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  • 1
    Keywords: Assessment ; Malaria ; Public Health ; Scale ; Weather ; climate change ; public health policy ; temperature
    Description / Table of Contents: Awareness that many key aspects of public health are strongly influenced by climate is growing dramatically, driven by new research and experience and fears of climate change and the research needed to underpin policy developments in area is growing rapidly . This awareness has yet to translate into a practical use of climate knowledge by health policy-makers. Evidence based policy and practice is the mantra of the health sector. If climate scientists are to contribute effectively to health policy at local and global scales then careful empirical studies must be undertaken – focused on the needs of the public health policy and decision-makers. Results presented at the Wengen conference make clear that the science and art of integrating climate knowledge into the control of climate sensitive diseases on a year to year time frame as well as careful assessments of the potential impacts of climate change on health outcomes over longer time frames is advancing rapidly on many fronts. This includes advances in the empirical understanding of mechanisms, methodologies for modeling future impacts, new partnership developments between the health and climate community along with access to relevant data resources, and education and training. In a rapidly evolving field this book provides a snapshot of these emerging themes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402068775
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Global warming is imposing tremendous challenges upon human and otherwise biotic life on Earth. A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture. The consensus is that the moisture transport by the atmospheric circulation strengthens and makes already wet areas of moisture convergence wetter and already dry areas of moisture divergence drier. Therefore, the tropics and mid-to-high latitudes will get wetter and the subtropics will get drier. Without any change in the interannual variability of hydroclimate, the change in the mean hydroclimate would equally increase drought risk in some places and flood risk in others. Moreover, global warming will cause the interannual variability of the hydroclimate to intensify, which will induce more droughts and floods. Furthermore, the changing atmospheric circulation interaction with the land surface may cause storm track alterations and may play an important role in shaping moisture redistribution. The author's contributions have documented the precipitation trends in southeast of the US, the Nile River Basin Ethiopia, Iraq, the Huai River Basin of northern China, and the Qilian Mountains of western China. The precipitation predictability on both global and regional scales are also studied. The interaction among climate systems in southeast Asia is also explicitly documented.
    Keywords: El Niño ; winter weather types ; precipitable water ; surface water vapor pressure ; consistency ; interannual and long-term trend ; precipitation ; trend analysis ; Iraq ; climate projection ; CMIP5 ; groundwater levels ; rainfall ; temperature ; Mann–Kendall test ; Bayesian Ensemble Algorithm ; rainstorm process ; rainstorm intensity ; risk estimation and mapping ; CMIP6 ; risk prediction ; Southwest China ; rainstorm and flood ; spatial and temporal change ; atmospheric circulation ; rainfall change ; CHIRPS ; PERSIANN-CDR ; descriptive statistics ; non-parametric trends ; Google Earth Engine ; central Punjab ; climate change ; land cover/land use ; vegetation ; NDVI ; Huai River Basin ; trends and variability ; flood magnitude ; Qilian Mountains ; cyclones power dissipation index (PDI) ; monsoon trough ; El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) ; Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) ; Walker circulation ; predictability ; global ; seasonal precipitation ; ENSO ; MJO ; climate trend ; land use land cover ; Nile River Basin ; water resources ; raindrop spectrum ; radar ; dynamic Z-I ; LSTM neural network ; precipitation estimation ; Loess Plateau ; spring maize ; relative soil moisture ; drought index ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Due to the considerable impacts of hydrological hazards on water resources, natural environments, and human activities, as well as on human health and safety, climate variability and climate change have become key issues for the research community. In fact, a warmer climate, with its heightened climate variability, will increase the risk of hydrological extreme phenomena, such as droughts and floods. The Special Issue “Hydrological Hazard: Analysis and Prevention” presents a collection of scientific contributions that provides a sample of the state-of-the-art and forefront research in this field. In particular, innovative modelling methods for flood hazards, regional flood, and drought analysis and the use of satellite and climate data for drought analysis were the main research and practice targets that the papers published in this Special Issue aimed to address.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; QC851-999 ; catchment ; precipitation ; hazards ; drought ; temperature ; forecast ; climate ; landslide ; modelling ; flood ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Processing and storage can cause changes and interactions in food components that have effects on nutritional value, organoleptic characteristics or even food safety. This book includes 19 research works showing important and interesting advances, as well as new approaches, in this research topic. Four articles are dedicated to studying the effect of canning conditions (filling media and some ingredients) on the diverse parameters of quality for fish and pet foods. Three articles are devoted to studying the effects of dehydration (pre-treatments and drying procedures). One article is dedicated to monitoring the elaboration of a fermented and dehydrated product (sausage) using a portable NIRS device. The ninth article of this book studies the effect of low-dose electron beam irradiation on cooking quality, moisture migration, and thermodynamics, as well as the digestion properties of the isolated starches in newly harvested and dried rice. The next contribution studies the use of different preservatives to avoid the formation of undesirable volatile organic compounds in stracciatella cheese. Another article examines the impact of source material, kibble size, temperature, and duration on the efficiency of the aqueous extraction of sugars and phenolics from carob kibbles by conventional heat-assisted (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) methods. In two articles, marinating with different extracts, alone or combined with other seasoning/conditioning methods, was essayed to tenderize beef or to improve the sensory quality of chicken leg and breast meat. The effect of various cooking methods on the quality, structure, pasting, water distribution and protein oxidation of fish and meat-based snacks is studied in the fourteenth article. The last five articles are dedicated to the study of the effects of storage on several foods (olive oil, blueberry, beetroot and Atlantic mackerel).
    Keywords: Electron Beam Irradiation ; rice ; moisture ; physicochemical properties ; rabbiteye blueberry ; postharvest storage ; firmness ; aroma compounds ; off-odor ; dry-fermented sausages ; near infrared spectroscopy ; portable device ; PLS-DA ; Scomber colias ; prior chilling ; Fucus spiralis ; packaging medium ; canning ; lipid damage ; colour ; trimethylamine ; quality ; carob kibbles ; carob juice ; aqueous extraction ; sugars ; phenolics ; free amino acids ; biogenic amines ; filling medium ; European eels ; stracciatella cheese ; volatile organic compounds ; sensory characteristics ; natural preservatives ; cheese storage ; pineapple by-products ; hydrostatic pressure ; bromelain ; enzyme activity ; marinade ; meat ; texture ; water status and distribution ; microstructure ; secondary structure of protein ; Atlantic mackerel ; saffron quality ; secondary metabolites ; drying ; high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) ; spectrophotometry ; canned eels ; olive oil ; sunflower oil ; oxidation ; antioxidants ; total phenols ; vitamin E ; fresh wet noodles ; humidity-controlled dehydration ; microorganisms ; shelf-life ; noodle quality ; “Rocha” pear ; ultrasound ; microwave ; quality characteristics ; empirical models ; beetroot ; organic farming ; storage ; bioactive compounds ; betalain ; nitrate ; sugar ; phenolic compounds ; total dry matter ; chicken meat ; sensory evaluation ; superheated steam ; marination ; hot smoking ; storage effect ; extra virgin olive oil ; phenols ; sterols ; tocopherols ; temperature ; argon ; freeze-thaw cycles ; anthocyanins ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; aroma profiles ; hot-air drying ; blueberry ; cooking methods ; fish meat snacks ; LF-NMR ; SEM ; protein oxidation ; expressible moisture ; gel ; gum ; heat penetration ; thermally processed ; wet pet food ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: The articles in this Special Issue cover a very wide range of topics related to the cultivation, management and use of fast-growing tree species. In addition to research on breeding and on the influence of pruning practices on the height growth of paulownia, three articles deal with the influence of site characteristics and nutrient availability on the physiology and yield security of fast-growing tree species. Another article focuses on the modeling of soil carbon in Salix plantations, while the article by Boruszewski et al. reports on potentially suitable areas for the planting of fast-growing tree species in Poland. Zitzmann and Rode examine the impact of short-rotation plantation management on phytodiversity, while Helbig et al. deal with the influence of leaf feeding on the growth of poplars and willows. Finally, Hernandez-Estrada et al. describe the dry matter loss of poplar wood chips during storage.
    Keywords: woody biomass crops ; bioenergy ; biodiversity ; species richness ; flora ; vascular plants ; short rotation coppices ; poplars ; willows ; feeding simulation ; defoliation ; herbivory ; short rotation coppice ; phosphatase activity ; nutrient content ; growth stages ; biomass ; willow ; Salix ; capacity ; European larch ; fast-growing trees ; plantations ; plantation area ; poplar cultivar “Hybrid 275” ; sown area ; biomass production ; life cycle assessment ; climate impact ; soil organic carbon ; genotypic difference ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; genome editing ; Populus ; INRA 717-1B4 ; pyramidal plant habitus ; leaf petiole angle ; branch angle ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; carbon ; physiology ; F. mandshurica ; Robinia pseudoacacia L. ; photosynthetic vitality ; chlorophyll and phenol content ; nutrition supply ; dry matter yield ; land reclamation ; spring pruning ; year-long pruning ; branching ; angle diversion of sprout ; dry matter losses ; poplar wood chips ; laboratory scale ; cultivable saproxylic microbiota ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAL Forestry & related industries
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Energy is an important material basis that can promote the development of human society. Despite the increasing use of renewable energy, the overall energy supply is dominated by fossil fuels. For a long period of time, the main consumption proportion of fossil energy will not change. With the perspective of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, shale oil, shale gas, and combustible ice, energy exploration, reservoir reconstruction, and intelligent applications in energy exploitation and energy occurrence geology are currently explored from the perspectives of exploration and exploitation technology. This reprint summarizes the intelligent unmanned mining and its development trends and conducts various research studies, including the stratigraphic correlation of sandy conglomerate in the Yellow River Delta Sag of the Bohai Bay basin, the growth and distribution of coal-measured hydrocarbon source rocks in a mixed platform, the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone, mudstone and granite in the geological environment of deep energy reservoirs, the formation mechanism of energy reservoirs and gas reservoirs, the two-phase flow experiment and numerical simulation in energy mining, the evolution law of cracks in the surrounding rock and the reinforcement principle of gradient support, and the comparison of particle pickup by axial flow and swirling flow in horizontal pneumatic conveying.
    Keywords: intelligent mine ; smart mining ; intelligent working face ; intelligent control ; adaptive ; robotic technology ; seismic rock physics ; sandstone and mudstone ; P-wave and S-wave velocity ; pressure ; temperature ; sandy conglomerate ; Huanghekou Sag ; stratigraphic correlation ; calcite U-Pb dating ; detrital zircon ; pressure-controlled pyrolysis ; oil–water separation ; centrifugal force ; two-phase vapor separation ; cyclone separation ; Tarim Basin ; mixed platform ; delta ; coal-measure distribution ; coal-measure logging response ; axial flow ; swirling flow ; pickup behavior ; coefficient of variation ; tight sandstone gas reservoir ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; fracture ; water blocking ; n/a ; rock mechanical properties ; MMTS ; geothermal development ; geothermal reservoir ; different depth of occurrence ; gas storage ; injection production simulation ; effective permeability ; seepage law ; two-dimensional simulation experiment ; fracture evolution law ; fractured seepage zone ; gradient failure support ; hierarchical control mechanism ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book is a collection of recent publications from researchers all over the globe in the broad area of high-voltage engineering. The presented research papers cover both experimental and simulation studies, with a focus on topics related to insulation monitoring using state-of-the-art sensors and advanced machine learning algorithms. Special attention was given in the Special Issue to partial discharge monitoring as one of the most important techniques in insulation condition assessment. Moreover, this Special Issue contains several articles which focus on different modeling techniques that help researchers to better evaluate the condition of insulation systems. Different power system assets are addressed in this book, including transformers, outdoor insulators, underground cables, and gas-insulated substations.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; artificial neural network ; simulation ; high-frequency ; artificial flashover tests ; wide bandgap power modules ; tracking ; electrical field strength ; fast-rise square wave voltages ; FDTD simulation ; cable joint ; corona discharge ; feature selection ; post insulator ; earthing systems ; wind speed ; surface discharge ; oil/paper insulation ; oil-paper insulation ; high-magnitude currents and impulse polarity ; UFVM ; Tettex 9520 ; electrical tree ; flashover characteristics ; composite insulator ; partial discharge ; numerical modeling ; saline mechanism ; thermal parameters ; space charge density ; seasonal ; ion flow field ; denoising ; DDX 9121b ; temperature ; transformer asset management ; cavity discharge ; space/interface charge ; insulation health index ; heat transfer model ; leakage current ; machine learning ; partial discharges (PD) ; RF signal ; flashover ; high impulse conditions ; grounding electrodes ; generalized finite difference time domain ; curve fitting ; grounding ; plasma discharge ; outdoor insulators ; flashover dynamic model ; wavelet transform ; degradation ; thermal properties ; bipolar charge transport model ; UHF sensor ; cable ; random walk theory ; tracking test setup ; GIL ; pressure ; modelling ; non-uniform pollution between windward and leeward sides ; calibrator ; secondary arc ; polymeric insulation ; optical-UHF integrated detection ; shoreline ; dry band arcing ; photoelectric fusion pattern ; DDX 8003 ; XLPE ; silicone gel ; partial discharge modeling ; electric field analysis ; NSCT ; electrode’s geometry ; gas ; Comsol Multiphysics ; fast-impulses ; laying modes ; ageing ; cable ampacity ; residual resistance formulation ; finite element analysis ; thermal effect ; hydrophobicity ; soil resistivity ; charge simulation method ; short-circuit discharge ; dry band formation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This book is a collection of papers written by leaders in the field of lateralized brain function and behaviour in non-human animals. The papers cover the asymmetry of brain mechanisms and behaviour in a wide range of both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Each paper focuses on one of the following topics: the link between population-level lateralization and social behaviour; the processes in the avian brain that permit one brain hemisphere to take control of behaviour; lateralized attention to predators and the common pattern of lateralization in vertebrate species; visual and auditory lateralization; influences that alter the development of lateralization—specifically, the effect of temperature on the development of lateralization in sharks; and the importance of understanding lateralization when considering both the training and welfare of dogs. Collectively, these studies address questions of why different species have asymmetry of brain and behaviour, how it develops, and how this is dealt with by these different species. The papers report on the lateralization of different types of behaviour, each going beyond merely reporting the presence of asymmetry and shedding light on its function and on the mechanisms involved in its expression.
    Keywords: BF1-990 ; spider monkey ; zebra finch ; starlings ; frequency-dependent selection ; monocular viewing ; welfare ; climate change ; song ; development ; social behavior ; social interactions ; physiology ; predator inspection ; scale-eater ; vision ; reaction time ; cross-predation ; auditory perception ; dog ; eye preference ; brain asymmetry ; asymmetry of brain function ; paw preference ; songbirds ; shelter ; hemisphere differences ; hemispheric interactions ; population-level ; birds ; color discrimination ; laterality ; general pattern of lateralisation ; lateralised behaviour ; individual-level ; lateral dimorphism ; temperature ; social interaction ; behavior ; ESS ; social networks ; evolution ; Campbell’s monkeys ; hemispheric specialisation ; lateralization ; elasmobranchs ; Perissodus ; attention ; risk ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Concerns have been raised with respect to the state of high-altitude and high-latitude treelines, as they are anticipated to undergo considerable modifications due to global changes, and especially due to climate warming. As high-elevation treelines are temperature-limited vegetation boundaries, they are considered to be sensitive to climate warming. As a consequence, in this future, warmer environment, an upward migration of treelines is expected because low air and root-zone temperatures constrain their regeneration and growth. Despite the ubiquity of climate warming, treeline advancement is not a worldwide phenomenon: some treelines have been advancing rapidly, others have responded sluggishly or have remained stable. This variation in responses is attributed to the potential interaction of a continuum of site-related factors that may lead to the occurrence of locally conditioned temperature patterns. Competition amongst species and below-ground resources have been suggested as additional factors explaining the variability in the movement of treelines. This Special Issue (book) is dedicated to the discussion of treeline responses to changing environmental conditions in different areas around the globe.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; tree seedling recruitment ; shrubline ; light quality ; higher altitude ; precipitation ; experimental rain exclusion ; Pinus cembra ; Changbai Mountain ; treeline dynamics ; fungal ecology ; thermal continentality ; tree regeneration ; elevational transect ; monitoring ; conifer shrub ; plant water availability ; permafrost ; foehn winds ; treeline ; Holocene ; nitrogen cycling ; carotenoids ; timberline ; 15N natural abundance ; spectrometer ; basal area increment ; palynology ; xylem embolism ; diversity ; elevational treeline ; European Alps ; temperature ; tree line ; winter stress ; photosynthetic pigments ; Pinus sibirica ; westerly winds ; relative air humidity ; ecosystem manipulation ; Larix decidua ; microsite ; polar treeline ; Central Austrian Alps ; Switzerland ; multi-stemmed growth form ; conifers ; forest edge ; history of treeline research ; soil drought ; dendroclimatology ; knowledge engineering ; Rocky Mountains ; apical control ; cloud ; postglacial ; alpine timberline ; space-for-time substitution ; climate change ; expert elicitation ; shoot elongation ; pit aspiration ; climate warming ; climate zone ; alpine treeline ; refilling ; Abies sibirica ; growth trend ; western Montana ; light quantity ; Picea abies ; Mediterranean climate ; forest climatology ; altitude ; environmental stress ; sub-Antarctic ; Erman’s birch ; photoinhibition ; tocopherol ; elevational gradients ; NDVI ; long-term trends ; sap flow ; peat ; tree seedlings ; Southern Ocean ; chlorophyll ; non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) ; drought ; upward advance ; remote sensing data ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The book begins with an investigation of improved diesel generator flexibility and coordination via low-load diesel applications. Case studies for Australia and Hawaii are presented to conclude that low-load diesel is a natural precursor to storage due to its accessibility and also benefits low and high-penetration isolated power systems. The book continues with Structural Equation Modelling of building occupants attitude, knowledge and behaviour to propose the inclusion of motivational factors in a Building Occupant Environmental Behaviour model for sustainable building energy performance. The following section presents an analysis of different levels of renewable energy integration and energy storage to suggest the most suitable in terms of the reduction of CO2 emissions and expected earnings from a lower LCOE. Further on, a proof-of-concept heat pipe technology for passive cooling to improve the performance of photovoltaic panels in the hot climate of Oman is presented using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The application of an uncontrolled diode rectifier-high voltage direct current transmission system for the Jeju Island power system with an off-shore new wind farm is simulated to demonstrate cost reduction and increased reliability and stability. The book concludes with view factor computations of bifacial solar photovoltaic based on the finite element method using two programming languages to demonstrate that Python offers a better platform than Microsoft Excel-Visual Basic for Applications where computation time is a significant modelling challenge.
    Keywords: building energy exchange ; view factor ; Python programming language ; bifacial solar photovoltaic (PV) ; diode rectifier ; HVDC ; Jeju Island power system ; offshore wind farm ; CFD ; heat pipe ; temperature ; photovoltaic ; spanwise ; wind energy ; storage ; islanded systems ; energy consumption ; Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), occupant environmental attitude ; Knowledge and Behaviour ; battery storage ; hybrid power system ; low-load diesel ; microgrid ; remote area ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; optical sensor ; spectral analysis ; response surface sampling ; sensor evaluation ; electromagnetic induction ; multivariate water quality parameters ; mandarin orange ; crop inspection platform ; SPA-MLR ; object tracking ; feature selection ; simultaneous measurement ; diseases ; genetic algorithms ; processing of sensed data ; electrochemical sensors ; thermal image ; ECa-directed soil sampling ; handheld ; recognition patterns ; salt concentration ; clover-grass ; bovine embedded hardware ; weed control ; soil ; field crops ; vineyard ; connected dominating set ; water depth sensors ; SS-OCT ; wheat ; striped stem-borer ; silage ; geostatistics ; detection ; NIR hyperspectral imaging ; electronic nose ; machine learning ; virtual organizations of agents ; packing density ; data validation and calibration ; dataset ; Wi-SUN ; temperature sensors ; geoinformatics ; gas sensor ; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ; vegetable oil ; photograph-grid method ; Vitis vinifera ; WSN distribution algorithms ; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; irrigation ; quality assessment ; energy efficiency ; wireless sensor network (WSN) ; geo-information ; Fusarium ; texture features ; weeds ; discrimination ; big data ; soil moisture sensors ; meat spoilage ; land cover ; stereo imaging ; near infrared sensors ; biological sensing ; compound sensor ; pest management ; moisture ; plant localization ; heavy metal contamination ; artificial neural networks ; spectral pre-processing ; moisture content ; apparent soil electrical conductivity ; data fusion ; semi-arid regions ; smart irrigation ; back propagation model ; wireless sensor network ; energy balance ; light-beam ; fluorescent measurement ; agriculture ; precision agriculture ; deep learning ; spectroscopy ; hulled barely ; dielectric probe ; RPAS ; water supply network ; rice leaves ; mobile app ; gradient boosted machines ; hyperspectral camera ; one-class ; nitrogen ; LiDAR ; total carbon ; chemometrics analysis ; rice ; agricultural land ; on-line vis-NIR measurement ; CARS ; obstacle detection ; stratification ; neural networks ; regression estimator ; Kinect ; proximity sensing ; distributed systems ; pest ; noninvasive detection ; texture feature ; soil mapping ; classification ; soil salinity ; visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ; germination ; computer vision ; hyperspectral imaging ; diffusion ; dielectric dispersion ; UAS ; random forests ; case studies ; total nitrogen ; thermal imaging ; cameras ; dry matter composition ; near-infrared ; salt tolerance ; deep convolutional neural networks ; soil type classification ; water management ; preprocessing methods ; wireless sensor networks (WSN) ; remote sensing image classification ; precision plant protection ; radar ; spatial variability ; GF-1 satellite ; plant disease ; naked barley ; leaf area index ; CIE-Lab ; change of support ; radiative transfer model ; 3D reconstruction ; plant phenotyping ; vine ; near infrared ; vegetation indices ; remote sensing ; greenhouse ; time-series data ; scattering ; sensor ; crop area ; speckle ; spatial data ; grapevine breeding ; wide field view ; partial least squares-discriminant analysis ; spiking ; area frame sampling ; chromium content ; machine-learning ; RGB-D sensor ; pest scouting ; PLS ; Capsicum annuum ; spatial-temporal model ; drying temperature ; boron tolerance ; ambient intelligence ; laser wavelength ; fuzzy logic ; dynamic weight ; landslide ; management zones ; real-time processing ; event detection ; crop monitoring ; apple shelf-life ; rice field monitoring ; wireless sensor ; birth sensor ; proximal sensor ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Greenhouse cultivation provides an artificially controlled environment for the year-round production of vegetables, and has played an increasingly important role in agriculture production systems in recent decades. Recent works have shown that improving greenhouse conditions can promote the growth of vegetables and enhance the uptake of nutrients, leading to better vegetable quality. Meanwhile, greenhouse conditions not only directly influence soil nutrient cycling processes and properties, but also indirectly affect them by regulating vegetable root growth and plant–soil interactions. This Special Issue features twelve original research articles that deal with the effects of novel greenhouse practices and strategies on the yield and quality of horticulture crops, as well as greenhouse soil properties. Among these publications, three studied the effects of fertilizers, including organic and macro- and micro-nutrient fertilizers, on the growth and nutrient uptake of vegetables. Two articles described the effects of water and nutrient supply using irrigation or hydroponic supplying systems on the yield and quality of vegetables. Four articles investigated the effects of environmental conditions (mainly light and temperature) on the growth and quality of vegetables. In terms of degenerated greenhouse soil, three articles showed how reductive soil disinfestation decreased soil salinity, improved soil quality, and inactivated soil-borne pathogens.
    Keywords: daily light integral ; cucumber seedling ; seedling quality ; flower development ; boron ; application methods ; growth ; fruit quality ; tomato ; protected greenhouse ; soilless culture ; poultry manure ; yield enhancement ; cucumber ; univariate analysis ; multivariate analysis ; nutrient uptake ; sweet onion ; nerokremmydo ; aeroponic ; floating ; nutrient film technique ; bulb ; application rate ; nitrate ; organic acid ; soil-borne pathogens ; soil pH ; sulfate ; growth rate ; root morphology ; ammonium to nitrate ratio ; nutrient solution composition ; nitrogen efficiency ; net assimilation rate (NAR) ; leaf nitrogen ; fruit temperature ; dry matter ; chlorophyll ; microbial activity ; organic fertilizer ; plastic shed cultivation system ; reductive soil disinfestation ; soil quality ; aromatic substances ; carbon exportation ; flavor quality ; nutrient and function indicator ; overall appearance ; microbial community ; microbial function ; co-occurrence network ; soil ecosystem ; alternate drip irrigation under mulch ; water ; zeolite amount ; tomato growth ; water use efficiency ; principal component ; solar radiation ; humidity ; temperature ; irrigation water use efficiency ; yield ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This book focuses on recent advances in plasma technology and its application to metals, alloys, and related materials. Surface modifications, material syntheses, cutting and surface coatings are performed using low-pressure plasma or atmospheric-pressure plasma. The contributions of this book include the discussion of a wide scope of plasma technologies applied to materials. Plasma is a versatile tool that can be applied in many types of material processing. New material processing applications of plasmas and new plasma technologies are being developed rapidly. We hope that this book can contribute new knowledge to the plasma material research society.
    Keywords: cathodic plasma electrolysis deposition ; Al2O3 coating ; oxidation ; solution surface tension ; nitrogen plasma ; Ga droplet ; GaN nanodot ; transmission electron microscopy ; wurtzite ; Zinc-blende ; plasma cutting ; cut heat affected zone ; mini-tensile test ; steel plate ; residual stress ; atmospheric pressure plasma jet ; platinum ; tin oxide ; dye-sensitized solar cells ; chloroplatinic acid ; tin chloride ; self-lubricating ; composite coating ; titanium ; plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) ; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ; plasma nitriding ; atmospheric-pressure plasma ; nitrogen dose amount ; hydrogen fraction ; void ; Ti6Al4V lattice structure ; Ag-doped TiO2 anatase ; spark plasma sintering ; selective laser melting ; additive manufacturing ; antibacterial and photoactivity applications ; aluminum ; surface ; plasma ; nitrogen ; postdischarge ; atmospheric pressure ; wettability ; organic-inorganic halide perovskite ; air plasma ; plasma treatment ; optoelectronic properties ; morphology ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Transportation is one of the most crucial aspects across the world, supporting the daily life of human beings and the sustainable development of the whole of society. Generally, meteorology causes various impacts on transportation operation, safety and efficiency. In the context of global warming, increasing numbers of extreme weather and climate events (such as fog, icy roads, and extreme winds) have been detected worldwide and are expected to occur more frequently in the future. Meanwhile, extreme events, such as dense fog, rainstorm, and blizzard, tend to damage transportation and traffic facilities (such as express ways, port, airport, and high-speed railway) and induce serious traffic blocks and accidents. In recent decades, concentrated and continuous efforts have been made to carry out meteorological analyses regardless of urban traffic or transportation conditions, including those of highways, shipping, aviation, etc. A number of methods and techniques have been intensively developed to promote the qualities of both observations and forecasts. More recently, state-of-the-art machine learning frameworks have also been widely introduced into studies regarding transportation meteorology and many other fields.
    Keywords: transportation meteorology ; pavement temperature prediction ; deep learning ; BiLSTM ; attention mechanisms ; winter icing ; air pollution ; traffic vitality ; built environment ; spatial correlation ; spatial lag model ; phone signaling data ; air quality ; behavioral habits ; activity density ; population distribution ; land use mix ; wind forecast ; error decomposition ; bias ; distribution ; sequence ; urban meteorology ; observation ; forecast ; early warning ; review ; China ; low-level wind shear ; ensemble learning classifiers ; Bayesian optimization ; SHapley Additive exPlanations ; wind shear ; go-around ; machine learning ; dynamic ensemble selection ; civil aviation safety ; pilot reports ; self-paced ensemble ; Shapley additive explanations ; climate change ; climatology ; sea ice ; marginal sea ; East Asia ; time-series modeling ; pavement temperature ; nowcasting ; variation characteristics ; forecast validation ; relative humidity ; microwave radiometer data ; total rainfall ; precipitation duration ; vertical distribution ; Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region ; rail breakage ; frequency ; high-speed railway ; Siberian high ; teleconnection ; temperature ; Qinling mountains ; rainfall ; change characteristics ; geographical factors ; highways ; road blockage ; fuzzy analytic hierarchy process ; CRITIC weight assignment method ; road network vulnerability ; spatiotemporal distribution ; precipitation forecast ; ConvLSTM ; PredRNN ; expressway ; agglomerate fog ; risk level prediction of fog-related accidents ; meteorological conditions ; road hidden dangers ; traffic flow conditions ; visibility ; Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea ; observation data ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The overall energy sector calls for a transformation from a fossil-based system to a low-carbon one. At a technology level, significant efforts have been made to provide energy solutions that contribute to a sustainable energy system. However, the actual suitability of these solutions is often not checked. In this sense, the assessment of energy systems from a life-cycle perspective is of paramount importance when it comes to effectively planning the energy sector. While environmental issues are commonly addressed through the use of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the comprehensive evaluation of the economic and social aspects of energy systems often remains ignored or underdeveloped. This book consists of a set of scientific works addressing the analysis of energy systems from a (life-cycle) technical, economic, environmental and/or social standpoint. Case studies at and beyond the technology level are included, some of them involving a combination of life cycle and non-life cycle approaches for the thorough evaluation of energy systems under the umbrella of sustainability.
    Keywords: zinc (Zn) ; electrowinning (EW) ; activated Carbons (ACs) ; adsorbate ; liquid phase space velocity (LHSV) ; temperature ; bioeconomy ; life cycle assessment ; multi-criteria decision analysis ; sustainability ; thermal energy ; wood ; LCC optimization ; building energy simulation ; energy system optimization ; energy renovation ; historic building district ; district heating system ; biobutanol ; clean combustion ; Scilab simulations ; SimaPro ; CO2 emission ; fuel production management ; environmental impact ; non-edible resources for biofuel production ; GIS ; concentrated solar power ; solar thermochemistry ; life-cycle costs ; cost supply ; geographical potential ; sustainable ; alternative ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Predation and scavenging are pervasive ecological interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The ecology, evolution and conservation of predators and scavengers have received wide scientific attention and public awareness. However, the close connection that exists between predation and scavenging has not been emphasized until very recently. The recognition that carnivorous animals may obtain meat by either hunting prey or scavenging their carcasses has profound implications from individual behavior to population, community and ecosystem levels. However, many relevant questions still remain unexplored. This book deals with some of these questions, with the final aim to definitively dismiss the traditional view that predation and scavenging are disconnected ecological processes. This compendium of science may help to inspire ecologists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, forensic scientists, anatomists, and, of course, conservation biologists in their stimulating and promising endeavor of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of carnivory in a rapidly changing world.
    Keywords: caching ; Capreolus capreolus ; carrion ; Eurasian lynx ; Lynx lynx ; Norway ; predation ; roe deer ; scavenging ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; nutrient recycling ; trophic cascade ; apex predators ; bear ; interspecific interactions ; moose ; wolf ; birds of prey ; foraging ; predators ; scavengers ; vision ; carcass ; confrontational scavenging ; disease risk ; facultative scavenger ; landscape of peril ; marine ecosystems ; parasite risk ; predator risk ; terrestrial ecosystems ; anthropogenic food ; diet ; urban habitats ; ecological functions ; carnivorous ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: The title of the current Special Issue, “Feature Papers in Materials Simulation and Design”, has identified the aims of this collection since its opening: the gathering of research works and comprehensive review papers that advance the understanding and prediction of material behavior at different scales, from atomistic to macroscopic, through innovative modeling and simulation.In this context, interdisciplinary researches that tackled challenging and complex material problems where the governing phenomena might span different scales of material behavior, with an emphasis on the development of quantitative approaches to explain and predict experimental observations, have been collected. Similarly, particular attention has been given to homogenization techniques for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of new materials and multi-phase composites. Innovative numerical approaches for the mechanical analysis, highlighting their accuracy, reliability, and stability features, have been also welcomed. Significant space has been also given to advanced and sustainable technologies. From the aforementioned topics, it is evident that this Special Issue represents the ideal forum for disseminating excellent research findings, as well as sharing innovative ideas in this significant field.Throughout the several months of activity, this Special Issue has been able to attract much interesting research. Its success is proven by the sixteen papers collected and published.
    Keywords: die height ; biomass compaction ; relaxation coefficient ; briquette density ; logging residues ; mechanical engineering ; scale opening mechanics ; seed extraction ; morphological structure ; numerical simulation ; computational fluid dynamics ; OpenFOAM ; cementitious materials ; Bingham rheology ; pumping ; reliability ; pentagon-based 2D material ; thermal conductivity ; thermoelectric properties ; anharmonicity ; additive manufacturing ; fused deposition modeling ; lattice structures ; TPU ; layering ; zirconia ceramics ; brittle medium ; porosity ; Kolsky method ; compressibility ; strength ; fracture ; stress growth rate ; light-harvesting ; water splitting ; photoferroics ; high-throughput screening ; Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites ; high-pressure water jet ; high-pressure water-ice jet ; paint coating ; geometric structure of the surface ; base ; surface efficiency of the process ; renovation ; acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ; artificial neural networks ; dynamic mechanical properties ; Particle Swarm Optimization ; green composite ; bumper beam ; numerical modeling ; energy absorption ; natural fibers ; axial vibration ; short-fiber-reinforced ; Fourier series ; nonlocal elasticity ; thin-walled ; FEM ; thermal buckling analysis ; tungsten trioxide ; graphene oxide ; photocatalysis ; nanocomposite ; composite laminate ; mode-II delamination ; R-curve ; temperature ; cohesive law ; nonlinear hyperelastic material ; viscoelasticity ; semi-analytical polynomial method ; large deformation ; finite element method ; numerical methods ; thin shells ; variable-stiffness structures ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This Special Issue is designed to celebrate the founding of the open-access journal Oceans and is focused on presenting new ideas and advances at the cutting edge of ocean science. The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to: ocean geosciences, physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology; ocean ecosystem services and sustainable ocean resource use; and ocean operations and engineering. The fifteen articles published in this Special Issue focus on diverse areas of oceanography, including ocean ecology and biology, ocean geosciences, ocean climate and meteorology, ocean circulation, ocean chemistry and biogeochemistry, ocean resources (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture, and mining), ocean engineering, ocean modeling and ocean governance.
    Keywords: SIDS ; UN Member States ; sustainable development goal 14 ; SAMOA pathway ; capacity building ; scientific infrastructure ; IAEA ; ocean challenges ; nuclear and isotopic techniques ; ecology ; oceanography ; Portugal ; abundance rate ; nursery ; common dolphin ; Delphinus delphis ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; time series ; regime shift ; climate ; nutrients ; composite ; delamination ; seawater ; immersion ; ageing ; Black Sea ; biogeochemical modelling ; seasonal phytoplankton and inter-annual variation ; capture–recapture ; Cayman Islands ; Seychelles ; monitoring ; endangered species ; maximum number of individuals ; photo-identification ; mark-recapture ; movement ecology ; phosphorus ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphate ; pyrophosphatase activity ; seaweed ; Ulva ; ras al hadd oceanic dipole ; arabian sea ; cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies ; altimetric data ; angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm (AMEDA) ; HYCOM model ; ARGO floats ; carbon cycle ; tropical Atlantic ; dissolved inorganic carbon ; alkalinity ; Demerara Rise ; millennial-scale variability ; Late Quaternary paleoclimate ; seafloor mapping ; vulnerable deep-sea habitats ; deep-sea corals ; chemosynthesis-based communities ; vulnerable marine ecosystem ; Atlantic Ocean ; seismic faults ; slope instabilities ; submarine volcanism ; fluid-flow processes ; bottom currents ; tsunamis ; canyon heads ; tectonic indentation ; multidisciplinary approach ; carbon ; eutrophic ; Hiroshima Bay ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; sediment ; ocean forecasting ; reflexivity ; fisheries ; harmful algal blooms ; coupled natural-human systems ; Anthropocene ocean ; shark ; luminescence ; Etmopteridae ; Dalatiidae ; Somniosidae ; photophore ; hormonal control ; counter-illumination ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This reprint covers topics on geographical scale of glacier and lake ice variations, as well as the engineering scale of ice properties and their practical applications via laboratory tests and numerical modeling.
    Keywords: level ice ; ice resistance ; probability distribution ; polar ship ; circumferential crack method ; ice phenology ; Eurasia ; analytical model ; climate ; altitude ; spatial statistics ; glacier resources ; glacier inventory ; climate change ; topography ; Xinjiang ; polar ships ; propeller ; ice blockage ; cavitation effect ; EFD-CFD ; Manas river basin ; Kaidu river basin ; glacier mass balance ; Geographical detector ; attribution analysis ; arctic oil and gas resources ; Kulluk platform ; mooring system ; ice load ; ice-structure interaction ; sea ice ; fresh-water ice ; parametrization scheme ; melting rate ; laboratory study ; unmanned aerial vehicles ; SIFT algorithm ; brutal force matching ; RANSAC algorithm ; ice velocity ; blasting under ice ; dynamic simulation ; blasting volume ; parameter analysis ; collaborative bearing capacity ; analytic hierarchy process ; SD model ; simulation prediction ; Ulan Suhai Lake ; lake ; wetlands ; optical satellite data ; cloud ; Wuliangsu Lake ; ship ice accumulation ; sea spray ; marine structures ; SPH-FEM coupling method ; distilled water ice ; uniaxial compressive strength ; growth temperature of ice ; strain rate ; grain size ; ice core ; fabric ; microstructure ; glacial shear margin ; Dalk Glacier ; river ice ; thickness ; GPR ; temperature ; Yellow River ; water resources from melted glaciers ; lake ice phenology ; ice properties ; ice engineering ; ecosystem under lake ice ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Fruits and vegetables are important sources of nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, and provide many health benefits. However, due to non-optimal post-harvest management, large quantities of fresh or fresh-cut fruits and vegetables experience a decline in their quality and nutritional value before they reach the consumer. This Special Issue covers technologies for the harvesting, handling, and storage of vegetables, including storage strategies such as active packaging, edible coatings, the application of nanotechnology in the post-harvest of vegetable crops, and others, with the aim of improving the shelf-life of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables.
    Keywords: fresh walnut ; total phenols ; frozen storage ; fatty acid ; antioxidant enzyme ; fruit storage ; antioxidant capacity ; phenolic compounds ; gene expression ; Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ; Sabrosa ; ripening stage ; headspace solid phase microextraction (HS SPME GC/MS) ; HPLC-MS/MS principal component analysis ; fresh-cut cauliflower ; storage period ; calcium chloride ; temperature ; factor analysis ; quality ; table grapes ; optimal harvesting ; technological maturity ; phenolic maturity ; non-destructive tools ; Multiplex® 3 ; pectin-based coating ; quality attributes ; fresh-cut carrot ; respiratory activity ; carotenoids and phenolic compounds ; lemon byproduct ; antioxidant ; e-nose ; ATR-FTIR ; image analysis ; multivariate analysis ; Barhi dates ; Phoenix dactylifera ; chitosan ; orange peel ; olive cake ; coating ; scanning electron microscopy ; surface structure ; antifungal active packaging ; raspberry ; green tea extract ; rosemary extract ; citrus ; intelligent logistics ; modeling ; orange ; postharvest ; chilling injury ; storage ; melatonin ; 1-MCP ; oregano ; vacuum packaging ; Allium cepa ; Rhus coriaria ; refrigeration ; mango fruit ; melatonin treatment ; cold storage ; decay ; physiological and metabolic processes ; goji berries ; shelf-life ; postharvest quality ; sensorial attributes ; freshness ; active packaging ; cold plasma ; dipping ; E-nose ; high hydrostatic pressure ; innovative postharvest technologies ; pulsed electric field ; vacuum impregnation ; near-infrared spectroscopy ; Pleurotus eryngii ; king oyster mushroom ; quality influential factors ; preservation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: Using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to exploit data has been found in a wide variety of applications. This reprint book only presents a small glimpse of it. Many other important applications using HSI which have emerged in data exploitation are not covered in this reprint book. For example, such applications may include water pollution and toxic waste in environmental monitoring, pesticide residual detection in food safety and inspection, plant and crop disease detection in agriculture, tumor detection and breast cancer detection in medical imaging, drug traffic in law enforcement, etc. Nevertheless, this reprint book provides many techniques which may find their ways in these applications as well.
    Keywords: hyperspectral image few-shot classification ; deep learning ; meta-learning ; relation network ; convolutional neural network ; constrained-target optimal index factor band selection (CTOIFBS) ; hyperspectral image ; underwater spectral imaging system ; underwater hyperspectral target detection ; band selection (BS) ; constrained energy minimization (CEM) ; lightweight convolutional neural networks ; hyperspectral imagery classification ; transfer learning ; air temperature ; spatial measurement ; FTIR ; MWIR ; carbon dioxide absorption ; target detection ; coffee beans ; insect damage ; hyperspectral imaging ; band selection ; visualization ; color formation models ; multispectral image ; image fusion ; joint tensor decomposition ; anomaly detection ; constrained sparse representation ; hyperspectral imagery ; moving target detection ; spatio-temporal processing ; hyperspectral remote sensing ; image classification ; constraint representation ; superpixel segmentation ; multiscale decision fusion ; plug-and-play ; denoising ; nonlinear unmixing ; spectral reconstruction ; residual augmented attentional u-shape network ; spatial augmented attention ; channel augmented attention ; boundary-aware constraint ; atmospheric transmittance ; temperature ; emissivity ; separation ; midwave infrared ; hyperspectral images ; hyperspectral image super-resolution ; data fusion ; spectral-spatial residual network ; self-supervised training ; hyperspectral ; vegetation ; generative adversarial network ; data augmentation ; classification ; rice leaf blast ; hyperspectral imaging data ; deep convolutional neural networks ; fused features ; evolutionary computation ; heuristic algorithms ; machine learning ; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) ; vegetation mapping ; upland swamps ; mine environment ; rice ; rice leaf folder ; hyperspectral image classification ; change detection ; self-supervised learning ; attention mechanism ; multi-source image fusion ; SFIM ; least square estimation ; spatial filter ; hyperspectral imaging (HSI) ; hyperspectral target detection ; hyperspectral reconstruction ; hyperspectral unmixing ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Various types of metallic and composite structures are used in modern engineering practice. For aerospace, car industry, and civil engineering applications, the most important are thin-walled structures made of di erent types of metallic alloys, brous composites, laminates, and multifunctional materials with a more complicated geometry of reinforcement including nanoparticles or nano bres. The current applications in modern engineering require analysis of structures of various properties, shapes, and sizes (e.g., aircraft wings) including structural hybrid joints, subjected to di erent types of loadings, including quasi-static, dynamic, cyclic, thermal, impact, penetration, etc.The advanced metallic and composite structures should satisfy multiple structural functions during operating conditions. Structural functions include mechanical properties such as strength, sti ness, damage resistance, fracture toughness, and damping. Non-structural functions include electrical and thermal conductivities, sensing, actuation, energy harvesting, self-healing capability, electromagnetic shielding, etc.The aim of this SI is to understand the basic principles of damage growth and fracture processes in advanced metallic and composite structures that also include structural joints. Presently, it is widely recognized that important macroscopic properties, such as macroscopic sti ness and strength, are governed by processes that occur at one to several scales below the level of observation. A thorough understanding of how these processes influence the reduction of sti ffness and strength forms the key to the design of improved innovative structural elements and the analysis of existing ones.
    Keywords: steel–concrete composite bridge ; I-shaped beam ; concrete creep ; temperature ; prediction ; experiment ; through-beam joint ; concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns ; reinforced concrete (RC) ; axial compressive behaviour ; steel mesh ; local compression ; confined concrete ; height factor ; curved steel–concrete composite box beam ; two-node finite beam element with 26 DOFs ; long-term behavior ; age-adjusted effective modulus method ; C-section ; TH-section ; distortional mode ; medium length ; interactive buckling ; compression ; Koiter’s theory ; FEM ; dynamic pulse buckling ; composite stanchion ; FE analysis ; nonlinear analysis ; crashworthiness ; modulus of elasticity ; pine wood ; wood defects ; knots ; laboratory tests ; beams ; glued laminated timber ; ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) ; minicomposite ; tensile ; damage ; fracture ; timber ; natural composite ; Kolsky method ; deformation diagrams ; wood species ; energy absorption ; wood model ; verification ; nonlinear stability ; square plate ; shear forces ; components of transverse forces in bending ; membrane components of transverse forces ; 4 methods (CPT, FSDT, S-FSDT, FEM) ; connection ; test ; bolt ; steel plate ; moisture content ; failure ; AlCrN ; arc current ; structure ; hardness ; adhesion ; wear ; turbine jet engine ; material tests ; ember-resistant alloys ; wood ; cohesive law ; digital image correlation ; fracture mechanics ; mixed mode I+II loading ; dual adhesive ; single lap joints ; numerical modeling ; artificial neural networks ; sandwich panels with corrugated channel core ; 3D-printed sandwich ; bending response ; mechanism maps ; geometrical optimization ; dislocation–boundary interaction ; dislocation–interface interaction ; deformation twin-boundary interaction ; size effect ; boundary structure ; boundary strengthening ; characterization techniques ; adhesive joint ; adhesive bond strength ; adhesive layer thickness ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: In the treatment of acute stroke, thrombolysis and thrombectomy have proven to be highly effective. Many patients have seen significant improvement after reperfusion therapy. This reprint aims to address current knowledge gaps and promote advancements in the use of thrombolysis and thrombectomy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
    Keywords: ischemic stroke ; acute kidney injury ; contrast media ; endovascular treatment ; outcome ; hyperglycemia ; acute ischemic stroke ; large vessel occlusion ; mechanical thrombectomy ; stroke ; ischemia ; machine learning ; cerebral infarction ; biomarkers ; recanalization therapy ; reperfusion ; temperature ; time to admission ; prehospital delay ; prior stroke ; basilar artery ; brain ischemia ; intracranial atherosclerosis ; embolism ; infarction ; clinical symptoms ; intravenous thrombolysis ; endovascular therapy ; recanalization times ; clinical outcome ; hypoperfusion index ratio ; collateral circulation ; collateral scoring ; CTA ; CTP ; thrombolysis ; C-reactive protein ; white blood cell count ; prognosis ; hypoperfusion ; collaterality ; thrombectomy ; frailty ; elderly patients ; hospital frailty risk score ; acute stroke ; perfusion imaging ; CT perfusion ; MR perfusion ; RAPID ; fasting hyperglycemia ; fasting normoglycemia ; long-term outcome ; hemorrhagic transformation ; parenchymal hematoma ; GWAS ; single nucleotide variants ; anterior circulation ; bridging therapy ; recanalization ; stroke risk score ; COVID-19 ; Lithuania ; reperfusion therapies ; outcomes ; safety ; prehospital stroke diagnosis ; ultrasound ; brain perfusion ; SONAS® ; prehospital stroke scales ; point-of-care diagnostics ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The 15th Estuarine and Coastal Modeling Conference provides a venue for commercial, academic, and government scientists and engineers from around the world to present and discuss the latest results and techniques in applied estuarine and coastal modeling. Prospective authors are invited to submit papers on a wide range of topic areas, including:• Pollutant Transport and Water Quality Prediction• Coastal Response to Climate Change• Modeling Techniques and Sensitivity Studies• Model Assessment• Modeling Specific Estuarine and Coastal Systems• Visualization and Analysis• Wave and Sediment Transport Modeling• Modeling of Chemicals and Floatables• Oil Spill Transport and Fate Modeling• Inverse Methods• Circulation Modeling• Facility Siting and CSO Studies• Data Assimilation• Nowcast/Forecast Modeling Systems• Modeling Systems with Strong Buoyancy Forcing• Modeling of Coupled Systems• Risk Analysis (Nuclear Reactors, Flood Forecasting)
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; water level ; stratification ; Chatham Sound ; wave hindcast ; water level time series ; marine construction ; storm surge ; VDatum ; NARR ; estuarine modeling ; ecosystem simulation ; CFSR ; Sandusky Bay ; hydrodynamic modeling ; river discharge ; tidal datums ; British Columbia ; geospatial data visualization ; ocean modeling ; operational forecast ; numerical model ; initial dilution zone ; Puget Sound ; anthropogenic impact ; Finite Volume Community Ocean Model ; Salish Sea ; hydrodynamic numerical model ; compound events ; sea level rise ; marine ; Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) ; CE-QUAL-W2 ; CICE ; temperature ; barotropic ; statistical interpolation ; unstructured grid ; wind-driven current ; Salish Sea model ; wave energy ; ADCIRC ; sediment transport ; breakwater ; biophysical modeling ; model calibration ; harbor ; Great Lakes ; multi-level nested-grid modeling ; property-carrying particle model ; spatially varying uncertainty (SVU) ; FVCOM ; phytoplankton ; MIKE21SW ; baroclinic ; tidal currents ; climate change ; operational nowcast and forecast system ; tidal constituent database ; spatially varying uncertainty ; momentum balance ; coastal ocean modeling ; eutrophication ; Hood Canal ; flooding ; coupled models ; environmental assessment ; water quality ; nearshore restoration ; SWAN ; Texas ; H3D ; coastal storm ; floating bridge ; wind forcing ; tidal current ; lateral circulation ; zone of influence ; ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC) ; non-tidal zones ; agriculture ; sediment model ; short-lived radioisotopes ; coastal and estuarine modeling ; Eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENPAC) ; Gulf of Mexico ; cloud computing ; feasibility assessments ; internal tides ; ice modeling ; salinity ; north-east Gulf of Mexico ; data analysis ; Brown Passage ; WaveWatch III ; marine grid population ; channel deepening ; hydrodynamics ; large-wave hindcast ; western Louisiana ; tides ; estuary ; algal growth kinetics ; circulation ; salt wedge ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography
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  • 25
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The majority of carbon stored in the soils of the world is stored in forests. The refractory nature of some portions of forest soil organic matter also provides the slow, gradual release of organic nitrogen and phosphorus to sustain long term forest productivity. Contemporary and future disturbances, such as climatic warming, deforestation, short rotation sylviculture, the invasion of exotic species, and fire, all place strains on the integrity of this homeostatic system of C, N, and P cycling. On the other hand, the CO2 fertilization effect may partially offset losses of soil organic matter, but many have questioned the ability of N and P stocks to sustain the CO2 fertilization effect.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; SD1-669.5 ; polyphenols ; aluminum accumulator ; near natural forest management ; chloroform fumigation extraction ; soil structure ; soil enzymes ; manure pelleting ; microbial biomass ; Oxisol ; biolability ; soil nutrients ; second production cycle ; PLFA ; pyrolysis ; Eucalyptus sp. ; Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation ; carbon ; the Three Gorges Reservoir ; revegetation ; carbon distribution index ; climate change ; seasons ; annual increment average ; topography ; humic substances ; litter N ; soil fertility ; climate zone ; nutrient cycling ; Daxing’an Mountains ; carbon mineralization ; nitrification ; 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) ; organic matter ; throughfall ; forest soil ; dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ; P species ; stoichiometric homeostasis ; dissolved organic matter (DOM) ; soil organic matter fraction ; variable-charge soils ; ammonium ; nitrate ; soil degradation ; soil P fractions ; seasonal trends ; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ; nitrogen dynamics ; net primary productivity ; soil microbial communities ; beech forests ; soil pH ; wood volume ; temperature ; northern temperate ; multilevel models ; Pinus massoniana plantation ; ammonia-oxidizing archaea ; P stock ; stand density ; P resorption efficiency ; forest types ; soil greenhouse gas flux ; enzyme activities ; soil N ; alpine forest ; moisture gradient ; climate ; climatic factors ; soil available phosphorus ; microbial activity ; soil available nitrogen ; leaf N:P ratio ; stemflow ; Chamaecyparis forest ; charcoal ; gross nitrogen transformations ; principal component analyses ; information review ; manuring ; stand age ; tree-DOM ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 26
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Dear Colleagues,All types of biomass, and their waste, comprised one the pillars of the preindustrial,pre-fossil fuel, agriculture-based economies of the past. Traditionalpractices of biomass waste management were applied, but not necessarily in asophisticated and efficient way, and included everything from agricultural activitiesto food production, animal feed, natural fiber separation, and processingof forest wood. The modern bioeconomy sector, however, includes new circulareconomy energy and materials streams of added-value products, such asgaseous, liquid and solid biofuels and bioenergy generation routes, and biocharproduction, along with all the previously mentioned traditional products emergingfrom the bioeconomy.This Special Issue includes some of the latest bioenergy and biochar advancementsand their incorporation into a bioeconomy in transition. It focuses onnature, properties, upgrading, and bioenergy generation processes from all typesof biomass waste and biochars originating from biomass waste. The multidisciplinarityof bioenergy and biochar research is evident throughout the SpecialIssue, highlighting the highly variable and tunable processes involved inbiomass handling, pre-processing, converting to biochar, and recovering energy.Dr. Dimitrios KalderisGuest EditorDr. Vasiliki Skoulouco-Guest Editor
    Keywords: ethanol ; lignocellulosic biomass ; life cycle assessment ; GHG emissions ; political incentives ; economic performance ; amino acid wastes ; biofuels ; microbial lipids ; Rhodosporidium toruloides ; two-stage culture ; fixed bed ; pyrolysis yield ; temperature ; coconut shell ; characterization ; SEM ; Mitigation of CO2-equiv. ; nutrient release ; rice paddy water and soil system ; slow-release fertilizer ; coconut wastes ; bioenergy resource ; pollutant emissions ; calorific value ; biocharing ; microalgae ; anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; respirometric reactors ; APSIM sugarcane model ; energy potential ; marginal land ; sensitivity analysis ; hydrochar ; hydrothermal carbonization ; CiteSpace ; scientometric analysis ; artificial neural network ; fly ash ; biomass combustion ; fluidized bed boilers ; acute phytotoxicity test ; mineral fertilizer ; BCR sequential extraction ; metal speciation ; starch ; biochar ; coffee waste ; polycaprolactone ; bioplastics ; biodegradation ; fermentable sugar ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 27
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: The exposure of animals to environmental stresses (restraint, bad housing conditions, irradiation, pollution, diseases, and heat stress) and endogenous stresses (metabolic and physiological disorders) can seriously disrupt the redox homeostasis, leading to impairments in animals’ health and overall performance. Under these circumstances, the self-antioxidant defense system may not be enough to neutralize ROS effects. In this context, the utilization of an exogenous source of antioxidants, mainly dietary sources, may present an effective and cost-effective solution. There are a plethora of substances, either naturally occurring or synthesized (organic acids, minerals, vitamins, hormones, and specific feed additives originating from plants such as essential oils and polyphenols), known for their antioxidant activity, that can be used to maintain adequate redox status in animals in order to preserve their well-being and/or productivity. This area of research still needs more investigations in order to clearly elucidate the effective antioxidant substances that could be used in practical applications, with an emphasis on their biological mechanisms during different physiological conditions and health statuses. We intend to bring together current research concerning the role of antioxidant substances either from natural sources or those synthesized for improving animal production, reproduction, health, and welfare.
    Keywords: antinutrient ; enzyme ; fermentation ; fiber ; gut health ; microbiota ; meta-analysis ; poultry ; prebiotic ; antioxidants ; growth ; heat stress ; rabbit ; selenium ; spirulina ; zinc ; broiler ; dietary protein level ; phytogenic feed additive ; growth performance ; immune response ; exercise ; endurance ; undenatured type II collagen ; anti-inflammatory ; cardiac injury markers ; oxidative stress ; histopathology ; Bcl-2 ; Bax ; TGF-β1 ; date palm (pollen extract) ; doxorubicin ; nitrocompounds ; nitropropanol ; nitroethanol ; biochemical parameters ; oregano essential oil ; temperature ; sea bass ; cornelian cherry extract ; glucose transporter ; gene expression ; oxidative biomarker ; chicken ; cyclic heat stress ; Spirulina platensis ; redox status ; serum metabolites ; blood hematology ; meat quality ; fipronil ; boswellic acid ; PCNA ; semen ; fertility-related markers ; Oreochromis niloticus ; antioxidant ; hematology ; nitric oxide ; lysozyme ; copper toxicity ; vitamin C ; vitamin E ; hematological parameters ; phytogenic ; phenols ; antimicrobial activity ; immunity ; phenolic antioxidant ; olive oil ; caprine ; spermatozoa ; Bayesian inference ; Duroc breed boars ; biochemistry ; blood parameters ; feeding time ; correlation coefficients ; Turraea fischeri ; polyphenolics ; semen cryopreservation ; sperm ultrastructure ; antioxidant biomarker ; apoptosis ; nano particles ; performance ; blood ; pathogens ; quails ; carcass traits ; blood biochemical constituents ; abdominal fat color ; meat fatty acid profile ; liver histology ; broilers ; Eimeria tenella ; broiler chickens ; oocyst shedding ; volatile fatty acids ; feed efficiency ; cecal health ; active yeast ; antioxidant status ; nutrient density ; trace element ; laying hen performance ; high temperature ; inflammation ; cryopreservation ; tannin ; polyphenols ; semen additives ; carcass ; fructooligosaccharide ; haemato-biochemical parameters ; cecal microbiota ; propolis ; bee pollen ; productive performance ; fertility ; Holstein ; folic acid ; pregnancy ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The MEET Special Issue aims at showing the gains in geothermal energy that can be achieved using a variety of techniques, depending on the geological setting of the underground. Among the list of exploitation concepts, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are particularly interesting, as their application is much less dependent of the underground setting, allowing, in turn, a large geographical deployment and market penetration in Europe. The challenges of EGS are multiple in terms of investment costs, the testing of novel reservoir exploitation approaches with an inherent risk of induced seismicity, and the presence of aggressive geothermal brines, damaging infrastructures. The conversion of oil wells or coproduction of heat or electricity together with oil is also addressed. This Special Issue summarizes the output of the H2020 MEET project based on laboratory experiments, geological field works on high-quality analogues, advanced reservoir modeling, the development of a decision-maker tool for investors and specific demonstration activities, such as chemical stimulation or the innovative monitoring of deep geothermal wells, and the production of electrical power via small-scale binary technology tested in various geological contexts in Europe.
    Keywords: Soultz-Sous-Forêts ; geothermal site ; heat exchanger ; scales ; sulfates ; sulfides ; As and Sb-bearing galena ; crystal growth ; crystal shapes ; fracture network ; Death Valley ; Noble Hills ; power law distribution ; multiscale analysis ; geothermal reservoir characterization ; Noble Hills granite ; Owlshead Mountains granite ; metamorphic grade ; fluid/rock interactions ; newly formed minerals ; element variations ; geothermal reservoir ; deep geothermal energy ; EGS ; Variscan fold-and-thrust belt ; district heating and cooling ; economic indicators ; CO2 abatement cost ; sensitivity analysis ; fracturing processes ; fluid circulation ; granite alteration ; low to moderate regional strain ; blind geothermal system ; compositional anomalies ; hierarchical clustering ; self-organizing maps ; unconventional reservoirs ; geothermal ; OVSP ; well seismic data ; fault ; fracture ; geothermal derisking ; FWI ; numerical modelling ; inversion ; imaging ; permeability ; fluid–rock interactions ; slate ; temperature ; time-dependent ; pressure solution ; dissolution ; Soultz-sous-Forêts ; hydro-thermal modeling ; conversion ; clustering ; upscaling ; heat ; electricity ; scenarios ; LCOE ; LCOH ; NPV ; CO2 emissions ; Upper Rhine Graben ; geothermal brine ; scaling ; metal sulfides ; thermodynamic ; kinetics ; oil ; corrosion ; geology ; stress ; fluid pressure ; Mohr diagrams ; fracturing ; greywackes ; slates ; deep geothermal reservoir ; structural model ; thermo-hydraulic simulations ; MEET H2020 project ; fracture network variability ; granite ; spacing distribution ; fracture intensity P10 ; well placement ; CO2-EGS ; water-EGS ; discrete fracture networks ; THM modeling ; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) ; fractured granite ; core flooding experiments ; autoclave experiments ; Cornubian Batholith ; Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) ; Variscan rocks ; quartzite ; claystone ; graywacke ; gouge ; fracture transmissivity ; effective stress ; United Downs ; hydraulic stimulation ; equivalent permeability field ; exposed analogue ; enhanced geothermal system ; fractures ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book ""Quality and Production of Forage"" is intended to keep readers updatedon the developments occurring in this field. As it is apparent that livestockanimals are important throughout the world because of the meat, milk and eggthey produce, knowledge about the forages available to animals must also beconsidered for increased production, quality and efficiency. This book providesinformation that readers will find considerably invaluable about forage feeds, suchas grass, legumes, and straw. The book is composed of ten papers, focusing on awide range of research activities and topics that feature the following concepts offorage: the effect of conservation method on forage protein value; Microbial thecomposition and mycotoxin content in forage; genetic diversity of forages; timelysowing to maximize yield for both grain and biomass; ensiling treatments onforage quality; the qualitative characteristics of different accessions of new foragespecies; forage policy influencing feed costs; feeding forage on animal health;high-protein tropical forages as alternative sources for poultry; impact of foragesin poultry diet and significance of forages in sustainable poultry productionsystems. This book will be an invaluable reference for students and professionalsin agricultural science and grassland and animal husbandry researches.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; annual clover ; corn ; plant height ; forage production ; feed costs ; wilting ; population density ; Moringa oleifera ; alfalfa ; livestock ; digestibility ; hay ; sowing date ; biomass production ; clover ; tropical forages ; sustainability ; alternative protein ; plant ; animal ; dry matter ; genetic diversity ; chicken ; zearalenone ; production system ; forage ; energy balance ; grain yield ; nutritional composition ; deoxynivalenol ; grass ; silage ; policy ; path analysis ; poultry ; in vitro organic matter digestibility ; nitrogen ; nitrogen balance ; beneficial use ; lucerne ; forage yield ; anti-nutritional factors ; N fixation ; fungi ; planting ; markers ; crude protein ; epiphytic microflora ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: In the Earth sciences, a transition is currently occurring in multiple fields towards an integrated Earth system approach, with applications including numerical weather prediction, hydrological forecasting, climate impact studies, ocean dynamics estimation and monitoring, and carbon cycle monitoring. These approaches rely on coupled modeling techniques using Earth system models that account for an increased level of complexity of the processes and interactions between atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and terrestrial surfaces. A crucial component of Earth system approaches is the development of coupled data assimilation of satellite observations to ensure consistent initialization at the interface between the different subsystems. Going towards strongly coupled data assimilation involving all Earth system components is a subject of active research. A lot of progress is being made in the ocean–atmosphere domain, but also over land. As atmospheric models now tend to address subkilometric scales, assimilating high spatial resolution satellite data in the land surface models used in atmospheric models is critical. This evolution is also challenging for hydrological modeling. This book gathers papers reporting research on various aspects of coupled data assimilation in Earth system models. It includes contributions presenting recent progress in ocean–atmosphere, land–atmosphere, and soil–vegetation data assimilation.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; land data assimilation system ; land data assimilation ; rainfall-runoff simulation ; 4D-Var data assimilation ; total water storage ; accuracy ; ocean–atmosphere assimilation ; precipitation ; Earth system models ; numerical weather prediction ; fluorescence ; GRACE ; MCA analysis ; weakly coupled data assimilation ; GPM IMERG ; atmospheric models ; rainfall correction ; remote sensing ; microwave remote sensing ; SMAP ; land surface modeling ; bending angle ; floods soil moisture ; vegetation ; GPSRO ; WRF ; merged CMORPH ; land surface model ; temperature ; 4D-Var ; data assimilation ; data-driven methods ; GSI ; radio occultation data ; rainfall ; soil moisture ; sea level anomaly ; total cloud cover ; land surface models ; Mediterranean basin ; interpolation ; sea surface height ; drought ; TRMM 3B42 ; analog data assimilation ; ocean models ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The advancements in research related to heat transfer has gathered much attention in recent decades following the quest for efficient thermal systems, interdisciplinary studies involving heat transfer, and energy research. Heat transfer, a fundamental transport phenomenon, has been considered one of the critical aspects for the development and advancement of many modern applications, including cooling, thermal systems which contain symmetry analysis, energy conservation and storage, and symmetry-preserving discretization of heat transfer in a complex turbulent flow. The objective of this book is to present recent advances, as well as up-to-date progress in all areas of heat transfer in engineering and its influence on emerging technologies.
    Keywords: heat generation ; internal short ; lithium-ion ; nail penetration ; temperature ; thermal abuse ; adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system ; artificial neural network ; current ; power ; thermal efficiency ; thermoelectric generator system ; waste heat recovery ; efficiency ; power generation ; thermal stress ; thermoelectric module ; cooling and heating mode ; heat pump ; high-pressure chiller ; light-duty commercial electric vehicle ; system performance ; truncated twisted tape ; secondary flow ; laminar convective heat transfer ; performance evaluation criterion ; CFD ; heat exchanger ; cooling ; Lorentz force ; magnetohydrodynamics ; microchannel ; MHD pump ; thermoelectric system ; real-time polymerase chain reaction ; battery ; heating performance ; HVAC ; parallel ; serial ; economic ; energy saving ; hot water ; internal combustion engine ; waste heat ; heat transfer characteristics ; hybrid nanofluid ; performance evaluation criteria ; single particle nanofluid ; uniformly heated tube ; Bejan number ; microplate heat exchanger ; particle shape ; performance index ; thermodynamic analysis ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The papers included in this Special Issue tackle multiple aspects of how cities, districts, and buildings could evolve along with climate change and how this would impact our way of conceiving and applying design criteria, policies, and urban plans. Despite the multidisciplinary nature of the collection, some transversal take-home messages emerge: • Today’s energy-efficient paradigms may lose their virtuosity in the future unless accurate estimates of future scenarios are used to design modelling platforms and to inform legislative frameworks; • Acting at the local scale is key. Future climate change adaptation will be implemented at the local level. Overlooking regional and local specificities will contribute to inaccurate and inefficient action plans. As such, the smaller scale will become vital in predicting future urban metabolic rates and corresponding comfort-driven strategies; • Energy poverty, heat vulnerability, and social injustice are emerging as critical factors for planning and acting for future-proof cities on par of micro- and meso-climatological factors; • Given that the impacts of climate change will persist for many years, adaptation to this phenomenon should be prioritized by removing any prominent barrier and by enabling combinations of different mitigation technologies. These topics will receive a global reach in few decades, since also developing and underdeveloped countries are starting their fight against local climate change, with cities at the forefront.
    Keywords: outdoor space ; thermal environment ; radiation environment ; wind environment ; heat-related mortality ; built environment ; urban resilience ; extreme heat ; climate change ; urban heat island ; heat stress from outside ; indoor environments ; tropics ; multi-level office buildings ; coastal cities ; Mediterranean climate ; urban heat island intensity ; sample year ; climate change adaptation ; barriers ; focus group discussion ; Tehran ; structural equation modeling ; urban management ; near-zero energy buildings ; future scenarios ; energy efficiency ; adaptive comfort ; long-term performance ; urban heat ; Australia ; UHI effect ; mitigation ; bushfire smoke ; indoor air quality ; filtration ; building envelope ; energy ; future weather data ; building energy performance ; thermal comfort ; statistical downscaling of climate models ; dynamical downscaling of climate models ; urban modelling ; cities ; buildings ; decarbonization ; urbanisation ; climate ; densification ; population ; temperature ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This volume contains a series of papers prepared for presentation at the 14th International Coral Reef Symposium, originally planned for July 2020 in Bremen, Germany, but postponed until 2021 (online) and 2022 (in person) because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It contains a series of papers illustrating the breadth of modern studies on coral reefs and the response of the reef science community to the threats that coral reefs now face, above all from climate change. The first group of papers focus on the biology of a selection of reef organisms, ranging from sea fans to coral dwelling crabs. The next group describe studies of coral communities and ecological interactions in regions as diverse as Florida, Kenya, Colombia, and Norway. Further papers describe investigations into the effects of global warming (in the Maldives and in Timor-Leste) and of other impacts (UV blockers, ocean acidification). The final two papers describe the latest applications of satellite and camera technology to the challenge of mapping and monitoring reefs.
    Keywords: coral reefs ; cox1 ; H3 ; crustacea ; molecular systematics ; morphotypes ; Cassiopea xamachana ; C. frondosa ; Scyphozoan ; planulae ; settlement ; metamorphosis ; oxybenzone ; Gnathiidae ; Isopoda ; climate change ; ocean warming ; coral bleaching ; Great Barrier Reef ; Coral Triangle ; marine biomineralization ; inorganic mineralization ; ocean acidification (OA) ; omega ; dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) ; extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) ; Maldives ; Indian Ocean ; El Niño ; mass coral bleaching ; coral mortality ; benthic cover ; satellite ; superspectral ; VHR ; topobathymetry ; LULC ; SUSC ; Moorea Island ; long-term mortality series ; population dynamics ; mass mortality ; octocorals ; habitat forming species ; extinction ; survival ; equilibrium points ; symbiodiniaceae ; zoantharians ; Trinidad coral reefs ; zooxanthellate ; biogeography ; Jaffna Peninsula ; coral mortality index ; DNA barcoding ; phylogeny ; biodiversity ; conservation ; ocean acidification ; carbonate chemistry dynamics ; biogeochemical dynamics ; in situ monitoring ; natural variability of environmental conditions ; Lophelia pertusa ; structural complexity ; coral reef ; Caribbean ; overfishing ; parrotfish ; Seaflower Biosphere Reserve ; reef ecology ; reef fish ; structure associations ; artificial structures ; symbiotic algae ; dinoflagellates ; Madagascar ; symbiosis ; coral reef ecosystem ; coral reef resilience ; global warming ; indicator species ; coral reef monitoring ; reef health ; review ; hyperspectral imaging ; marine optics ; ENSO ; temperature ; stable isotope ; coral disease ; coral health ; nutrients ; Indonesian ThroughFlow ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The recovery of solid waste is a challenge and an opportunity for companies, thanks to the ongoing awareness of sustainability and technological advances. The end-of-waste criteria constitute a European strategic goal that promotes recycling in order to ensure a high level of environmental protection by means of reducing the quantity of waste destined for disposal. This Special Issue promotes the knowledge regarding technological methods for solid waste recovery. Articles investigate innovative processing methods with the goal of valorizing solid waste from different civil and industrial activities. Topics includes studies on construction and building, mining, plastics, and WEEE, referring to the treatment techniques used and, where appropriate, the critical raw materials that can be valorized. The recovery processes of critical raw materials can be very energy-intensive, affecting environmental and soil factors. Case studies on sustainable, low-carbon and resource-efficient techniques for the purpose of a more competitive economy were also very welcomed. The environmental impact and safety measures, especially for dangerous waste, should be taken into account in the description of their processing and management.
    Keywords: cathode ray tube ; lead recovery ; lead leaching and electrodeposition ; environmental assessment ; phosphate cements ; calcined dolomite ; quartz sand ; calcined magnesite ; temperature ; K-struvite ; industrial waste ; chromium ; high-performance concrete ; ultra-high-performance concrete ; fibers ; mechanical strength ; alkali-activated cement ; geopolymers ; building materials ; PET ; compressive strength ; water absorption ; WPCBs dismantling ; metals dissolution ; copper recovery ; economic assessment ; process modeling and simulation ; low-temperature processing ; WEEE (waste of electric and electronic equipment) recycling ; materials separation ; process characterization ; SEM/EDS ; torrefaction ; solid fuel ; waste to carbon ; circular economy ; biodegradable materials ; calorific value ; methane fermentation ; biogas ; biomethane ; biochar ; pyrolysis ; hydrothermal carbonization ; biochemical methane potential ; biogas production kinetics ; industrial wastes ; arc furnace slag ; ceramic sludge ; β-wollastonite ; parawollastonite ; porous ceramics ; waste management ; sustainability development ; apple pomace ; active compounds ; extraction ; renewable energy ; anticorrosion agents ; biopolymers ; PCB ; recycling ; metal recovery ; mechanical pre-treatment ; production waste ; rock wool ; glass wool ; loss on ignition ; pollutants washout ; geopolymer ; waste slurry ; flocculation ; solidification ; pipe jacking ; air flow rate ; composting ; municipal solid waste ; monitoring ; optimization ; spatial distributions ; crystallization ; glass–ceramics ; diopside ; anorthite ; by-pass cement ; aluminum dross ; thermodynamic analysis ; kinetics ; hemp stalk ; bio-insulating material ; sustainability ; sound absorbing properties ; thermal absorption properties ; green composite material ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biomass can be converted to energy, biofuels, and bioproducts via thermochemical conversion processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion technology is most widely applied on an industrial scale. However, biomass gasification and pyrolysis processes are still in the research and development stage. The major products from these processes are syngas, bio-oil, and char (called also biochar for agronomic application). Among these products, biomass chars have received increasing attention for different applications, such as gasification, co-combustion, catalysts or adsorbents precursors, soil amendment, carbon fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This Special Issue provides an overview of biomass char production methods (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.), characterization techniques (e.g., scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption and mass spectrometry), their properties, and their suitable recovery processes.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; n/a ; Boudouard reaction in gasification ; Chinese reed ; underground coal gasification ; food waste ; kinetic models ; fixed bed combustor ; reactor modelling ; AAEMs ; anaerobic digestion ; grape marc ; adsorption isotherms ; Texaco pilot plant ; biomass valorization ; food waste compost ; CH4 adsorption ; gaseous emissions ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ; waste wood ; coconut shells ; kinetic model ; char oxidation ; low-rank coal char ; nutrients ; characteristic time analysis ; kinetic parameters ; ash from biomass ; combustion parameters ; biomass ; thermal characteristics ; biocrude ; reaction kinetics ; sludge cake ; gasification ; pellets ; characterization ; ash layer ; energy recovery efficiency ; internal diffusion resistance ; FT-IR ; giant miscanthus ; pyrolysis ; olive mill solid wastes (OMSWs) ; food-waste biochar ; melting phenomenon ; chemisorption ; steam gasification ; NaCl template ; biomass production ; textural characterization ; desalination ; ash fusion temperature (AFT) ; thermogravimetric analysis ; combustion ; chemical speciation ; sawdust ; NaCl ; effective diffusion coefficient ; kinetics ; breakthrough curves ; biochar engineering ; biochar ; amino acid ; high heating value (HHV) ; salty food waste ; ELECTRE III ; interferences ; multicriteria model ; pyrrole ; interactions ; biogas purification ; fertilisation ; NOx ; pyrolysis conditions ; steam ; partial combustion reaction in gasification ; CO2 adsorption ; poultry slaughterhouse ; hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) ; calorific value ; oxygen enrichment ; porosity ; nitrogen ; hydrothermal carbonization ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; MTDATA ; activated carbon ; active site ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Water is a vital element for life and the environment. Water pollution has been documented as a contributor to a wide range of health problems. In recent years, the water quality levels have suffered great deterioration because of rapid social and economic development and because it is used to “dump” a wide range of pollutants.This book entitled “Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment” contains featured research papers dealing with recent developments and advances in all aspects related to membranes for water and wastewater treatment: membrane processes, combined processes (including one membrane step), modified membranes, new materials, and the possibility to reduce fouling and to improve the efficiency of enhanced processes. The papers compiled in this Special Issue can be read as a response to the current needs and challenges in membrane development for water and wastewater treatment.Half of the research articles correspond to concrete and practical applications of the use of membrane processes in different fields of the industry, with the aim of treating and conditioning water and wastewater. The studies reveal the treatment of industrial streams, mining, recycled paper industry, olive mill, urban wastewater, etc. Another important percentage of studies are related to membrane modification processes, with the aim of obtaining new materials with better performance in the separation processes, thus describing the use of membranes modified with chitosan, nanoparticles, and other organic compounds. This field also includes studies related to fouling and its modeling.
    Keywords: aquaporin ; forward osmosis (FO) ; membrane ; scaling ; calcium ; post-treatment ; nanofiltration ; calcium-carboxyl intra-bridging ; water purification ; desalination ; ultrafiltration ; membrane fouling ; fouling model ; surface water ; coagulation ; backwash ; polyamide membrane ; carbon nitride ; seawater desalination ; mixed matrix membranes ; thin film composite ; diffusion dialysis ; anion exchange membrane ; acid recovery ; paper mill treated effluent ; optimization ; fouling ; DoE ; Taguchi method ; fouling development model ; filtration law ; pore blocking ; multiple linear regression ; statistical test ; WWTP ; renovation and upgrading ; ultrafiltration membrane ; net present value ; biofouling ; polyethersulfone ; chlorine ; membrane modification ; low-fouling surface ; anaerobic membrane bioreactor ; temperature ; membrane fouling behavior ; sludge flocs characteristics ; soluble microbial product ; extracellular polymeric substance ; DSPM model ; heavy metals ; total volume membrane charge density ; ceramic membrane ; membrane surface modification ; antifouling ; hydrophilicity ; mussel-inspired ; protein ; sulfonic cation-exchange membrane ; hydration number ; pulsed field gradient NMR ; diffusion coefficient ; ionic conductivity ; membrane module modeling ; calcium sulfate precipitation risk ; ionic rejection coefficients ; quorum sensing ; acyl homoserine lactone ; olive mill wastewater ; membrane separation process ; microfiltration ; reverse osmosis ; water recovery ; chitosan ; water content ; water permeability ; alkali treatment ; characterization ; dyes ; molecular structure ; physico-chemical properties ; filter water bag ; Dioscorea hispida ; starch ; forward osmosis membrane ; glutaraldehyde ; emergency ; cobalt(II) ; supported liquid membranes ; ultrasound ; D2EHPA ; counter-transport ; transport parameters ; modeling ; thiocyanate ; wastewater treatment ; process design ; antibiotics ; antibiotic resistance genes ; viral genomes ; wastewater effluents ; occurrence ; pilot-scale treatment ; selective separation ; ion-exchange resin ; wafer-enhanced electrodeionization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.
    Keywords: Cedrela odorata ; seeds ; germination ; cardinal temperatures ; thermal time ; climate change ; dendrochronology ; ecology ; moving window analysis ; Pinaceae ; Pinus arizonica Engelm. ; Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) ; Ponderosae ; response function ; tree rings ; global climate change ; forest ecology ; trees adaptation ; phenotypic plasticity ; Phoebe bournei ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; photosynthesis ; leaf anatomy ; National Park ; tree line shift ; acclimation ; adaptation ; common garden ; drought ; ecodistance ; mortality ; stomatal frequency ; stomatal size ; sap flux ; radial profile ; sapwood depth ; Aleppo pine ; diurnal variation ; seasonal variation ; climate ; basal area increment ; forest dieback ; Mediterranean forest ; stem growth ; water availability ; Quercus ; morphology evaluation ; survival rate ; extreme frost ; heat and drought ; open-top chamber ; RNA sequencing ; gene expression analysis ; Populus ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The sensory properties of foods are the most important reason people eat the foods they eat. What those properties are and how we best measure those properties are critical to understanding food and eating behavior. Appearance, flavor, texture, and even the sounds of food can impart a desire to eat or cause us to dismiss the food as unappetizing, stale, or even inappropriate from a cultural standpoint. This Special Issue focuses on how sensory properties are measured, the specific sensory properties of various foods, and consumer behavior related to which properties might be most important in certain situations and how consumers use sensory attributes to make decisions about what they will eat. This Special Issue contains both research papers and review articles.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; mayonnaise ; Choquet integral ; multi-attribute time-intensity (MATI) data ; foods ; fuzzy measure ; specialty food ; monosodium glutamate (MSG) ; food label ; plant breeding ; consumer test ; perception ; multi-criteria decision-making ; interaction indices ; multicollinearity ; unique food products ; sensory thresholds ; natural ; quality control ; Shapley value ; processing ; thermosensing ; willingness to pay ; esophageal cancer ; cross-cultural affective test ; carryover effects ; Prunus dulcis ; hot beverages ; sensory acceptability ; mixed models ; chicken soup ; sensory bias ; product development ; temperature ; methodological study ; relative importance of attributes to liking ; product improvement ; nonlinear models ; consumer ; lexicon ; descriptive sensory analysis ; emulsification ; ingredient ; hydroSOStainable products ; temporal drivers of liking (TDOL) ; texture ; MSG substitutes ; functional data analysis ; food ; ethnic food ; descriptive analysis ; LMG statistic ; shelf life ; sensory evaluation ; sensory ; coffee ; fruit chews ; descriptive ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 39
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Aquatic ecosystems and the water they hold have attracted people over the centuries. With the technological development and increasing needs of human society, the attitude to water and aquatic ecosystems has changed. Consequently, biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems has declined dramatically and it is still decreasing. Anthropogenic exploitation of these ecosystems and alterations of their hydrology has largely influenced hydrology-shaped plant communities. This Special Issue, “Hydrology-Shaped Plant Communities: Diversity and Ecological Function” brings new outcomes about the interactions between hydrological factors and wide spectrum of plant communities. In ecosystems, where human activities directly or indirectly affected the hydrological factors, dependent plant communities have also changed or even disappeared. These plant communities have multiple ecological functions, and one of the most important are the maintenance of water quality and enhancement of local and regional diversity of other biotic communities like diatoms, invertebrates or fish. Thus, detailed knowledge and suitable management of hydrology-shaped plant communities is a prerequisite for their unconstrained ecological functions and high diversity of aquatic ecosystems in the widest sense. The Special Issue consists of ten peer-reviewed papers on plant communities in a variety of ecosystems - from the small kettle-holes in the lowlands of northern Germany to the river Danube - the largest river within the European Union, and from different wetland types in Central Europe to the Donggting Lake – fourth largest lake in China.
    Keywords: spatial-temporal dynamics ; aquatic vegetation ; water level fluctuation ; Longgan lake ; Google Earth Engine ; Phragmites australis ; water level fluctuations ; temperature ; morphometric parameters ; biomass allocation ; oospores ; gyrogonites ; Baltic Sea ; wave exposure ; charophyte stands ; seafloor topography ; salinity gradient ; plant communities ; habitat ; meadow ; Pannonian Plain ; Trifolion pallidi ; vegetation ; carbon stocks ; hardwood floodplain forest ; hydrological conditions ; floodplain ecology ; ponds ; small wetlands ; macrophytes ; changes in the water surface ; hydrological variability ; succession ; climate change ; unmanned aerial system ; Danube ; large river ; neophytes ; distribution ; growth forms ; rivers ; streams ; Slovenia ; chromosome number ; climatic niche ; distribution trends ; ecological niche ; fishpond habitats ; genome size ; genetic diversity ; Isoëto-Nanojuncetea ; soil seed bank ; species diversity ; automatic sensor system ; Central Europe ; fish farming ; freshwater algae ; epiphytic diatoms ; functional species groups ; threatened species ; vascular plants ; wave action ; wetland vegetation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 40
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The fluid flow in fracture porous media plays a significant role in the assessment of deep underground reservoirs, such as through CO2 sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy development. Many methods have been employed—from laboratory experimentation to theoretical analysis and numerical simulations—and allowed for many useful conclusions. This Special Issue aims to report on the current advances related to this topic. This collection of 58 papers represents a wide variety of topics, including on granite permeability investigation, grouting, coal mining, roadway, and concrete, to name but a few. We sincerely hope that the papers published in this Special Issue will be an invaluable resource for our readers.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; deformation feature ; minerals ; microstructure ; mixing ; permeability ; gas concentration ; water–rock interaction ; loose gangue backfill material ; unified pipe-network method ; fracture ; roof-cutting resistance ; crack ; similar-material ; movable fluid ; gob-side entry retaining (GER) ; rock-soil mechanics ; bed separation ; orthogonal tests ; charge separation ; water soaked height ; fluid flow in reclaimed soil ; laboratory experiment ; longwall mining ; grading broken gangue ; MIP ; elastic modulus ; effective stress ; permeability coefficient ; mixer ; naturally fracture ; SEM ; microstructure characteristics ; artificial joint rock ; fractured rock ; strata movement ; conservative solute ; particle velocity ; dry-wet cycles ; hydraulic fractures ; numerical calculation ; mechanical behaviors ; normalized conductivity-influence function ; fractured porous rock mass ; PPCZ ; segmented grouting ; non-aqueous phase liquid ; intelligent torque rheometer ; numerical analysis ; temperature ; unsaturated soil ; uniaxial compressive strength ; mine shaft ; coalbed methane (CBM) ; nonlinear flow in fractured porous media ; similar simulation ; forecasting ; tight sandstones ; oriented perforation ; hydro-mechanical coupling ; constant normal stiffness conditions ; cohesive soils ; layered progressive grouting ; chemical grouts ; grain size of sand ; Darcy’s law ; soft coal masses ; hydro-power ; cyclic heating and cooling ; cohesive element method ; cement-based paste discharge ; tectonically deformed coal ; split grouting ; fault water inrush ; filtration effects ; T-stress ; particle flow modeling ; new cementitious material ; strength ; stabilization ; fractured porous medium ; brine concentration ; initial water contained in sand ; XRD ; fracture criteria ; hydraulic conductivity ; roadway deformation ; backfill mining ; adsorption/desorption properties ; pore pressure ; roughness ; cement–silicate grout ; compressive stress ; discrete element method ; dynamic characteristics ; strain-based percolation model ; thermal-hydrological-chemical interactions ; pore distribution characteristics ; transversely isotropic rocks ; nitric acid modification ; disaster-causing mechanism ; CH4 seepage ; crack distribution characteristics ; micro-CT ; relief excavation ; Darcy flow ; hydraulic fracturing ; mixed-form formulation ; propagation ; scanning electron microscope (SEM) images ; propagation pattern ; consolidation process ; rheological deformation ; gas adsorption ; soft filling medium ; ground pressure ; orthogonal ratio test ; rock fracture ; coal seams ; high-steep slope ; interface ; orthogonal test ; stress interference ; physical and mechanical parameters ; fracture propagation ; fluid–solid coupling theory ; coupling model ; surface characteristics ; numerical manifold method ; gas ; lignite ; water inrush prevention ; coupled THM model ; hard and thick magmatic rocks ; Ordos Basin ; porosity ; damage mechanics ; seepage ; degradation mechanism ; high temperature ; visualization system ; bentonite-sand mixtures ; contamination ; conductivity-influence function ; water-rock interaction ; deterioration ; seepage pressure ; glutenite ; adhesion efficiency ; mechanical behavior transition ; bedding plane orientation ; n/a ; enhanced gas recovery ; debris-resisting barriers ; reinforcement mechanism ; on-site monitoring ; geophysical prospecting ; cyclic wetting-drying ; scoops3D ; semi-analytical solution ; enhanced permeability ; management period ; seepage control ; deformation ; Yellow River Embankment ; impeded drainage boundary ; rheological test ; circular closed reservoir ; grout penetration ; viscoelastic fluid ; coal-like material ; paste-like slurry ; floor failure depth ; supercritical CO2 ; gravel ; numerical model ; fractal ; gas-bearing coal ; shear-flow coupled test ; rheological limit strain ; CO2 flooding ; flotation ; goaf ; slope stability ; damage ; coal and gas outburst ; hydraulic fracture ; anisotropy ; high-order ; effluents ; FLAC ; limestone roof ; sandstone ; TG/DTG ; Xinjiang ; two-phase flow ; model experiment ; coal particle ; volumetric strain ; failure mode ; land reclamation ; sandstone and mudstone particles ; contiguous seams ; CO2 geological storage ; numerical simulation ; geogrid ; stress relief ; optimum proportioning ; roadside backfill body (RBB) ; pervious concrete ; mudstone ; hydraulic fracture network ; grouted sand ; fractal pore characteristics ; refraction law ; segmented rheological model ; ductile failure ; heterogeneity ; flow law ; fracture closure ; coal measures sandstone ; tight sandstone gas reservoirs ; gob behaviors ; water-dripping roadway ; creep characteristics ; internal erosion ; warning levels of fault water inrush ; hydraulic aperture ; bolt support ; discontinuous natural fracture ; microscopic morphology ; critical hydraulic gradient ; mixed mode fracture resistance ; differential settlement ; alternate strata ; finite element method ; crushing ratio ; chloride ; glauberite cavern for storing oil &amp ; macroscopic mechanical behaviors ; collision angle ; adsorption performance ; failure mechanism ; mechanical properties ; transmissivity ; damage evolution ; gas fracturing ; multitude parameters ; deviatoric stress ; Jiaohe ; coal ; soil properties ; acoustic emission ; pore structure ; grouting experiment ; concrete ; confining pressures ; green mining ; gas drainage ; fluid viscosity ; compression deformation ; Unsaturation ; adsorption–desorption ; seepage-creep ; constitutive model ; soil particle size ; Pseudo Steady-State (PPS) constant ; soil–structure interface ; debris flow ; fracture grouting ; initial settlement position ; regression equation ; electrical potential ; secondary fracture ; surrounding rock ; solid backfill coal mining ; time variation ; excess pore-pressures ; finite-conductivity fracture ; permeability characteristics ; rainfall-unstable soil coupling mechanism(R-USCM) ; shaft lining ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This reprint features 12 research articles that contribute to the research on lubricated bearings. The articles focus on the latest steps in understanding bearing operating behavior, its interaction with lubricants, and its role as a component in the drive train. In addition to the description of novel modeling approaches, a variety of experimental data are presented to provide interesting identification results as well as validation data for the research and engineering community.
    Keywords: journal bearing ; rotor stability ; floating ring bearing ; lobe bearing ; wave bearing ; lemon bearing ; Hopf bifurcation ; sliding bearings ; tilting pad journal bearings ; flow transition ; laminar flow ; turbulent flow ; non-laminar regime ; temperature reduction ; load capacity increase ; tilting-pad journal bearing ; pad deformation ; heat transfer ; trailing edge groove ; CFD ; power loss ; run-up simulation ; semi-floating ring bearing ; thrust bearing ; two-phase flow cavitation ; oil-whirl and oil-whip ; aerostatic bearings ; compensation ; infinite stiffness ; diaphragm valve ; design ; acoustic ; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ; lubrication ; roughness ; planet gear bearing ; misalignment ; mixed friction ; wear ; wind turbine gearbox ; structure deformation ; metal-polymer plain bearings ; PA6-based polyamide composites ; dispersed glass and carbon fibers ; temperature ; Young’s modulus ; maximum contact pressures and resource ; boundary and dry friction ; lithium grease ; graphene ; load-carrying capacity ; wear scar ; infrared thermography ; vibration analysis ; damping ratio ; wettability ; lubrification ; oleophilicity ; hydrophobicity ; laser surface texturing ; experimental investigation ; lubrication method ; flooded bearing design ; non-flooded bearing design ; spray-bar ; leading edge groove ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 42
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: This addresses current advances and challenges in fisheries and aquaculture science. Exposure of larval fish to elevated temperatures during embryological development may induce craniofacial and morphological alterations, which are suggested possible impacts of global warming. Molecular markers shed new light on the ontogenetic migration of stream fishes. Fast growth rates, early age at maturity, moderate fecundity, and diverse diet explain the potential for introduced fishes to dominate fish communities in their native and introduced range. Taking videos of marine benthic habitats supports low-impact, real-time monitoring of species occurrence. Among heavily fished species, almost half had outdated demographic assessments that would benefit from the integration of data from fisheries sources and improved collaboration among fishery stakeholders and managers. The continued growth of aquaculture will depend upon developing feeds that improve the growth, oxidative status, and immune response of fed cultured organisms. New aquaculture feedstuffs might be derived from plants or microbes, and new additives would include ghrelins and dietary symbiotics. The effects of these constituents on survival, growth, gut histomorphology, immune response were assessed for cultured freshwater and marine species. The results provide suggestions for advances in aquafeeds for the species studied and for cultured fishes more generally. The scientific advances realized with the use of new tools provide the basis for addressing global challenges to fisheries, aquaculture and for ongoing scientific research.
    Keywords: Aurantiochytrium sp. ; docosahexaenoic acid ; histology ; Oreochromis niloticus ; physiology ; temperature ; underwater video ; ichthyofauna ; seagrass bed ; macroalgae soft substrate ; perireefal ; synbiotic ; acidifier ; organic salt ; humoral immune response ; antioxidant enzymes ; digestive enzymes ; disease resistance ; fishing importance ; FAO ; IUCN Red List ; RAM Legacy ; overfishing ; sustainability ; aquaculture feeds ; plant byproducts ; enzymatic pretreatment ; skeletal development ; ossification ; morphological alterations ; bullhead ; black bullhead ; ameiurus ; Ameiurus melas ; life history ; growth ; reproductive potential ; fecundity ; maturity ; sex ratio ; conservation planning ; dispersal ; genetic markers ; mating system ; parentage analysis ; visual tags ; aquaculture ; ghrelin ; gilthead sea bream ; growth hormone secretagogue ; feed intake ; metabolism ; welfare ; alternative ingredients ; gut digesta ; gut histomorphology ; gut mucosa ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAF Fisheries & related industries
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: What are the causes and consequences of species diversity in forested ecosystems, and how is this species diversity being affected by rapid environmental and climatic change, movement of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores into new biogeographic regions, and expanding human populations and associated shifts in land-use patterns? In this book, we explore these questions for assemblages of forest trees, shrubs, and understory herbs at spatial scales ranging from small plots to large forest dynamics plots, at temporal scales ranging from seasons to centuries, in both temperate and tropical regions, and across rural-to-urban gradients in land use.
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; gamma diversity ; tree species ; Climatic change ; individual species-area relationship ; woody species ; TILD ; trees ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; windthrow ; precipitation ; species conservation ; spatial analysis ; codispersion analysis ; variation partitioning ; herbaceous perennial species ; northern hardwood forests ; climate change ; stand development ; potential habitats ; Smithsonian ForestGEO ; tree regeneration ; forest conversion ; Biodiversity Exploratories ; trunk breakage ; topography ; questionnaire survey ; mid-domain effect ; assemblage lineage diversity ; Salicaceae ; salvaging ; temperate forests ; Shannon diversity ; USDA Forest Service ; tree species diversity ; Bray-Curtis ; species-area relationship ; Ericaceae ; legacies ; Picea abies ; herbaceous layer ; spatial patterns ; mountains ; United States ; wind damage ; abundance ; Hubbard Brook ; elevational shifts ; uprooting ; species diversity ; evolutionary diversity ; Pinus sylvestris ; natural disturbance-based silviculture ; Vietnam ; diversity ; Maxent ; human footprint ; productivity ; China ; microarthropod ; phylogenetic diversity ; temperature ; household respondents ; succession ; biodiversity ; tornado ; salvage logging ; excess nitrogen ; climate ; forest management ; understory plant communities ; Simpson diversity ; species richness ; landscape scale ; structural complexity ; tropical evergreen mixed forest ; seasonal variations ; disturbance severity ; competition and facilitation ; canopy structure ; Fagus sylvatica ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography
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  • 44
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This book presents a collection of 13 original research articles that focus on the science of light–matter interaction. This area of science has been led to some the greatest accomplishments of the past 100 years, with the discovery of materials that perform useful operations by collecting light or generating light from an outside stimulus. These materials are at the center of a multitude of technologies that have permeated our daily life; every day we rely on quantum well lasers for telecommunication, organic light emitting diodes for our displays, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductors for our camera detectors, and of course a plethora of new photovoltaic cells that harvest sunlight to satisfy our energy needs. In this book, top-rated researchers present their latest findings in the field of nano-particles, plasmonics, semi-conductors, magneto-optics, and holography.
    Keywords: faraday rotator material ; optical isolator ; transparent ceramics ; photopolymerizable ; thiol-ene network ; scratch-healing ; transparent ; dyeing ; unsaturated polyester resin ; azobenzene ; hologram ; aqueous dispersion ; plasmonic nanoparticles ; nonlinear acousto-optics ; nanofluids ; ultrasonic sensors ; silicon photonics ; optical waveguide ; smectic A liquid crystal (SALC) ; stimulated light scattering (SLS) ; holography ; photochromism ; diarylethenes ; refractive index ; CGH ; magnetic-optical bi-functional materials ; hydrothermal process ; down-conversion luminescence ; Na3FeF6:Tb3+ ; magnetic–luminescent structure ; hybrid system ; ternary quantum dots ; magnetic nanoparticles ; iron oxide ; calcium carbonate microspheres ; sensor ; nanoparticles ; silica shells ; metal nanoparticles ; gold-silver nanoshells ; core-shell nanoparticles ; magneto-optics ; mcd ; faraday rotation ; figure of merit ; polarization ; oxygen plasma treatment ; photopolymer ; temperature ; CTE ; thermal degradation ; hexagonal boron nitride ; photoluminescence ; cerium ; anti-counterfeiting ; crystals ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: This reprint describes how lifestyle changes can impact the incidence and progression of chronic non-communicable diseases. In this context, regular physical activity and heathy nutritional habits are very important. Moreover, natural bioactive compounds could represent a new adjuvant therapy in the clinical management of these pathological conditions.
    Keywords: diet quality ; cardiometabolic risk ; sugar-sweetened beverages ; food groups ; home food availability ; diabetes ; prediabetes ; healthy food ; unhealthy food ; healthy food availability ; bladder cancer ; case-control study ; dietary patterns ; diet ; factor analysis ; dietary energy ; macronutrient composition ; trend ; disparity ; subpopulation ; anaphylaxis ; asthma ; IgE ; leukotriene ; mast cell protease ; methylxanthines ; motor activity ; polyphenols ; temperature ; Theobroma cacao ; male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) syndrome ; ω-3 PUFA ; adipose tissue ; body weight ; testosterone ; lung function of healthy population ; difference of FEV1 ; macronutrient ; longitudinal study ; obese ; cardiovascular disease ; Mediterranean diet ; non-communicable disease ; obesity ; physical activity ; NMSC ; lifestyle ; smoking ; alcohol ; Mexican adults ; dietary fiber ; esophagus ; stomach and colorectal cancer ; nutrition ; refined grains ; whole grains ; chronic kidney disease ; dietary pattern ; eGFR ; Fukushima Health Management Survey ; proteinuria ; trajectory analysis ; sodium ; potassium ; arterial hypertension ; endothelial dysfunction ; organ damage ; caloric restriction diet ; intermittent fasting ; frailty ; vascular aging ; age related syndrome ; sarcopenia ; malnutrition ; hydrolysable tannins ; anthocyanins ; urinary tract infections ; quality of life ; cranberry ; Sweet Chestnut ; pasta ; carotenoids ; antioxidant compounds ; kidney health ; HPLC/DAD analyses ; n/a
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Electrification plays a key role in decarbonizing energy consumption for various sectors, including transportation, heating, and cooling. There are several essential infrastructures for a smart city, including smart grids and transportation networks. These infrastructures are the complementary solutions to successfully developing novel services, with enhanced energy efficiency and energy security. This Special Issue includes high-quality papers that address issues related to cutting-edge smart city technologies in the electrification process, including but not limited to the following: Electrification of building environments and transportation systems; Role and impact of smart grids for smart cities; ICT and IoT infrastructures with big data for smart city electrification; Market, services, and business models for smart city electrification; Standards and implementation for smart city electrification; Advanced smart grid technology integration in smart cities, such as energy storage, demand-side management, and distributed energy resources.
    Keywords: coordinated operation ; natural gas network ; electrical network ; credit rank indicator ; data fusion ; main drive chain ; fault diagnosis ; wind turbine ; demand response programs ; social welfare maximization ; utility function ; power supply–demand balance ; electricity price ; rebate level ; fault-cause identification ; transmission line ; sparse learning ; multiview learning ; feature selection ; solar irradiance forecasting ; short-term and long-term predictions ; machine learning ; support vector machine ; Facebook Prophet ; contextual optimisation ; adaptive kernel ; multiple classifiers ; graph theory ; hydraulic model ; multi-criteria decision-making ; electric city bus ; energy consumption ; winter ; weather ; temperature ; infrastructure ; driving style ; cooling ; heating ; emissions ; Blockchain ; technology adoption theories ; technology adoption models ; systematic review ; multi-view learning ; subspace representation ; graph learning ; one-step clustering ; cyber security ; software-defined networking ; network security ; cyber-physical systems ; cross-layered ; power systems ; demand response ; coordinated preheating ; inverter air conditioner ; equivalent thermal parameter model ; smart grid ; e-bus powertrain ; tuning and optimization ; iSOPT ; digital twins ; internet-of-things ; local energy markets ; consumer digital twin ; transactive energy ; thermal comfort ; DER ; transportation ; influencing factors ; index decomposition approach ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 47
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    Unknown
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The Advanced Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a research facility instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft. We celebrated the 20th anniversary of ASTER’s launch in December 1999. ASTER has been providing high spatial resolution multispectral data in the VNIR, SWIR, and TIR regions, and along-track stereo data. Starting April 2016, ASTER data have been distributed to the public at no cost. Another important and the most popular data set is the ASTER Global DEM, which covers almost the entire land surface at a 30 m grid size. ASTER data have been widely used in a variety of application areas such as land surface mapping and change detection, volcano and other natural hazard monitoring, mineral exploration, and urban heat island monitoring. This Special Issue consists of 12 papers (2 reviews, 9 articles, and 1 technical note) and covers topics including development of new techniques to process ASTER data, calibration activities to ensure long-term consistency of ASTER data, validation of the ASTER data products, and scientific achievements using ASTER data.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; emissivity ; n/a ; vicarious calibration ; digital elevation model ; optical sensor ; loess ; Terra ASTER ; land-surface temperature ; lithological mapping ; sediment transport pathways ; Mosaic ; validation ; thermal infrared ; Terra MODIS ; True Color imagery ; ASTER multispectral data ; fluvial ; water body detection ; morphology ; MOD35 ; lunar calibration ; cloud coverage ; volcanic processes ; Wudalianchi volcano ; Ming Dynasty ; Artificial Neural Network ; permafrost ; ASTER ; Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) ; stereo ; erosion ; Mako ; geologic mapping ; Algodones ; future concepts ; 3D perspective view ; observation scheduler ; earthen Great Wall ; thermal infrared data ; lithology ; mineral exploration ; VNIR ; cloud mask ; cloud avoidance ; aeolian ; phase change ; mission operations ; temperature ; global database ; zero curtain effect ; image archive ; mineral system ; deposition ; DEM ; MODIS ; success rate ; uncertain flag ; TES algorithm ; ASTER instrument ; radiometric calibration ; mineral mapping ; atmospheric correction ; TIR ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: In this Special Issue, you will find new directions in the research on liquid crystal applications. To be honest, we were surprised to find 10 papers covering a variety of application areas, with no overlap between them. The only important application without a related article was “display”! This was exactly the situation we hoped for. In this Special Issue, you can find 10 articles discussing the applications of LC devices or LC materials. The applications are liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) for optical communication, laser processing and wireless optical charging, wavelength selective filters, waveguides, smart windows, LCDs for terahertz waves, LC polymers for polarizing grating and LC material for an ink.We believe that this Special Issue will help researchers focusng on optical devices or LC materials to obtain inspiration for new devices using liquid crystals.
    Keywords: liquid crystals ; spatial light modulator ; liquid-crystal-on-silicon ; photostability ; thermochromic liquid crystal inks ; temperature ; colour play effect ; communication mechanism ; optical wireless power transfer ; beam shaping ; phase modulation ; liquid crystal ; variable wavelength filter ; blue phase ; stabilized polymer ; ultraviolet light ; laser processing ; metasurface ; terahertz telecommunication ; incident angle dependence ; transmittance ; HAN-LCD ; hybrid aligned nematic ; high pretilt LCD ; half-wave plate ; smart window ; sunglasses ; vehicle window ; twisted nematic ; supertwisted nematic ; low driving voltage ; polymer stabilization ; liquid crystalline polymer ; axis-selective photoreaction ; holography ; beam diffraction ; nematic liquid crystals ; electro-optical beam steering ; optical waveguides and microstructures ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
    Language: English
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  • 49
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The fluid flow in fracture porous media plays a significant role in the assessment of deep underground reservoirs, such as through CO2 sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy development. Many methods have been employed—from laboratory experimentation to theoretical analysis and numerical simulations—and allowed for many useful conclusions. This Special Issue aims to report on the current advances related to this topic. This collection of 58 papers represents a wide variety of topics, including on granite permeability investigation, grouting, coal mining, roadway, and concrete, to name but a few. We sincerely hope that the papers published in this Special Issue will be an invaluable resource for our readers.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; deformation feature ; minerals ; microstructure ; mixing ; permeability ; gas concentration ; water–rock interaction ; loose gangue backfill material ; unified pipe-network method ; fracture ; roof-cutting resistance ; crack ; similar-material ; movable fluid ; gob-side entry retaining (GER) ; rock-soil mechanics ; bed separation ; orthogonal tests ; charge separation ; water soaked height ; fluid flow in reclaimed soil ; laboratory experiment ; longwall mining ; grading broken gangue ; MIP ; elastic modulus ; effective stress ; permeability coefficient ; mixer ; naturally fracture ; SEM ; microstructure characteristics ; artificial joint rock ; fractured rock ; strata movement ; conservative solute ; particle velocity ; dry-wet cycles ; hydraulic fractures ; numerical calculation ; mechanical behaviors ; normalized conductivity-influence function ; fractured porous rock mass ; PPCZ ; segmented grouting ; non-aqueous phase liquid ; intelligent torque rheometer ; numerical analysis ; temperature ; unsaturated soil ; uniaxial compressive strength ; mine shaft ; coalbed methane (CBM) ; nonlinear flow in fractured porous media ; similar simulation ; forecasting ; tight sandstones ; oriented perforation ; hydro-mechanical coupling ; constant normal stiffness conditions ; cohesive soils ; layered progressive grouting ; chemical grouts ; grain size of sand ; Darcy’s law ; soft coal masses ; hydro-power ; cyclic heating and cooling ; cohesive element method ; cement-based paste discharge ; tectonically deformed coal ; split grouting ; fault water inrush ; filtration effects ; T-stress ; particle flow modeling ; new cementitious material ; strength ; stabilization ; fractured porous medium ; brine concentration ; initial water contained in sand ; XRD ; fracture criteria ; hydraulic conductivity ; roadway deformation ; backfill mining ; adsorption/desorption properties ; pore pressure ; roughness ; cement–silicate grout ; compressive stress ; discrete element method ; dynamic characteristics ; strain-based percolation model ; thermal-hydrological-chemical interactions ; pore distribution characteristics ; transversely isotropic rocks ; nitric acid modification ; disaster-causing mechanism ; CH4 seepage ; crack distribution characteristics ; micro-CT ; relief excavation ; Darcy flow ; hydraulic fracturing ; mixed-form formulation ; propagation ; scanning electron microscope (SEM) images ; propagation pattern ; consolidation process ; rheological deformation ; gas adsorption ; soft filling medium ; ground pressure ; orthogonal ratio test ; rock fracture ; coal seams ; high-steep slope ; interface ; orthogonal test ; stress interference ; physical and mechanical parameters ; fracture propagation ; fluid–solid coupling theory ; coupling model ; surface characteristics ; numerical manifold method ; gas ; lignite ; water inrush prevention ; coupled THM model ; hard and thick magmatic rocks ; Ordos Basin ; porosity ; damage mechanics ; seepage ; degradation mechanism ; high temperature ; visualization system ; bentonite-sand mixtures ; contamination ; conductivity-influence function ; water-rock interaction ; deterioration ; seepage pressure ; glutenite ; adhesion efficiency ; mechanical behavior transition ; bedding plane orientation ; n/a ; enhanced gas recovery ; debris-resisting barriers ; reinforcement mechanism ; on-site monitoring ; geophysical prospecting ; cyclic wetting-drying ; scoops3D ; semi-analytical solution ; enhanced permeability ; management period ; seepage control ; deformation ; Yellow River Embankment ; impeded drainage boundary ; rheological test ; circular closed reservoir ; grout penetration ; viscoelastic fluid ; coal-like material ; paste-like slurry ; floor failure depth ; supercritical CO2 ; gravel ; numerical model ; fractal ; gas-bearing coal ; shear-flow coupled test ; rheological limit strain ; CO2 flooding ; flotation ; goaf ; slope stability ; damage ; coal and gas outburst ; hydraulic fracture ; anisotropy ; high-order ; effluents ; FLAC ; limestone roof ; sandstone ; TG/DTG ; Xinjiang ; two-phase flow ; model experiment ; coal particle ; volumetric strain ; failure mode ; land reclamation ; sandstone and mudstone particles ; contiguous seams ; CO2 geological storage ; numerical simulation ; geogrid ; stress relief ; optimum proportioning ; roadside backfill body (RBB) ; pervious concrete ; mudstone ; hydraulic fracture network ; grouted sand ; fractal pore characteristics ; refraction law ; segmented rheological model ; ductile failure ; heterogeneity ; flow law ; fracture closure ; coal measures sandstone ; tight sandstone gas reservoirs ; gob behaviors ; water-dripping roadway ; creep characteristics ; internal erosion ; warning levels of fault water inrush ; hydraulic aperture ; bolt support ; discontinuous natural fracture ; microscopic morphology ; critical hydraulic gradient ; mixed mode fracture resistance ; differential settlement ; alternate strata ; finite element method ; crushing ratio ; chloride ; glauberite cavern for storing oil &amp ; macroscopic mechanical behaviors ; collision angle ; adsorption performance ; failure mechanism ; mechanical properties ; transmissivity ; damage evolution ; gas fracturing ; multitude parameters ; deviatoric stress ; Jiaohe ; coal ; soil properties ; acoustic emission ; pore structure ; grouting experiment ; concrete ; confining pressures ; green mining ; gas drainage ; fluid viscosity ; compression deformation ; Unsaturation ; adsorption–desorption ; seepage-creep ; constitutive model ; soil particle size ; Pseudo Steady-State (PPS) constant ; soil–structure interface ; debris flow ; fracture grouting ; initial settlement position ; regression equation ; electrical potential ; secondary fracture ; surrounding rock ; solid backfill coal mining ; time variation ; excess pore-pressures ; finite-conductivity fracture ; permeability characteristics ; rainfall-unstable soil coupling mechanism(R-USCM) ; shaft lining ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 50
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Special Issue entitled “Advances in Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering” is devoted to the publication of the latest research, field works, and laboratory investigations in the area of rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering. This Special Issue has published novel contributions in different areas of geotechnical and geomechanical engineering such as slope and embankment, tunneling and underground space technologies, pile and foundation, rock mechanics and rock blasting, excavation and leveling projects, ground improvement techniques, unsaturated soil, practical issues in soft soil, mining technology, geo-environmental engineering, new laboratory testing, applied geology for construction, and novel geotechnical construction methods. The focus of this reprint is on the development of computational methods for solving problems in the fields of rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering.
    Keywords: strength prediction ; brittle rock ; grain-structure representation ; micro-properties ; bonded block models ; Voronoi tessellation ; structure-type rockburst ; evolution mechanism ; particle flow code ; flat-joint model ; pre-grouting ; soft coal mass ; coal-grout structure ; shear behavior ; quality improvement ; rock strength ; tensile behaviour ; neuro-fuzzy ; regression ; non-destructive tests ; paste filling ; slicing mining ; false roof stability ; optimal false roof thickness ; tree-based techniques ; feature selection ; pile bearing capacity ; gradient boosted tree ; random forest ; in situ stress ; rock blasting ; crack propagation ; model test ; rheological deformation ; key stratum ; roadway groups ; roadway deformation ; surrounding rock control ; triaxial creep experiment ; cyclic loading and unloading ; elasto-visco-plastic strain ; irrecoverable strain ; tertiary creep stage ; nonlinear creep damage model ; high-altitude slope ; BP neural network ; freeze-thaw cycle ; geological conditions ; mining method ; soft broken complex ore body ; improved AHP ; comprehensive evaluation index ; blasting ; back-break ; SVM ; metaheuristic algorithms ; moth–flame optimization ; whale optimization algorithm ; tilted strata ; roadway ; nonuniform deformation ; physical simulation ; HFDEM ; numerical method ; rock fracture ; strain rate ; mining engineering ; backfill mining ; high-concentration backfill ; elastic modulus ; K-fold cross-validation ; mining ; rock engineering ; sensitivity analysis ; XGBoost ; limit equilibrium method (LEM) ; limit analysis ; accuracy ; slope stability ; homogenous slopes ; error accuracy classification chart ; physical and mechanical responses ; Egyptian granodiorite ; thermal damage threshold ; microstructure ; thermal constructions ; rock slope analysis ; limited analysis method ; numerical methods ; combined/hybrid finite–discrete element method ; FDEM ; non-renewable ; clean coal technology ; waste of resources ; “110 construction method” ; collapse settlement control ; moisture content ; dry–wet cycles ; cyclic loading ; injury mechanism ; acoustic emission RA-AF ; thermal effect prediction model ; uniaxial compressive strength ; static Young’s modulus ; artificial neural network ; multilinear regression ; rock mass ; hydraulic conductivity ; sustainability ; rock mechanics ; geotechnical engineering ; geomechanical engineering ; mining technology ; natural stones ; temperature ; fire ; thermal effect ; point load strength ; porosity ; color ; gloss ; automated mineral identification ; LBP ; classification ; texture feature ; liquefaction potential ; prediction ; Bayesian optimization ; support vector machines ; optimization ; Hoek–Brown criterion ; Mohr failure envelope ; Balmer’s equation ; limit equilibrium analysis ; modified Bishop approach ; active earth pressure ; unsaturated narrow backfill ; interlayer shear stress ; arching effect ; thin-layer element method ; tunnel excavation ; cut blasting method ; LLB method ; uncharged hole ; numerical simulation ; spectrum index ; water content ; hyperspectral information ; V-type firing pattern ; collision fragmentation ; RSA ; ANN ; coupled stress-hydro effect ; uniaxial loading ; infrared radiation ; warning threshold ; non-destructive monitoring ; alteration ; tunnel ; stress field ; deformation field ; plastic zone ; flyrock ; weathering index (WI) ; equilibrium optimizer (EO) ; particle swarm optimization (PSO) ; extreme learning machine (ELM) ; artificial neural network (ANN) ; high-water material ; seawater ; water-cement ratio ; strength ; mining method optimization ; difficult-to-mine complicated orebody ; multiple attribute decision making ; Pythagorean fuzzy sets and TOPSIS method ; mechanized upward horizontal layering method ; plateau alluvial-lacustrine deposits ; round gravelly soil ; large scale direct shear test ; shear strength parameters ; Erbil ; geotechnical characterization ; GIS ; ANFIS ; differential evolution ; firefly algorithm ; frozen rock mass blasting ; ice-filled crack ; explosion stress wave propagation ; attenuation factor ; UCS ; intelligent and statistical methods ; sedimentary rocks ; modulus of deformation ; RMR ; in situ testing ; modelling ; instrumentation ; failure risk ; element failure probability ; spatial variability ; stochastic groundwater level ; upper bound method ; rock joints ; shear strength ; scale effects ; normal stress ; JRC ; PFC simulation ; water inrush ; precursor ; strain energy ; normalized ; sustainable mine ; blast-induced flyrock ; LSSVM ; prediction models ; salt cavern ; underground gas storage ; continuum-discrete coupled method ; thermal-mechanical coupling ; thermal damage ; marble strength ; direct and indirect methods ; correlations analysis ; artificial intelligence techniques ; performance indicators ; resonant column test ; torsional simple shear test ; damping ratio ; steady-state vibration ; free vibration decay ; bibliometric analysis ; pile foundation ; sustainable structure ; VOS viewer ; Web of Science ; red clay ; desiccation cracking mechanism ; digital image correlation technology ; strain ; displacement ; mineral carbonation ; comminution energy ; stress–strain relationship ; elastic properties ; radial distribution function ; crown deformation ; underground caverns ; parametric study ; multiple linear regression ; twin tunnels ; 3D numerical analysis ; surface settlement ; field measurement ; geotechnical and geological conditions ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Among terrestrial ecosystems, forests play a dominant role in maintaining biodiversity and providing ecosystem functioning, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem stability. Over the past several decades, however, global forests are facing unprecedented pressure from climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, resulting in a high rate of biodiversity loss due to deforestation, fragmentation, and degradation. Determining how to maintain biodiversity is extremely urgent if we want to achieve the aims of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The complex structure, species interaction, heterogenic environment, and regional species pool all affect the spatial and temporal patterns of forest species, but it is still unclear how these effects maintain long-term forest biodiversity as forests undergo rapid variations in habitat features under global change. This reprint includes sixteen published articles related to the dynamics of forest spatial structure, community assembly, forest recovery patterns after disturbance, spatial distribution of species diversity, effects of abiotic and biotic variables on understory species diversity, and above- and below-ground biotic interactions. These studies cover different forest types across varied spatial and temporal scales, as well as different biological groups (plants, birds and microbes). We acknowledge all authors who contributed to this reprint "Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity" of Forests. We hope this reprint can improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of forest biodiversity maintenance.
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; intraspecific competition ; interspecific competition ; litter decomposition ; nutrient release ; biodiversity monitoring ; soundscape ecology ; spectrograms ; acoustic indices ; birds ; urban forests ; object-based image analysis ; novel approach ; altitude ; interspecific association ; Godron stability ; the southern Taihang Mountains ; soil nutrients ; plant diversity ; regression dominant species ; tropical monsoonal forest ; Hainan island ; soil pH ; soil available phosphorus ; root–soil–microbial interactions ; seedling bank ; seedling age ; microenvironment ; biomass allocation ; nonstructural carbohydrates ; community assembly ; beta diversity ; replacement ; richness ; spatial structure parameters ; dynamic changes ; the Sankey diagram ; mortality process ; recruitment process ; natural mixed forests ; net relatedness index ; functional trait ; niche theory ; habitat filtering ; competitive exclusion ; deciduous broad-leaved forests ; precipitation ; soil water content ; root system characteristics ; natural regeneration ; biogeography ; subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest ; functional richness ; environmental variables ; phylogenetic signal ; intra- and interspecific interactions ; stand structure ; understory vegetation ; species diversity ; canonical correlation analysis ; gap size ; soil microbe ; soil chemical property ; forest management ; PLFA analysis ; spatial distribution ; soil depth layer ; β-diversity ; soil chemical elements ; multi-site generalized dissimilarity modeling ; stand structural characteristic ; aboveground biomass ; temperature ; influence ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Amid challenging environmental conditions throughout their life cycle, plants display an extraordinary ability to sense, process, and respond to a diverse array of stimuli with adaptability. The complexity of their stress responses unfolds across various levels—physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and cellular—demanding a profound comprehension of the intricate mechanisms at work. These stresses intertwine, triggering cellular damage and initiating a cascade of responses within plants. Critical growth phases under severe stress encounter mechanical damage and alterations in cellular macromolecule synthesis. While plants possess inherent defense mechanisms against oxidative damage, excessive oxygen production overwhelms their detoxification capacity, leading to detrimental reactions like loss of osmotic responsiveness, wilting, and necrosis. This reprint undertakes a comprehensive analysis, exploring multiple perspectives such as gas exchange, metabolomics, proteomics, isotopic, and genomic approaches, to unveil the drivers and specific strategies that empower plants to adapt to stressful growth conditions. By examining trait selection, phenotypic plasticity, and other factors, this reprint uncovers the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant resilience amidst adversity. A valuable resource for scientists, academics, and professionals, this reprint unveils the mysteries of plant resilience and productivity, fostering innovative strategies for sustainable agriculture in our ever-changing world.
    Keywords: allelopathic potential ; chemical composition ; phenolics ; Acacia melanoxylon ; Lactuca sativa ; HPLC seedling growth Flavonoides ; Cadmium ; heavy metal ; food security ; oxidative damage ; antioxidants ; intercropping ; lodging tolerance ; agronomical management ; lignin metabolism ; resistance genes ; salinity ; Chenopodium quinoa ; biomass ; functional plant traits ; biochemical traits ; genotypes ; yield ; salt stress ; heat stress ; photosynthesis ; antioxidant enzymes ; HSPs ; QTLs ; omics ; rice ; nitrogen ; water stress ; drought ; antioxidant ; reactive oxygen species ; reactive nitrogen species ; canopy temperature ; water soluble carbohydrates ; stay green ; seed yield ; Camellia oleifera ; Arachis hypogaea ; soil nutritional status ; soil quality ; cropping pattern ; silvicultural methods ; sustainable production ; stable isotope ; isotopic composition ; C and N cycling ; vegetation type ; soil health ; nitric oxide ; salinity stress ; antioxidant system ; osmolytes ; photosystem II ; Na+/H+ antiporters ; Triticum aestivum L. ; weed suppression ; allelochemicals ; sorgoleone ; benzoquinone ; cropping systems ; Lathyrus odoratus ; seed priming ; seawater ; proline ; SiNPs ; wheat ; antioxidant capacity ; grain quality ; alveographic parameters ; alpha-lipoic acid ; cysteine ; biochar ; alkaline soils ; abiotic stress ; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; fatty acids ; Zea mays L. ; lowland rice ; terminal water stress ; grain yield ; stress indices ; stress tolerance ; bioactive ; desert ; irrigated ; flavonoid ; phenol ; phytochemistry ; n/a ; Hordeum vulgare ; stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen ; saline water stress ; isotope ecology ; yield stability ; ion homeostasis ; spinach ; paracetamol ; degradation ; growth parameters ; chlorophyll florescence ; photosynthetic pigments ; elements ; microbes ; bioethanol ; salt tolerance ; water deficit conditions ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthetic efficiency ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Polymer composite materials have attracted great interest for the development of electrical and electronic engineering and technology, and have been widely applied in electrical power systems, electrical insulation equipment, electrical and electronic devices, etc. Due to the significant expansion in the use of newly developed polymer composite materials, it is necessary to understand and accurately describe the relationship between composite structure and material properties, as only based on thorough laboratory characterization is it possible to estimate the properties for their future commercial applications. This book focuses on polymer composites applied in the field of electrical and electronic equipment, including but not limited to synthesis and preparation of new polymeric materials, structure–properties relationship of polymer composites, evaluation of materials application, simulation and modelling of material performance.
    Keywords: aramid nanofiber ; hydrogen bonds ; electric breakdown strength ; mechanical strength ; alumina nanoplates ; SiC crystal form ; micro-nano compound ; thermal conductivity ; breakdown field strength ; space charge ; polyimide polymer ; unipolar electrical stress ; temperature ; frequency ; surface streamer discharge ; silicone rubber coating ; three-electrode arrangement ; thermally stimulated current method ; surface properties ; dielectric elastomer ; intrinsic property ; energy harvesting ; epoxy resins ; Langmuir ; terahertz ; molecular simulation ; prediction ; epoxy resin ; partial discharge ; active product ; electro-thermal dissociation ; reactive molecular dynamics ; polyimide ; graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets ; polydopamine ; interfacial interaction ; breakdown strength ; molecular dynamics simulation ; damping performance ; nitrile-butadiene rubber ; graphene oxide ; antioxidant 4010NA ; droplet vibration ; high voltage insulator ; polymeric surface ; corona discharge ; arcing ; creepage distance ; streamer discharge ; curved profiles ; streamer propagation “stability” field ; streamer propagation path ; streamer propagation velocity ; Eucommia ulmoides gum ; carbon nanotubes ; graphene ; electromagnetic shielding ; honeycomb sandwich composites ; metamaterial ; radar stealth ; microwave absorbing material ; low frequency ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-07-14
    Description: The construction industry is growing rapidly and time has changed the construction methods used. The traditional way of construction is becoming obsolete and technology is taking over. In this case, sustainable construction is the future and the new norm in the construction industry. Although there are various opportunities in this sector, there are also some challenges that exist and hinder productivity. Hence, this reprint covers the opportunities and challenges in sustainable construction.
    Keywords: thin film ; organic solar cell ; efficiency ; DBR ; temperature ; life cycle ; impact assessment ; recycled material ; geopolymer concrete ; sustainability ; workforce diversity ; technical skills ; motivation ; psychosocial ; construction worker ; productivity ; BIM ; post-disaster reconstruction ; construction industry ; scientometric analysis ; visualization ; PRISMA ; review ; RWL ; time series ; RHR ; seasonality ; prediction ; ANN ; SARIMA ; wastewater ; oil palm leaves activated carbon ; chemical activation ; COD ; adsorption ; green technology ; marble dust ; air pollution ; health hazards ; environmental pollution ; econometric analysis ; construction sector ; sustainable construction ; circular economy ; forecasting ; causal loop diagram ; construction management ; resilient supply chain ; sustainable supply chain ; supply chain management ; systems thinking ; forecasting models ; energy consumption ; smart buildings ; machine learning ; LSTM technique ; GIS ; PCA ; groundwater quality ; health risk ; solid waste ; error management climate ; psychological capital ; job stress ; aeronautical industry ; structural equation modeling ; IR 4.0 ; health and safety ; AHP ; barriers ; small contractors ; SEM ; Malaysia ; economy ; eco-materials ; energy ; environmental impact ; lean construction ; pollution ; prefabricated construction ; mediation analysis ; trust ; satisfaction ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Except for latitudinal and elevational extremes, lizards range across a vast variety of biotopes worldwide, including environments as disparate as deserts, prairies, temperate woodlands, rainforests, or anthropic habitats. Although most species thrive on the ground, numerous lizards are fossorial, arboreal, and even aquatic, found in either fresh- or seawater. With lizards being ectotherms, accurate thermoregulation and other physiological adaptations are in most cases fundamental for their survival in such a variety of habitats. Moreover, lizard coloration may mediate thermoregulation, reproduction, and social status, among others. Lizards have also evolved some unusual antipredator adaptations, such as tail autotomy. Consequently, the astonishing morphological, ecological, and functional diversity of lizards results from extremely intense selective pressures, oftentimes opposing, many of whose interrelationships have yet to be disentangled. This Special Issue provides the international scientific community with an integrative meeting point to discuss and synthesize the current knowledge on the evolutionary pathways and mechanisms that led to today’s lizards.
    Keywords: enhanced vegetation index ; Lacerta ; Mediterranean ; niche partitioning ; Sauria ; Timon ; colouration ; social signals ; Psammodromus algirus ; lizards ; altitudinal gradient ; Indochina ; Southeast Asia ; phylogeny ; Indo-Australian Archipelago ; Bent-toed geckos ; karst ; conservation ; high elevation ; hyperoxia ; sprint performance ; thermal performance curve ; thermal preference ; lizard ; autotomy ; tail ; locomotion ; performance ; temperature ; predation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Crop models and remote sensing techniques have been combined and applied in agriculture and crop estimation on local and regional scales, or worldwide, based on the simultaneous development of crop models and remote sensing. The literature shows that many new remote sensing sensors and valuable methods have been developed for the retrieval of canopy state variables and soil properties from remote sensing data for assimilating the retrieved variables into crop models. At the same time, remote sensing has been used in a staggering number of applications for agriculture. This book sets the context for remote sensing and modelling for agricultural systems as a mean to minimize the environmental impact, while increasing production and productivity. The eighteen papers published in this Special Issue, although not representative of all the work carried out in the field of Remote Sensing for agriculture and crop modeling,
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; nitrogen nutrition index ; n/a ; soil organic carbon ; yield estimation ; hyperspectral sensor ; crop modeling ; crop residue management ; land use change ; flat-fan atomizer ; vegetation index ; septoria tritici blotch ; crop simulation model ; temporal variability ; spectral-weight variations in fused images ; plant ; EPIC model ; large cardamom ; crop inventory ; proximal sensing ; sorghum biomass ; soil ; UAV ; Integrated Administration and Control System ; canopy temperature depression ; fractional cover ; Cropsim-CERES Wheat ; hyperspectral data ; yield ; wheat ; precision farming ; SPAD ; AquaCrop ; prediction modeling ; spectral simulation ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; machine learning ; crop production ; protein content ; Á Trous algorithm ; spatial variability ; variable rate technology ; crop type mapping ; Tarim Basin ; leaf area index ; management zone ; irrigation ; multi-spectral ; agricultural land-cover ; crop modelling ; dynamic model ; satellite images ; climate change ; control variables ; generalized model ; Sentinel-2 satellite imagery ; vegetation indices ; vegetable monitoring ; Sentinel-2 ; remote sensing ; cultivars ; crop growth model ; yield monitoring ; big data technology ; conservation agriculture ; GIS ; fAPAR ; droplet drift ; simulation analysis ; durum wheat ; hydroponic ; grain yield ; Leaf Area Index ; NDVI ; precision agriculture ; relative frequencies ; soil stoichiometry ; habitat assessment ; data assimilation ; satellite ; species modelling ; ?13C ; disease ; nitrogen ; yield mapping ; UAV chemical application ; RGB images ; decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Sustainable development in the agriculture sector is crucial to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations (UN). There are lots of challenges to developing modern and intelligent agricultural techniques, tools, and systems, by which sustainable agriculture and food security can be satisfied. In addition, carbon-neutral development and clean energy utilization are also associated with the UN-SDGs. Such agricultural, biological, and environmental engineering studies are needed in the 21st century, particularly from the viewpoint of the agricultural water–energy–food security nexus. This book focuses on the recent proliferation and technological advancements in these engineering applications. This book aims to share recent updates on agricultural, biological, and environmental engineering, and the application of these engineering techniques in the agriculture sector. It presents such engineering technologies and applications in seven categories that include energy system applications in agriculture (three studies); irrigation and drainage (four studies); biomass, biogas, and biochar (three studies); farm mechanization and soil science (three studies); remote sensing and geographical studies (two studies); wastewater and biological studies (two studies); and case studies and societal aspects in agriculture (five studies). The editors believe that this book will be useful for agricultural scientists, researchers, and students.
    Keywords: air heat pump ; carbon dioxide ; formaldehyde ; electricity consumption ; ultra-fine dust ; municipal waste ; biological fertilizer ; phytopathogens ; sustainable agriculture ; organic waste treatment ; optical remote sensing ; microwave remote sensing ; phenology-based method ; forest conservation ; forest management ; rural residents ; economic incentives ; Pakistan ; less-favoured areas ; agricultural policy ; farm profitability ; traction ; soil ; sinkage ; single-track shoe ; penetration ; cohesion ; adhesion ; ANOVA ; Brassica chinensis ; coefficient of variation ; double-row ; metering device ; pneumatic ; greenhouse ; computational fluid dynamics ; airflow ; temperature ; humidity ; horticulture ; Zagazig ; Egypt ; willingness to accept ; gross margin ; mixed cropping ; ordered logistic regression ; bioresources ; circular bioeconomy ; economic analysis ; Nitrification inhibitor ; smog ; Wheat straw ; poultry farms ; air-conditioning ; evaporative cooling systems ; temperature-humidity index ; temperature-humidity-velocity index ; soil erosion ; sediment yield ; RUSLE ; sediment transport modeling ; Gomal River ; arid regions ; surface drain system ; design ; drainage effluent ; GF-6 ; maize ; straw ; support vector machine ; random forest ; red-edge wavelength ; biomass ; furnace ; efficiency ; economics ; carbon nanotubes ; surface modification ; heavy metals ; adsorption ; water and wastewater treatment ; renewable energy ; biogas production ; livestock manure ; anaerobic digestion ; COVID-19 ; Iran ; food security ; economic crisis ; agriculture ; food supply chain ; agricultural economy ; drip irrigation system ; net revenue ; small landholders ; sustainable irrigation ; agroforestry ; allometric equations ; carbon stock ; organic carbon ; potassium ; zinc ; physiological attributes ; climate change ; environment ; human health ; resources ; wastewater ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: This book deals with sustainable agriculture at a time of climate change. It seeks to identify a number of solutions to deal with the agricultural stresses caused by climate change. These range from the identification and cultivation of appropriate crop varieties and the adoption of climate adaptive agricultural practices. Significant sustainable agricultural innovation is required to deal with these challenges. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) may be of crucial importance for modern agriculture. They serve to make R&D in agriculture attractive, by encouraging investment in new technologies and generating tradeable assets. A number of the chapters of this book refer to the principal IPRs relevant to agricultural innovation, namely: (i) patents, which protect inventions; (ii) plant variety rights, which protect the breeding of new and distinct plant varieties; and (iii) trademarks and geographical indications, which facilitate the marketing of products by providing protection for the symbols of their manufacturing or geographic origin. The United Nations Climate Change Panel has urged the consideration of the agricultural practices of traditional communities and some of these practices particularly involving rice, banana, and brassica cultivation are explored in the book. This book is essential reading for officials of governments and international organizations concerned with sustainability, as well as scholars and students concerned with these subjects
    Keywords: alternative energy source ; Ethiopian mustard ; sustainability ; agricultural green development ; entropy weight method ; spatial heterogeneity ; spatial spillover effect ; China ; rice yields ; climate change ; phenology ; relative contribution ; partial correlation ; seed security ; banana tissue culture planting material ; uptake ; banana farmers ; central Uganda ; traditional rice economics ; institutional ; socio-demographic factors ; multinomial logit model ; constraints ; China-Africa cooperation ; agricultural program ; agricultural training ; technology adoption ; dams ; agriculture ; livelihoods ; health ; schistosomiasis ; restoration ; sustainable development ; climate adaptation ; rice–wheat cropping system ; South Asia ; water requirements ; nitrogen ; direct seeding ; agricultural science, technology and innovation ; Innovation efficiency ; DEA ; G20 ; productivity ; efficiency ; food security ; digital agriculture ; smart farming ; digitalization ; digital technologies ; Middle East and North Africa ; decision making ; instrumental variable ; neighbourhood effects ; rice farmers ; risk attitudes ; spatial dependence ; agricultural innovation ; sustainable agriculture ; plant breeding ; cereals ; intellectual property ; agricultural law ; plant variety rights ; seed marketing ; European Union ; fertilizer ; knowledge ; attitude ; ease of use ; motivation ; work performance ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-01-05
    Description: Metal manufacturing is a fundamental and indispensable technology in the processing of raw metals into desired products, which significantly promotes the development of industry and society overall. This book presents original research and a state of the art review of contemporary metal manufacturing processes, especially in the modeling, optimization, and design of the manufacturing processes. This book covers topics such as machine learning algorithms in manufacturing metal products, the fabrication and optimization of mechanical properties of metals, and numerical simulations and experiments in the machining of metals. The book presents some essential theories and successful manufacturing techniques for the low-cost and highly efficient production of metals.
    Keywords: machine learning ; reinforcement learning ; Q-learning ; steelmaking process CAS-OB ; decision-support system ; optimisation algorithm ; 3D auxetic structures ; selective laser melting ; micro assembled ; structural surface layer model ; A380 alloy ; Ca ; AlFeSi phase ; refine ; micro-cutting ; grain size ; surface integrity ; cutting forces ; chip formation ; OFHC copper C102 ; amorphous alloys ; Fe-based amorphous alloys ; difficult-to-machine ; assisted machining ; high-frequency PCB ; drilling ; coating technology ; tool wear ; hot filament chemical vapor deposition ; PCBN tool ; gray cast iron ; surface quality ; temperature prediction ; weighted regularized extreme learning machine ; just-in-time learning ; sample similarities ; variable correlations ; tool edge preparation ; orthogonal cutting ; numerical simulation ; ANOVA ; temperature ; stress ; ECAP ; metallic materials ; processing parameters ; deformation mechanism ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJC Business strategy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KND Manufacturing industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: Currently, water and energy are among the world biggest challenges. All countries working on increasing industries and searching for progress need energy. Beside the limitation on the energy in the world, the aspect that has limited the use of energy is global warming. Fossil fuels are mostly used in the industries produce greenhouse gasses that cause trapping of the heat in the atmosphere and thus lead to temperatures rising and climate change. The importance of green energy is that it does not have the negative effect of fossil fuels and does not release carbon dioxide as the main greenhouse gas through combustion. This book contains some new studies about the production of renewable energies and applications of green technologies in various processes. The book is useful for researchers in the field of green technologies and also post-graduate students who are interested in expanding their knowledge of novel technologies and green fuels. It contains six chapters. In Chapter 1, a microbial fuel cell was studied and optimized. In Chapter 2, an autonomous model that can be used in cars and agriculture was reviewed. Chapter 3 studies the dehumidification capacity of water walls. Chapter 4 discusses the performance of conventional and unconventional single U-Tube pipe configurations. Chapter 5 studies the power generation table of 40 different locations in Oman. Finally, in Chapter 6 the role of renewable energy in south Asian countries is discussed.
    Keywords: acceptance ; AgTech startups ; autonomous ; robot ; TAM ; water wall ; falling water film ; relative humidity ; temperature ; condensation rate ; dehumidification ; vertical ground heat exchanger ; external fin ; thermal response test ; effective ground thermal conductivity ; carbon nanotube ; coulombic efficiency ; microbial fuel cell ; nanocomposite ; Pt ; lookup tables ; photovoltaic ; PVGIS ; solar ; Oman ; health expenditures ; CO2 emissions ; renewable energy ; South Asian countries ; FMOLS ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This Special Issue is dedicated to collating recent research on the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica Peninsula region. This Issue also considers the spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water. Papers in this issue are focused on field research of the physical properties and ecology of this key region of the Southern Ocean. The main objects of the study are the properties of seawater, currents, ecosystems, and biological communities in the South Atlantic, the Powell Basin of the northwestern Weddell Sea, the Bransfield Strait, and the Antarctic Sound. The Antarctic marine ecosystem is unique in terms of its biodiversity and high productivity of the basic trophic levels of the ecosystem. This ecosystem is efficiently used by organisms such as seabirds, seals, and whales that feed on Antarctic krill.
    Keywords: cryptophytes ; nanophytoplankton ; picophytoplankton ; photosynthetic picoeukaryotes ; phytoplankton bloom ; Bransfield Strait ; Antarctic Peninsula ; flow cytometry ; subtropical rings ; Subantarctic rings ; CTD ; ADCP ; optical and hydrochemical parameters ; methane ; primary production ; plankton ; fish ; birds and whales ; Orkney Passage ; hydraulic control ; subcritical ; supercritical flows ; deep overflow ; LADCP ; bottom circulation ; Antarctic krill Euphausia superba ; eggs ; nauplii ; calyptopis ; furcilia ; abundance ; distribution ; Atlantic sector ; Southern Ocean ; temperature ; salinity ; current system ; the Bransfield Strait ; South Ocean ; Antarctic Bottom Water ; Vema Channel ; CTD/LADCP measurements ; three jets of bottom current ; chlorophyll a ; Euphausiacea ; Euphausia superba ; Salpa thompsoni ; planktonic tunicate ; climate change ; feeding competition ; Malvinas Current ; submesoscale ; water mass ; Lagrangian analysis ; upper mixed layer ; euphotic layer ; bio-optical ; fluorescence ; SADCP ; mesoparasitic copepods ; bacterioplankton ; bioluminescence ; optically active components ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; Atlantic sector of the Antarctic ; benthos ; nemerteans ; larvae ; bipolar distribution ; mesozooplankton ; copepods ; euphausiid larvae ; biomass ; Antarctic Sound ; Weddell Sea ; South Orkney Islands ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Carbon-based nanomaterials have been increasingly used in sensors and biosensors design due to their advantageous intrinsic properties, which include, but are not limited to, high electrical and thermal conductivity, chemical stability, optical properties, large specific surface, biocompatibility, and easy functionalization. The most commonly applied carbonaceous nanomaterials are carbon nanotubes (single- or multi-walled nanotubes) and graphene, but promising data have been also reported for (bio)sensors based on carbon quantum dots and nanocomposites, among others. The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials, independent of the detection scheme and developed platform type (optical, chemical, and biological, etc.), has a major beneficial effect on the (bio)sensor sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance. As a consequence, carbon-based nanomaterials have been promoting a revolution in the field of (bio)sensors with the development of increasingly sensitive devices. This Special Issue presents original research data and review articles that focus on (experimental or theoretical) advances, challenges, and outlooks concerning the preparation, characterization, and application of carbon-based nanomaterials for (bio)sensor development.
    Keywords: dopamine ; uric acid ; MnO2 nanoflowers ; N-doped reduced graphene oxide ; voltammetric sensor ; 3D printing ; biomimetic sensor ; flexible electronics ; graphene ; PDMS ; gauge factor ; carbon nanofibers ; nanoparticles ; electrospinning ; hybrid nanomaterials ; sensor ; carbon dots ; dipicolinic acid ; Tb3+ ; schizochytrium ; ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe ; carbon-based nanomaterials ; chemo- and biosensor ; food safety ; field effect transistor ; graphene nanoribbon ; propane ; butane ; gas sensor ; detector ; oxygen ; humidity ; water ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; surface-enhanced Raman scattering ; ultrathin gold films ; spectroscopic ellipsometry ; percolation threshold ; nano carbon black ; polydimethylsiloxane ; pressure sensors ; wearable electronics ; hemoglobin determination ; luminescence ; room temperature phosphorescence ; portable instrumentation ; sensors and biosensors ; carbon nanomaterials ; environment ; aquatic fauna ; waters ; carbon nanotubes ; zirconia nanoparticles ; Prussian blue ; electrochemical sensors ; metal organic framework ; active carbon ; heavy metal ; low-cost adsorbents ; lead sensor ; Cortaderia selloana ; non-covalent ; biosensor ; real-time ; nanocomposite ; π-π stacking ; drop-cast ; carbon-surfaces ; resistor ; GFET ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Vegetables are an important part of the human diet due to their nutrient density and, at the same time, low calorie content. Producers of vegetable crops mainly aim at achieving high yields with good external quality. However, there is an increasing demand of consumers for vegetables that provide good sensory properties and are rich in secondary compounds that can be valuable for human health. Sub- or supra-optimal abiotic conditions, like high temperatures, drought, excess light, salinity or nutrient deficiency, may alter the composition of vegetable crops and at the same time, result in yield loss. Thus, producers need to adapt their horticultural practices such as through the choice of variety, irrigation regime, light management, fruit thinning, or fertilizer application to improve the yield and quality of the vegetable product. In the future, altered climate conditions such as elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperatures, or altered precipitation patterns may become additional challenges for producers of vegetable crops, especially those that cultivate in the open field. This raises the need for optimized horticultural practices in order to minimize abiotic stresses. As well, specific storage conditions can have large impacts on the quality of vegetables. This Special Issue compiles research that deals with the optimization of vegetable product quality (e.g. sensory aspects, composition) under sub- or supra-optimal abiotic conditions.
    Keywords: ascorbic acid ; biostimulants ; Allium cepa ; Phulkara ; Nasarpuri ; Lambada and Red Bone ; gibberex ; Momordica charantia L ; dismutase ; peroxidase ; catalase ; vegetative growth ; flesh firmness ; flowering ; harvest time ; lycopene ; rootstock-scion combination ; total soluble solids ; elevated CO₂ ; modified atmosphere package ; sensory and physiological-biochemical characteristics ; total phenol ; DPPH ; heirloom beans ; drought ; abiotic stress ; local farming ; nutraceutical properties ; zinc ; Solanum lycopersicum ; drought potassium ; vacuolar transporter ; tomato ; product quality ; nitrogen ; shelf life ; carotenoids ; antioxidants ; taste ; minerals ; fatty acids ; oxalate ; nitrate ; phytochemicals ; ammonium ; climate change ; food quality ; photosynthesis ; nitrogen source ; vegetable ; Ocimum basilicum ; salt ; NaCl ; yield ; quality ; polyphenols ; grafting ; water-use efficiency ; nutrient use efficiency ; vegetable production ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: - Water resources management should be assessed under climate change conditions, as historic data cannot replicate future climatic conditions. - Climate change impacts on water resources are bound to affect all water uses, i.e., irrigated agriculture, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and environmental flow (of streams and rivers) and water level (of lakes). - Bottom-up approaches, i.e., the forcing of hydrologic simulation models with climate change models’ outputs, are the most common engineering practices and considered as climate-resilient water management approaches. - Hydrologic simulations forced by climate change scenarios derived from regional climate models (RCMs) can provide accurate assessments of the future water regime at basin scales. - Irrigated agriculture requires special attention as it is the principal water consumer and alterations of both precipitation and temperature patterns will directly affect agriculture yields and incomes. - Integrated water resources management (IWRM) requires multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, with climate change to be an emerging cornerstone in the IWRM concept.
    Keywords: California ; hydrologic regions ; warming ; drought ; regional climate modeling ; hydrological modeling ; bias correction ; multivariate ; pseudo reality ; rainfall ; trend analysis ; Mann–Kendall ; kriging interpolation ; multiple climate models ; standardized precipitation index (SPI) ; droughts ; weights ; Vu Gia-Thu Bon ; climate change ; optimal control ; geoengineering ; climate manipulation ; GCM ; RCM ; CMIP5 ; CORDEX ; climate model selection ; upper Indus basin ; NDVI ; ENSO ; wavelet ; time series analysis ; Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park ; Google Earth Engine ; Mediterranean climate ; cluster analysis ; objective classification ; ERA5 ; mega-fires ; Bayesian-model averaging ; model uncertainty ; climate-fire models ; Mono River watershed ; climate ; temperature ; heat wave ; excess heat factor ; acclimatization ; Greece ; precipitations ; Hurst exponent ; persistence ; spatial correlation ; Caucasian region ; Regional Climate Model ; climate classification ; bias correction methods ; precipitation ; terrestrial ecosystems ; GPP ; LAI ; CO2 fertilization effect ; feedback ; sassandra watershed ; Côte d’Ivoire ; boreal region ; extreme wind speed ; wind climate ; soil frost ; wind damage risk management ; wind multiplier ; downscaling ; topography ; surface roughness ; VIIRS ; MODIS ; OLCI ; RSB ; SNPP ; Terra ; Aqua ; Sentinel-3A ; reflective solar bands ; intersensor comparison ; intercalibration ; SNO ; climate indices ; climate change and Conakry ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The innovations in construction materials that have been made due to the development of different varieties of concrete have led to innovations in structural applications and design. This Special Issue mainly focuses on state-of-the-art research progress in high-performance concrete, including the effect and characteristics of fibers on the properties of high-performance concrete, the CO2 curing efficiency of high-performance cement composites, and the effect of nano materials when used in ultra-high-performance concrete. This Special Issue also contains two comprehensive review articles covering the following topics: the role of supplementary cementitious materials in ultra-high-performance concrete and recent progress in nanomaterials in cement-based materials. Readers working towards conducting research on innovative construction materials will be exposed to findings related to this topic in this Special Issue.
    Keywords: ultrahigh-performance concrete ; nanosilica ; dynamic light scattering ; zeta potential ; pore solution ; alkali-activator ; GGBFS ; Na2O content ; Ms (SiO2/Na2O) ; workability ; setting time ; steel fiber ; fiber content ; aspect ratio ; toughness index ; high-strength concrete ; fibers ; smart materials ; fiber/matrix bond ; physical properties ; heat treatment ; alkali-activated material ; calcium sulfoaluminate-based expansive additive ; concrete shrinkage ; modulus of elasticity ; shrinkage stress ; SIFRCC ; fiber volume fraction ; direct tensile strength ; energy absorption capacity ; direct tensile test ; carbon nanotubes ; cement-based materials ; concrete infrastructure ; graphene ; graphene oxide ; mechanical strength ; nanomaterials ; nano-Al2O3 ; nano-Fe2O3 ; nano-SiO2 ; nano-TiO2 ; smart infrastructure ; slurry-infiltrated fiber-reinforced cementitious composite ; high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite ; compressive stress ; stress-strain relationship ; filling slurry matrix ; bio-slime ; sulfate attack ; chloride attack ; service life ; multi-layer diffusion ; repair ; concrete ; dynamic compression ; Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars (SPHB) ; brittle materials ; simulation ; calcined zeolite sand ; ultra-high-performance concrete ; pre-wetted ; autogenous shrinkage ; internal curing ; reactive powder concrete ; strength ; basalt fibers ; abrasion ; porosity ; microscopic image processing ; X-ray CT analysis ; porous cementitious materials ; 3D tomographic image ; CO2 curing ; size effect ; colloidal silica ; cement-based material ; casting method ; ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete ; densified silica fume ; agglomeration ; pozzolanic reaction ; densification ; alternative alkali-activated material ; ground granulated blast-furnace slag ; strength development ; CSA expansive additive ; ultrasonic pulse velocity ; temperature ; high performance concrete (HPC) ; C-shape magnetic probe test ; fibre orientation angle ; flexural test ; attenuation factor ; ultra-high-performance steel fiber-reinforced concrete ; multiscale finite element modeling ; multi-point constraint ; multi-scale interface connection ; concrete damage plasticity model ; ABAQUS ; ultra high-performance concrete (UHPC) ; supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) ; sustainability ; compressive strength ; flowability ; shrinkage ; railway sleeper ; static bending test ; numerical simulation ; structural performance ; high performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC) ; polypropylene fiber (PP) ; polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) ; residual flexural strength ; splitting tensile strength ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Dear colleagues, Geological energy has a long history in China. As early as 500 BC, China began to use coal as fuel. In the middle of the 19th century, China began to develop oil resources. After the foundation of new China, with the discovery of the Daqing oilfield, China's oil industry entered an era of great development. During the 21st century, with the development of drilling technology, the development of unconventional energy such as shale gas and shale oil has entered a new era. In recent years, the development of flammable ice has set off a wave of clean energy. With the carbon reduction plan proposed by the Chinese government, clean geo-energy has been granted unparalleled development space in the future. China's geo-energy development technology used to lag behind that of major developed countries for a long time, but after years of development, it has become the world's leading edge in some fields. Therefore, we specially set up this collection to collect China's advanced geo-energy exploitation technology and development trends, whilst providing some new directions for thinking about geo-energy development in China and even the world. This collection seeks to contribute to such topics through enhanced scientific and multidisciplinary knowledge.
    Keywords: airflow reversal ; gas outburst ; mine ventilation system ; orthogonal experiment ; numerical simulation ; deep chamber ; asymmetric failure ; mechanical analysis ; control measures ; Yinggehai ; overpressure ; hydraulic fracture ; mudstone ; fluid pressure ; red sandstone ; pre-existing cracks ; creep behavior ; temperature ; long-term permeability ; partial saturation ; patchy saturation ; squirt flow ; P-wave velocity dispersion and attenuation ; anelasticity ; ultrasonic measurements ; heavy oil reservoirs ; cyclic steam stimulation ; conformance control ; extreme gradient boost (XGBoost) trees ; prediction model ; Dongsha Waters in the northern South China Sea margin ; velocity inversion ; mud volcano ; magma intrusion ; Mesozoic hydrocarbon ; tubing ; modal analysis ; fluid-structure interaction ; inlet pressure ; pipeline ; water hammer ; gas-liquid two-phase flow ; pressure ; velocity ; lattice Boltzmann method ; discrete element method ; sand production ; force chain network analysis ; seismic sedimentology ; sedimentary facies evolution ; peat accumulation regularity ; frequency–division amplitude fusion ; thin sand bodies ; stable crack propagation ; crack strain ; stress–strain curve ; model ; wing crack ; outburst coal ; primary coal ; structural parameters ; infrared spectrum ; XRD ; oil shale ; in situ conversion project ; biomarker ; pyrolysis process ; organic geochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: The continuous and widespread deterioration of lake water quality and eutrophication is not only a local problem, but also a global phenomenon. It is not only destroying, or at least limiting, the valuable water resources for daily life, but threatening the water security of sustainable social development. More importantly, along with the rapid accumulation of the alga, including novel hypertoxic viruses and new toxic chemicals, as well as other organic compounds, these stressors threaten aquatic life, biodiversity and endanger our health.This Special Issue highlights and discusses major threats to Plateau Lakes water quality, and provides an update on both lake current status, as well as future challenges. Lake problems, such as pollution and eutrophication, require that we quantify how serious the situation is, identify the probable causes, and recommend how to control the pollution in order to restore and protect water quality. More importantly, this Special Issue stresses the need to manage the lakes and the watershed under a unified approach.
    Keywords: external loading ; internal loading ; water quality ; tributary ; Lake Xingyun ; Lake Chenghai ; Yunnan ; water quality parameters ; seasonality ; spatial heterogeneity ; La-modified material ; macrophyte ; sediments ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; particulate organic matter (POM) ; carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes ; source tracing ; ecosystem degradation ; Caohai Lake ; middle reach of the Jinsha River ; cascade hydropower development ; regression discontinuity analysis ; Lake Lugu ; thermal stratification ; seasonal changes ; Lake Qilu ; seasonal variation ; water temperature ; dissolved oxygen ; chlorophyll-a ; pH ; turbidity ; plateau lake ; nutrient limitation transformation ; nutrient threshold ; alkaline lake ; phytoplankton blooms ; Lake Yangzong ; temporal and spatial variations ; cyanophyte relative quantity index ; nutrient reduction ; n/a ; Lake Yilong ; spatial-temporal variations ; anthropogenic activities ; Lake Erhai ; temperature ; Chl-a ; nutrient elements ; heavy metal elements ; spatiotemporal characteristics ; entropy method-fuzzy evaluation method ; principal component analysis ; spatial variation ; temporal variation ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: The present book contains nine articles that were accepted and published in the Special Issue “Modeling and Control of Energy Conversion during Underground Coal Gasification Process” of the MDPI Energies journal. This book focuses on the energy conversion processes in underground coal gasification (UCG), as well as on the modeling and control of this process. The articles published in this book can be divided into three thematic parts of research in the field of underground coal gasification technology: the first part is the impact of technology on the environment, the second is research (studies) on the coal areas and coal properties of UCG technology, and the third is the monitoring, modeling, and control processes within UCG. We hope that this book will be interesting and useful for workers and researchers in the field of underground coal gasification technology, as well as for those who are interested in the mathematical modeling and control of this process.
    Keywords: low-carbon energy ; UCG technology ; grouting ; solidification soil ; soil air ; statistic model ; soil contamination ; atmospheric geochemical survey ; environmental burden ; underground coal gasification (UCG) ; optimization ; syngas ; calorific value ; optimal control ; operating variables ; control algorithm ; coal gasification ; rocks ; coal seam ; material balance ; heat balance ; tightness ; gas ; underground coal gasification ; georeactor ; char ; melted waste rock ; gas permeability ; tortuosity ; porosity ; measurement ; temperature ; regression ; model ; analyses ; cavity ; lignite ; UCG ; ex situ tests ; high temperature ; strength and structural parameters of rocks after heating ; destruction zone around gasified channel ; SNG ; UCG wastewater ; environmental impact assessment ; correlation analysis ; effluents ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book aims to summarize the latest achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern medicine and dentistry, for example, in cases where, as a result of a traffic or sports accident, aging, resection of organs after oncological surgery, or dangerous inflammation, there is a need to replace lost organs, tissues, and parts of the human body. The essence of biomedical materials is their constant contact with living tissues, organisms, or microorganisms and, therefore, they should meet numerous requirements from various fields, including medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. For this reason, biomaterials must be compatible with the organism, and biocompatibility issues must be addressed before using the product in a clinical setting. The production and synthesis of biomaterials require the use of various technologies and methods to obtain the appropriate material, which is then processed using advanced material processing technologies. Often, however, it is necessary to directly manufacture a specific product with individualized geometric features and properties tailored to the requirements of a particular patient. In such cases, additive manufacturing methods are increasingly used. In this sense, it can be considered that the Biomaterials 4.0 stage has been reached, and detailed information is included in the individual chapters of this book on the achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern regenerative medicine, regenerative dentistry, and tissue engineering.
    Keywords: sol-gel phase transitions ; injectable scaffolds ; chitosan ; calcium β-glycerophosphate ; rheology ; bone tissue engineering ; diblock copolymers ; drug delivery systems ; nanoparticles ; nanoprecipitation ; self-assembly ; implant ; stainless steel ; nickel ; leaching ; nitrogen ; cytotoxicity ; nanodendrites ; nanostar ; fibroblast cells ; gelatin ; one-pot synthesis ; hollow mesoporous silica ; porous silica ; high drug loading capacity ; drug delivery system ; fretting ; fretting wear ; Ni-Cr-Mo ; dental alloys ; titaniumcarbonitride ; Ti(C, N) coating ; thin films ; zirconium carbide ; antimicrobial properties ; medical implants ; 316L stainless steel ; sintering ; surface nitriding ; nitrogen absorption ; response surface methodology ; sodium alginate ; hydrogel material ; regenerative medicine ; urethra ; hybrid materials ; hydroxyapatite ; FEA ; V-shaped tooth defects ; fillings ; glass-ionomer cement ; flowable composite ; stomatognathic system ; prosthetic restorations ; surgical guide ; dental prosthesis restoration manufacturing center ; CBCT tomography ; dental implants ; implant-scaffolds ; hybrid multilayer biological-engineering composites biomaterials ; CAD/CAM methods ; additive manufacturing technologies ; selective laser sintering ; stereolithography ; Dentistry 4.0 ; Industry 4.0 ; robocasting ; bioactive glass ; scaffold ; sol–gel ; 45S5 Bioglass® ; biomaterials ; biomedical implants ; additive manufacturing ; dental prosthetic restorations ; Ti6Al4V dental alloy ; structural X-ray analysis ; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope ; metallography ; tensile and bending strength ; corrosion resistance ; tribological tests ; in-vitro tests ; industry 4.0 ; dentistry 4.0 ; SARS-CoV-2 pandemic ; SPEC strategy ; elimination clinical aerosol at the source ; dendrological matrix ; photopolymer materials ; additive digital light printing ; dentistry sustainable development ; dental prophylaxis ; dental interventionistic treatment ; caries ; periodontology ; toothlessness ; endodontics ; dental implantology ; dental prosthetics ; dentist safety ; dentist ethics ; Co–Cr dental alloys ; corrosion ; porcelain firing ; SLM ; MSM ; CST ; light-cured composites ; photopolymerization process ; microhardness ; optimization ; regression analysis ; health ; well-being ; long and healthy life policy ; medicine ; dentistry ; medical ethics ; COVID-19 pandemic ; bioengineering ; medical engineering ; dental engineering ; biomedical materials ; Bioengineering 4.0 ; engineers’ ethics ; filling materials ; sealants ; obturation ; gutta-percha ; Resilon ; procedural benchmarking ; comparative matrices ; virtual approach ; digital twin ; scanning electron microscopy ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book contains thirty articles on various topics related to the corrosion and protection of metallic materials. This topic is of strong actuality both due to the aging of plants and infrastructures that require checks and maintenance, and to the use of traditional materials in increasingly aggressive environments, added to the need of changing the current anti-corrosion systems with less environmental impact methods. Finally, the new development of innovative materials, such as additive manufacturing or high-entropy alloys, needs the characterization of their corrosion behavior. In this issue, there are works on new alloys obtained for additive manufacturing or high entropy, on the study of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, through electrochemical and microscopical techniques, studies on low environmental impact inhibitors and biocides, as well as ceramic and metal protective coatings. Finally, there are works on the study of the residual mechanical resistance of corroded infrastructures and on monitoring and non-destructive control. In this way, the book therefore offers a somewhat varied panorama of research trends in the field.
    Keywords: corrosion ; XPS ; J55 steel ; carbon dioxide ; molecular dynamic simulation ; microbial corrosion ; sulfate-reducing bacteria ; biocides ; electrochemical test ; confocal laser scanning microscopy ; atomic layer deposition ; corrosion protection ; copper ; aluminum oxide ; titanium oxide ; nanolaminate ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; barrier coatings ; bearing steels ; martensitic stainless steel ; aerospace ; atomic force microscopy (AFM) ; scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPFM) ; nanoscale ; electrochemistry ; wear ; Pyrowear 675/AMS 5930 ; ductility ; mechanical properties ; reinforced concrete ; tensile strength ; equivalent steel ; trunk gas pipelines ; hydrogen embrittlement ; hydrogen adsorption ; pipeline inner surface ; cathodic protection current ; hydrogen distribution ; additive manufacturing ; alloy 625 ; selective corrosion ; oil and gas ; materials qualification ; kraft lignin ; polymer ; corrosion resistant ; iron ; acid inhibition ; CrFeCoNiNbx alloys ; microstructure ; hardness ; corrosion property ; magnesium alloy ; stress corrosion cracking ; hydrogen ; fractography methods ; corrosion resistance ; magnetoelasticity ; magnetoelastic sensor ; intergranular corrosion ; sensitization ; austenitic stainless steel ; grain boundary ; grain boundary structure ; corrosion of steel ; riveted bridges ; degradation ; load-carrying capacity ; thermal spray ; zinc ; steel ; zirconium corrosion ; zircalloy clad ; Zr hydride ; nuclear reactor ; Ni-W alloy coating ; heat treatment ; iron corrosion ; SEM ; Raman spectroscopy ; biogenic minerals ; bacterial iron reduction ; cultural heritage ; conservation-restoration ; corrosion stabilization ; corrosion damage ; ultrasonic wave propagation imaging ; root mean square ; dispersion curves ; Rayleigh–Lamb equation ; Fourier transform ; zinc alloys ; Zamak ; Zn-Al alloys ; nickel-aluminum bronze ; cast defects ; electrochemical corrosion ; mechanism ; alternating current ; cathodic protection ; carbon steel ; pipeline ; AC interference corrosion ; AC corrosion assessment ; protection criteria ; corrosion mechanism ; chitosan ; lignosulfonate ; sulfate reducing bacteria ; biofilm ; impedance spectroscopy ; electropolishing ; stainless steel ; surface roughness ; microhardness ; stress-corrosion cracking ; friction stir welding (FSW) ; AA7075 ; pure iron ; groundwater ; corrosion behavior ; ions ; temperature ; hot stamping steel ; AlSi-based coating ; electrodeposited paint ; Zn ; Mg ; hydrogen induced cracking ; sulfide stress cracking ; sour ; hydrogen permeation ; diffusion ; high-strength wires ; potentiodynamic polarization ; metallography ; fracture morphology ; metal additive manufacturing ; aluminium alloys ; corrosion behaviour ; Nb-Si based alloy ; MoSi2-ZrB2 coating ; atmospheric plasma ; oxidation ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have attracted a large amount of interest in research laboratories worldwide in recent decades, motivated by the gap between a growing interest in developing novel mixed matrix membranes by various research groups and the lack of large-scale implementation. This Special Issue contains six publications dealing with the current opportunities and challenges of mixed matrix membranes development and applications to solve environmental and health challenges of the society of 21st century.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; TP155-156 ; modeling ; neural tissue regeneration ; membrane fabrication ; nanoporous polybenzimidazole membranes ; photo-assisted polymerization ; poly (?-caprolactone) ; supported ionic liquid membranes ; CH4 selective membranes ; flat-sheet membrane ; hollow fiber membrane ; ion exchange capacity ; reduced graphene oxide ; polymer of intrinsic microporosity ; CH4 solubility ; RHO ; temperature ; porous nanoparticles ; protic imidazolium ionic liquids ; POSS® ; mixed matrix membranes ; characterization techniques ; membrane modification ; in vitro human neural models ; small-pore zeolites (CHA ; Poly(trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) ; LTA) ; filler dispersion ; gas separation ; water vapor ; gas separation membrane ; CO2 separation ; nanocomposite membranes ; hydrolytic bulk degradation mechanism ; PVA ; compatibility ; borane ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The global electric car fleet exceeded 7 million battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in 2019, and will continue to increase in the future, as electrification is an important means of decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. The energy storage system is a very central component of the electric vehicle. The storage system needs to be cost-competitive, light, efficient, safe, and reliable, and to occupy little space and last for a long time. It should also be produced and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. This leaves many research challenges, and the purpose of this book is therefore to provide a platform for sharing the latest findings on energy storage systems for electric vehicles (electric cars, buses, aircraft, ships, etc.) Research in energy storage systems requires several sciences working together, and this book therefore include contributions from many different disciplines; this covers a wide range of topics, e.g. battery-management systems, state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation, thermal-battery-management systems, power electronics for energy storage devices, battery aging modelling, battery reuse and recycling, etc.
    Keywords: lithium-ion batteries ; non-aqueous electrolyte ; nitrile-based solvents ; butyronitrile ; SEI forming additives ; fast charging ; power batteries ; improved second-order RC equivalent circuit ; fuzzy unscented Kalman filtering algorithm ; joint estimation ; electric bus ; battery ; energy efficiency ; environmental conditions ; hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) ; battery life ; multi-objective energy management ; adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) ; pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) ; particle swarm optimization (PSO) ; recurrent-neural-network (RNN) ; fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle ; least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) ; driving conditions identification ; power distribution ; electric vehicle ; lithium-ion battery ; estimation ; Kalman filter ; state-of-charge ; state-of-health ; resistance ; open-circuit voltage ; battery capacity ; battery modelling and simulation ; battery testing cycler ; battery thermal model ; lithium-ion polymer battery ; SLI battery ; dual-motor energy recovery ; regenerative braking system ; CVT speed ratio control ; motor minimum loss ; energy consumption and efficiency characteristics ; braking force distribution ; oil–electric–hydraulic hybrid system ; lowest instantaneous energy costs ; energy management ; global optimization ; retired batteries ; energy storage applications ; layered bidirectional equalization ; equalization algorithm ; state of charge ; available capacity ; adaptive model-based algorithm ; square root cubature Kalman filter ; li-ion battery ; performance degradation modelling ; electrified propulsion ; battery sizing ; powertrain optimization ; optimal energy management ; heat and mass transfer ; thermal analysis ; Lithium-ion battery ; micro-channel cooling plate ; battery thermal management ; MeshWorks ; CFD ; diffusion induced stress ; hydrostatic stress influence on diffusion ; electrode particle model ; battery mechanical aging ; coulomb counting ; open circuit voltage ; state of health ; temperature ; new energy vehicle ; power battery ; battery reusing ; echelon utilization ; battery recycling ; electric vehicles ; electro-hydraulic braking ; braking intention ; mode switching ; torque coordinated control ; Electric Truck Simulator ; Electric Vehicle (EV) ; Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) ; Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) ; least-energy routing algorithm ; EV batteries ; metric evaluation ; AC–AC converters ; battery chargers ; power conversion harmonics ; wireless power transmission ; electrochemical–thermal model ; artificial intelligence ; artificial neural networks ; hybrid vehicles ; state-of-charge estimation (SOC) ; linear quadratic estimator ; lithium ion battery ; iron phosphate ; cell expansion ; force ; lithium-ion cobalt battery ; state of energy ; adaptive EKF SOC estimation ; linear observer SOC estimation ; MATLAB ; Simscape ; electric buses ; thermal energy storage ; latent heat storage ; metallic phase change material ; cabin heating ; fuel cell ; automated guided vehicle ; hybrid energy storage system ; model-based design ; waveforms modeling ; autoregressive models of nonstationary signals ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book, a printed edition of the Special Issue Soil Nitrogen Supply: Linking Plant Available N to Ecosystem Functions and Productivity, presents thoughtful research papers that will advance our understanding of this fascinating topic. New knowledge about modeling and the impact of cover crops, crop residues, soil amendment, and other management practices is presented in the context of agricultural and urban ecosystems.
    Keywords: nitrification inhibitors ; soil type ; CO2 and N2O emissions ; soil nitrogen dynamic ; winter malting barley ; malting quality indices ; summer cover crops ; sunn hemp ; crimson clover ; seeding rate ; nitrogen management ; aerobic incubation ; CO2 production ; microbial metabolism ; enzyme activities ; active biomass ; gross mineralization/immobilization ; Bradyrhizobium ; attachment ; root ; biofilm ; lectin ; soybean ; soil ; hydrophobicity ; Brassica napus ; natural variation ; nitrogen nutrition ; root system architecture ; nitrogen ; miscanthus ; willow ; field experiment ; lettuce ; plant-based amendment ; rhizosphere ; rainfall simulator ; nutrient runoff ; ammonium ; nitrate ; nitrogen use efficiency ; biochar ; total nitrogen ; soil organic carbon ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrification ; turfgrass ; residential landscapes ; landscape patches ; urban soils ; perennial peanut ; urban landscapes ; N mineralization ; C/N ratio ; crop residue ; N availability ; NBPT ; nitrification inhibitor ; half-life ; degradation rate constant ; nitrogen leaching ; autumn tillage ; no-till ; lysimeter ; field experiment network ; soil nitrogen mineralization ; soil properties ; cropping system ; modeling ; STICS model ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: Advanced manufacturing technology and systems cover a broad scope involving manufacturing processes, machine tool design, system optimization, smart and flexible manufacturing, theoretical study and metrology. This reprint comprises 19 original papers concerning recent advances in the research and development of AMTSs. Specifically, there are many research fields that are covered: machining processes (six papers), micro-/nano-precision fabrication (four papers), and system optimization (eight papers), in addition to one review.
    Keywords: pipeline corrosion ; BP neural network ; uncertainty ; corrosion growth model ; optical fiber sensor ; gold-plated fiber Bragg grating ; pressure ; temperature sensing ; optical properties ; sheet resistance ; transparent conductive thin film ; annealing temperature ; ZnO/Metal/ZnO ; KDP crystals ; water-dissolution polishing ; wetting characteristics ; surface quality ; additive manufacturing ; process parameters ; fused deposition modeling ; mechanical properties ; fiber-optic sensors ; temperature ; refractive index ; multi-parameter sensing ; Michelson interferometer ; fiber optic sensor ; Mach–Zehnder interferometer ; optical fiber waist-enlarged bitaper ; the refractive index sensitivity ; corrosion ; laser-assisted grinding ; grinding force ; material removal mechanism ; microcracks ; complementary metal-oxide semiconductor ; MEMS ; tactile sensor ; stiction effect ; temporary handling ; stiction contact ; Au–Si eutectic ; flip-chip ; chemical enhanced shear dilatancy ; tungsten ; polishing ; air-coupled acoustic transducer ; matching layer ; acoustic impedance ; bonding layer ; side ohmic contact ; transmission line model ; specific contact resistance ; annealing temperatures ; milling stability ; composite Cotes-based method ; Simpson’s 3/8-based method ; Floquet theory ; medical β titanium alloy ; ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting ; composite cutting process ; ECM ; gas–liquid two-phase turbulence model ; miniature bearing outer ring ; machining accuracy ; central composite design ; 4H-SiC wafer ; amorphous silica ; ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics ; plastic removal ; chemical reaction ; atomic layer deposition (ALD) ; linewidth regulation ; micro- and nano-metrology ; one-dimensional nano-grating standard ; vision ; defect inspection ; YOLO ; FPGA ; attention ; femtosecond laser polishing ; SiC ceramics ; laser ablation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The role that combustion plays in the world’s energy systems will continue to evolve with the changes in technological demands. For example, the challenges that we face today are more focused on the conservation of energy and addressing environmental concerns, which together necessitate cleaner and more efficient combustion processes using a range of fuel sources. This book includes contributions to highlight the recent progress in theory and experiments, development, and demonstration of technologies and systems involving combustion processes, for the production, storage, use, and conservation of energy.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; steam ejector ; vortex ; detonation combustion ; engine valve system control ; canola oil (Co) ; eddy-generation mechanism ; critical back pressure ; hydrogen ; internal combustion engine ; combustion modelling ; frequency ; stationary wavelet packet transform ; numerical investigations ; gasoline engine ; experiment ; flame length ; vehicle dynamic model ; micro-scale combustion ; operating parameter ; high pressure gas jet ; entrainment ratio ; hot jet detonation initiation technique ; Mahalanobis distance ; tunable diode laser absorption tomography ; diffusion flames ; flame acceleration ; wet steam model ; computational fluid dynamics ; biofuel ; NOx emission index ; micro power generation ; acoustic ; gasoline vehicles ; turbulence ; CO2 emission ; fire suppression system ; shock wave ; engine valve systems ; combustion ; driving cycles ; diesel fuel (Df) ; fire whirl ; dual-fuel engine ; combustion optimization ; CI engine ; electric vehicles ; flow structure ; PPCI diesel engine ; ignition position ; exhaust gas ; alternative fuel ; fuel injector ; large eddy simulation ; pilot injection ; flame-front ; similarity analysis ; fuel combustion ; jet penetration ; temperature ; combustion waste heat ; pumping performance ; compression ignition ; planer laser tomography ; n-hexane ; condensation effect ; root mean square error ; High speed PIV ; diesel engine ; common rail ; detailed chemistry ; stationary wavelet transform ; shock-mixing layer ; flame propagation ; continuously variable valve systems ; flow-field ; direct injection ; combustion noise ; injection ; global residence time ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Horticultural crop yield and quality depend on genotype, environmental conditions, and production management. In particular, adverse environmental conditions may greatly affect crop performance, reducing crop yield by 50%–70%. Abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, flooding, salinity, nutrient deficiency, and ultraviolet radiation affect multiple physiological and biochemical mechanisms in plants as they attempt to cope with the stress conditions. However, different crop species can have different sensitivities or tolerances to specific abiotic stresses. Tolerant plants may activate different strategies to adapt to or avoid the negative effect of abiotic stresses. At the physiological level, photosynthetic activity and light-use efficiency of plants may be modulated to enhance tolerance against the stress. At the biochemical level, several antioxidant systems may be activated, and many enzymes may produce stress-related metabolites to help avoid cellular damage, including compounds such as proline, glycine betaine, and amino acids. Within each crop species there is a wide variability of tolerance to abiotic stresses, and some wild relatives may carry useful traits for enhancing the tolerance to abiotic stresses in their progeny through either traditional or biotechnological breeding. The research papers and reviews presented in this book provide an update of the scientific knowledge of crop interactions with abiotic stresses.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; heat ; polyphenols ; stomatal conductance ; shelf-life ; transpiration productivity ; transcription ; ornamental plants ; cold ; green areas ; flowering ; agronomic tools ; gas exchange ; ornamental ; prolonged storage ; transpiration ; greenhouse production ; dormancy ; temperature ; irradiance ; chilling requirements ; qPCR ; phenolics ; lodging ; hypoxia ; salinity ; relative humidity ; signal transduction ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; leaf water saturation deficit ; solar radiation ; plant choice ; partial root zone drying ; drought ; electro-conductivity ; growth ; flavonoids ; transpiration efficiency ; cloning ; oxidative stress ; breeding ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Microalgae are photosynthetic unicellular microorganisms that represent an extremely important component of the aquatic ecosystem productivity, diversity, and functioning. Moreover, these microorganisms, using a network of signals, interact with all the other organisms present in their environment. Signals are often secondary metabolites that play an important role in competition, defense, attraction, and signaling. These molecules are recognized for having bioactive properties, but some of them are still largely underexplored and underexploited. This Special Issue focuses on studies aimed to improve knowledge on microalgal ecology (diversity and dynamics) in aquatic ecosystems, as well as on their capacity to produce bioactive compounds with potential biotechnological applications.
    Keywords: microalgae-bacteria consortia ; predation ; raceway pond ; bubble column reactors ; nitrogen removal ; productivity ; centrate ; molecular tools. ; picocyanobacteria toxicity ; Cyanobium ; Synechococcus ; Artemia salina ; sea urchin embryos ; HeLa cell line ; microcystin ; BMAA ; harmful algal blooms ; bioremediation ; filtration activity ; polychaetes ; dinoflagellates ; Spirulina ; phycocyanin ; extraction ; ultrafiltration ; diafiltration ; phytoplankton ; highly-mineralized water ; gypsum karst lake ; community ; structural variables ; diversity indices ; spirulina ; Arthrospira maxima ; glyphosate ; proteomics ; resistance ; biodiversity ; biovolume ; cell size ; eutrophication ; mesocosm ; temperature ; nitrogen pollution ; climate change ; imaging flow cytometry ; n/a ; biofilters ; cyanobacteria ; microalgae ; single-cell protein ; rumen function ; bioactive compounds ; photobiocatalysis ; Emiliania huxleyi ; CO2 ; coccolithophores ; Idiomarina abyssalis ; Brachybacterium sp. ; phytoplankton–bacteria interactions ; changing ocean ; functional profiling of marine bacteria ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-01-05
    Description: Air pollution is a worldwide environmental hazard that poses serious consequences not only for human health and the climate but also for agriculture, ecosystems, and cultural heritage, among other factors. According to the WHO, there are 8 million premature deaths every year as a result of exposure to ambient air pollution. In addition, more than 90% of the world’s population live in areas where the air quality is poor, exceeding the recommended limits. On the other hand, air pollution and the climate co-influence one another through complex physicochemical interactions in the atmosphere that alter the Earth’s energy balance and have implications for climate change and the air quality. It is important to measure specific atmospheric parameters and pollutant compound concentrations, monitor their variations, and analyze different scenarios with the aim of assessing the air pollution levels and developing early warning and forecast systems as a means of improving the air quality and safeguarding public health. Such measures can also form part of efforts to achieve a reduction in the number of air pollution casualties and mitigate climate change phenomena. This book contains contributions focusing on remote sensing techniques for evaluating air quality, including the use of in situ data, modeling approaches, and the synthesis of different instrumentations and techniques. The papers published in this book highlight the importance and relevance of air quality studies and the potential of remote sensing, particularly that conducted from Earth observation platforms, to shed light on this topic.
    Keywords: tropospheric NO2 concentrations ; nitrogen dioxide ; OMI ; spatio-temporal trends ; DBEST ; PolyTrend ; time-series analysis ; breakpoint detection ; air pollution ; TROPOMI ; COVID ; nitrogen oxides ; satellite-based ; NO2 ; land use regression ; exposure assessment ; carbon monoxide ; COVID-19 ; China ; surface concentration ; IASI ; drone ; UAV ; gas sensors ; odour ; industrial emissions ; mapping ; environmental monitoring ; aerosol optical depth ; CAMS ; machine learning ; MODIS ; urban form ; PM2.5 ; landscape metrics ; geographically weighted regression ; Yunnan Plateau ; biomass burning ; cross-border transport ; WRF-Chem ; formaldehyde ; trend ; satellite ; monitor ; annual ; seasonal ; temperature ; meteorology ; AOD ; Europe ; open data ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this book gathers research studies related to the occurrence of Legionella in water systems of different environments; the role of different factors that can influence the Legionella contamination, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methodological approaches.
    Keywords: WTP 828 ; Legionella ; risk assessment plan ; water quality ; microbial analysis ; chemical analysis ; distal site positivity ; hot water return line ; chlorine ; HPC ; temperature ; water management ; free-living amoebae ; biological biocide ; cooling towers ; Legionella pneumophila ; protozoa ; Vermamoeba ; Acanthamoeba ; potable water ; hospital water ; water disinfection ; legionellosis ; Dental unit waterlines ; Legionella spp. ; risk management ; disinfection ; SBT ; molecular diversity ; hotels ; Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) ; Surgical Handwashing Outlets (SHWOs) ; sensor-activated faucets ; free-living amoebae (FLA) ; virulence genes ; Willaertia magna C2c Maky ; culture media ; environmental monitoring ; quality control ; first draw ; second draw ; biofilm ; whole genome sequencing ; premise plumbing systems ; Legiolert ; ISO 11731 ; plate culture ; potable water samples ; flint ; copper ; PEX ; iron ; premise plumbing ; Legionnaires’ disease ; culture ; BCYE and GVPC media ; MLVA-genotypes ; clonal complex ; West Bank ; non-tuberculous mycobacteria ; Pseudomonas ; Acinetobacter ; amoebae ; PVC ; drinking water ; ecotype ; groundwater ; environmental factors ; magnesium ; niche ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Soil contamination has been identified as one of the main threats to soil, inducing the degradation of global soils and driving long-term losses of the ecosystem services that they provide. As a result of human activities, the amount of soil contamination caused by heavy metal(loid)s has severely increased over the last few decades and has become a worldwide environmental issue that has attracted considerable public attention. Although many research efforts have highlighted how soil contamination is a global threat and provided an overview of the importance of healthy soil, there is still a great need for additional information from different regions around the world, and concrete strategies, which can be implemented to address the causes and impacts of this major threat, urgently need to be developed. In this context, this book was launched with the scope of bringing together articles presenting the development of novel science-based methods and applications that enhance the remediation of contaminated soil by focusing on the identification of the main sources of soil contamination caused by heavy metal(loid)s (HM)/potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in different soil types; the chemistry, potential mobility, and bioavailability of the contaminants that are commonly found in contaminated soils; the assessment of the negative impacts and risks associated with HM/PTE-induced soil contamination on crop yields; soil biota, food security, and human health; and the available methods and strategies for monitoring, assessing, and remediating soils that have been contaminated by HM/PTEs.
    Keywords: PTE ; anthropogenic soils ; Technosols ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; urban agriculture ; heavy metal availability ; enrichment factor ; redox ; biochar ; cadmium ; lead ; contaminated paddy soil ; short- and long-term mechanisms ; ACC deaminase ; heavy metal stress ; PGPR ; fertilizers ; nutrients ; yield ; selenium ; acid soils ; alkaline soils ; adsorption ; desorption ; Freundlich ; Langmuir ; Mediterranean soils ; vehicular emissions ; road age ; diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) ; metal dissociation time (Tc) ; wheat assay ; optimised linear model ; biochar application rates ; metal accumulation ; nitrogen ; ryegrass ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: We are pleased to introduce this collection of research papers entitled "Horticultural Plants Facing Stressful Conditions - Strategies for Stress Mitigation". This reprint comprises twelve research papers and a review paper exploring the impact of stress factors on plant growth and ways to eliminate or mitigate them. The studies investigate various plant species, including sunflowers, zinnias, orchids, buttercups, tomatoes, snap beans, lettuce, jojoba, grapevines, strawberries and apple trees. The impact of stress caused by high temperatures, spring frosts, drought, salinity, copper and asbestos on the physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes in plants at the cellular, tissue, organ and whole-plant levels was described by the authors. The presented issues are crucial for comprehending the metabolic, molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the enhancement of plant resistance to environmental stresses. This reprint focuses on three essential topics: (1) using exogenous compounds and bioinoculants to increase stress tolerance, (2) improving the quality and nutritional value of fruits and vegetables and (3) planting ornamental plants in polluted areas. Each paper has been meticulously prepared and contains figures, tables and a list of references to support a deeper understanding of the subject matter. In our opinion, this revised reprint will benefit scientists who are specifically interested in horticulture, plant physiology, biochemistry, microbiology and environmental sustainability.
    Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum L. ; salinity ; quality ; nano-silicon ; plant hormones ; chlorophyll a fluorescence ; temperature ; solar radiation ; tolerance ; pigments ; proteins ; zinnia ; redox-active metal ; cell-wall lignification ; phenolics ; phenylpropanoid metabolic-pathway genes ; landscaping of urban areas ; antioxidant systems ; brassinolide ; grapevine ; ion accumulation ; leaf anatomy ; salt stress ; ultrastructure ; brassinosteroids ; strawberry ; growth ; stress ; Orchidaceae ; ornamental plant introduction ; serpentine outcrops ; stressful conditions ; adaptive responses ; plant water status ; redox balance ; non-enzymatic antioxidants ; nonessential elements ; moderate salinity ; biofortification ; gas exchange ; Lactuca sativa L. ; jojoba ; proline ; malondialdehyde ; total phenolic content ; climate change ; seawater ; ion leakage ; priming of defense ; G proteins ; calcium signaling ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; phytohormones ; SA signaling ; JA signaling ; reactive oxygen species ; antioxidant proteins ; defense genes ; buttercup ; melatonin ; POD activity ; STI ; antioxidant enzymes ; nutrient homeostasis ; osmolytes ; Phaseolus vulgaris L ; polyamine oxidation ; putrescine and saline conditions ; adaptogenic preparations ; foliar sprays ; tolerance of spring frosts ; yield ; fruit quality ; drought ; high temperature ; antioxidants ; free radicals ; photosynthesis ; lipid peroxidation ; mitigation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Different types of pressures, such as nutrients, micropollutants, microbes, nanoparticles, microplastics, or antibiotic-resistant genes, endanger the quality of water bodies. Evidence-based pollution control needs to be built on the three basic elements of water governance: Monitoring, modeling, and management. Monitoring sets the empirical basis by providing space- and time-dependent information on substance concentrations and loads, as well as driving boundary conditions for assessing water quality trends, water quality statuses, and providing necessary information for the calibration and validation of models. Modeling needs proper system understanding and helps to derive information for times and locations where no monitoring is done or possible. Possible applications are risk assessments for exceedance of quality standards, assessment of regionalized relevance of sources and pathways of pollution, effectiveness of measures, bundles of measures or policies, and assessment of future developments as scenarios or forecasts. Management relies on this information and translates it in a socioeconomic context into specific plans for implementation. Evaluation of success of management plans again includes well-defined monitoring strategies. This book provides an important overview in this context.
    Keywords: diffuse pollution ; field mapping ; storm drains ; Bayesian statistics ; distributed modelling ; PhosFate ; water quality ; analysis method ; chromaticity measurement ; surface fitting ; concentration of dissolved matter ; Copernicus Programme ; ACOLITE ; flooding ; quasi-real time monitoring ; inundation mapping ; suspended matter ; Spain ; cyanobacteria ; Microcystis aeruginosa ; water ; monitoring ; spectrophotometry ; derivative absorbance ; model evaluation ; nitrogen ; nutrient retention ; phosphorus ; sediment ; constructed wetland ; water resources management ; eutrophication ; unmanned surface vehicle ; water monitoring ; ensemble learning ; dynamic power management ; observational process ontology ; water quality monitoring ; water pollution alert ; semantic discovery ; water quality status ; sources and pathways ; land cover ; digital elevation model ; urban river ; ArcGIS ; modeling ; CSO ; urban drainage ; sewer system ; trace pollutants ; urban runoff ; concentration duration frequency curve ; MONERIS ; diffuse nutrient emission ; empirical modeling ; river basin management plan of Hungary ; effectiveness of measures ; scenarios and forecasts ; socioeconomic context ; sources and pathways of water pollution ; system understanding ; water governance ; water quality statuses and trends ; water pollution control ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQK Pollution control
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Expansion of water resources is a key factor in the socio-economic development of all countries. Dams play a critical role in water storage, especially for areas with unequal rainfall and limited water availability. While the safety of existing dams, periodic re-evaluations and life extensions are the primary objectives in developed countries, the design and construction of new dams are the main concerns in developing countries. The role of dam engineers has greatly changed over recent decades. Thanks to new technologies, the surveillance, monitoring, design and analysis tasks involved in this process have significantly improved. The current edited book is a collection of dam-related papers. The overall aim of this edited book is to improve modeling, simulation and field measurements for different dam types (i.e. concrete gravity dams, concrete arch dams, and embankments). The articles cover a wide range of topics on the subject of dams, and reflect the scientific efforts and engineering approaches in this challenging and exciting research field.
    Keywords: arch dams ; probabilistic ; nonlinear ; seismic ; response correlation ; stochastic ; excavation ; movement ; field ; groundwater ; soil nail ; spatial ; variability ; alkali-silica reaction ; damage ; existing concrete dam ; finite element analysis ; temperature ; saturation degree ; dams ; endurance time analysis ; dynamic capacity ; failure ; seismic effects ; dam safety ; concrete dams ; structural safety and reliability ; finite elements ; earthfill dam ; central clay core ; downstream shoulder ; settlements ; long-term behaviour ; reservoir level fluctuations ; rainfall ; seepage ; geodetic monitoring ; concrete arch dams ; seasonal temperature variations ; crack prediction ; non-linear finite element analyses ; concrete gravity dams ; seismic fragility analysis ; uncertainty quantification ; performance based earthquake engineering ; stability assessment ; instrumentation ; earth dam ; health monitoring ; passive rock bolt ; concrete dam ; progressive failure ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: Electronically Active Textiles (e-textiles) are a type of textile material that has some form of electronic functionality. This can be achieved by attaching electronics onto the surface of the textile, incorporating electronic components as part of the fabrication of the textile itself, or by integrating electronics into the yarns or fibers that comprises the textile. The addition of electronic components can give textiles a wide range of new functions from lighting or heating to advanced sensing capabilities. As such, e-textiles have provided a platform for developing a range of new novel products in fields, such as healthcare, sports, protection, transport, and communications. The purpose of this volume is to report on the advances in the integration of electronics into textiles, and presents original research in the field of e-textiles as well as a comprehensive review of the evolution of e-Textiles. Topics include the fabrication and illumination of e-textiles and the use of e-textiles for temperature sensing.
    Keywords: NX1-820 ; smart fabric ; encapsulation ; light-emitting textile ; LED-yarn ; stretch fabric ; E-textile ; textiles ; electronic yarn ; wearables ; optical characterization ; E-textiles ; illuminated textiles ; light-emitting fiber ; physical characterization ; temperature ; electroluminescent fiber ; electronic textiles ; electronic yarns (E-yarn) ; intelligent textiles ; smart textiles ; LED ; thermistor ; polymer resin ; digital medicine ; sensor network ; electronics packaging ; electronic textiles (E-textiles) ; UV curing ; E-yarn ; wound management ; wearable electronics ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Ecophysiological mechanisms underlie plant responses to environmental conditions and the influence these responses have on ecological patterns and processes. In this Special Issue, with a particular interest in the interactions between climate change, environmental disturbance, and functional ecology, experimental observations are described at a range of spatial scales. A modeling framework is used in an effort to relate mechanistic responses to ecosystem functions and services, and link forest ecophysiology and environmental indicators. This Special Issue collects important advances in studying and monitoring plant–environment interactions, covering biogeographic gradients from Mediterranean woodlands to boreal forests and from Alpine mountains to tropical environments.
    Keywords: Leaf δ13C ; Leaf δ15N ; Growth stage ; Environmental factors ; Relative importance ; nitrogen dioxide ; nitrogen metabolism ; photorespiration ; heat dissipation ; excess absorbed light energy ; electron transfer ; photochemical efficiency ; altitude ; non-structural carbohydrates ; nutrients ; ontogeny ; Pinus cembra L. ; Larix decidua Mill ; boreal forest ; leaf temperature ; photosynthesis ; water availability ; leaf thermal damage ; thermoregulation ; endangered ; Sonneratia × hainanensis ; reproductive system ; seed germination ; light ; temperature ; salinity ; Cinnamomum migao ; autotoxicity ; seedling growth ; soil substrate ; soil enzyme ; soil fungi ; TreeSonic ; MOEd ; forest productivity ; dendrochronology ; recruitment period ; Aspromonte National Park ; Sessile oak ; deciduous forest ; carbon sequestration ; wood density ; allometry ; functional traits ; climate niches ; Malus baccata ; MbERF11 ; cold stress ; salt stress ; transgenic plant ; dendrometer ; stem circumference changes ; climate response ; Mediterranean ; Pinus nigra ; Pinus pinaster ; ontogenetic phases ; adaptive strategies ; leaf functional traits ; light environment ; canopy tree species ; carbon isotopes ; climate change ; respiration ; discrimination ; mixed forest ; keeling plot ; branch lifespan ; shoot lifespan ; stem lifespan ; branch shedding ; shoot shedding ; stem shedding ; canopy ; crown development ; tree architecture ; light foraging ; phenotypic plasticity ; shade tolerance ; shade acclimation ; light acclimation ; light regime ; sunfleck ; leaf thickness ; leaf angle ; leaf three-dimensional structure ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNA Agribusiness and primary industries::KNAL Forestry industry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book introduces a variety of treatment technologies, such as physical, chemical, and biological methods for the treatment of gas emissions, wastewater, and solid waste. It provides a useful source of information for engineers and specialists, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students, in the areas of environmental science and engineering.
    Keywords: adsorption ; chromium ; competition ; fluoride ; soil and water pollution ; municipal solid waste management ; life cycle assessment ; life cycle impacts ; life cycle stages ; eutrophication ; global warming ; human health ; acidification ; Harare ; Zimbabwe ; iron tailings ; ammonium sulfate roasting process ; reaction mechanism ; kinetics ; carbon footprint ; CiteSpace ; a visual analysis ; metronidazole ; porous carbon ; surface modification ; wastewater treatment ; membrane fouling ; molecular composition of foulant ; transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) ; fouling propensities ; waste incineration ; cyclone flue ; gas-solid separation ; numerical simulation ; polysaccharides ; microfiltration process ; calcium ion ; copper adsorption ; magnetized pine needle biochar ; isotherms ; FTIR and XRD studies ; VLE ; CO2 capture ; amine ; DEA-12-PD ; 12-HEPP ; porosity properties ; adsorption capacity ; carbon dioxide storage ; melamine Schiff bases ; surface area ; energy ; antimony ; mineral processing ; potentially toxic elements ; pollution characteristics ; solid waste ; cleaner production ; electronic waste ; recycling ; waste printed circuit boards ; waste EAF slag ; magnesium silicate hydrate ; radioactive waste ; stabilization/solidification ; strontium ; leaching ; membrane technologies ; biofouling ; composite membranes ; polymer blending ; wastewater treatment plants ; environmental costs ; PID control ; dynamic assessment of performance ; heavy metals ; hybrid materials ; functionalized ; Schiff base ; lead ; Langmuir and Freundlich ; carbon capture and storage (CCS) ; offshore gas field ; techno-economic analysis ; calcium oxide nanoparticles ; calcination ; blended cement paste ; mix design ; compressive strength ; bulk density ; transition metal dichalcogenides ; liquid exfoliation ; quenching ; waste collection route planning ; traveling salesman problem ; genetic algorithms ; steelmaking ; bentonite ; solid waste management ; sustainable materials ; biomass ; characterization ; lignocellulosic ; bioenergy ; water treatment ; nanomaterials ; functionalization ; lime ; mineral nitrogen ; soil pH ; organic carbon ; microbial biomass ; N2O ; batch pyrolysis ; business model ; South Africa ; waste tyres ; circular economy ; environmental sustainability ; mollusk shell ; porous concrete ; construction ; algal biomass ; gasification ; activation energy distribution ; household solid waste ; metal recovery value ; socio-economic benefits ; waste composition of Karachi-Pakistan ; waste management ; waste recycling ; ash-free coal ; CO2 gasification ; coal structure ; tri-high coal ; nanoparticles ; ZnO ; equilibrium ; kinetic ; thermodynamic ; phosphate ; aqueous solution ; sustainable synthetic slag production ; energy recovery ; metal spheres ; fixed bed regenerator ; waste and energy nexus ; antibiotics ; competitive sorption ; retention/release ; sorbents ; surface-flow constructed wetland ; nitrogen load ; nitrate ; ammonium ; organic nitrogen ; hydraulic load ; hydraulic residence time ; temperature ; denitrification ; biological uptake ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 88
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Flash memory devices have represented a breakthrough in storage since their inception in the mid-1980s, and innovation is still ongoing. The peculiarity of such technology is an inherent flexibility in terms of performance and integration density according to the architecture devised for integration. The NOR Flash technology is still the workhorse of many code storage applications in the embedded world, ranging from microcontrollers for automotive environment to IoT smart devices. Their usage is also forecasted to be fundamental in emerging AI edge scenario. On the contrary, when massive data storage is required, NAND Flash memories are necessary to have in a system. You can find NAND Flash in USB sticks, cards, but most of all in Solid-State Drives (SSDs). Since SSDs are extremely demanding in terms of storage capacity, they fueled a new wave of innovation, namely the 3D architecture. Today “3D” means that multiple layers of memory cells are manufactured within the same piece of silicon, easily reaching a terabit capacity. So far, Flash architectures have always been based on "floating gate," where the information is stored by injecting electrons in a piece of polysilicon surrounded by oxide. On the contrary, emerging concepts are based on "charge trap" cells. In summary, flash memory devices represent the largest landscape of storage devices, and we expect more advancements in the coming years. This will require a lot of innovation in process technology, materials, circuit design, flash management algorithms, Error Correction Code and, finally, system co-design for new applications such as AI and security enforcement.
    Keywords: retention characteristic ; high-κ ; nonvolatile charge-trapping memory ; stack engineering ; NOR flash memory ; aluminum oxide ; NAND flash memory ; interference ; Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulation ; disturbance ; program ; non-volatile memory (NVM) ; 3D NAND Flash memories ; random telegraph noise ; Flash memory reliability ; test platform ; endurance ; support vector machine ; raw bit error ; 3D NAND Flash ; RBER ; reliability ; flash signal processing ; randomization scheme ; solid-state drives ; 3D flash memory ; performance cliff ; tail latency ; garbage collection ; artificial neural network ; error correction code ; work function ; effective work function ; dipole ; metal gate ; high-k ; SiO2 ; interfacial reaction ; MHONOS ; erase performance ; 3D NAND flash memory ; temperature ; read disturb ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 89
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The millimeter-wave frequency band (30–300 GHz) is considered a potential candidate to host very high data rate communications. First used for high capacity radio links and then for broadband indoor wireless networks, the interest in this frequency band has increased as it is proposed to accommodate future 5G mobile communication systems. The large bandwidth available will enable a number of new uses for 5G. In addition, due to the large propagation attenuation, this frequency band may provide some additional advantages regarding frequency reuse and communication security. However, a number of issues have to be addressed to make mm-wave communications viable. This book collects a number of contributions that present solutions to these challenges.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; n/a ; OFDM ; FPGA ; high-efficiency ; hybrid analog–digital multi-user equalizer ; recovery times ; millimeter-wave ; macrodiversity ; mmWave ; additive manufactuing ; testbed ; sub-connected architectures ; low noise amplifier ; varactor diodes ; channel measurements ; SDR ; permittivity ; package ; coherence bandwidth ; radio channel ; beam steering antenna system ; millimeter wave ; 5G ; beam scanning ; link blockage ; 3D-printed antenna ; undoped silicon ; variable phase shifter ; planar lens ; massive MIMO ; indoor ; path loss ; millimeter wave communications ; analog precoder ; GaAs pHEMT ; diode compensation ; parabolic ; K-band ; temperature ; Yagi antenna ; waveguide ; quasi-optics ; measurements ; power amplifier ; UHD stream ; discrete lens ; 3D-printing ; 3-D printing ; SIW technology ; time-dispersion ; transition ; free space method ; correlated blocking ; multi-beam ; delay-spread ; tapered matching ; linearity enhancement ; wideband ; RF frontends ; line-of-sight ; transmitarray antenna ; analog beamforming ; beam recovery ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 90
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The worldwide dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, particularly those resistant to last-resource antibiotics, is a common problem to which no immediate solution is foreseen. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of antimicrobial-resistant "priority pathogens", which include a group of microorganisms with high-level resistance to multiple drugs, named ESKAPE pathogens, comprising vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VRSA), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter spp. These bacteria also have the ability to produce several virulence factors, which have a major influence on the outcomes of infectious diseases. Bacterial resistance and virulence are interrelated, since antibiotics pressure may influence bacterial virulence gene expression and, consequently, infection pathogenesis. Additionally, some virulence factors contribute to an increased resistance ability, as observed in biofilm-producing strains. The surveillance of important resistant and virulent clones and associated mobile genetic elements is essential to decision making in terms of mitigation measures to be applied for the prevention of such infections in both human and veterinary medicine, being also relevant to address the role of natural environments as important components of the dissemination cycle of these strains.
    Keywords: biocide ; antibiotic resistance ; cross-resistance ; aminoglycoside ; adaptation ; biofilm ; pyruvate cycle ; mastitis ; staphylococci ; virulence factors ; genes ; antimicrobial resistance ; infant ; newborn ; bacteremia ; Gram-negative bacteria ; drug resistance ; microbial ; mortality ; microcosm ; Aeromonas ; climate change ; temperature ; pH ; water ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; virulence ; whole-genome sequencing ; international high-risk clones ; genomic epidemiology ; dogs ; Escherichia coli ; ESBL ; CTX-M-15 ; CTX-M-1 ; CTX-M-32 ; CTX-M-55 ; CTX-M-14 ; qAmpC ; CMY-2 ; camel ; domestic ; milk ; virulence genes ; extended-spectrum β-lactamases ; biofilm formation ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; carbapenem resistance ; KPC-2 ; plasmid ; diabetic foot infections ; Staphylococcus aureus ; subinhibitory concentrations ; virulence-related genes ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
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  • 91
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Interest in the study of life in hot environments, both with respect to the inhabiting microorganisms and the enzymes they produce, is currently very high. The biological mechanisms responsible for the resistance to high temperatures are not yet fully understood, whereas thermostability is a highly required feature for industrial applications. In this e-book, the invited authors provide diverse evidence contributing to the understanding of such mechanisms and the unlocking of the biotechnological potential of thermophiles and thermozymes.
    Keywords: Q1-390 ; n/a ; biotechnology ; enzyme structure ; thermophile ; thermophily ; cellulases ; enzyme activity ; Algeria ; Candida rugosa ; thermophilic ; RNA modification ; Thermus ; tRNA modification ; transposons ; mobilome ; hot spring ; evolvability ; molecular tunnels ; insertion sequence ; Vallitalea guaymasensis ; HGT ; tRNA methyltransferase ; metagenomics ; methylation ; Thermostable ; interfacial activation ; lipase ; ethanol ; xylanase ; archaea ; protease ; transposases ; thermophiles ; whole-genome sequence ; lignocellulosic biomass ; thermophilic proteins ; temperature ; Geobacillus ; enzyme thermostability ; dimerization ; inhibition ; pseudouridine ; Brevibacillus sp. OA30 ; protein stability ; structure ; protein engineering ; hydrothermal vent ; kinetic ; characterization ; syntrophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general
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  • 92
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Welding is widely used by both academia and industry to create similar and dissimilar joints aiming to create a complex shape structure and to couple the mechanical properties of different materials into a single monolithic structure. In this book, a collection of peer-reviewed works on the welding of advanced engineering alloys is presented. Both solid-state and fusion-based welding technologies are presented. These works employed advanced microstructure characterization to evaluate how the selection of process parameters impacts the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints. Moreover, three comprehensive review works are also included, providing an in-depth overview of distinct topics. We hope that this collection of works is of interest to the community so that welding technologies continue to grow further in the future.
    Keywords: friction stir welding ; dissimilar metals ; temperature ; process conditions ; guidelines ; resistance heat-assisted ultrasonic welding ; mechanical properties ; fracture morphology ; intermetallic compounds ; microstructure ; double-pulsed ; robot operation ; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation ; orthogonal experimental design ; short-circuiting gas metal arc welding ; waveform control method ; weld pool oscillation and flow ; high speed photograph ; image processing ; continuous wavelet transform ; K-TIG ; heat input ; weld formation ; tensile properties ; welding procedure optimisation ; tungsten inert gas welding ; friction stir processing ; dissimilar aluminium alloys joints ; dissimilar metal joints ; welding ; high entropy alloys ; laser welding ; review ; tensile strength ; flexural strength ; dissimilar aluminium alloys ; numerical finite-element modeling ; analytical Rosenthal equation ; thermal regime ; AA5456 ; aluminum alloy ; fiber laser-MIG hybrid ; CMT ; MIG ; hybrid joints ; hardness ; ASTM A553-1 (9% nickel steel) ; penetration shape ; Bead on Plate (BOP) ; pulsed GMAW ; droplet transfer ; weld bead formation ; droplet impact force ; double-pulsed gas metal arc welding (DP-GMAW) ; droplet impingement pressure ; weld pool oscillation ; grain refinement ; constitutional supercooling ; deep neural network ; high strength steel ; laser beam welding ; penetration ; quality assessment ; spectrometer ; welding seam root ; metal flow behavior ; root flaw ; pin length ; Incomplete penetration ; weak connection ; real time ; infrared thermography ; camera ; microhardness ; plasma arc welding ; hot wire ; laser oscillating welding ; high temperature titanium alloy ; laser impact welding ; interfacial bonding mechanism ; interface wave ; diffusion ; TA1/Q235B composite sheets ; rolling temperature ; explosive welding ; microstructures ; dissimilar welding ; aluminum ; fracture ; friction welding ; Ti-6Al-4V ; nitinol ; intermetallic compound ; fractography ; dissimilar metal joining ; dissimilar friction stir welding ; AA2024-T4/AA7075-T6Al alloys ; t-butt joints ; microstructure evaluation ; EBSD ; fracture surfaces ; texture ; investment casting ; alloy 718 ; hot cracking mechanism ; Varestraint test ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 93
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book describes recent advances in geomechanics for energy and the sustainable environment. Four research articles, related to high-level radioactive nuclear waste disposal stability, geological effect and wellbore stability considerations for methane gas hydrate production, and artificial soil freezing, are presented in this book. In addition, a comprehensive state-of-the-art review verifies the strong correlation between global climate change and the occurrence of geotechnical engineering hazards. The review also summarizes recent attempts to reduce CO2 emissions from civil and geotechnical engineering practices. Readers will gain ideas as to how we can deal with conventional and renewable energy sources and environment-related geotechnical engineering issues.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; HLW disposal ; strength criterion ; dilation angle ; mechanical property ; shear shrinkage ; clay content ; constitutive model ; hydrate mining ; temperature field ; greenhouse gas ; disaster ; plastic strain ; phase change ; extreme precipitation ; geotechnical engineering hazard ; slippage at the interface ; plastic shear strain ; soil stabilization ; shear/normal coupling stiffness ; temperature ; triaxial shear ; numerical simulation ; depressurization method ; CWFS ; climate change ; carbon dioxide ; wellbore stability analysis ; direct shear experiment ; damage process ; global warming ; methane hydrate ; normal stress ; ground improvement ; yield condition ; granite ; lattice Boltzmann method ; artificial frozen soil wall ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 94
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: It is impossible to imagine the modern world without sensors, or without real-time information about almost everything—from local temperature to material composition and health parameters. We sense, measure, and process data and act accordingly all the time. In fact, real-time monitoring and information is key to a successful business, an assistant in life-saving decisions that healthcare professionals make, and a tool in research that could revolutionize the future. To ensure that sensors address the rapidly developing needs of various areas of our lives and activities, scientists, researchers, manufacturers, and end-users have established an efficient dialogue so that the newest technological achievements in all aspects of real-time sensing can be implemented for the benefit of the wider community. This book documents some of the results of such a dialogue and reports on advances in sensors and sensor systems for existing and emerging real-time monitoring applications.
    Keywords: IR-UWB radar sensor ; movement disorder ; hyperactivity ; actigraphy ; fertilizer ; phosphorus element ; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; chemometrics ; high temperature pipe ; pipe wall thinning ; flow accelerated corrosion ; freeze-drying process diagnosis ; ultrasonic transducer (UT) ; freezing/drying point ; drying period ; electrostatic sensor ; digital approach ; rotational speed ; correlation algorithm ; underground structure safety ; train tracking ; incursion detection ; ultra-weak FBG ; distributed vibration ; dynamic measurement ; turbidity ; low-cost ; continuous water quality monitor ; water ; particle detection ; sensitivity ; resonance ; amorphous core ; signal extraction ; support vector regression ; grid method ; genetic algorithm ; particle swarm optimization ; least squares ; railway crossing ; condition monitoring ; condition indicator ; correlation analysis ; weather impact ; numerical verification ; smartphone colorimetrics ; lateral flow assay quantification ; color space ; image correction ; food contaminant screening ; allergens ; background correction ; point of site analyses ; soil salinity ; soil water content ; FDR sensor ; soil pore water electrical conductivity ; sensor calibration and validation ; real time monitoring ; diesel engine ; condition recognition ; CNN ; LSTM ; adaptive dropout ; parallel position ; bridge structure ; temperature ; vibrating wire strain sensor ; traveling wave ultrasonic motor ; pre-pressure ; contact state ; power dissipation ; optimization criterion ; wheel-rail impact ; train hunting ; railway track maintenance ; highly nonlinear solitary waves ; nondestructive evaluation ; wireless sensing ; Bluetooth technology ; water quality ; real-time monitoring ; multisensor system ; molecularly imprinted polymers ; functionalised coating ; microwave spectroscopy ; body condition score ; 3D surface roughness parameters ; rotary parlor ; 3D camera ; regression analysis ; satellite compass ; accuracy ; spectrum analysis ; Fourier transform ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 95
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The papers in this SI present valuable results in the topics of soils, sediments, and water contamination according to the consideration of ecological and health risk. They also point out open questions and possible avenues for future research. Biochar application can benefit both soil conservation and contamination, but further research should be conducted to investigate whether these positive effects can be extended to the field scale. Similar to biochar, scale-up design will be helpful for thin-layer capping in in situ sediments using mixed active amendments. Both physiochemical analysis and bioassays mutually supported the evaluation results of river water quality. However, we need better approaches and policies for management to prevent further contamination from the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic waste into this aquatic ecosystem. The use of microorganisms to eliminate antibiotics is a promising strategy, but future work should verify the biodegradation ability of antibiotic-degrading bacteria in wastewater treatment plants.
    Keywords: heavy metal ; pollution ; antioxidant ; enzyme ; biomarkers ; ecological risk ; bioaccessibility ; cadmium ; chemical form ; husk biochar ; risk assessment ; active capping ; toxic metal ; sediment ; remediation ; multiple materials ; mercury ; methylmercury ; salinity ; biochar ; organic carbon ; nutrients ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sludge ; antibiotics ; biodegradation ; bioassays ; gold mining ; health risk ; microbiological indicators ; mutagenicity ; toxicity ; green and sustainable remediation ; SDGs ; thin-layer capping ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 96
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Global crop production must substantially increase to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population. This is constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce the negative environmental impacts of crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Sustainable cropping systems based on ecological principles are the core of integrated approaches to solve this critical challenge. This special issue provides an international basis for revealing the underlying mechanisms of sustainable cropping systems to drive agronomic innovations. It includes review and original research articles that report novel scientific findings on improvement in cropping systems related to crop yields and their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, resource use efficiency, environmental impact, sustainability, and ecosystem services.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; nutrient use efficiency ; organic fertilization ; system approach ; Helianthus annuus L. ; catch crop ; Texas High Plains ; forage yield and quality ; living mulch ; nutrient cycling ; quality ; leguminous cover crop ; conservation ; light ; sustainable crop production ; crop rotation ; WHCNS ; stemborer ; complexity ; perennial ; manure ; maize production ; SOC and STN stocks ; cover crops ; forage pea ; yield ; SDS-PAGE analysis ; vineyard system ; double cropping ; wheat ; partial returns ; soybean ; vetch ; nitrogen use efficiency ; enzyme activities ; agrobiodiversity ; gross margin ; residue C and N release ; systematic review ; maize ; protein crops ; no-tillage ; environmental quality ; fall grazing ; kura clover ; cover crop ; organization ; scenario analyses ; cropping system design ; irrigation ; sustainable yield index ; multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) ; Acidic soil ; Europe ; Zea mais L. ; shade ; up-scaling ; water ; conservation agriculture ; water use efficiency ; Triticum aestivum L. ; forage sorghum ; N use efficiency ; nutrient balance ; organic cropping system ; forage ; durum wheat ; cropping systems ; nitrate ; grain yield ; nitrogen nutrition ; conventionalization ; crop residue incorporation ; cereal rye ; green manure ; straw decomposition ; hierarchical patch dynamics ; N uptake ; farmer’s perception ; pearl millet ; nitrogen ; faba bean ; agroecology ; harvesting strategies ; rice ; gluten fractions ; weed suppression ; economics ; mineral N fertilization ; push-pull technology ; growth ; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 97
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This reprint focuses on the application of groundwater models developed with the aim of optimizing the management of water resources in urban environments, coastal areas, karst aquifers, and riparian zones, among other environments. The testing of innovative techniques applied to traditional models, including machine learning techniques, is of particular interest. Special attention is given to the application of tools for the evaluation of climate change effects on groundwater.
    Keywords: groundwater monitoring ; modeling ; MODFLOW ; kriging ; residuals ; water levels ; Edwards–Trinity aquifer ; GIS ; remote sensing ; groundwater potential assessment ; analytical hierarchy processes ; weight overlay analysis ; West Arsi Zone ; groundwater ; physically-based models ; machine learning models ; artificial neural network ; random forest ; support vector machine ; carbonate aquifer ; faults and folds ; groundwater modelling ; multilayer aquifer ; MODFLOW-NWT formulation ; Central Italy ; heat transport ; watershed modeling ; temperature ; climate change ; water pollution ; solute transport modelling ; Geographic Information System (GIS) ; pollution prevention plans ; pharmaceuticals ; carbamazepine ; longitudinal dispersion coefficient ; decay rate coefficient ; small island ; groundwater storage ; groundwater management ; geo-electrical survey ; density-dependent model ; SEAWAT ; water security ; unsaturated zone ; water management ; groundwater forecasting ; foothill aquifers ; Brenta River plain ; Empoli plain ; Magra Valley ; groundwater hydrochemistry ; principal component analysis ; multi-aquifer system ; flow model ; contaminant sources ; urban hydrogeology ; rising groundwater levels ; shallow aquifer ; 3D geodatabase ; horizontal flow barrier ; Milan ; Italy ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 98
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: The discipline of aquaculture ecology is developing rapidly and has generated much valuable progress in recent decades. This reprint mainly describes the recent advances in the individual ecology of commercial aquatic organisms, the ecology of aquaculture systems, the interaction between aquaculture activities and the environment, the structure of function of microbial communities, the principles of environmental management in aquaculture ecosystems, etc. Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing human activities, and has achieved high and predictable yields in recent decades. However, the industry is also facing numerous long-term challenges, such as environmental pollution, excessive resource consumption, etc. Aquaculture ecology aims to lay an ecological foundation for the sustainable development of aquaculture. This reprint hosts 10 papers and 1 editorial, with topics including, but not limited to, the impact of floating raft aquaculture on the hydrodynamic environment of an open sea area; the bioremediation of aquaculture wastewater using seaweed; the production environment in biofloc systems; the effects of various environmental factors, including temperature, carbonate alkalinity and protein levels in compound feed on commercial aquatic species; advances in ecology research on major integrated rice field aquaculture models in China, etc. The advances in aquaculture ecology research collected in this reprint can provide references for the sustainable development of aquaculture.
    Keywords: aquaculture wastewater ; desiccation ; growth ; Neoporphyra ; nitrogen limitation ; NO3-N and PO4-P removal ; water velocity ; molasses ; PHBV ; water quality ; nitrification rate ; heterotrophic ; bacteria community ; bacterial function ; rice–crab co-culture ; Eriocheir sinensis ; dietary protein content ; ecological environment ; rice field ; integrated aquaculture ; ecology ; review ; prospects ; coupling degree ; eco-certification ; biochemical composition ; golden tide ; NO3-N uptake ; photosynthesis ; seaweed cultivation ; mud crab ; temperature ; molting ; energy metabolism ; floating raft aquaculture area ; open sea area ; hydrodynamic environment ; water exchange capacity ; numerical simulation ; carbonate alkalinity stress ; Exopalaemon carinicauda ; reproduction ; ovary ; eyestalk ; transcriptome ; growth performance ; bacterial community ; Bacillus pumilus BP-171 ; Penaeus vannamei ; Daphniopsis tibetana ; biology ; different habitats ; population growth parameters ; third-generation transcriptome sequencing ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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  • 99
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In a worldwide context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and man-made water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance, agriculture faces the great challenge of producing enough food for a continually increasing population. In this line, this book provides a broad overview of innovation issues in the complex water–agriculture–food nexus, thus also relative to their interconnections and dependences. Issues refer to different spatial scales, from the field or the farm to the irrigation system or the river basin. Multidisciplinary approaches are used when analyzing the relationships between water, agriculture, and food security. The covered issues are quite diverse and include: innovation in crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and modeling; updates in research relative to crop water use and saving; irrigation scheduling and systems design; simulation models to support water and agricultural decisions; issues to cope with water scarcity and climate change; advances in water resource quality and sustainable uses; new tools for mapping and use of remote sensing information; and fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare. This book brings together a variety of contributions by leading international experts, professionals, and scholars in those diverse fields. It represents a major synthesis and state-of-the-art on various subjects, thus providing a valuable and updated resource for all researchers, professionals, policymakers, and post-graduate students interested in the complex world of the water–agriculture–food nexus.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; hysteresis loops ; irrigation systems design ; fuzzy cognitive maps ; Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) ; olive orchard ; Kcb from ground cover ; crop growth ; surface water pollution ; crop water use and evapotranspiration ; measures ; water–energy–food nexus ; water-agriculture-food nexus ; drought classes ; soil temperature ; pressures ; crop water requirements ; Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) ; validation ; latent heat flux ; log-linear modeling ; impact ; Row crops ; dried on the vine ; reform ; Tagus River Basin ; precise land levelling ; regulated deficit irrigation ; Transfer ; relative pressure exceedance ; irrigation district ; evaporation ; Irrigation ; perturbation ; aridity effects ; economic and environmental issues ; water users’ organization ; pressurized irrigation systems ; decision support systems (DSS) ; Pampa biome ; crop yield ; reference evapotranspiration ; DPSIR ; SIMDualKc model ; semi-arid region ; wheat ; calibration ; design of irrigation systems ; Density coefficient ; simulation models ; biomass ; crop transpiration ; groundwater ; direct forcing ; Spain ; satellite observations ; maize yield ; water and salt balance ; soil water balance ; spatial variability ; persistence ; supply–demand balance model ; sustained deficit irrigation ; leaf area index ; evapotranspiration ; eddy covariance ; dry drainage system ; droughts ; Participatory Irrigation Management ; Black soil ; surface irrigation modelling ; drip and basin irrigation ; remote sensing ; crop coefficient curves ; irrigation scheduling ; unsteady flow ; root growth ; North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) ; Sensitive Zones ; soil evaporation ; actual evapotranspiration ; agricultural intensification ; organizational analysis ; policies ; water and land management ; agriculture ; hydrant risk indicator ; evaporative fraction ; local advection ; Fiesta grapes ; Evapotranspiration ; Dual crop coefficients ; Vulnerable Zones ; salinity ; cut-off time ; soil moisture ; irrigation water governance ; nitrogen ; Andalusia ; Corn ; basal crop coefficients ; water balance ; participatory management ; beneficial water use ; soil nutrient ; water users association ; deficit irrigation ; stakeholder engagement ; new technologies ; smartphone application ; drip irrigation ; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ; inflow rates ; policy-making ; soil water storage depletion ; on-demand operation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 100
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: This reprint collects high-quality manuscripts with a focus on food composition, with special emphasis on chemical characterization, the content of bioactive molecules, contaminants, and analytical aspects. The roles of variety, cultivation, growing conditions, and technological processes on the nutritional quality of foods have been investigated. Studies dealing with the biological activity and health benefits of bioactive food molecules have been also considered.
    Keywords: sweet potato ; variety ; growing location ; starch ; physicochemical properties ; FTIR ; NMR ; β-casein ; secondary structure ; temperature ; pH ; cottonseed ; fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; glandless ; scanning electron microcopy ; thermogravimetric analysis ; constipation ; probiotic compounds ; gastrointestinal transit rate ; gut microbiota ; colonize ; octopus vulgaris ; cooking liquor ; scomber colias ; canning ; packaging medium ; lipid hydrolysis ; lipid oxidation ; polyene index ; ω3/ω6 ratio ; neuraminidase ; Garcinia atroviridis ; influenza virus ; Nα ; Nε-diacyl-l-lysine ; vegetable oil ; oleogel ; gelator ; oil-binding capacity ; gamma irradiation ; rose hip ; seed oil ; polysaccharides ; carbohydrates ; lipids ; germplasm ; crystalline structure ; thermal properties ; Neopyropia yezoensis ; Koji fermentation ; hepatic steatosis ; obese db/db mouse ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; stachydrine ; betaine ; carnitine ; Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus “Carciofo di Paestum” PGI ; green extracts ; 1H NMR and HRMS-based metabolomics ; multivariate data analysis ; C-type starch ; molecular component ; heat properties ; principal component analysis ; honey ; phenolic compounds ; metabolomics ; Greek honey ; chemometrics ; botanical origin ; authenticity ; discrimination ; high-resolution mass spectrometry ; glyphosate ; HPLC-ICP-MS/MS ; white and brown rice ; LOD ; LOQ ; matrix effect ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
    Language: English
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