empirical realism can become quite pronounced without relapsing into Bohmian philosophy. Instead it arrives close to the GRWP-interpretation. Hence, when Bernard d'Espagnat binds both together as ‘ontological interpretations’, he blurs the borderline between empirical and metaphysical realism that his Veiled Reality has set out to draw, quite in concordance with Logical Empiricism.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 365-378 
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    Keywords: Kant ; theory and experiment ; hermeneutics ; realism/anti-realism debate ; Bezugnahme
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    Notes: Abstract Representing and Reconstructing: A Hermeneutical Reply to Ian Hacking. Hacking published in 1983 Representing and Intervening which has provoked, particularly in the US, the so called realism/anti-realism debate which is still alive today. He lays claim to anti-realism for theory and to realism for the experiment. Following him, only that which can be used for manipulating something (e.g., the path of an electon) is realistic. H. Putnam is a severe critic of this dualism. In my paper I am going to take the Hacking-Putnam controversy as a starting-point for the problem about the determination of the relation between theory and experiment in the natural sciences. I shall then follow M. Schlick's discussion of this problem and the current solution to the problem as offered by H. Pietschmann. The differing interpretation of Kant according to the three perspectives shall be the guideline for the argumentation. The goal of my argumentation is that theory and experiment do not live their own lives, that in experimenting one always continues traditional chains of action, and that natural science cannot be regarded independently of the life world it takes place in. This insight into the representing and reconstructing overturns in natural science, due to the necessity of human decisions, opens up their hermeneutical dimension.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 14 (1983), S. 15-23 
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    Notes: Summary Imagination can be seen 1) as a mental faculty common to all people to some degree and 2) as an important principle in literary theory. We must think of imagination not as a simple power but a complex series of processes, involving the impression-idea-relationship and memory. The data derived thus are still bound to their epistemological context, and only imagination provides the possibility to transcend the space-time-determination and the cause-effect-relationship, so that it allows a freer display of the sense-data. This structural and functional analysis of imagination tries to show its immense importance in everyday-life as well as in literary production and reception.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 14 (1983), S. 24-45 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Veränderungen der Wissenschaftssprache der Physik untersucht, die durch den Übergang von der klassisch-relativistischen Physik zur Quantenphysik erfolgt sind. Die neuen und prinzipiellen Beschränkungen der Möglichkeiten der Überprüfung wissenschaftlicher Aussagen führen zu Reduktionen der hypothetischen Annahmen, die der Sprache der klassischen Physik zu Grunde liegen. Diese Reduktionen haben ihrerseits Abschwächungen der syntaktischen Strukturen zur Folge, die besonders in der formalen Logik und der Modallogik deutlich werden. Diese auf (gegenüber der klassisch-physikalischen Sprache) schwächeren Prämissen basierenden Strukturen sind die Quanten-Logik und die Quanten-Modallogik, die damit auch einen weiteren Geltungsbereich besitzen als die entsprechenden klassischen formalen Systeme.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 323-334 
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    Notes: Summary Three uses of critical thought experiments outlined in the paper are related to general questions of evaluation. A proposal offered by Karl Popper concerning the so-called “apologetic” use ofGedankenexperimente is critically assessed. Specifically, his methodological principle that one should not use a second theory in order to defend a first theory against a critical thought experiment is discussed with reference to the photon-boxGedankenexperiment (Einstein-Bohr debates) and the Maxwell-demon paradox. It is argued that the rescuing of one theory from conceptual anomaly by appealing to another need not constitute a misuse of a critical thought experiment.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 380-409 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 7-18 
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    Notes: Summary W. Stegmüller sees the decisive difficulty of the Laplacean interpretation of Carnaps probability2 in the lack of the required equiprobable possibilities. It is argued that the required equiprobabilities in physics are given by statistical mechanics and can easily be transferred from physics to general statistical problems.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 65-81 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die hier skizzierte Behandlung des Antinomienproblems, die im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Ansätzen (Typenregel, strikte Trennung von Objekt- und Metasprache)nicht restriktiv ist, eröffinet auch für das Gödelsche Unvollständigkeitsproblem eine neue Zugangsmöglichkeit. Hier wird transparent,warum bei der Verschmelzung eines formalen Systems mit seiner Metatheorie gewisse unentscheidbare Sätze auftreten müssen und warum sich dies auf höheren Metastufen zwingend wiederholt. Andererseits aber kann auch gezeigt werden, daß dieses Dilemma keineswegs — wie allgemein unterstellt wird —unausweichlich ist: Es erweist sich als möglich,zwei Systeme so zukoppeln, daß beidewechselseitig als Metatheorie des jeweils anderen zu betrachten sind. Das Resultat ist, daß formale Systeme antinomienfrei und, im Sinne dieser „Dualisierung“, darüber hinaus als vollständige Systeme aufgebaut werden können, auch wenn die Teilsysteme selbst unvollständig sind. Ein solches duales Gegenseitigkeitsverhältnis wäre als formale Repräsentation eines „indirekten Selbstbezugs“ zu deuten, der zur Folge hat, daß nun auch formale Sprachen ihre eigene Metasprache enthalten können und damit wie die Umgangssprachereflexiv sind. Gewisse These wie etwa diese: daß — unter Berufung auf Gödels Unvollständigkeitstheorem — ein „kybernetisches Modell des Bewußtseins“ prinzipiell unmöglich sei, verlieren damit erheblich an Stichhaltigkeit.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 147-164 
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    Notes: Summary Norwegian philosophy of science right after the war was empiricistic, scientistic, rather undogmatic and heavily dominated by Arne Næss. The positivistic conception of science has been severely criticized in the last two decades, and the attempts to find viable alternatives have led to a broadening of the perspective, philosophically as well as scientifically. This survey tries to map the main lines of that development. After an account of the rise and fall of Næss' programme for a behaviouristic theory of science, we outline first the development of the internal philosophical critique and then the parallel story on the social science scene.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 108-132 
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    Notes: Summary The meta-scientific investigation of the various kinds of influence which determine both the establishment of the cultural institution of science and criteria governing its internal operations, including criteria of the concepts of cognition has been termed by Professor Jürgen Habermas as the critical theory of science. The five-fold thesis of his theory treats of what he considers to be the extrascientific interests which determine and accompany our traditional concepts of knowledge as characterized by science. The development of the theses is preceded by his analysis of the faults of “positivist methodology” in which, he argues, distinctions such as that between facts and values are based upon fundamental confusions concerning inerradicable and pervasive practical concerns in terms of which the concepts of cognition are ultimately founded. He identifies the three all-embracing knowledge-guiding interests or concerns as the cognitive interest which determines logical and empirical categories, the practical interest which determines the character of human understanding within the cultural sciences, and the emancipatory interest which determines our concept for freedom and autonomy. The arguments for the critical theory are here analyzed and criticized in terms of their logical shortcomings, while the claims made in favor of the critical theory are found to be based upon inerradicable and pervaisive confusions concerning logical consistency in argumentation. The final section summarizes, moralizes, and speculates upon the criticalness of the critical theory.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 203-223 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es soll die Aufgabe dieses Beitrages sein, die Verflechtungen, welche diese Regeln mit bestimmten Entscheidungen des Denkens haben, an Hand von Descartes' System aufzudecken und dabei so etwas wie eine philosophische Begründung dieses Denkstils in seiner noch aktuellen Funktion vorzuführen. Es soll damit zugleich die Situation erhellt werden, in der wir uns durch die wissenschaftliche Technik befinden, und schließlich soll angedeutet werden, welche Aufgaben für das Verhalten aus solehen Entscheidungen unserem Bewußtsein erwachsen sind.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 313-322 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den apriorischen Formen und Begriffen des Verstandes wird das aufzudecken gesucht, was außer dem Erlebnisgegebenen in die Erkenntnis noch hinzutritt. Es sind in Wahrheit die Konstruktionen. Die Erfahrung, besser das Erlebnisgegebene, bildet die Grundlage für ihre Aufstellung und für die Begründung ihrer Giltigkeit. Es ist der Empirismus, nicht der Sensualismus, aber ein konstruktiver Empirismus, der die Erkenntnis der Wirklichkeit ergibt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 4 (1973), S. 345-355 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Deontisch logische Systeme im engeren Sinne sind nicht axiologisch. Um aber auch axiologisch relevante Rahmen-Normen aufstellen und angeben zu können, kommt es wesentlich auf die Art der verwendeten Formalismen an. Wie ein Beispiel zeigt, geht dies bis in die Voraussetzungen des zugrundegelegten Logikkalküls.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 5 (1974), S. 54-73 
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    Notes: Summary Hermeneutik und Wissenschaftstheorie, die von unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen ausgehen, konvergieren in ihrer Bemühung um die Sprache. Der universale Anspruch der Hermeneutik kann aber nicht sprachphilosophisch begründet werden, sondern liegt auf der Ebene einer Metatheorie der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit überhaupt. Diese Ebene ist von den positiven Wissenschaften aus, durch die in ihnen ansetzende hermeneutische Reflexion zu erreichen. Wird diese Reflexion von den historischen Geisteswissenschaften aus angestellt, zeigt sich für die Wissenschaften überhaupt, daß ihr Wirkungsfeld gesellschaftlich-geschichtlich strukturiert ist. Im Anschluß an die Kantische Erkenntnistheorie lassen sich allgemeine Erkenntnisprinzipien gewinnen, die den gemeinsamen Boden wissenschaftlicher Tätigkeit und außerwissenschaftlicher individueller und gesellschaftlicher Lebenspraxis bestimmen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 5 (1974), S. 124-135 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 5 (1974), S. i 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 276-291 
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    Notes: Summary The typology of scientific research is of considerable importance for the development of the methodology of science. Apart from the typology accepted by UNESCO, the author introduces a new typology of scientific research, distinguishing the following types of research: diagnostic and generalizing, chronological and systematic, heuristic and justificatory, universalist and specialist, theoretical and practical, explanatory and descriptive and others. The author's objective is to broaden the typology of research in accordance with the present-day state of science.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 292-310 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Kritik der Hempelschen Erklärungstheorie hat W. Stegmüller gezeigt, daß zur Erklärung nur die „wirklichen Realgründe“, also die Ursachen eines Ereignisses herangegezogen werden können, und W. C. Salmon hat darauf aufmerksam gemacht, daß in Erklärungen nur (statistisch) relevante Faktoren angeführt werden dürfen. Für die Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Erklärung ist daher heute die probabilistische Kausalitätstheorie von P. Suppes besonders interessant; denn Suppes versucht, den Begriff der Ursache statistisch zu fassen und auf den Begriff der (positiven) statistischen Relevanz zurückzuführen. In diesem Aufsatz werden deshalb die Grundzüge der Kausalitätstheorie von Suppes dargestellt und diskutiert. Dabei ergibt sich zunächst, daß Suppes' eigene Formulierung dieser Theorie nicht adäquat ist, da in ihr die Carnapsche Forderung des Gesamtdatums nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt wird. Diese Schwierigkeit kann jedoch überwunden werden, wenn man den Begriff der „kausalen Abschirmung“ bzw. der „nur scheinbaren Ursache“ — in engerer Anlehnung an die Überlegungen Salmons — etwas anders definiert als Suppes und wenn man darüberhinaus bei der Beurteilung der statistischen Relevanz einzelner Faktoren jeweils die Menge aller für ein gegebenes Ereignis statistisch relevanten Ereignisse berücksichtigt. Zum Abschluß wird kurz die Frage aufgeworfen, inwieweit es überhaupt sinnvoll sein kann, den Begriff der Kausalität statistisch zu definieren. Es wird argumentiert, daß sich diese Frage nicht definitiv beantworten läßt, da in diesem Zusammenhang Konventionen eine entscheidende Rolle spielen, daß es jedoch einige — wenn auch eher intuitive — Argumente gegen statistische Kausalitätstheorien gibt, die es wahrscheinlich machen, daß z.B. die Überlegungen J. L. Mackies zum Begriff der Kausalität unserem alltagssprachlichen Begriff der Verursachung sehr viel mehr gerecht werden als die Überlegungen von Suppes.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 7 (1976), S. 348-356 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird die auf falschen Voraussetzungen beruhende Ausbeutung der Sozialphilosophie des Kritischen Rationalismus für die Zwecke der Sozialdemokratie zurückgewiesen. Diese Sozialphilosophie kann keinesfalls für eine bestimmte parteipolitische Richtung und nur für jene in Anspruch genommen werden, ist sie doch von ihrem Selbstverständnis her auf allgemeingültigere Aussagen angelegt, als sie in der Programmatik der SPD zu finden sind. Daneben wird eine neue Strukturierung der kritizistischen Sozialphilosophie vorgeschlagen, die sich die Unterteilung in Meta- und Objektsprache zunutze macht. Die Sozialphilosophie1 thematisiert dabei das politische Handeln selbst, während sich die Sozialphilosophie2 das Reden über das politische Handeln zum Gegenstand setzt. Geht es beim ersten Ansatz um politische Normen, so beim zweiten darum, welchen methodologischen Kriterien solche Normen zu genügen haben.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 164-178 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 187-202 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 7 (1976), S. 124-126 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im folgenden Beitrag wird ein neuartiger Vorschlag zur Lösung des Antinomienproblems untersucht. Die Untersuchung ergibt, daß der Vorschlag in toto untauglich ist. Weiterhin wird die Unhaltbarkeit gewisser Argumente gegen den Beweis des ersten Gödelschen Unvollständigkeitstheorems nachgewiesen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 77-90 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die folgenden Ausführungen enthalten einen Beitrag zum Problem der Induktion. Den bisher bekannt gewordenen Interpretationen induktiver Regeln wird eine weitere zur Seite gestellt. Sie beruht auf der von Popper propagierten Idee der Annäherung an die Wahrheit, genauer: auf einer geeigneten topologischen Präzisierung dieser Annäherungsidee. Wie sich dabei herausstellt, ist die approximationstheoretische Deutung der allgemeinen Induktion zwar stringent, aber nicht induktivistisch, d.h. sie liefert keine irgendwie geartete Rechtfertigung induktiver Regeln.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 163-171 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 132-143 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung MeineBemerkungen zum normativen Fundament der Ökonomie sollen daran erinnern, daß der klassische Rationalitäts- und Effizienzanspruch der „moral science“ Ökonomie nur von einer gerechtfertigten Bedürfnisbasis her sinnvoll verstanden und entwickelt werden kann. Dahcr sind alle Grundunterscheidungen, welche in ökonomische Beurteilungskriterien eingehen, abhängig von einem vernünftigen Begreifen dessen, was ich mit der philosophischen Tradition dasgute Leben nennen möchte. Das vernünftig begriffene gute Leben hinwiederum läßt sich nicht zum Gegenstand einer empirisch-quantitativen Empirie, z.B. von Nachfragedaten, machen. Es kann nur einervernünftigen Gemeinsamkeit unseres Handelns entspringen, die insbesondere das Redehandeln umschließt, auf das sie in Plan, Vereinbarung und praktischem Urteil angewiesen ist.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 7 (1976), S. 357-358 
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    Notes: Summary Canfield and Lehrer argued in [1] that it is impossible to predict an event deductively from given laws and initial conditions. In [2] I showed (1) that there are counterexamples to C&L's claim, (2) that their argument was based on an assumption which they failed to recognize, let alone support (the assumption that there are ‘rejectible’ facts), (3) that if certain simple conditions on predictability were granted, it could be shown that C&L's tacit assumption is false. In a recent issue of this Journal Dr. Harnatt has criticized (3) (ignoring (1) and (2)), and he has concluded that we should still wonder whether there are any deductive predictions. Dr. Harnatt's arguments are shown to be defective.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 7 (1976), S. 367-403 
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    Notes: Summary Research consists of choosing a problem, proposing and testing problem solutions, and presenting the results. In its central moment — “conjectures and testing” — science must be autonomous in order to be successful. Securing this autonomy by organizational means is one of the tasks of research policy. Research needs to justify itself only when the researcher makes a claim to the resources of others. To discuss problems of justification of governmental support, it is imperative to distinguish between basic and applied research. In basic research the problem choice is guided only by considerations of “scientific interest”, while in applied research the problems emanate from extra-scientific concerns since applied research is by definition a means for tackling concrete practical problems. Deciding on “external” criteria (e.g. deciding whether to support more energy research or more cancer research) is a genuine political problem rather than a problem of research policy. Thus applied research can be justified by referring to the benefit the expected results will yield, but basic research requires a completely different justification. One such justification is the argument that applied research requires a certain “overhead” in basic research. Securing an adequate balance between funding basic and applied research within the problem area concerned is another task of research policy. (E.g. in the area of cancer whether to support more molecular biology research or more clinical research.) When the “overhead” argument is not applicable, there still remain several possible justifications for basic research. These are examined in the paper. When setting priorities for basic research within a certain discipline, one apparently must turn to the scientific community itself. It may well be that the researches, who constitute the only expertise available for this task, have to rely on “tacit knowledge”. If so, this remains afaute de mieux procedure since articulated criteria would be preferable to intuitive procedures. The purpose of methodological reflection on research policy making is to supply intellectual instruments for making the discussion about substantive problems more rational. The substantive problems can be tackled only through the close cooperation of research policy makers and researchers. Thus methodology should not limit the degrees of freedom of either but increase them.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 63-76 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag versucht eine Analyse der mit den Namen Scholz und Stegmüller bezeichneten Reformulierung von Kants Transzendentalphilosophie. Dabei steht die These zur Diskussion, daß die kantischen Argumentationen verstanden werden können als Gegenentwurf zum Fallibilismus. Es stellt sich heraus, daß stegmüllers Reformulierung zu lesen ist als eine Frühform seiner Sneedkonzeption. Radermacher radikalisiert allerdings im Sinne von Feyerabend die These des Fallibilismus. Zudem expliziert er einen Katalog unterschiedlicher Begriffe von Konstruktionen, der es gestatten soll, Kants Idee gemäß der Tradition Scholz-Stegmüller besser zu erläutern.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 144-162 
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    Notes: Summary Methodological disputes in economics have been with us since Mill and Senior fought over the nature of economic science in the first half of the 19th Century. Progress has been extremely slow, and there is good reason for this as the present essay hopes to show. Three important methodological positions are examined critically: the “ultra-empiricism” of T.W. Hutchison, the “moderate empiricism” of Milton Friedman, and the “extreme a priorism” of Lionel Robbins and Ludwig Von Mises. The argument between Guttierrez and Block inTheory and Decision over praxiology is discussed in connection with the last mentioned position. The paper concludes that “extreme a priorism,” though very much out of fashion is not without its resources. The work of the contemporary German philosopher, Paul Lorenzen, is enlisted to bolster this position.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 172-182 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 221-236 
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    Notes: Summary In the case of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen problem und Bell's proof it is shown how, contrary to Kuhn and Lakatos, a “purely metaphysical” thesis became falsifiable and falsified by an “crucial” experiment in the strict sense so that the followers of an older paradigma changed their opinion on rational grounds and not by an “experience of conversion” or by “dying out”.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 292-301 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das zweite Newtonsche Bewegungsaxiom, über dessen logischen Status (Naturgesetz oder Definition?) seit Newton die verschiedensten Ansichten kursieren, wird durch Angabe von Meßvorschriften für die darin enthaltenen Größen als empirisch prüfbare Hypothese ausgewiesen. Es wird als Naturgesetz bezeichnet, weil es sich bei Benutzung dieser Meßvorschriften bewährt. Es erscheint allerdings als eine Definitionsgleichung, wenn es durch induktive Verallgemeinerung auf Bereiche übertragen wird, die eine unmittelbare Anwendung der Meßvorschriften nicht zulassen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 375-378 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter der Voraussetzung einer Adäquatheitsbedingung für einen Bestätigungsbegriff für deterministische Hypothesen wird an einem Beispiel gezeigt, daß der Hacking-Stegmüllersche Stützungsbegriff kein Analogon zu einem Bestätigungsbegriff für deterministische Hypothesen ist, da jener eine analoge Adäquatheitsbedingung nicht erfüllt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 405-410 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 13-20 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 63-92 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Behandlung ontologischer Fragen auf Grund analytischer Methoden untersucht und die zeitgenössische Nominalismusdiskussion durchleuchtet. In einem ersten Teil erläutert der Verfasser Quines Kriterium für das, was er „ontic commitment“ nennt, sowie dessen Ablehnung der sog. substitutionellen Quantifikationstheorie. Im zweiten Teil werden Hintikkas Interpretation des Kriteriums und sein Umdeutungsversuch dargelegt, der auf der Verwendung einer Quantifikationstheorie ohne existentielle Voraussetzungen beruht. Im letzten Teil wird die berühmte Kontroverse zwischen Carnap und Quine hinsichtlich ontologischer Aussagen und des Nominalismusstreites erörtert. Es wird zu zeigen versucht, daß die Carnapsche Auffassung, wonach Fragen der Ontologie nur die praktische Wahl von Sprachsystemen betreffen und deshalb nicht sinnvollerweise in theoretischem Gewand auftreten können, den Vorzug verdient. Quines Betrachtungsweise scheitert letztlich an seinem Holismus und vor allem auch an den unerfüllbaren Forderungen, die er an die Definition von „analytisch“ stellt. Wir bauen nicht, wie Neuraths Bild nahelegt, auf offener See an einem einzigen Schiff, dessen Planken wir einzeln ersetzen, sondern an einer bunten Flotte von Schiffen, die zu verschiedenen Zwecken gebraucht werden. Betrachtet man aber den faktischen wissenschaftlichen Betrieb aus dieser Perspektive, so scheint Hintikkas Kriterium, das den Handlungs-kontext der sog. Sprachspiele des Suchens und Findens mitberücksichtigt, bessere Dienste zu leisten als das Quinesche.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Reporting on the 7th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, first the main topics and some organisational aspects of the congress are presented; the main part of the report focuses on recent developments in Philosophical Logic (Section 5), in particular the theory of so-called generalized quantifiers as presented at the congress. In addition, some background information on logical language analysis, its possible applications and consequences is provided.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 188-196 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 170-187 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 196-198 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 199-199 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 302-314 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der analytischen Wissenschaftstheorie gilt mit einigen Varianten die Auffassung, daß Termini physikalischer Theorien aus einer Reihe von Gründen als lediglich partiell interpretierbare „theoretische Terme“ oder „theoretische Begriffe“ anzusehen seien. Diese aus dem Zweistufenkonzpet der Wissenschaftssprache (Beobachtungs- und Theoriesprache) kommende Auffassung verdankt sich einer affirmativen Grundhaltung gegenüber der Physik. Das Zweistufenkonzept erweist sich jedoch mindestens als zu eng, weil zusätzlich eine die Intentionen der Meßgeräteherstellung und -verwendung abdeckende Terminologie verfügbar sein muß, die weder nichttheoretisch noch von empirischen Theorien abhängig ist. Speziell für den Begriff der Masse läßt sich zeigen, daß Nichtdefinierbarkeit als Grund für seine Theoretizität nicht anerkannt werden muß. Geht man vom Grundgedanken der Newtonschen Trägheitsmechanik ab, die Mechanik bei den kräftefreien Bewegungen zu beginnen, so läßt sich Massengleichheit durch Symmetriebedingungen an geführten Bewegungen und Massenverhältnis über eine darauf aufbauende Definition der homogenen Dichte sowie über das Volumen definieren.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 369-374 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der von Laucken in dieser Zeitschrift vertretenen These, daß Verstehen kein eigenständiger Erkenntnisweg sei und sich somit die Frage erledige, ob Verstehen oder Erklären die den Sozialwissenschaften adäquate Methode sei. Diese These wird von Laucken mit den Ergebnissen der Analyse alltagsweltlicher Erklärungen begründet. Hier wird die Analogisierung alltagsweltlicher und wissenschaftlicher Erklärungen kritisiert und auf einige wesentliche Differenzen aufmerksam zu machen versucht. Lauckens Versuch, das methodologische Problem des Verhältnisses von Erklären und Verstehen in den Sozialwissenschaften hinwegzudefinieren, wird zurückgewiesen. Es wird ausdrücklich kein eigener Lösungsvorschlag unterbreitet, sondern lediglich versucht, das Problem wieder in den alten Stand zu versetzen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 383-404 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Scientific creativity, i.e. the production of new and socially effective empirical knowledge, can itself be subjected to empircal analysis. Research on the determinants of creative work in science suggests that the internal and external world of creative scientists is characterised by a series of tensions or „oppositions of forces“ which „normally“ cannot be integrated. Conversely, creative work in science can be understood as the provision of new answers to scientific problems where conventional answers are no longer sufficient to reduce incongruities between cognitive, affective and social standards of satisfactory problem solution.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 8 (1977), S. 413-415 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 106-111 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In „On Denoting“ behauptet Russell, Freges „Sinn“ sei so beschaffen, daß beim Versuch, von ihm — genauer: von einer bestimmten Sinn-Einheit — etwas auszusagen, eine Verwirrung entsteht. Er macht verschiedene Versuche, von dem Sinn einer hindeutenden Phrase („denoting phrase“) zu sprechen, und es stellt sich immer wieder heraus, daß etwas anderes als das Beabsichtigte besprochen wurde. Im Folgenden will ich zeigen, daß diese Verwirrung nicht in Freges Unterscheidung zwischen Sinn und Bedeutung ihren Ursprung hat, sondern in einem Fehler, den Russell in seinen Versuchen begeht; er verwendet nämlichzwei Zeichen, wodrei nötig sind.
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