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  • nitrogen  (842)
  • Springer  (794)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (45)
  • éditions Quae  (3)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-07-06
    Description: The articles in this Special Issue cover a very wide range of topics related to the cultivation, management and use of fast-growing tree species. In addition to research on breeding and on the influence of pruning practices on the height growth of paulownia, three articles deal with the influence of site characteristics and nutrient availability on the physiology and yield security of fast-growing tree species. Another article focuses on the modeling of soil carbon in Salix plantations, while the article by Boruszewski et al. reports on potentially suitable areas for the planting of fast-growing tree species in Poland. Zitzmann and Rode examine the impact of short-rotation plantation management on phytodiversity, while Helbig et al. deal with the influence of leaf feeding on the growth of poplars and willows. Finally, Hernandez-Estrada et al. describe the dry matter loss of poplar wood chips during storage.
    Keywords: woody biomass crops ; bioenergy ; biodiversity ; species richness ; flora ; vascular plants ; short rotation coppices ; poplars ; willows ; feeding simulation ; defoliation ; herbivory ; short rotation coppice ; phosphatase activity ; nutrient content ; growth stages ; biomass ; willow ; Salix ; capacity ; European larch ; fast-growing trees ; plantations ; plantation area ; poplar cultivar “Hybrid 275” ; sown area ; biomass production ; life cycle assessment ; climate impact ; soil organic carbon ; genotypic difference ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; genome editing ; Populus ; INRA 717-1B4 ; pyramidal plant habitus ; leaf petiole angle ; branch angle ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; carbon ; physiology ; F. mandshurica ; Robinia pseudoacacia L. ; photosynthetic vitality ; chlorophyll and phenol content ; nutrition supply ; dry matter yield ; land reclamation ; spring pruning ; year-long pruning ; branching ; angle diversion of sprout ; dry matter losses ; poplar wood chips ; laboratory scale ; cultivable saproxylic microbiota ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAL Forestry & related industries
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; optical sensor ; spectral analysis ; response surface sampling ; sensor evaluation ; electromagnetic induction ; multivariate water quality parameters ; mandarin orange ; crop inspection platform ; SPA-MLR ; object tracking ; feature selection ; simultaneous measurement ; diseases ; genetic algorithms ; processing of sensed data ; electrochemical sensors ; thermal image ; ECa-directed soil sampling ; handheld ; recognition patterns ; salt concentration ; clover-grass ; bovine embedded hardware ; weed control ; soil ; field crops ; vineyard ; connected dominating set ; water depth sensors ; SS-OCT ; wheat ; striped stem-borer ; silage ; geostatistics ; detection ; NIR hyperspectral imaging ; electronic nose ; machine learning ; virtual organizations of agents ; packing density ; data validation and calibration ; dataset ; Wi-SUN ; temperature sensors ; geoinformatics ; gas sensor ; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ; vegetable oil ; photograph-grid method ; Vitis vinifera ; WSN distribution algorithms ; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; irrigation ; quality assessment ; energy efficiency ; wireless sensor network (WSN) ; geo-information ; Fusarium ; texture features ; weeds ; discrimination ; big data ; soil moisture sensors ; meat spoilage ; land cover ; stereo imaging ; near infrared sensors ; biological sensing ; compound sensor ; pest management ; moisture ; plant localization ; heavy metal contamination ; artificial neural networks ; spectral pre-processing ; moisture content ; apparent soil electrical conductivity ; data fusion ; semi-arid regions ; smart irrigation ; back propagation model ; wireless sensor network ; energy balance ; light-beam ; fluorescent measurement ; agriculture ; precision agriculture ; deep learning ; spectroscopy ; hulled barely ; dielectric probe ; RPAS ; water supply network ; rice leaves ; mobile app ; gradient boosted machines ; hyperspectral camera ; one-class ; nitrogen ; LiDAR ; total carbon ; chemometrics analysis ; rice ; agricultural land ; on-line vis-NIR measurement ; CARS ; obstacle detection ; stratification ; neural networks ; regression estimator ; Kinect ; proximity sensing ; distributed systems ; pest ; noninvasive detection ; texture feature ; soil mapping ; classification ; soil salinity ; visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ; germination ; computer vision ; hyperspectral imaging ; diffusion ; dielectric dispersion ; UAS ; random forests ; case studies ; total nitrogen ; thermal imaging ; cameras ; dry matter composition ; near-infrared ; salt tolerance ; deep convolutional neural networks ; soil type classification ; water management ; preprocessing methods ; wireless sensor networks (WSN) ; remote sensing image classification ; precision plant protection ; radar ; spatial variability ; GF-1 satellite ; plant disease ; naked barley ; leaf area index ; CIE-Lab ; change of support ; radiative transfer model ; 3D reconstruction ; plant phenotyping ; vine ; near infrared ; vegetation indices ; remote sensing ; greenhouse ; time-series data ; scattering ; sensor ; crop area ; speckle ; spatial data ; grapevine breeding ; wide field view ; partial least squares-discriminant analysis ; spiking ; area frame sampling ; chromium content ; machine-learning ; RGB-D sensor ; pest scouting ; PLS ; Capsicum annuum ; spatial-temporal model ; drying temperature ; boron tolerance ; ambient intelligence ; laser wavelength ; fuzzy logic ; dynamic weight ; landslide ; management zones ; real-time processing ; event detection ; crop monitoring ; apple shelf-life ; rice field monitoring ; wireless sensor ; birth sensor ; proximal sensor ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: This book focuses on recent advances in plasma technology and its application to metals, alloys, and related materials. Surface modifications, material syntheses, cutting and surface coatings are performed using low-pressure plasma or atmospheric-pressure plasma. The contributions of this book include the discussion of a wide scope of plasma technologies applied to materials. Plasma is a versatile tool that can be applied in many types of material processing. New material processing applications of plasmas and new plasma technologies are being developed rapidly. We hope that this book can contribute new knowledge to the plasma material research society.
    Keywords: cathodic plasma electrolysis deposition ; Al2O3 coating ; oxidation ; solution surface tension ; nitrogen plasma ; Ga droplet ; GaN nanodot ; transmission electron microscopy ; wurtzite ; Zinc-blende ; plasma cutting ; cut heat affected zone ; mini-tensile test ; steel plate ; residual stress ; atmospheric pressure plasma jet ; platinum ; tin oxide ; dye-sensitized solar cells ; chloroplatinic acid ; tin chloride ; self-lubricating ; composite coating ; titanium ; plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) ; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ; plasma nitriding ; atmospheric-pressure plasma ; nitrogen dose amount ; hydrogen fraction ; void ; Ti6Al4V lattice structure ; Ag-doped TiO2 anatase ; spark plasma sintering ; selective laser melting ; additive manufacturing ; antibacterial and photoactivity applications ; aluminum ; surface ; plasma ; nitrogen ; postdischarge ; atmospheric pressure ; wettability ; organic-inorganic halide perovskite ; air plasma ; plasma treatment ; optoelectronic properties ; morphology ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Predation and scavenging are pervasive ecological interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The ecology, evolution and conservation of predators and scavengers have received wide scientific attention and public awareness. However, the close connection that exists between predation and scavenging has not been emphasized until very recently. The recognition that carnivorous animals may obtain meat by either hunting prey or scavenging their carcasses has profound implications from individual behavior to population, community and ecosystem levels. However, many relevant questions still remain unexplored. This book deals with some of these questions, with the final aim to definitively dismiss the traditional view that predation and scavenging are disconnected ecological processes. This compendium of science may help to inspire ecologists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, forensic scientists, anatomists, and, of course, conservation biologists in their stimulating and promising endeavor of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of carnivory in a rapidly changing world.
    Keywords: caching ; Capreolus capreolus ; carrion ; Eurasian lynx ; Lynx lynx ; Norway ; predation ; roe deer ; scavenging ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; nutrient recycling ; trophic cascade ; apex predators ; bear ; interspecific interactions ; moose ; wolf ; birds of prey ; foraging ; predators ; scavengers ; vision ; carcass ; confrontational scavenging ; disease risk ; facultative scavenger ; landscape of peril ; marine ecosystems ; parasite risk ; predator risk ; terrestrial ecosystems ; anthropogenic food ; diet ; urban habitats ; ecological functions ; carnivorous ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This Special Issue is designed to celebrate the founding of the open-access journal Oceans and is focused on presenting new ideas and advances at the cutting edge of ocean science. The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to: ocean geosciences, physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology; ocean ecosystem services and sustainable ocean resource use; and ocean operations and engineering. The fifteen articles published in this Special Issue focus on diverse areas of oceanography, including ocean ecology and biology, ocean geosciences, ocean climate and meteorology, ocean circulation, ocean chemistry and biogeochemistry, ocean resources (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture, and mining), ocean engineering, ocean modeling and ocean governance.
    Keywords: SIDS ; UN Member States ; sustainable development goal 14 ; SAMOA pathway ; capacity building ; scientific infrastructure ; IAEA ; ocean challenges ; nuclear and isotopic techniques ; ecology ; oceanography ; Portugal ; abundance rate ; nursery ; common dolphin ; Delphinus delphis ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; time series ; regime shift ; climate ; nutrients ; composite ; delamination ; seawater ; immersion ; ageing ; Black Sea ; biogeochemical modelling ; seasonal phytoplankton and inter-annual variation ; capture–recapture ; Cayman Islands ; Seychelles ; monitoring ; endangered species ; maximum number of individuals ; photo-identification ; mark-recapture ; movement ecology ; phosphorus ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphate ; pyrophosphatase activity ; seaweed ; Ulva ; ras al hadd oceanic dipole ; arabian sea ; cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies ; altimetric data ; angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm (AMEDA) ; HYCOM model ; ARGO floats ; carbon cycle ; tropical Atlantic ; dissolved inorganic carbon ; alkalinity ; Demerara Rise ; millennial-scale variability ; Late Quaternary paleoclimate ; seafloor mapping ; vulnerable deep-sea habitats ; deep-sea corals ; chemosynthesis-based communities ; vulnerable marine ecosystem ; Atlantic Ocean ; seismic faults ; slope instabilities ; submarine volcanism ; fluid-flow processes ; bottom currents ; tsunamis ; canyon heads ; tectonic indentation ; multidisciplinary approach ; carbon ; eutrophic ; Hiroshima Bay ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; sediment ; ocean forecasting ; reflexivity ; fisheries ; harmful algal blooms ; coupled natural-human systems ; Anthropocene ocean ; shark ; luminescence ; Etmopteridae ; Dalatiidae ; Somniosidae ; photophore ; hormonal control ; counter-illumination ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    éditions Quae
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: What do we know about inputs and potential of legumes in terms of the sustainability of agricultural and food systems? How can they be used to reduce the damage and maximise the benefits for the environment, agriculture and man? This reference work fuels the reflection on protein sources, nitrogen management in France and the relationship between legumes and sustainability.
    Keywords: environment ; food ; sustainable development ; farmer ; nitrogen ; plant production ; cropping system ; legume ; agronomy ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVF Sustainable agriculture
    Language: French
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book ""Quality and Production of Forage"" is intended to keep readers updatedon the developments occurring in this field. As it is apparent that livestockanimals are important throughout the world because of the meat, milk and eggthey produce, knowledge about the forages available to animals must also beconsidered for increased production, quality and efficiency. This book providesinformation that readers will find considerably invaluable about forage feeds, suchas grass, legumes, and straw. The book is composed of ten papers, focusing on awide range of research activities and topics that feature the following concepts offorage: the effect of conservation method on forage protein value; Microbial thecomposition and mycotoxin content in forage; genetic diversity of forages; timelysowing to maximize yield for both grain and biomass; ensiling treatments onforage quality; the qualitative characteristics of different accessions of new foragespecies; forage policy influencing feed costs; feeding forage on animal health;high-protein tropical forages as alternative sources for poultry; impact of foragesin poultry diet and significance of forages in sustainable poultry productionsystems. This book will be an invaluable reference for students and professionalsin agricultural science and grassland and animal husbandry researches.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; annual clover ; corn ; plant height ; forage production ; feed costs ; wilting ; population density ; Moringa oleifera ; alfalfa ; livestock ; digestibility ; hay ; sowing date ; biomass production ; clover ; tropical forages ; sustainability ; alternative protein ; plant ; animal ; dry matter ; genetic diversity ; chicken ; zearalenone ; production system ; forage ; energy balance ; grain yield ; nutritional composition ; deoxynivalenol ; grass ; silage ; policy ; path analysis ; poultry ; in vitro organic matter digestibility ; nitrogen ; nitrogen balance ; beneficial use ; lucerne ; forage yield ; anti-nutritional factors ; N fixation ; fungi ; planting ; markers ; crude protein ; epiphytic microflora ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Biomass can be converted to energy, biofuels, and bioproducts via thermochemical conversion processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion technology is most widely applied on an industrial scale. However, biomass gasification and pyrolysis processes are still in the research and development stage. The major products from these processes are syngas, bio-oil, and char (called also biochar for agronomic application). Among these products, biomass chars have received increasing attention for different applications, such as gasification, co-combustion, catalysts or adsorbents precursors, soil amendment, carbon fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This Special Issue provides an overview of biomass char production methods (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.), characterization techniques (e.g., scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption and mass spectrometry), their properties, and their suitable recovery processes.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; n/a ; Boudouard reaction in gasification ; Chinese reed ; underground coal gasification ; food waste ; kinetic models ; fixed bed combustor ; reactor modelling ; AAEMs ; anaerobic digestion ; grape marc ; adsorption isotherms ; Texaco pilot plant ; biomass valorization ; food waste compost ; CH4 adsorption ; gaseous emissions ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ; waste wood ; coconut shells ; kinetic model ; char oxidation ; low-rank coal char ; nutrients ; characteristic time analysis ; kinetic parameters ; ash from biomass ; combustion parameters ; biomass ; thermal characteristics ; biocrude ; reaction kinetics ; sludge cake ; gasification ; pellets ; characterization ; ash layer ; energy recovery efficiency ; internal diffusion resistance ; FT-IR ; giant miscanthus ; pyrolysis ; olive mill solid wastes (OMSWs) ; food-waste biochar ; melting phenomenon ; chemisorption ; steam gasification ; NaCl template ; biomass production ; textural characterization ; desalination ; ash fusion temperature (AFT) ; thermogravimetric analysis ; combustion ; chemical speciation ; sawdust ; NaCl ; effective diffusion coefficient ; kinetics ; breakthrough curves ; biochar engineering ; biochar ; amino acid ; high heating value (HHV) ; salty food waste ; ELECTRE III ; interferences ; multicriteria model ; pyrrole ; interactions ; biogas purification ; fertilisation ; NOx ; pyrolysis conditions ; steam ; partial combustion reaction in gasification ; CO2 adsorption ; poultry slaughterhouse ; hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) ; calorific value ; oxygen enrichment ; porosity ; nitrogen ; hydrothermal carbonization ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; MTDATA ; activated carbon ; active site ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.
    Keywords: Cedrela odorata ; seeds ; germination ; cardinal temperatures ; thermal time ; climate change ; dendrochronology ; ecology ; moving window analysis ; Pinaceae ; Pinus arizonica Engelm. ; Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) ; Ponderosae ; response function ; tree rings ; global climate change ; forest ecology ; trees adaptation ; phenotypic plasticity ; Phoebe bournei ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; photosynthesis ; leaf anatomy ; National Park ; tree line shift ; acclimation ; adaptation ; common garden ; drought ; ecodistance ; mortality ; stomatal frequency ; stomatal size ; sap flux ; radial profile ; sapwood depth ; Aleppo pine ; diurnal variation ; seasonal variation ; climate ; basal area increment ; forest dieback ; Mediterranean forest ; stem growth ; water availability ; Quercus ; morphology evaluation ; survival rate ; extreme frost ; heat and drought ; open-top chamber ; RNA sequencing ; gene expression analysis ; Populus ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Amid challenging environmental conditions throughout their life cycle, plants display an extraordinary ability to sense, process, and respond to a diverse array of stimuli with adaptability. The complexity of their stress responses unfolds across various levels—physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and cellular—demanding a profound comprehension of the intricate mechanisms at work. These stresses intertwine, triggering cellular damage and initiating a cascade of responses within plants. Critical growth phases under severe stress encounter mechanical damage and alterations in cellular macromolecule synthesis. While plants possess inherent defense mechanisms against oxidative damage, excessive oxygen production overwhelms their detoxification capacity, leading to detrimental reactions like loss of osmotic responsiveness, wilting, and necrosis. This reprint undertakes a comprehensive analysis, exploring multiple perspectives such as gas exchange, metabolomics, proteomics, isotopic, and genomic approaches, to unveil the drivers and specific strategies that empower plants to adapt to stressful growth conditions. By examining trait selection, phenotypic plasticity, and other factors, this reprint uncovers the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant resilience amidst adversity. A valuable resource for scientists, academics, and professionals, this reprint unveils the mysteries of plant resilience and productivity, fostering innovative strategies for sustainable agriculture in our ever-changing world.
    Keywords: allelopathic potential ; chemical composition ; phenolics ; Acacia melanoxylon ; Lactuca sativa ; HPLC seedling growth Flavonoides ; Cadmium ; heavy metal ; food security ; oxidative damage ; antioxidants ; intercropping ; lodging tolerance ; agronomical management ; lignin metabolism ; resistance genes ; salinity ; Chenopodium quinoa ; biomass ; functional plant traits ; biochemical traits ; genotypes ; yield ; salt stress ; heat stress ; photosynthesis ; antioxidant enzymes ; HSPs ; QTLs ; omics ; rice ; nitrogen ; water stress ; drought ; antioxidant ; reactive oxygen species ; reactive nitrogen species ; canopy temperature ; water soluble carbohydrates ; stay green ; seed yield ; Camellia oleifera ; Arachis hypogaea ; soil nutritional status ; soil quality ; cropping pattern ; silvicultural methods ; sustainable production ; stable isotope ; isotopic composition ; C and N cycling ; vegetation type ; soil health ; nitric oxide ; salinity stress ; antioxidant system ; osmolytes ; photosystem II ; Na+/H+ antiporters ; Triticum aestivum L. ; weed suppression ; allelochemicals ; sorgoleone ; benzoquinone ; cropping systems ; Lathyrus odoratus ; seed priming ; seawater ; proline ; SiNPs ; wheat ; antioxidant capacity ; grain quality ; alveographic parameters ; alpha-lipoic acid ; cysteine ; biochar ; alkaline soils ; abiotic stress ; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; fatty acids ; Zea mays L. ; lowland rice ; terminal water stress ; grain yield ; stress indices ; stress tolerance ; bioactive ; desert ; irrigated ; flavonoid ; phenol ; phytochemistry ; n/a ; Hordeum vulgare ; stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen ; saline water stress ; isotope ecology ; yield stability ; ion homeostasis ; spinach ; paracetamol ; degradation ; growth parameters ; chlorophyll florescence ; photosynthetic pigments ; elements ; microbes ; bioethanol ; salt tolerance ; water deficit conditions ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthetic efficiency ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Crop models and remote sensing techniques have been combined and applied in agriculture and crop estimation on local and regional scales, or worldwide, based on the simultaneous development of crop models and remote sensing. The literature shows that many new remote sensing sensors and valuable methods have been developed for the retrieval of canopy state variables and soil properties from remote sensing data for assimilating the retrieved variables into crop models. At the same time, remote sensing has been used in a staggering number of applications for agriculture. This book sets the context for remote sensing and modelling for agricultural systems as a mean to minimize the environmental impact, while increasing production and productivity. The eighteen papers published in this Special Issue, although not representative of all the work carried out in the field of Remote Sensing for agriculture and crop modeling,
    Keywords: G1-922 ; Q1-390 ; nitrogen nutrition index ; n/a ; soil organic carbon ; yield estimation ; hyperspectral sensor ; crop modeling ; crop residue management ; land use change ; flat-fan atomizer ; vegetation index ; septoria tritici blotch ; crop simulation model ; temporal variability ; spectral-weight variations in fused images ; plant ; EPIC model ; large cardamom ; crop inventory ; proximal sensing ; sorghum biomass ; soil ; UAV ; Integrated Administration and Control System ; canopy temperature depression ; fractional cover ; Cropsim-CERES Wheat ; hyperspectral data ; yield ; wheat ; precision farming ; SPAD ; AquaCrop ; prediction modeling ; spectral simulation ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; machine learning ; crop production ; protein content ; Á Trous algorithm ; spatial variability ; variable rate technology ; crop type mapping ; Tarim Basin ; leaf area index ; management zone ; irrigation ; multi-spectral ; agricultural land-cover ; crop modelling ; dynamic model ; satellite images ; climate change ; control variables ; generalized model ; Sentinel-2 satellite imagery ; vegetation indices ; vegetable monitoring ; Sentinel-2 ; remote sensing ; cultivars ; crop growth model ; yield monitoring ; big data technology ; conservation agriculture ; GIS ; fAPAR ; droplet drift ; simulation analysis ; durum wheat ; hydroponic ; grain yield ; Leaf Area Index ; NDVI ; precision agriculture ; relative frequencies ; soil stoichiometry ; habitat assessment ; data assimilation ; satellite ; species modelling ; ?13C ; disease ; nitrogen ; yield mapping ; UAV chemical application ; RGB images ; decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: This book deals with sustainable agriculture at a time of climate change. It seeks to identify a number of solutions to deal with the agricultural stresses caused by climate change. These range from the identification and cultivation of appropriate crop varieties and the adoption of climate adaptive agricultural practices. Significant sustainable agricultural innovation is required to deal with these challenges. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) may be of crucial importance for modern agriculture. They serve to make R&D in agriculture attractive, by encouraging investment in new technologies and generating tradeable assets. A number of the chapters of this book refer to the principal IPRs relevant to agricultural innovation, namely: (i) patents, which protect inventions; (ii) plant variety rights, which protect the breeding of new and distinct plant varieties; and (iii) trademarks and geographical indications, which facilitate the marketing of products by providing protection for the symbols of their manufacturing or geographic origin. The United Nations Climate Change Panel has urged the consideration of the agricultural practices of traditional communities and some of these practices particularly involving rice, banana, and brassica cultivation are explored in the book. This book is essential reading for officials of governments and international organizations concerned with sustainability, as well as scholars and students concerned with these subjects
    Keywords: alternative energy source ; Ethiopian mustard ; sustainability ; agricultural green development ; entropy weight method ; spatial heterogeneity ; spatial spillover effect ; China ; rice yields ; climate change ; phenology ; relative contribution ; partial correlation ; seed security ; banana tissue culture planting material ; uptake ; banana farmers ; central Uganda ; traditional rice economics ; institutional ; socio-demographic factors ; multinomial logit model ; constraints ; China-Africa cooperation ; agricultural program ; agricultural training ; technology adoption ; dams ; agriculture ; livelihoods ; health ; schistosomiasis ; restoration ; sustainable development ; climate adaptation ; rice–wheat cropping system ; South Asia ; water requirements ; nitrogen ; direct seeding ; agricultural science, technology and innovation ; Innovation efficiency ; DEA ; G20 ; productivity ; efficiency ; food security ; digital agriculture ; smart farming ; digitalization ; digital technologies ; Middle East and North Africa ; decision making ; instrumental variable ; neighbourhood effects ; rice farmers ; risk attitudes ; spatial dependence ; agricultural innovation ; sustainable agriculture ; plant breeding ; cereals ; intellectual property ; agricultural law ; plant variety rights ; seed marketing ; European Union ; fertilizer ; knowledge ; attitude ; ease of use ; motivation ; work performance ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Carbon-based nanomaterials have been increasingly used in sensors and biosensors design due to their advantageous intrinsic properties, which include, but are not limited to, high electrical and thermal conductivity, chemical stability, optical properties, large specific surface, biocompatibility, and easy functionalization. The most commonly applied carbonaceous nanomaterials are carbon nanotubes (single- or multi-walled nanotubes) and graphene, but promising data have been also reported for (bio)sensors based on carbon quantum dots and nanocomposites, among others. The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials, independent of the detection scheme and developed platform type (optical, chemical, and biological, etc.), has a major beneficial effect on the (bio)sensor sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance. As a consequence, carbon-based nanomaterials have been promoting a revolution in the field of (bio)sensors with the development of increasingly sensitive devices. This Special Issue presents original research data and review articles that focus on (experimental or theoretical) advances, challenges, and outlooks concerning the preparation, characterization, and application of carbon-based nanomaterials for (bio)sensor development.
    Keywords: dopamine ; uric acid ; MnO2 nanoflowers ; N-doped reduced graphene oxide ; voltammetric sensor ; 3D printing ; biomimetic sensor ; flexible electronics ; graphene ; PDMS ; gauge factor ; carbon nanofibers ; nanoparticles ; electrospinning ; hybrid nanomaterials ; sensor ; carbon dots ; dipicolinic acid ; Tb3+ ; schizochytrium ; ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe ; carbon-based nanomaterials ; chemo- and biosensor ; food safety ; field effect transistor ; graphene nanoribbon ; propane ; butane ; gas sensor ; detector ; oxygen ; humidity ; water ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; surface-enhanced Raman scattering ; ultrathin gold films ; spectroscopic ellipsometry ; percolation threshold ; nano carbon black ; polydimethylsiloxane ; pressure sensors ; wearable electronics ; hemoglobin determination ; luminescence ; room temperature phosphorescence ; portable instrumentation ; sensors and biosensors ; carbon nanomaterials ; environment ; aquatic fauna ; waters ; carbon nanotubes ; zirconia nanoparticles ; Prussian blue ; electrochemical sensors ; metal organic framework ; active carbon ; heavy metal ; low-cost adsorbents ; lead sensor ; Cortaderia selloana ; non-covalent ; biosensor ; real-time ; nanocomposite ; π-π stacking ; drop-cast ; carbon-surfaces ; resistor ; GFET ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Vegetables are an important part of the human diet due to their nutrient density and, at the same time, low calorie content. Producers of vegetable crops mainly aim at achieving high yields with good external quality. However, there is an increasing demand of consumers for vegetables that provide good sensory properties and are rich in secondary compounds that can be valuable for human health. Sub- or supra-optimal abiotic conditions, like high temperatures, drought, excess light, salinity or nutrient deficiency, may alter the composition of vegetable crops and at the same time, result in yield loss. Thus, producers need to adapt their horticultural practices such as through the choice of variety, irrigation regime, light management, fruit thinning, or fertilizer application to improve the yield and quality of the vegetable product. In the future, altered climate conditions such as elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperatures, or altered precipitation patterns may become additional challenges for producers of vegetable crops, especially those that cultivate in the open field. This raises the need for optimized horticultural practices in order to minimize abiotic stresses. As well, specific storage conditions can have large impacts on the quality of vegetables. This Special Issue compiles research that deals with the optimization of vegetable product quality (e.g. sensory aspects, composition) under sub- or supra-optimal abiotic conditions.
    Keywords: ascorbic acid ; biostimulants ; Allium cepa ; Phulkara ; Nasarpuri ; Lambada and Red Bone ; gibberex ; Momordica charantia L ; dismutase ; peroxidase ; catalase ; vegetative growth ; flesh firmness ; flowering ; harvest time ; lycopene ; rootstock-scion combination ; total soluble solids ; elevated CO₂ ; modified atmosphere package ; sensory and physiological-biochemical characteristics ; total phenol ; DPPH ; heirloom beans ; drought ; abiotic stress ; local farming ; nutraceutical properties ; zinc ; Solanum lycopersicum ; drought potassium ; vacuolar transporter ; tomato ; product quality ; nitrogen ; shelf life ; carotenoids ; antioxidants ; taste ; minerals ; fatty acids ; oxalate ; nitrate ; phytochemicals ; ammonium ; climate change ; food quality ; photosynthesis ; nitrogen source ; vegetable ; Ocimum basilicum ; salt ; NaCl ; yield ; quality ; polyphenols ; grafting ; water-use efficiency ; nutrient use efficiency ; vegetable production ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This book aims to summarize the latest achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern medicine and dentistry, for example, in cases where, as a result of a traffic or sports accident, aging, resection of organs after oncological surgery, or dangerous inflammation, there is a need to replace lost organs, tissues, and parts of the human body. The essence of biomedical materials is their constant contact with living tissues, organisms, or microorganisms and, therefore, they should meet numerous requirements from various fields, including medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. For this reason, biomaterials must be compatible with the organism, and biocompatibility issues must be addressed before using the product in a clinical setting. The production and synthesis of biomaterials require the use of various technologies and methods to obtain the appropriate material, which is then processed using advanced material processing technologies. Often, however, it is necessary to directly manufacture a specific product with individualized geometric features and properties tailored to the requirements of a particular patient. In such cases, additive manufacturing methods are increasingly used. In this sense, it can be considered that the Biomaterials 4.0 stage has been reached, and detailed information is included in the individual chapters of this book on the achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern regenerative medicine, regenerative dentistry, and tissue engineering.
    Keywords: sol-gel phase transitions ; injectable scaffolds ; chitosan ; calcium β-glycerophosphate ; rheology ; bone tissue engineering ; diblock copolymers ; drug delivery systems ; nanoparticles ; nanoprecipitation ; self-assembly ; implant ; stainless steel ; nickel ; leaching ; nitrogen ; cytotoxicity ; nanodendrites ; nanostar ; fibroblast cells ; gelatin ; one-pot synthesis ; hollow mesoporous silica ; porous silica ; high drug loading capacity ; drug delivery system ; fretting ; fretting wear ; Ni-Cr-Mo ; dental alloys ; titaniumcarbonitride ; Ti(C, N) coating ; thin films ; zirconium carbide ; antimicrobial properties ; medical implants ; 316L stainless steel ; sintering ; surface nitriding ; nitrogen absorption ; response surface methodology ; sodium alginate ; hydrogel material ; regenerative medicine ; urethra ; hybrid materials ; hydroxyapatite ; FEA ; V-shaped tooth defects ; fillings ; glass-ionomer cement ; flowable composite ; stomatognathic system ; prosthetic restorations ; surgical guide ; dental prosthesis restoration manufacturing center ; CBCT tomography ; dental implants ; implant-scaffolds ; hybrid multilayer biological-engineering composites biomaterials ; CAD/CAM methods ; additive manufacturing technologies ; selective laser sintering ; stereolithography ; Dentistry 4.0 ; Industry 4.0 ; robocasting ; bioactive glass ; scaffold ; sol–gel ; 45S5 Bioglass® ; biomaterials ; biomedical implants ; additive manufacturing ; dental prosthetic restorations ; Ti6Al4V dental alloy ; structural X-ray analysis ; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope ; metallography ; tensile and bending strength ; corrosion resistance ; tribological tests ; in-vitro tests ; industry 4.0 ; dentistry 4.0 ; SARS-CoV-2 pandemic ; SPEC strategy ; elimination clinical aerosol at the source ; dendrological matrix ; photopolymer materials ; additive digital light printing ; dentistry sustainable development ; dental prophylaxis ; dental interventionistic treatment ; caries ; periodontology ; toothlessness ; endodontics ; dental implantology ; dental prosthetics ; dentist safety ; dentist ethics ; Co–Cr dental alloys ; corrosion ; porcelain firing ; SLM ; MSM ; CST ; light-cured composites ; photopolymerization process ; microhardness ; optimization ; regression analysis ; health ; well-being ; long and healthy life policy ; medicine ; dentistry ; medical ethics ; COVID-19 pandemic ; bioengineering ; medical engineering ; dental engineering ; biomedical materials ; Bioengineering 4.0 ; engineers’ ethics ; filling materials ; sealants ; obturation ; gutta-percha ; Resilon ; procedural benchmarking ; comparative matrices ; virtual approach ; digital twin ; scanning electron microscopy ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book, a printed edition of the Special Issue Soil Nitrogen Supply: Linking Plant Available N to Ecosystem Functions and Productivity, presents thoughtful research papers that will advance our understanding of this fascinating topic. New knowledge about modeling and the impact of cover crops, crop residues, soil amendment, and other management practices is presented in the context of agricultural and urban ecosystems.
    Keywords: nitrification inhibitors ; soil type ; CO2 and N2O emissions ; soil nitrogen dynamic ; winter malting barley ; malting quality indices ; summer cover crops ; sunn hemp ; crimson clover ; seeding rate ; nitrogen management ; aerobic incubation ; CO2 production ; microbial metabolism ; enzyme activities ; active biomass ; gross mineralization/immobilization ; Bradyrhizobium ; attachment ; root ; biofilm ; lectin ; soybean ; soil ; hydrophobicity ; Brassica napus ; natural variation ; nitrogen nutrition ; root system architecture ; nitrogen ; miscanthus ; willow ; field experiment ; lettuce ; plant-based amendment ; rhizosphere ; rainfall simulator ; nutrient runoff ; ammonium ; nitrate ; nitrogen use efficiency ; biochar ; total nitrogen ; soil organic carbon ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrification ; turfgrass ; residential landscapes ; landscape patches ; urban soils ; perennial peanut ; urban landscapes ; N mineralization ; C/N ratio ; crop residue ; N availability ; NBPT ; nitrification inhibitor ; half-life ; degradation rate constant ; nitrogen leaching ; autumn tillage ; no-till ; lysimeter ; field experiment network ; soil nitrogen mineralization ; soil properties ; cropping system ; modeling ; STICS model ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Soil contamination has been identified as one of the main threats to soil, inducing the degradation of global soils and driving long-term losses of the ecosystem services that they provide. As a result of human activities, the amount of soil contamination caused by heavy metal(loid)s has severely increased over the last few decades and has become a worldwide environmental issue that has attracted considerable public attention. Although many research efforts have highlighted how soil contamination is a global threat and provided an overview of the importance of healthy soil, there is still a great need for additional information from different regions around the world, and concrete strategies, which can be implemented to address the causes and impacts of this major threat, urgently need to be developed. In this context, this book was launched with the scope of bringing together articles presenting the development of novel science-based methods and applications that enhance the remediation of contaminated soil by focusing on the identification of the main sources of soil contamination caused by heavy metal(loid)s (HM)/potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in different soil types; the chemistry, potential mobility, and bioavailability of the contaminants that are commonly found in contaminated soils; the assessment of the negative impacts and risks associated with HM/PTE-induced soil contamination on crop yields; soil biota, food security, and human health; and the available methods and strategies for monitoring, assessing, and remediating soils that have been contaminated by HM/PTEs.
    Keywords: PTE ; anthropogenic soils ; Technosols ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; urban agriculture ; heavy metal availability ; enrichment factor ; redox ; biochar ; cadmium ; lead ; contaminated paddy soil ; short- and long-term mechanisms ; ACC deaminase ; heavy metal stress ; PGPR ; fertilizers ; nutrients ; yield ; selenium ; acid soils ; alkaline soils ; adsorption ; desorption ; Freundlich ; Langmuir ; Mediterranean soils ; vehicular emissions ; road age ; diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) ; metal dissociation time (Tc) ; wheat assay ; optimised linear model ; biochar application rates ; metal accumulation ; nitrogen ; ryegrass ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Different types of pressures, such as nutrients, micropollutants, microbes, nanoparticles, microplastics, or antibiotic-resistant genes, endanger the quality of water bodies. Evidence-based pollution control needs to be built on the three basic elements of water governance: Monitoring, modeling, and management. Monitoring sets the empirical basis by providing space- and time-dependent information on substance concentrations and loads, as well as driving boundary conditions for assessing water quality trends, water quality statuses, and providing necessary information for the calibration and validation of models. Modeling needs proper system understanding and helps to derive information for times and locations where no monitoring is done or possible. Possible applications are risk assessments for exceedance of quality standards, assessment of regionalized relevance of sources and pathways of pollution, effectiveness of measures, bundles of measures or policies, and assessment of future developments as scenarios or forecasts. Management relies on this information and translates it in a socioeconomic context into specific plans for implementation. Evaluation of success of management plans again includes well-defined monitoring strategies. This book provides an important overview in this context.
    Keywords: diffuse pollution ; field mapping ; storm drains ; Bayesian statistics ; distributed modelling ; PhosFate ; water quality ; analysis method ; chromaticity measurement ; surface fitting ; concentration of dissolved matter ; Copernicus Programme ; ACOLITE ; flooding ; quasi-real time monitoring ; inundation mapping ; suspended matter ; Spain ; cyanobacteria ; Microcystis aeruginosa ; water ; monitoring ; spectrophotometry ; derivative absorbance ; model evaluation ; nitrogen ; nutrient retention ; phosphorus ; sediment ; constructed wetland ; water resources management ; eutrophication ; unmanned surface vehicle ; water monitoring ; ensemble learning ; dynamic power management ; observational process ontology ; water quality monitoring ; water pollution alert ; semantic discovery ; water quality status ; sources and pathways ; land cover ; digital elevation model ; urban river ; ArcGIS ; modeling ; CSO ; urban drainage ; sewer system ; trace pollutants ; urban runoff ; concentration duration frequency curve ; MONERIS ; diffuse nutrient emission ; empirical modeling ; river basin management plan of Hungary ; effectiveness of measures ; scenarios and forecasts ; socioeconomic context ; sources and pathways of water pollution ; system understanding ; water governance ; water quality statuses and trends ; water pollution control ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQK Pollution control
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The papers in this SI present valuable results in the topics of soils, sediments, and water contamination according to the consideration of ecological and health risk. They also point out open questions and possible avenues for future research. Biochar application can benefit both soil conservation and contamination, but further research should be conducted to investigate whether these positive effects can be extended to the field scale. Similar to biochar, scale-up design will be helpful for thin-layer capping in in situ sediments using mixed active amendments. Both physiochemical analysis and bioassays mutually supported the evaluation results of river water quality. However, we need better approaches and policies for management to prevent further contamination from the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic waste into this aquatic ecosystem. The use of microorganisms to eliminate antibiotics is a promising strategy, but future work should verify the biodegradation ability of antibiotic-degrading bacteria in wastewater treatment plants.
    Keywords: heavy metal ; pollution ; antioxidant ; enzyme ; biomarkers ; ecological risk ; bioaccessibility ; cadmium ; chemical form ; husk biochar ; risk assessment ; active capping ; toxic metal ; sediment ; remediation ; multiple materials ; mercury ; methylmercury ; salinity ; biochar ; organic carbon ; nutrients ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sludge ; antibiotics ; biodegradation ; bioassays ; gold mining ; health risk ; microbiological indicators ; mutagenicity ; toxicity ; green and sustainable remediation ; SDGs ; thin-layer capping ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Global crop production must substantially increase to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population. This is constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce the negative environmental impacts of crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Sustainable cropping systems based on ecological principles are the core of integrated approaches to solve this critical challenge. This special issue provides an international basis for revealing the underlying mechanisms of sustainable cropping systems to drive agronomic innovations. It includes review and original research articles that report novel scientific findings on improvement in cropping systems related to crop yields and their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, resource use efficiency, environmental impact, sustainability, and ecosystem services.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; nutrient use efficiency ; organic fertilization ; system approach ; Helianthus annuus L. ; catch crop ; Texas High Plains ; forage yield and quality ; living mulch ; nutrient cycling ; quality ; leguminous cover crop ; conservation ; light ; sustainable crop production ; crop rotation ; WHCNS ; stemborer ; complexity ; perennial ; manure ; maize production ; SOC and STN stocks ; cover crops ; forage pea ; yield ; SDS-PAGE analysis ; vineyard system ; double cropping ; wheat ; partial returns ; soybean ; vetch ; nitrogen use efficiency ; enzyme activities ; agrobiodiversity ; gross margin ; residue C and N release ; systematic review ; maize ; protein crops ; no-tillage ; environmental quality ; fall grazing ; kura clover ; cover crop ; organization ; scenario analyses ; cropping system design ; irrigation ; sustainable yield index ; multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) ; Acidic soil ; Europe ; Zea mais L. ; shade ; up-scaling ; water ; conservation agriculture ; water use efficiency ; Triticum aestivum L. ; forage sorghum ; N use efficiency ; nutrient balance ; organic cropping system ; forage ; durum wheat ; cropping systems ; nitrate ; grain yield ; nitrogen nutrition ; conventionalization ; crop residue incorporation ; cereal rye ; green manure ; straw decomposition ; hierarchical patch dynamics ; N uptake ; farmer’s perception ; pearl millet ; nitrogen ; faba bean ; agroecology ; harvesting strategies ; rice ; gluten fractions ; weed suppression ; economics ; mineral N fertilization ; push-pull technology ; growth ; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Intended as guide for designing the fertilization system in oil palm plantations, this book explains in clear language how to define fertilizer recommendations for each plantation, considering the specific characteristics of each site. The authors present the principles for interpreting the results of plant tissue analysis, mainly leaflets, taking into account the influence of factors specific to each plantation (age, plant material, climate, soil). They detail how to experimentally determine site-specific reference levels of mineral elements and sampling rules for monitoring the nutritional status of the plantation. Priority is given to the most specific facies (soil, plant material) of the planted areas rather than to an average representation of the plots. This guide explains how to create fertilization schedules to achieve optimal leaf contents from experimentation, and to compare these data with information from geographic information systems. This decision support system is designed to be valid in all situations. In addition to the economic optimization of fertilization, environmental concerns are considered: soil health and absorption efficiency must be integrated into the fertilization strategy by optimizing cultivation practices for fertilizer application and organic matter management. This guide is illustrated by numerous examples from trials in various soil, climate and plant material conditions in Africa and Latin America.
    Keywords: agriculture ; agronomy ; decision support ; nitrogen ; technical advice ; sustainable development ; fertiliser ; fertilisation ; chain ; nitrate ; oilseed ; palm ; planting ; prevention ; crop production ; soil ; cropping system ; tropics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVK Agronomy and crop production
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In a worldwide context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and man-made water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance, agriculture faces the great challenge of producing enough food for a continually increasing population. In this line, this book provides a broad overview of innovation issues in the complex water–agriculture–food nexus, thus also relative to their interconnections and dependences. Issues refer to different spatial scales, from the field or the farm to the irrigation system or the river basin. Multidisciplinary approaches are used when analyzing the relationships between water, agriculture, and food security. The covered issues are quite diverse and include: innovation in crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and modeling; updates in research relative to crop water use and saving; irrigation scheduling and systems design; simulation models to support water and agricultural decisions; issues to cope with water scarcity and climate change; advances in water resource quality and sustainable uses; new tools for mapping and use of remote sensing information; and fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare. This book brings together a variety of contributions by leading international experts, professionals, and scholars in those diverse fields. It represents a major synthesis and state-of-the-art on various subjects, thus providing a valuable and updated resource for all researchers, professionals, policymakers, and post-graduate students interested in the complex world of the water–agriculture–food nexus.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; hysteresis loops ; irrigation systems design ; fuzzy cognitive maps ; Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) ; olive orchard ; Kcb from ground cover ; crop growth ; surface water pollution ; crop water use and evapotranspiration ; measures ; water–energy–food nexus ; water-agriculture-food nexus ; drought classes ; soil temperature ; pressures ; crop water requirements ; Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) ; validation ; latent heat flux ; log-linear modeling ; impact ; Row crops ; dried on the vine ; reform ; Tagus River Basin ; precise land levelling ; regulated deficit irrigation ; Transfer ; relative pressure exceedance ; irrigation district ; evaporation ; Irrigation ; perturbation ; aridity effects ; economic and environmental issues ; water users’ organization ; pressurized irrigation systems ; decision support systems (DSS) ; Pampa biome ; crop yield ; reference evapotranspiration ; DPSIR ; SIMDualKc model ; semi-arid region ; wheat ; calibration ; design of irrigation systems ; Density coefficient ; simulation models ; biomass ; crop transpiration ; groundwater ; direct forcing ; Spain ; satellite observations ; maize yield ; water and salt balance ; soil water balance ; spatial variability ; persistence ; supply–demand balance model ; sustained deficit irrigation ; leaf area index ; evapotranspiration ; eddy covariance ; dry drainage system ; droughts ; Participatory Irrigation Management ; Black soil ; surface irrigation modelling ; drip and basin irrigation ; remote sensing ; crop coefficient curves ; irrigation scheduling ; unsteady flow ; root growth ; North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) ; Sensitive Zones ; soil evaporation ; actual evapotranspiration ; agricultural intensification ; organizational analysis ; policies ; water and land management ; agriculture ; hydrant risk indicator ; evaporative fraction ; local advection ; Fiesta grapes ; Evapotranspiration ; Dual crop coefficients ; Vulnerable Zones ; salinity ; cut-off time ; soil moisture ; irrigation water governance ; nitrogen ; Andalusia ; Corn ; basal crop coefficients ; water balance ; participatory management ; beneficial water use ; soil nutrient ; water users association ; deficit irrigation ; stakeholder engagement ; new technologies ; smartphone application ; drip irrigation ; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ; inflow rates ; policy-making ; soil water storage depletion ; on-demand operation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    éditions Quae
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: The use of chemical pesticides is a major societal concern because of their negative impacts on the environment and health. The Priority Research Programme (PPR) "Cultiver et Protéger Autrement" (Growing and Protecting Differently), led by INRAE, plays a structuring role in the evolution of scientific communities and in the emergence of scientific fronts allowing for pesticide-free crop protection. The aim of the book is to explain the foundations of this strategy and the principles of action. By setting itself a zero pesticide course, research is attempting to overcome the current obstacles and produce breakthrough innovations in the biotechnical and socio-economic fields. In addition to research, teaching and the agricultural sector, this book also targets innovation, development and advisory actors.
    Keywords: farmer ; agriculture ; organic farming ; agronomy ; nitrogen ; sustainable development ; industry ; herbicide ; biological control ; pest control ; nitrate ; GMO ; pesticide ; public policy ; pollution ; regulation ; cropping system ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVP Pest control / plant diseases
    Language: French
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: According to a report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), achieving safe and healthier foods was one of the top ten achievements of public health in the 20th century. However, considerable persisting challenges currently exist in developed nations and developing economies for further assuring the safety and security of the food supplies. According to CDC estimates, as many as 3000 American adults, as an example, and based on a recent epidemiological estimate of the World Health Organization, around 420,000 individuals around the globe, lose their lives annually due to foodborne diseases. This emphasizes the need for innovative and emerging interventions, for further prevention or mitigation of the risk of foodborne microbial pathogens during food processing and manufacturing. The current publication discusses recent advancements and progress in the elimination and decontamination of microbial pathogens during various stages of manufacturing and production. Special emphasis is placed on hurdle validation studies, investigating decontamination of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars, various serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, public health-significant serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic species of Cronobacter.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RM1-950 ; n/a ; bacteria ; stainless steel ; Escherichia coli ; biofilm formation ; beef ; powdered infant formula ; bile acids ; stx-subtypes ; raw milk ; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ; Cronobacter sakazakii ; synergism of mild heat and pressure ; raspberry ; blueberry ; biocidal effectiveness ; salmonellosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; small fruits ; biosensors ; food borne pathogens ; grape ; postharvest diseases ; modified atmosphere packaging ; high hydrostatic pressure ; epithelial barrier ; carvacrol ; dietary bioactive components ; rapid detection ; essential oils ; ozon ; stx-genes ; Cronobacter outbreaks ; habituation ; plant extracts ; Escherichia coli (STEC) ; ozonated water ; disinfectants ; caprylic acid ; foodborne pathogens ; temperature ; natural background microflora ; preventive measures ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; strawberry ; high-pressure pasteurization ; gut microbiota ; food safety ; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) ; microfluidic chip ; fungi ; blackberry ; serogroups ; infant care setting ; non-ozonated water ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 26
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Agriculture requires technical solutions for increasing production while lessening environmental impact by reducing the application of agro-chemicals and increasing the use of environmentally friendly management practices. A benefit of this is the reduction of production costs. Sensor technologies produce tools to achieve the abovementioned goals. The explosive technological advances and developments in recent years have enormously facilitated the attainment of these objectives, removing many barriers for their implementation, including the reservations expressed by farmers. Precision agriculture and ‘smart farming’ are emerging areas where sensor-based technologies play an important role. Farmers, researchers, and technical manufacturers are joining their efforts to find efficient solutions, improvements in production, and reductions in costs. This book brings together recent research and developments concerning novel sensors and their applications in agriculture. Sensors in agriculture are based on the requirements of farmers, according to the farming operations that need to be addressed.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; optical sensor ; spectral analysis ; response surface sampling ; sensor evaluation ; electromagnetic induction ; multivariate water quality parameters ; mandarin orange ; crop inspection platform ; SPA-MLR ; object tracking ; feature selection ; simultaneous measurement ; diseases ; genetic algorithms ; processing of sensed data ; electrochemical sensors ; thermal image ; ECa-directed soil sampling ; handheld ; recognition patterns ; salt concentration ; clover-grass ; bovine embedded hardware ; weed control ; soil ; field crops ; vineyard ; connected dominating set ; water depth sensors ; SS-OCT ; wheat ; striped stem-borer ; silage ; geostatistics ; detection ; NIR hyperspectral imaging ; electronic nose ; machine learning ; virtual organizations of agents ; packing density ; data validation and calibration ; dataset ; Wi-SUN ; temperature sensors ; geoinformatics ; gas sensor ; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy ; vegetable oil ; photograph-grid method ; Vitis vinifera ; WSN distribution algorithms ; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; irrigation ; quality assessment ; energy efficiency ; wireless sensor network (WSN) ; geo-information ; Fusarium ; texture features ; weeds ; discrimination ; big data ; soil moisture sensors ; meat spoilage ; land cover ; stereo imaging ; near infrared sensors ; biological sensing ; compound sensor ; pest management ; moisture ; plant localization ; heavy metal contamination ; artificial neural networks ; spectral pre-processing ; moisture content ; apparent soil electrical conductivity ; data fusion ; semi-arid regions ; smart irrigation ; back propagation model ; wireless sensor network ; energy balance ; light-beam ; fluorescent measurement ; agriculture ; precision agriculture ; deep learning ; spectroscopy ; hulled barely ; dielectric probe ; RPAS ; water supply network ; rice leaves ; mobile app ; gradient boosted machines ; hyperspectral camera ; one-class ; nitrogen ; LiDAR ; total carbon ; chemometrics analysis ; rice ; agricultural land ; on-line vis-NIR measurement ; CARS ; obstacle detection ; stratification ; neural networks ; regression estimator ; Kinect ; proximity sensing ; distributed systems ; pest ; noninvasive detection ; texture feature ; soil mapping ; classification ; soil salinity ; visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy ; germination ; computer vision ; hyperspectral imaging ; diffusion ; dielectric dispersion ; UAS ; random forests ; case studies ; total nitrogen ; thermal imaging ; cameras ; dry matter composition ; near-infrared ; salt tolerance ; deep convolutional neural networks ; soil type classification ; water management ; preprocessing methods ; wireless sensor networks (WSN) ; remote sensing image classification ; precision plant protection ; radar ; spatial variability ; GF-1 satellite ; plant disease ; naked barley ; leaf area index ; CIE-Lab ; change of support ; radiative transfer model ; 3D reconstruction ; plant phenotyping ; vine ; near infrared ; vegetation indices ; remote sensing ; greenhouse ; time-series data ; scattering ; sensor ; crop area ; speckle ; spatial data ; grapevine breeding ; wide field view ; partial least squares-discriminant analysis ; spiking ; area frame sampling ; chromium content ; machine-learning ; RGB-D sensor ; pest scouting ; PLS ; Capsicum annuum ; spatial-temporal model ; drying temperature ; boron tolerance ; ambient intelligence ; laser wavelength ; fuzzy logic ; dynamic weight ; landslide ; management zones ; real-time processing ; event detection ; crop monitoring ; apple shelf-life ; rice field monitoring ; wireless sensor ; birth sensor ; proximal sensor ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 27
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This book on the sustainable use of soils and water addressed a variety of issues related to the utopian desire for environmental sustainability and the deviations from this scene observed in the real world. Competing interests for land are frequently a factor in land degradation, especially where the adopted land uses do not conform with the land capability (the natural use of soil). The concerns of researchers about these matters are presented in the articles comprising this Special Issue book. Various approaches were used to assess the (im)balance between economic profit and environmental conservation in various regions, in addition to potential routes to bring landscapes back to a sustainable status being disclosed.
    Keywords: GE1-350 ; Q1-390 ; environmental and economic changes ; overexploitation ; stream flow downscaling ; Recharge ; Institutions ; evaluation ; geo hazards ; marginal land resources ; water resources ; contributions ; land use change ; comprehensive land carrying capacity ; land eco-security ; scale effects ; river basin ; Ghana ; urbanization ; groundwater recharge ; MicroLEIS DSS ; multiple stresses ; forest ; land use conflicts ; soil ; analytic hierarchy process ; heavy metal pollution assessment ; recharge ; environmental degradation ; spatial variation ; debris flow waste-shoal land ; Lankao county ; encounters of interests ; territorial development ; driving forces analysis ; land use policy ; climate conditions ; time series analysis ; arable soil ; urban area ; multi-criterion comprehensive evaluation ; Land Use ; agricultural and livestock products ; evapotranspiration ; hydrological processes ; Trnava district ; macromodel DNS/SWAT ; central Asia ; CA-Markov ; integrative landscape management ; Land use change ; land use and transformation ; weight ; Contemporary Yellow River Delta ; conjunctive water resources management ; set pair theory ; sustainability ; karst aquifer ; withdrawal of agricultural land ; sustainable development ; SWAT ; water resource management ; water footprint ; land-use planning ; Ecosystem service value ; Penman–Monteith equation ; cloud model ; groundwater flow field ; standard deviation ; temporal stability ; landscape as geosystem ; Gross Domestic Product ; geology ; territorial factors ; agriculture ; multi-dimension ; Groundwater ; conflicts ; Green GDP ; temporal-spatial variations ; relief ; recharge zones ; groundwater depth ; Nitrate Vulnerable Zones ; hydrologic modeling ; Managed Aquifer ; soil reclamation ; nitrogen ; discrete wavelet transform ; legislative factors ; developmental factors ; ungauged catchment ; rural households’ behaviors ; arid region ; land use/cover change ; spatialization ; sustainable agriculture ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book focuses on the fundamental and applied research of the non-destructive estimation and diagnosis of crop leaf and plant nitrogen status and in-season nitrogen management strategies based on leaf sensors, proximal canopy sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing, manned aerial remote sensing and satellite remote sensing technologies. Statistical and machine learning methods are used to predict plant-nitrogen-related parameters with sensor data or sensor data together with soil, landscape, weather and/or management information. Different sensing technologies or different modelling approaches are compared and evaluated. Strategies are developed to use crop sensing data for in-season nitrogen recommendations to improve nitrogen use efficiency and protect the environment.
    Keywords: UAS ; multiple sensors ; vegetation index ; leaf nitrogen accumulation ; plant nitrogen accumulation ; pasture quality ; airborne hyperspectral imaging ; random forest regression ; sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) ; SIF yield indices ; upward ; downward ; leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) ; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ; laser-induced fluorescence ; leaf nitrogen concentration ; back-propagation neural network ; principal component analysis ; fluorescence characteristics ; canopy nitrogen density ; radiative transfer model ; hyperspectral ; winter wheat ; flooded rice ; pig slurry ; aerial remote sensing ; vegetation indices ; N recommendation approach ; Mediterranean conditions ; nitrogen ; vertical distribution ; plant geometry ; remote sensing ; maize ; UAV ; multispectral imagery ; LNC ; non-parametric regression ; red-edge ; NDRE ; dynamic change model ; sigmoid curve ; grain yield prediction ; leaf chlorophyll content ; red-edge reflectance ; spectral index ; precision N fertilization ; chlorophyll meter ; NDVI ; NNI ; canopy reflectance sensing ; N mineralization ; farmyard manures ; Triticum aestivum ; discrete wavelet transform ; partial least squares ; hyper-spectra ; rice ; nitrogen management ; reflectance index ; multiple variable linear regression ; Lasso model ; Multiplex®3 sensor ; nitrogen balance index ; nitrogen nutrition index ; nitrogen status diagnosis ; precision nitrogen management ; terrestrial laser scanning ; spectrometer ; plant height ; biomass ; nitrogen concentration ; precision agriculture ; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ; digital camera ; leaf chlorophyll concentration ; portable chlorophyll meter ; crop ; PROSPECT-D ; sensitivity analysis ; UAV multispectral imagery ; spectral vegetation indices ; machine learning ; plant nutrition ; canopy spectrum ; non-destructive nitrogen status diagnosis ; drone ; multispectral camera ; SPAD ; smartphone photography ; fixed-wing UAV remote sensing ; random forest ; canopy reflectance ; crop N status ; Capsicum annuum ; proximal optical sensors ; Dualex sensor ; leaf position ; proximal sensing ; cross-validation ; feature selection ; hyperparameter tuning ; image processing ; image segmentation ; nitrogen fertilizer recommendation ; supervised regression ; RapidSCAN sensor ; nitrogen recommendation algorithm ; in-season nitrogen management ; nitrogen use efficiency ; yield potential ; yield responsiveness ; standard normal variate (SNV) ; continuous wavelet transform (CWT) ; wavelet features optimization ; competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) ; partial least square (PLS) ; grapevine ; hyperparameter optimization ; multispectral imaging ; precision viticulture ; RGB ; multispectral ; coverage adjusted spectral index ; vegetation coverage ; random frog algorithm ; active canopy sensing ; integrated sensing system ; discrete NIR spectral band data ; soil total nitrogen concentration ; moisture absorption correction index ; particle size correction index ; coupled elimination ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: Agricultural diversification can occur in many forms (e.g., genetic variety, species, structural) and can be created temporally and over different spatially scales (e.g., within crop, within field, and landscape level). Crop diversification is the practice of growing more than one crop species within a farming area in the form of rotations (two or more crops on the same field in different years), multiple crops (more than one crop in the same season on the same field) or intercropping (at least two crops simultaneously on the same field).Various cropping strategies and management practices, such as diversification of cropping systems by crop rotation, conservation tillage, and the use of cover crops, have been promoted to enhance crop productivity and ecosystem services. However, the opportunities and means differ among regions and the actual effects of diversification on cropping system sustainability still need more investigation.This Special Issue covers the state-of-the-art and recent progress in different aspects related to agricultural diversification to increase the sustainability and resilience of a wide range of cropping systems (grassland, horticultural crops, fruit trees) and in a scenario of environmental challenges due to climate change: Crop production and quality; Impact of crop diversification on soil quality and biodiversity; Environmental impact and delivery of ecosystem services by crop diversification.
    Keywords: blue prawn ; black tiger shrimp ; economic efficiency ; farming systems ; salinity intrusion ; soil salinity ; white-legged shrimp ; big blue stem ; Cave in rock ; claypan ; forbs ; legumes ; intercropping ; cropping systems ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; millet and sorghum ; diversification ; monocultivar ; mixed-species plantation ; biodiversity ; arthropod ; soil ; on-farm biodiversity indicators ; lupin ; triticale ; weeds ; nitrogen ; convolutional neural network ; light competition ; transfer learning ; growth stages ; mixed cropping ; accumulate growing degree days ; phyllochron ; grass regrowth ; leaf sheaths ; blades ; agricultural sustainability ; crop rotation ; rice ; eco-economic benefit ; externality ; perennial cropping systems ; grape production ; medicinal and aromatic plants ; grapevine yield ; must quality ; experimental design ; aboveground mass ; black medick ; Egyptian clover ; grain yield ; nutrients ; white clover ; foodshed ; archipelago ; city region ; food modelling ; food self-sufficiency ; self-reliance ; food security ; agricultural diversification ; food planning ; regional food system ; crop diversification ; small farms ; HHI-Index ; Poland ; biochar ; sunflower husk ; soil respiration ; soybean ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This book addresses the most recent developments in soil pollution and restoration, contaminant hydrology, and ground disturbance to stimulate fruitful technical and scientific interactions between professionals.
    Keywords: groundwater ; hydrochemistry ; hexavalent chromium contamination ; water chemistry simulation ; construction disturbance ; replacement of embankment ; foamed cement banking technology ; post-construction settlement ; method of replacement thickness calculation ; steam injection ; ethanol ; azeotropic temperature ; heterogeneous aquifers ; nitrobenzene ; microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) ; unsaturated soil ; soil-water characteristic curves ; matrix suction ; microstructure ; molecular dynamics ; mechanical properties ; montmorillonite ; basal spacing ; long-term freeze–thaw cycles ; composite heavy metal contamination ; morphological analysis ; solidification/stabilization ; groundwater level fluctuation zone ; nitrogen ; migration and transformation ; HYDRUS-1D model ; kinetic adsorption and desorption ; groundwater table fluctuations ; Pb ; migration ; experimental study ; unsaturated subgrade ; capillary barrier ; distress control of wetting ; xanthan gum ; silt ; water retention capacity ; strength ; wetting process ; microscopic tests ; overconsolidation effect ; thermal pore water pressure ; calculation method ; saturated clay ; additives ; compacted clay cover ; moisture retention ; gas diffusion barrier ; hydraulic conductivity ; tidal action ; silty-clay soil ; riparian hyporheic zone ; inorganic nitrogen ; occurrence characteristics ; influencing factors ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Germanium (Ge) chalcogenides are characterized by unique properties that make these materials interesting for a very wide range of applications from phase change memories to ovonic threshold switches and from photonics to thermoelectric and photovoltaic devices. In many cases, their physical properties can be finely tuned by doping or by changing the amount of Ge, which may therefore play a key role in determining the applications, performance, and even the reliability of these devices. In this book, we include 11 articles, mainly focusing on applications of Ge chalcogenides for non-volatile memories. Most of the papers have been produced with funding received from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement n. 824957. In the Special Issue “BeforeHand: Boosting Performance of Phase Change Devices by Hetero- and Nanostructure Material Design”, two contributions are related to the prototypical Ge2Sb2Te5 compound, which is the most studied composition, already integrated in many devices such as optical and electronic memories. Five articles focus on Ge-rich GeSbTe alloys, exploring the electrical and the structural properties, as well as the decomposition paths. Other contributions are focused on the effect of the interfaces and on nanowires.
    Keywords: PCM ; Ge2Sb2Te5 ; sputtering ; flexible substrates ; crystallization ; electrical properties ; phase change materials ; nitrogen ; strain ; kinetics ; amorphous phase ; germanium telluride ; indium alloying ; optical contrast ; Ge-rich alloys ; crystallization temperature ; segregation ; Ge-rich GST alloys ; Raman ; electronic properties ; Ge-rich GST ; pulsed laser deposition ; phase separation ; GGST ; EDX elemental chemical mapping ; embedded memory ; density functional theory ; MOCVD ; VLS ; phase-change memory ; nanowires ; core-shell ; Ge–Sb–Te ; Ge–Sb–Te/Sb2Te3 ; embedded electronic memories ; Density Functional Theory ; high-throughput calculations ;   ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The concept of sustainability has been intensively used over the last decades since Brundtland´s report was published in 1987. This concept, due to its transversal, horizontal and interdisciplinary nature, can be used in many disciplines, scenarios, spatio-temporal dimensions and different circumstances. The intensive development in recent years of analytical techniques and tools based on disciplines such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining, information theory and the Internet of Things, among others, has meant we are very well-placed for analysing the sustainability of water systems in a multiperspective way. Water systems management requires the most advanced approaches and tools for rigorously addressing all the dimensions involved in the sustainability of its development. Consequently, addressing the sustainability of water systems management may comprise physical (natural processes), chemical, socioeconomic, legal, institutional, infrastructure (engineering), political and cultural aspects, among others. This Special Issue welcomes general and specific contributions that address the sustainability of water systems management considering its development. Special interest will be given to those contributions that consider tradeoffs and/or integration between some of the aspects or disciplines that drive the sustainability of water systems in the context of their management and development.
    Keywords: suspended solids ; unmanned aerial vehicle ; spectral imaging ; artificial neural networks ; water resource ; South Korean urban industry ; green use efficiency of industrial water (GUEIW) ; global non-radial directional distance function model (GNDDF) ; economic efficiency of industrial water use (ECEIW) ; environmental efficiency of industrial water use (ENEIW) ; water quality ; climate change ; Bayesian networks ; uncertainty ; multi-models ; prioritization ; geomorphometric parameters ; compound parameter ; geospatial distribution ; GIS ; GHGs ; aquatic factors ; random forest ; water temperature ; nitrogen ; sulfate ; concrete arch-dams ; stability scenarios ; deformation scenarios ; safety management ; sustainability assessment ; runoff ; temporal dependence ; rivers’ sustainability ; predictive methods ; causal reasoning ; runoff fractions ; water management ; contamination ; integrated water resources management ; groundwater ; pollution ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; transition management ; water safety plan ; aquifer management ; water governance ; irrigation ; unauthorized use ; barbate river basin ; biocalcarenites ; remote sensing ; citizen surveys ; artificial neural network (ANN) ; chemical oxygen demand (COD) ; wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue presents an extract from the reality of smart agriculture, where the combination of modern technologies, innovative solutions, and sustainable approaches to food production classifies this part of science as highly interdisciplinary, multifaceted, and technologically advanced. The need to increase productivity, optimize natural resources, and minimize environmental impact requires new approaches. In this context, smart agriculture is emerging as a solution that combines technology, data, and science to achieve sustainable, efficient, and innovative food production. This Special Issue introduces the field of smart farming, which encompasses a range of advanced technologies. The use of these tools allows for the monitoring and optimization of crop conditions, precise fertilization, the minimization of water and energy usage, and the improvement of crop quality and quantity. In addition, plant monitoring systems are described, which, by means of sensors and data analysis, provide farmers with valuable information about plant health, soil moisture, temperature, and other factors affecting crop growth. A significant part of this monograph deals with the automation of agricultural processes, where robots and machines undertake tasks with high precision and accuracy, contributing to the farmer’s efficiency. This Special Issue aims not only to provide an understanding of smart agriculture but to also inspire the reader to think about the future of agriculture and the ways in which modern food production methods can be improved.
    Keywords: recirculating aquaculture system ; variable-flow regulation model ; circulating pump-drum filter linkage working technique ; machine learning methods ; gene algorithm support vector machine ; controlled environment agriculture ; digital twin ; productivity ; architecture ; optimization ; NDVI ; image processing ; SURF ; SIFT ; SVM ; BP algorithm ; performance ; sweet pepper ; deep neural network ; sprouts ; stimulation with a pulsed magnetic field ; micro and macro components ; ICP-OES ; ground pressure ; paddy soil ; seeding skateboard ; internet of things ; wireless measurement system ; calcium ; magnesium ; phosphorus ; potassium ; copper ; iron ; manganese ; sodium ; zinc ; wild leafy vegetables ; real-time kinematic (RTK) ; precision agriculture ; ISO standard ; global positioning system (GPS) ; GLONASS ; agricultural tractor ; Korean ginseng ; root-rot-disease ; plant segmentation ; deep learning ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; convolutional neural network ; corn insect ; electrical fields ; magnetic fields ; high-voltage electric field ; growth of fruits ; ripening of fruits ; shelf life of fruits ; fungicide resistance ; PCR ; broad-spectrum fungicides ; Fusarium solani ; toxicity ; asymmetric machine-tractor unit ; motion ; stability ; resistance coefficients ; amplitude-frequency characteristic ; phase-frequency characteristic ; quality parameters ; firmness ; total soluble solid ; titratable acidity ; dry matter ; respiration rate ; apple fruit ; model predictive control ; energy management system ; renewable energy ; smart irrigation ; agriculture 4.0 ; maize bulk ; kernel breakage ; vertical pressure ; deformation ; heat production ; sustainable ; agriculture ; rural ; mobile internet technology ; bivariate probit model ; agricultural modernization ; Pakistan ; wheat ; smart ; Zea mays ; stalk diseases ; crop rotation ; stubble ; suppressive soils ; biomass combustion ; broadleaved tree ; pulsed electric field ; calorific value ; UV-C radiation ; stress response ; mechanical properties ; stimulation ; potato tuber ; CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) ; terminal velocity ; winnowing machine separation ; chili pepper harvester ; water and fertilizer integration ; pH adjustment ; BP-PID-Smith algorithm ; estimated compensation ; convolutional neural networks ; MATLAB ; hybrid system ; mobile application ; aeration ; airflow resistance ; pore volume ; semi-empirical modelling ; self-compaction ; spatial and temporal ; energy ; environmental contamination ; lettuce ; life cycle assessment ; winter wheat ; leaf greenness index (SPAD) ; protein ; photosynthesis ; nitrogen ; smart agriculture ; weed management ; crop productivity ; computer vision ; analytical procedure ; forklift truck ; interchangeable equipment ; static stability assessment ; typical meteorological sequence ; typical meteorological week ; wastewater treatment ; high-rate algae pond ; solar irradiance ; Finkelstein-Schafer statistics ; southern rice ; threshing loss ; fuzzy PID ; adaptive algorithm ; hilly mountainous areas ; rapeseed pod ; surface area measurement ; 3-D measurement ; side area of oblique cylinders ; rapeseed pod seed testing machine ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: In the last century, innovations in agricultural technologies centered on maximizing food production to feed the growing population have contributed to significant changes in agroecosystem processes, including carbon, nutrients, and water cycling. There are growing concerns regarding soil fertility depletion, soil carbon loss, greenhouse gas emissions, irrigational water scarcity, and water pollution, affecting soil health, agricultural productivity, systems sustainability, and environmental quality. Soils provide the foundation for food production, soil water and nutrient cycling, and soil biological activities. Therefore, an improved understanding of biochemical pathways of soil organic matter and nutrient cycling, microbial community involved in regulating soil health, and soil processes associated with water flow and retention in soil profile helps design better agricultural systems and ultimately support plant growth and productivity. This book, Agroecological Approaches in Soil and Water Management, presents a collection of original research and review papers studying physical, chemical, and biological processes in soils and discusses multiple ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, nutrients and water cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, and agro-environmental sustainability. We covered tillage, nutrients, irrigation, amendments, crop rotations, crop residue management practices for improving soil health, soil C and nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, soil water dynamics, and hydrological processes.
    Keywords: land use change ; tillage ; fertilization ; N2O fluxes ; subtropical region ; paddy field ; soil organic carbon ; denitrification decomposition (DNDC) ; climate change ; biochar ; food security ; socio-economics benefits ; sustainable agriculture ; sustainable environment ; evaluation of soil and water conservation ; simulated rainfall events ; soil denudation ; water and sediment process ; nitrogen ; nitrate leaching ; nitrous oxide ; soil resilience ; soil microbiome ; regenerative agriculture ; ecological ditch ; agroforestry ; conservation agriculture ; Europe ; North Africa ; nutrient retention ; organic agriculture ; soil conservation ; water conservation ; sodium adsorption ratio ; relative feed value, forage nutritive value ; oat ; alfalfa ; forage crops ; alternative water source ; agriculture landscape ; chlorophyll content of citrus ; landscape position ; soil properties ; terraces ; soil health indicators ; grazing systems ; permanganate oxidizable carbon ; soil microbial biomass ; carbon ; isotopic signature ; Mustang ; natural abundance ; nutrient sourcing ; maize equivalent yield ; nutrient loss ; runoff ; soil loss ; slope ; strip-intercropping ; water use efficiency ; structure optimization ; carbon footprint ; multi-objective linear programming ; circular agriculture ; hydrogel ; soil quality ; chemico-physical properties ; sustainability ; macronutrient ; nutrient deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; site-specific nutrient management ; soil organic matter ; soil biodiversity ; bacteria ; fungi ; microarthropods ; diatoms ; metataxonomic assays ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book focuses on catalytic hydrogen generation from formic acid, ammonia borane, and ethanol as well as on the production of fuels from tar using formic acid as a hydrogen source. The list of discussed catalysts includes single-atom catalysts, metallic/bimetallic catalysts, and supported metal complexes. These catalysts were thoroughly characterized using different methods. Optimized catalyst compositions are proposed.
    Keywords: hydrocracking ; tar ; formic acid ; nickel ; zeolite ; hydrogen donor ; catalyst ; formic acid decomposition ; hydrogen ; biomass ; metal complex ; heterogeneous catalyst ; ruthenium ; iridium ; iron ; palladium ; nitrogen ; carbon nanotubes ; ammonia borane ; hydrogen production ; hydrogen carrier ; hydrogen storage ; Ru nanoparticles ; renewable hydrogen ; biofuel ; reforming of bioethanol ; bimetallic catalyst ; modifier ; catalysts ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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  • 36
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: From the beginning of this century, non-Saccharomyces yeasts have taken increased relevance in wine processing. Several biotechnological companies now produce non-Saccharomyces yeasts at an industrial level to improve aroma or flavor, stabilize wine, produce biological acidification, or conversely metabolize malic acid. Species like Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Kloeckera apiculata, Lachancea thermotolerans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and several others are common due to the technological applications they have in sensory quality but also in wine ageing and stabilization. Moreover, spoilage non-Saccharomyces yeasts like Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, and Zygosacharomyces bailii are becoming important because of the alterations they are able to produce in high-quality wines. New strategies to control these defective yeasts have been developed to control them without affecting sensory quality. The knowledge of the physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and metabolomics of these yeasts can help to better use them in controlling traditional problems such as low fermentative power, excessive volatile acidity, low implantation under enological conditions, and sensibility to antimicrobial compounds like sulfites traditionally used in wine processing. This Special Issue intends to compile current research and revised information on non-Saccharomyces yeasts with enological applications to facilitate the use and the understanding of this biotechnological tool. In 1 year this SI has globally more than 15kdownloads and produced more than 30 citations.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; n/a ; wine acidity ; pulcherrimin ; glycosidases ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; Saccharomycodes ludwigii ; sparkling wine ; processing foods ; non-Saccharomyces ; taxonomy ; Candida stellate ; wine quality ; Candida stellata ; non-Saccharomyces yeast ; Brettanomyces bruxellensis ; flavor complexity ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Wickerhamomyces anomalus ; Stermerella bacillaris ; mixed cultures fermentation ; oenological uses ; winemaking ; re-fermentation ; Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; genetic improvement ; Zygotorulaspora florentina ; maloalcoholic fermentation ; high-ethanol ; mixed starters ; yeast ; wines ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; aroma compounds ; spoilage yeasts’ control ; metabolism ; acetate esters ; Pichia anomala ; wine ; sequential fermentations ; spoilage-control ; enzymes ; yeast dominance ; acidification ; ageing-on-lees ; Kluyveromyces thermotolerans ; co-fermentation ; biotechnological applications ; stable pigments ; ecology ; Pichia kudriavzevii ; Lachancea thermotolerans ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; biocontrol ; S. ludwigii ; Candida intermedia ; nitrogen ; yeast inoculation ; volatile acidity ; off-flavors ; malolactic bacteria ; wine safety ; genome ; Aureobasidium pullulans ; viticulture ; anthocyanin ; aroma ; antimicrobial peptides ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Environmental conditions and nutritional stress may greatly affect crop performance. Abiotic stresses such as temperature (cold, heat), water (drought, flooding), irradiance, salinity, nutrients, and heavy metals can strongly affect plant growth dynamics and the yield and quality of horticultural products. Such effects have become of greater importance during the course of global climate change. Different strategies and techniques can be used to detect, investigate, and mitigate the effects of environmental and nutritional stress. Horticultural crop management is moving towards digitized, precision management through wireless remote-control solutions, but data analysis, although a traditional approach, remains the basis of stress detection and crop management. This Special Issue summarizes the recent progress in agronomic management strategies to detect and reduce environmental and nutritional stress effects on the yield and quality of horticultural crops.
    Keywords: Capsicum annuum ; heat units ; plant population density ; hail damage ; baby corn ; non-leguminous cover crops ; chopping ; baby corn yield ; baby corn quality ; kharif season ; Thuja standishii × plicata ; container production ; nursery production ; volumetric water content ; vegetables ; water deficit ; climate change ; polyols ; minerals ; flavonoids ; carotenoids ; salinity ; evapotranspiration ; leaching fraction ; calcium ; cactus pear ; GA3 ; injection application ; spraying application ; lignification ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; proline ; ion leakage ; susceptibility ; electrical conductivity ; greenhouse ; image processing ; nutrient stress ; remote sensing ; Bradyrhizobium ; temperature-dependent distribution ; nodule composition ; proliferation in soil ; infection ; French bean ; mangetout ; peas ; antioxidant ; ascorbic acid ; total phenolic content ; mineral composition ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; temperature effects ; growth ; competitive infection ; biochemical constituents ; β-carotene ; vitamins ; micro-nutrients ; growing environments ; Brix ; TAcy ; nitrogen ; potassium ; compositional data ; cranberry yield parameters ; firmness ; local diagnosis ; redundancy analysis ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 38
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Duckweed (Lemnaceae) represents a small aquatic monocot plant family presently composed of 36 species. These plants gained importance in recent decades for their applications in wastewater purification, as animal food or human nutrition, as well as for energy production. This Reprint presents 39 manuscripts published in the Special Issue “Duckweed: Research meets applications” of the journal Plants. We provide an overview of the present state of the art of duckweed research in taxonomy of the family, phytoremediation, accumulation of protein or starch, interaction with microorganisms, and phytomonitoring of toxic compounds. This Special Issue also invited the participants of the 6th International Conference on Duckweed Research and Applications (ICDRAs) held in Gatersleben, Germany, organised on behalf of the International Steering Committee on Duckweed Research and Applications (ISCDRAs). This Reprint is organised as follows:1. Introduction; 2. Molecular Characterization and Taxonomy; 3. Phytoremediation: Wastewater; 4. Applications: Accumulation of Protein or Starch; 5. Interaction with Microorganisms; 6. Physiology and Phytomonitoring.The manuscripts were organised by the Guest Editors Viktor Oláh (University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary), Klaus-J. Appenroth (Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany), and K. Sowjanya Sree (Central University Kerala, Periye, India).
    Keywords: Lemnaceae ; remediation ; feed safety ; mineral supplements ; accumulation ; agricultural wastewater ; nutrient recovery ; biosynthesis inhibitor ; duckweed ; occurrence ; overcome ; phytohormones ; wastewater ; density ; surface cover ; circular economy ; lemna ; amino acids ; biomass production ; cultivation ; nutrient medium ; uptake ; water lentils ; yield ; Wolffia sp. ; space plant biology ; astrobiology ; bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) ; biomass ; aquatic plants ; Araceae ; duckweeds ; Lemnoideae ; molecular phylogenetics ; taxonomy ; chlorophyll fluorescence imaging ; PAM fluorometry ; duckweed test ; Spirodela polyrhiza ; phytotoxicity ; hormesis ; interspecific hybrids ; tubulin-based polymorphism ; β-tubulin ; nitrogen assimilation ; nitrate reductase ; nitrite reductase ; glutamine synthetase ; GOGAT ; gene expression ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; electron transport chain ; inflammation ; lutein ; photosystem ; photosynthetic capacity ; relative growth rate ; duckweed-associated bacteria ; Microbacterium ; Azospirillum ; auxin ; AXR1 ; Arabidopsis ; amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) ; biodiversity ; intraspecific diversity ; Lemna minor ; population analysis ; Wolffiella hyalina ; red/blue ratio ; standardized production ; light quality ; light quantity ; controlled environment ; sustainable fish feed ; alternative proteins ; on-growing phase ; barcoding ; chloroplast DNA ; molecular evolution ; aquaponics ; steroid 17β-estradiol ; Scenedesmus quadricauda ; Lemna minor ; fish wastewater ; population growth ; biomolecule synthesis ; machine learning ; image analysis ; machine training ; Lemna ; phytoremediation ; chromosome number ; evolution ; genome size ; karyotype ; microbiome ; 16S rRNA ; metagenome ; stress ; adhesion ; aquatic ; biomonitoring ; microplastics ; microbeads ; anaerobic digestate ; biomass generation ; genotyping ; intraspecific variation ; aquaculture effluents ; IMTA ; RAS ; phytoplankton ; bacteria ; Lemnacea ; alternative protein ; water recovery ; continuous systems ; giant duckweed ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; great pond snail ; microbiota ; adaptation ; herbivory ; tolerance ; resistance ; fatty acids ; DNA barcoding ; diversity ; biogeography ; nitrogen content ; protein concentration ; migration ; heavy metal ; metallothionein ; metal accumulation ; ionomics ; ICP-OES ; micro-XRF ; poly(styrene-co-methylmethacrylate) ; free-floating plant ; freshwater ; microplastic adsorption ; phytotoxic effect ; chronic impact ; manganese toxicity ; ammonium transporter ; transcription factors ; Spirodela ; water pollutants ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; heavy metals ; agrochemicals wastewater remediation ; plant-microbe interactions ; plant-bacteria associations ; bacterial colonization ; RISA ; Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 ; Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 ; strain-specific primers ; bead-beating ; starch accumulation ; AtPSP1 overexpression ; sulfur deficiency ; Lemna turionifera 5511 ; whole genome sequencing ; abiotic stress management ; biotic stress management ; abiotic stress ; biotic stress ; turion ; Lemna gibba ; polyploidisation ; spontaneous mutation ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
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  • 39
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This book is a collection of fundamental and applied research on the plant root response to environmental clues. In particular, the continued adaptation of both fine and coarse roots to modifications due to natural and anthropogenic causes were investigated from different viewpoints. Additionally, specific root traits were investigated as an optimal indicator of responses to the environment at the whole-plant level. Aspects such as an innovative methodological approach, the root morphology, gene expression, and primary and secondary metabolite concentrations were at the center of the investigations conducted in this collection.
    Keywords: TIFY ; Populus trichocarpa ; protein interaction network ; phytohormone treatment ; abiotic stress ; bioengineering ; Carpinus betulus ; Fagus orientalis ; tensile force ; Acer pseudoplatanus ; competition below ground ; extracellular enzymes ; Fagus sylvatica ; intraspecific and interspecific competition ; toot economic spectrum ; toot respiration ; tree root traits ; soil compaction ; N loading ; fine root ; root morphology ; ectomycorrhizal fungi ; forest gap ; forest management ; fine roots ; morphology ; lignin ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydro-fluctuation zone ; Three Gorges Dam Reservoir ; winter submergence ; Taxodium distichum ; Salix matsudana ; organic acids ; phosphorus deficiency ; T.‘Zhongshanshan’ ; root foraging ability for phosphorus ; anchorage ; coarse root ; measurement method ; Pinus thunbergii ; root cross-sectional area ; root system architecture ; morphological attributes ; physiological analysis ; Populus euramericana ; reforestation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 40
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The book presents a series of articles devoted to modeling, simulation, and optimization of processes, mainly chemical. General methods for process modeling and numerical simulation are described with flowsheeting. Population balances are addressed in detail with application to crystal production; energy saving is frequently optimized, including exergy analysis. The coupling between process simulation and computational fluid dynamics is studied for air classification and bubble columns. Pressure swing adsorption, reactive distillation, and nanofiltration are explained in general and applied to particular processes. The synthesis of carbon dots is solved by the design of experiments method. A safety study addresses the consequences of gas explosion.
    Keywords: volume-based population balance model with fines dissolution ; quadrature method of moments ; orthogonal polynomials ; population balance equation ; dynamic flowsheet simulation ; transformation matrix ; process modelling ; agglomeration ; milling ; solids ; multidimensional distributed parameters ; nanofiltration ; total volume membrane charge density ; modeling DSPM model ; ceramic membrane ; ionic strength ; heavy oil reservoir ; in-situ combustion ; oil recovery ; numerical simulation ; pressure swing adsorption (PSA) ; carbon molecular sieve (CMS) ; adsorption ; nitrogen ; nitrogen generator ; tapioca ; response surface methodology ; artificial neural network ; carbon dots ; hydrothermal ; photoluminescence ; organic ; butyric anhydride ; single reactive distillation column ; internal material circulation ; dynamic control ; modeling ; optimization ; ultrafiltration ; membrane module ; cross-flow ; protein solution ; combination system ; flame acceleration simulator (FLACS) ; pipe length ; ignition position ; fault diagnosis ; distillation ; inverse problem ; parameter estimation ; turbo air classifier ; process parameters ; particle trajectory ; relative classification sharpness index ; ammonia production ; numerical modelling ; steam methane reforming ; simulation ; Formox Perstorp ; formalin ; fixed catalytic bed reactor ; silver catalyst ; metal oxide catalyst ; exergy ; advanced exergy analysis ; organic Rankine cycle ; regenerative cycle ; reactive distillation ; steady state simulation ; Inside–Out method ; CFD ; bubble plume ; oscillation and offset characteristic ; bubble ; gas–liquid flow ; process steam drive ; software linking ; heat pump ; propane–propylene separation ; steam network ; pressure and heat losses ; energy efficiency ; n/a ; co-processing ; bio-oil ; vacuum gas oil ; LCA ; Eco-indicator 99 ; FCC ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 41
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Halophytes are a fascinating group of wild plants adapted to highly saline natural habitats, where most plant species and all our conventional crops would not survive. In fact, some halophytes can withstand even seawater salinity. In the current climate change scenario, increasing average temperatures and drought episodes contribute to the accelerated salinisation of irrigated cropland, especially in arid and semiarid regions, by the progressive accumulation in the soil of salts dissolved in irrigation water. This ‘secondary salinisation’ is one of the major causes of reducing crop yields worldwide. In this context, halophytes represent ideal experimental systems to investigate the mechanisms plants use to respond to high-salinity conditions. This knowledge will be essential for the genetic improvement of crop salt tolerance, which represents the most sensible strategy to address the abovementioned problem. Furthermore, halophytes could be the basis of a sustainable, ‘saline’ agriculture, after domestication and some breeding to improve agronomic characteristics. Then, they could be commercially cultivated for food, feed, fibre, or the production of biomolecules of industrial interest. Since they could be grown in saline land and irrigated with brackish water, they will not compete with our conventional crops for these limited resources, fertile land and good-quality water for irrigation. The articles included in this Special Issue address these different aspects of halophytes’ research, although most focus on basic studies on salt-tolerance mechanisms.
    Keywords: halophytes ; Amaranthaceae ; salinity ; antioxidant enzymes ; phenolic compounds ; salt stress ; growth responses ; ion accumulation ; osmolytes ; oxidative stress biomarkers ; antioxidants ; climate change ; growth ; osmolyte accumulation ; phytohormones ; polyamines ; salicylic acid ; biosaline agriculture ; salt tolerance ; osmotic stress ; pre-conditioning ; intraspecific variability ; bioactive compounds ; flavonoids ; fatty acids ; Suaeda ; physiology ; oxidative stress ; potential toxic elements ; betacyanin ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phytoremediation ; rice ; halophyte ; root ; microelectrode ion flux ; MIFE ; transporters ; inflorescences ; ion localization ; forage legumes ; ions ; mineral nutrition ; salinity tolerance ; strawberry clover ; morphology ; anatomy ; catalase ; peroxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; chlorophyll content ; Sarcocornia fruticosa ; Salicornia europaea ; Salicornia veneta ; drought stress ; stress recovery ; ion transport ; oxidative stress markers ; salt glands ; recretohalophytes ; endemism ; water deficit ; osmolytes accumulation ; drought tolerance ; conservation programmes ; climate emergency ; crops’ wild relatives ; glycophytes ; salt tolerance mechanisms ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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  • 42
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to provide food security for a growing global population. Food production is usually associated with high nutrient inputs in the form of mineral fertilizers. Since the beginning of agriculture, such practices have led to soil degradation and the release of environmental contaminants. In this Special Issue, we will focus on innovations in organic and inorganic fertilizer production. We welcome studies concerning new approaches for smart fertilizer development, including bioformulations with mineral particles, nanomaterials, and plant growth promoting microorganisms. We especially encourage authors taking advantage of ecological interactions to improve plant nutrient-use efficiency. Moreover, we would like to include contributions that focus on organic amendments to increase or propitiate the terrestrial C sequestration and stabilization, in order to contribute to mitigating climate change at the same time increasing food security by soil fertility, thus making win–win–win scenarios. Such techniques may concern, but are not limited to, innovative organic waste recycling procedures and new applications of mycorrhizae, rhizobioms, or free living soil bacteria and fungi.
    Keywords: earthworms ; frass ; insect excreta ; insect farming ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil fauna ; soil fertility ; waste management ; seed germination ; jellyfish ; blue fertilizer ; soil restoration ; soil amendments ; water use efficiency ; phosphorus sources ; P solubilization ; P acidulation ; relative agronomic efficiency ; pond sediments ; organic fertilizer ; mineral fertilizer ; cucumber ; integrated fish-vegetable farming ; Mekong Delta ; Crotalaria spectabilis ; C. juncea ; 15N natural abundance ; 13C isotopic composition ; transpiration efficiency ; aluminum toxicity ; antioxidant ; barley ; lignin ; phenols ; silicon ; calcareous soil ; humic acid ; phosphorus uptake ; single superphosphate ; wheat ; animal feedstuff ; circular economy ; fertilizer ; greenhouse ; insect larva ; organic waste ; leafy vegetable ; mineral nutrients ; soil structure ; chlorophyll content ; cation exchange capacity ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen leaching ; nitrogen use efficiency ; 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) ; biochar ; compost ; isotopic signature ; carbon mineralization ; plant growth ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The role of biochar in improving soil fertility is increasingly being recognized and is leading to recommendations of biochar amendment of degraded soils. In addition, biochars offer a sustainable tool for managing organic wastes and to produce added-value products. The benefits of biochar use in agriculture and forestry can span enhanced plant productivity, an increase in soil C stocks, and a reduction of nutrient losses from soil and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, biochar composition and properties and, therefore, its performance as a soil amendment are highly dependent on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. In addition, due to its characteristics, such as high porosity, water retention, and adsorption capacity, there are other applications for biochar that still need to be properly tested. Thus, the 16 original articles contained in this book, which were selected and evaluated for this Special Issue, provide a comprehensive overview of the biological, chemicophysical, biochemical, and environmental aspects of the application of biochar as soil amendment. Specifically, they address the applicability of biochar for nursery growth, its effects on the productivity of various food crops under contrasting conditions, biochar capacity for pesticide retention, assessment of greenhouse gas emissions, and soil carbon dynamics. I would like to thank the contributors, reviewers, and the support of the Agronomy editorial staff, whose professionalism and dedication have made this issue possible.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; S1-972 ; nutrient ; essential oil quality ; heavy metals ; mean residence time ; soil physics ; crop growth ; gas exchange attributes ; pyrolysis ; greenhouse experiment ; water retention ; qPCR ; Ultisols ; soil carbon dynamics ; composted solid digestate ; activated charcoal ; excessive compost application ; bacterial 16S rRNA gene ; yield attributes ; field experiment ; soil fertility ; nutrient cycling ; grapevine planting material ; germination ; nutrient concentration ; global warming ; soil chemical properties ; containerized production systems ; water stress ; sesame ; hydrochar ; soil health ; biochar-ash pellet ; gene expression ; vineyard by-products ; leaf chlorosis ; slow pool ; biochar ; archaeal 16S rRNA gene ; pore property ; soil organic matter ; hormone ; rice yields ; acidic undernourished soil ; biochar particle size ; fallen leaves ; soil physical properties ; pesticides ; soil amendments ; wheat ; paper mill sludge ; quality index ; biosolids ; dairy manure ; cropping ; Pelargonium graveolens ; solid digestate ; nitrogen ; thermochemical property ; biofertilizers ; jatropha ; 13C NMR ; fertilizer ; pyrochar ; incubation ; rice husk biochar ; arid region ; activated carbon ; aging ; soil chemistry ; desert soil ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 44
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Forest ecosystems are often disturbed by agents such as harvesting, fire, wind, insects and diseases, and acid deposition, with differing intensities and frequencies. Such disturbances can markedly affect the amount, form, and stability of soil organic carbon in, and the emission of greenhouse gases, including CO2, CH4, and N2O from, forest ecosystems. It is vitally important that we improve our understanding of the impact of different disturbance regimes on forest soil carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions to guide our future research, forest management practices, and policy development. This Special Issue provides an important update on the disturbance effects on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in forest ecosystems in different climate regions.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; SD1-669.5 ; greenhouse gas emission ; heterotrophic respiration ; Camellia oleifera ; Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr ; soil microbial residue ; assisted natural regeneration ; soil organic carbon ; soil carbon sequestration ; soil CO2 ; surface soil layer ; landform ; anthropogenic effect ; South Korea ; CO2 effluxes ; storm damage ; microbial properties ; calcareous soil ; land use pattern ; soil total nitrogen ; generation ; tree mortality ; land use types ; forest conversion ; DCD ; carbon source–sink ; stoichiometric ratios ; autotrophic respiration ; N2O ; CO2 emission ; organic carbon mineralization ; CH4 emissions ; clear-cutting ; CO2 production and diffusion ; soil quality ; nitrification inhibitor ; organic carbon accumulation ; climate change mitigation ; global change ; greenhouse gas inventory ; warming ; soil properties ; bacterial community ; sensitivity ; soil characteristics ; forest ; insect outbreak ; biochar ; nitrous oxide ; CO2 ; soil respiration ; land-use change ; decomposition ; soil ; natural forest ; calcareous soils ; greenhouse gas ; forest soils ; karst graben basin ; plantation ; rocky desertification ; fitting parameters ; temperature ; forest disturbance ; microbe ; subtropical forest ; N addition ; carbon stock changes ; IPCC ; next-generation sequencing ; nitrogen ; N2O emissions ; red soils ; CH4 ; coastal wetlands ; CO2 emissions ; stand age ; successive planting ; plum plantation ages ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 45
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Satisfying consumer needs through the production of healthy and nutritious agricultural products is a substantial challenge facing modern agriculture. However, agricultural production should be carried out with care for plant health, biological safety of products, and environmental safety while minimizing the risks to human health. Therefore, the implementation of agricultural practices while respecting these principles is very important for improving the quantity and quality of crops. Additionally, ecosystems have been altered as a result of human activities and climate change, resulting in the reduction of biodiversity and creation of new niches where pests can thrive. This is of particular importance in 2020, as the United Nations General Assembly declared this year as the International Year of Plant Health (IYPH), with “protecting plants, protecting life” as a leading subject.This Special Issue promotes the subject of plant health and emphasize the importance of preventing the spread of pests, including weeds, which cause substantial economic losses. Research articles cover topics related to the biology and harmfulness of weeds, particularly in connection with crop health, segetal weed communities and their biodiversity, and integrated methods of weed control. For this Special Issue, we welcome all types of articles, including original research, opinions, and reviews.
    Keywords: chamomile ; organic system ; bioproducts ; seeding density ; quantitative weed infestation indicators ; weed species ; fungal diseases ; camelina ; herbicides ; genetic similarity ; phytotoxicity ; formulation ; plant chlorophyll fluorescence ; reduced tillage ; no-till ; ploughing ; winter wheat ; weeds ; seed bank ; invasive weed species ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; cropping system ; tillage system ; weed infestation ; biological diversity ; spelt wheat ; cultivars ; crop protection methods ; seeding rate ; yield ; fungi ; mycotoxins ; dose-response ; enzyme activity ; herbicide resistance ; shikimic acid ; slender amaranth ; early potato production ; polypropylene agrotextile ; polyethylene sheeting ; mechanical weed control ; chemical weed control ; potato cultivars ; legume cover crop ; weed control ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; soil physical and biological properties ; soil erosion ; exotic Tamarix ; riparian zone ; biodiversity ; richness ; diversity ; evenness ; biodiversity indicators ; weed ; organic farming ; low-input conventional farming ; Shannon’s index ; Simpson’s index ; potato ; biodiversity of weeds ; mechanical method ; chemical method ; monocotyledonous weeds ; dicotyledonous weeds ; lupin ; yielding ; cultivation intensification ; production cost ; segetal flora ; weed quantity ; weed mass ; grain species ; legume ; Salix viminalis L. crops ; energy crops ; dynamic of flora ; age of plantation ; willow plantation ; invasive species ; medicinal species ; melliferous species ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
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  • 46
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: Several factors influence consumers’ choices of food products. While price remains the main criterion, quality, pleasure, convenience, and health are also important driving factors in food market evolution. Food enterprises are making significant efforts to manufacture products that meet consumers’ demands without compromising on safety standards. Additionally, the food industry also aims to improve the efficiency of transformation and conservation processes by minimizing energy consumption, process duration, and waste generation. However, foods are highly complex systems in which: (i) Non-linear dynamics and interactions among different temporal and spatial scales must be considered; (ii) A wide range of physical phenomena occur; (iii) Different food matrices, with different microstructures and properties are involved; and (iv) The number of quality and safety indicators (such as bacteria, total volatile basic nitrogen, color, texture, odor, and sensory characteristics) is substantial. Mathematical modeling and simulation are key elements that allow us to gain a deeper understanding of food processes and enable the use of tools such as optimization and real-time control to improve their efficiency. This Special Issue gathers research on the development of dynamic mathematical models that describe the relevant factors in food processes, and model-based tools to improve such processes. The contributions published in this Special Issue can be grouped into two categories: the evolution of safety and quality indicators in unprocessed food systems, and transformation and preservation processes.
    Keywords: food safety ; predictive microbiology ; mathematical models ; microbial inactivation ; sublethal injury ; bioprocess engineering ; fermentation process ; batch bioreactors ; dynamical non-linear mathematical model ; model identification ; particle swarm optimization ; simulation ; Carnobacterium maltaromaticum ; modeling ; microbial growth ; optimization ; fermentation ; temperature-dependent thermal properties ; scaled sensitivity coefficient ; TPCell ; parameter estimation ; inverse problems ; food microstructure ; electronic nose ; Shewanella putrefaciens ; dynamic growth ; spoilage prediction ; GC-MS ; acrylamide formation ; thermal resistance ; dynamic models ; FSSP ; DoE ; smoke ; fish ; wine fermentation ; nitrogen ; mathematical modeling ; population model ; maintenance ; variable yield ; underutilized wild species ; lycopene ; viscosity ; thermal processing ; color ; mathematical modelling ; fish quality ; fish freshness ; bibliometric analysis ; stress variables ; quality degradation ; beer fermentation ; food industry ; multi-objective optimization ; model-based optimization ; equivalent solutions ; uncertainty ; Monte Carlo ; frying operation ; acrylamide ; quality ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics
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  • 47
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This Special Issue on molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology in crop plant breeding seeks to encourage the use of the tools currently available. It features nine research papers that address quality traits, grain yield, and mutations by exploring cytoplasmic male sterility, the delicate control of flowering in rice, the removal of anti-nutritional factors, the use and development of new technologies for non-model species marker technology, site-directed mutagenesis and GMO regulation, genomics selection and genome-wide association studies, how to cope with abiotic stress, and an exploration of fruit trees adapted to harsh environments for breeding purposes. A further four papers review the genetics of pre-harvest spouting, readiness for climate-smart crop development, genomic selection in the breeding of cereal crops, and the large numbers of mutants in straw lignin biosynthesis and deposition.
    Keywords: SB1-1110 ; QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; Wx ; transgenic cereals ; GWAS ; anther ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; mutants ; oleic acid ; QTL ; plant breeding ; QTL/genes ; lignin ; maintainer ; Japanese plum ; pre-harvest sprouting ; mutations ; RNA-seq ; fertility restoration ; Rf1 gene ; association mapping ; estimated breeding value ; non-open hull 1(noh1) ; protein ; gene mapping ; electrospray ionisation ; climate change ; genome editing ; fatty acid composition ; phloem metabolites ; ISSR ; gold hull and internode ; genotyping by sequencing ; gibberellin ; cultivar ; GmDof4 ; bioinformatics ; CRISPR/Cas9 site directed mutagenesis ; quality groups ; linkage map ; ddRAD sequencing ; breeding scheme ; mutation breeding ; PPR genes ; genetic structure ; genetic resources ; Pentatricopeptide Repeats ; crops ; amylose content ; genetic value ; seed dormancy ; diversity ; mapping populations ; cytoplasmic male sterile ; genomic prediction ; SNP ; TGW6 ; mass spectrometry ; abscisic acid ; wheat ; lodicule ; genome-wide association scan ; genomic selection ; RNA editing ; CRISPR/Cas9 ; nitrogen ; faba bean ; next generation sequencing ; zt-1 ; grass family ; differentially expressed genes ; rice ; brown midrib ; sunflower ; pedigree ; genotyping-by-sequencing ; “omics” data ; quantitative genetics ; orange lemma ; F1 hybrids ; SSR ; drought ; candidate genes ; Brassica napus ; GmDof11 ; new plant breeding techniques ; mutational breeding ; genetic modification ; cell wall ; monolignol pathway
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  • 48
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Soil, water, and nitrogen management are critical for crop productivity and quality in horticulture as well as for reducing negative impacts on ecosystems and greenhouse gas emissions. This Special Issue is a collection of seven important research works addressing solutions or strategies that can be implemented in order to use these three factors of production in a more sustainable way and to reduce inorganic nitrogen applications by considering the great importance of circular agriculture and the use of microorganisms. Aside from the relevance of the topics in this Special Issue, the studies included within it may trigger the development of new strategies for more sustainable and environmentally friendly intensive agriculture.
    Keywords: drip irrigation ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; water relations ; N and P status ; soil organic carbon ; osmoregulation ; sugar accumulation ; water stress ; xylem tissue ; mulching film ; Trichoderma ; Lactuca sativa L. ; nitrogen dose ; nutritional quality ; yield ; sustainability ; by-products ; recycle ; smart agriculture ; nitrogen efficiency ; soil organic matter ; acidic soil ; pH ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; photosynthetic pigments ; antioxidant activity ; Spinacia oleracea ; hexavalent Cr ; photosynthesis ; phosphorus uptake ; Cr(VI) tissue ; leaf characteristics ; purslane ; soil contamination ; heavy metals ; Ginger (Zingiber officinale) ; biochar ; plant growth ; root morphological traits ; chlorophyll content ; soil enzymes ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aleyrodidae ; greenhouse whitefly ; nitrogen ; host selection ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller cv 'Tres Cantos', were supplied with high (308 ppm), medium (140 ppm) and low (84 ppm) nitrogen doses in order to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization on feeding and oviposition site selection by greenhouse whitefly adults, T. vaporariorum (Westwood). The nitrogen and water content was higher in plants supplied with 308 N ppm than in plants with medium or low nitrogen doses and no differences were found in soluble sugar content. The leaves of the upper plant stratum (leaves 1–5) had the greatest nitrogen and water content, independent of the nitrogen dose applied. The plants were exposed to T. vaporariorum adults into a greenhouse under two current (late autumn-winter and spring-early summer) situations of the tomato crop in the Mediterranean area. The distribution of whitefly adults on the plants was affected by the nitrogen dose in both experimental conditions, the number of adults was higher on the plants supplied with high nitrogen dose. Within plants, adult distribution was affected by leaf position, the upper plant stratum being preferred for feeding. Whitefly females selected for oviposition and laid more eggs on plants and leaves of plants with higher nitrogen and water contents. We conclude that whitefly host selection for feeding and ovipositing are related to differences in nitrogen and water content of the host plant.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fecundity ; host plant quality ; Pistia stratiotes ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; nitrogen ; trichomes ; oviposition ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We determined the influence of larval host quality of the floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) on the fecundity and egg distribution of the biological control agent Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Different nutritional levels were produced by growing plants with relatively low and high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Female and male pupal biomass were significantly greater when the larvae were fed leaves from the high fertilizer plants. Although the fertilizer treatments did not significantly influence total fecundity, there was an indirect effect as adults from larger pupae were more fecund. Regardless of treatment, ovipositing females formed a depression in the leaf surface by removing trichomes into which they deposited the egg masses. Most of the egg masses were laid on the lower leaf surface, on leaf positions 5–8 (counting from the young inner to the outer leaves) and during days 1–2 post-eclosion. Most of the eggs were laid in masses but about 12% were solitary. Females fed the low fertilizer treatment laid a greater proportion (mean ± s.e.) of their eggs as solitary eggs (17.3 ± 3.4% of total eggs) than did females fed the high fertilizer treatment (8.3 ± 2.3% of total eggs). The increased percentage of solitary eggs laid by the females from the low quality larval diet may be an adaptive response to decrease competition among the progeny.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bemisia argentifolii ; Encarsia formosa ; poinsettia ; parasitoids ; nitrogen ; tri-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract More wasps of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found on fertilized poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willd.) (Euphorbiaceae), than on non-fertilized plants. Parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. formosa was higher on plants treated with calcium nitrate than with ammonium nitrate or on control plants. In a no-choice test, host feeding by E. formosa was higher when hosts were on fertilized plants than when hosts were on control plants. The nitrogen content of whitefly pupae reared on plants treated with ammonium nitrate was higher than those on calcium nitrate-treated plants. Variability in the parasitization of B. argentifolii by E. formosa appears to be due to host plant-mediated differences in the whiteflies. E. formosa may be influenced by the nutritional suitability of the host, which influences whether wasps continue to oviposit, feed, or disperse.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. juncea ; consumption rate ; glucosinolates ; growth rate ; indolyl ; isothiocyanate ; Mamestra configurata ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae were fed excisedBrassica juncea (commercial brown mustard) orB. rapa cv. Tobin (Canola) foliage of three plant growth stages-rosette (stage 2), stem elongation (stage 3) and flowering (stage 4). Relative consumption rates (RCRi) were not significantly different between the plant species. Within theB. juncea treatments, there were no significant growth stage differences in RCRi. However, withinB. rapa, RCRi increased with advancing plant growth stage. Larvae fedB. juncea foliage had significantly reduced relative growth rates (RGRi) compared to larvae fedB. rapa foliage. Within theB. juncea treatments, RGRi decreased with advancing plant growth stage. There were no significant growth stage differences in RGRi in theB. rapa treatments. RGRi was inversely proportional to the levels of isothiocyanate-releasing glucosinolates in theB. juncea treatments. RCRi was inversely proportional to the levels of indolyl glucosinolates in theB. rapa treatments. Levels of total phenols and catechols inB. juncea did not show any trend which could be related to growth stage effects in the insect nutritional indices. InB. rapa, levels of phenols and catechols in stage 3 and 4 foliage were lower than that of stage 2 foliage. Analyses of total nitrogen in field-grown plants showed reductions in percent nitrogen from rosette to flowering stage foliage. The response ofM. configurata to different growth stages of its host plants are discussed in relation to changing levels of allelochemicals and nitrogen.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: EPG ; stylectomy ; phloem amino acids ; nitrogen ; aphid-plant interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of nitrogen deficiency in hydroponically grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the development and reproduction of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated. Plant growth was significantly reduced in seedlings grown without nitrogen. Aphid intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was also significantly lower on these plants compared with that on plants grown with 8 mol m−3 nitrogen. Phloem sap was collected from seedling stems by aphid stylectomy and amino acids quantified by HPLC. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of non-essential amino acids as a group, but not of essential amino acids. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) indicated that aphids reached the phloem more quickly and fed for longer on plants grown with nitrogen. This is the first reported study in which this combination of techniques has been used to understand the interactions of an aphid and plant under different environmental conditions.
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  • 54
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Samea multiplicalis ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; Pistia stratiotes ; waterlettuce ; nitrogen utilization efficiency ; compensatory feeding ; nitrogen ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Compensatory responses of caterpillars fed low quality food include increased consumption and utilization of essential nutrients. Information about an insect's responses to nutritional challenges from their host plants could benefit weed biological control efforts in the selection and establishment of new agents. The target weed, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is a floating aquatic plant that has relatively low nitrogen levels which are further diluted with high water content. Efforts to establish the insect Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for biological control of P. stratiotes could benefit by examining the nutritional responses of a similar widely established lepidopteran species, Samea multiplicalis (Guenèe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae of this species were fed leaves of P. stratiotes plants that had been fertilized (NPK) at high and low rates. The leaves of the fertilized plants had a 4.3-fold increase in nitrogen (dry weight) and a 1.6-fold increase in water content. The results suggest that no compensatory increases occurred in larvae fed leaves from the low fertilized plants as no changes were found in fresh mass consumption or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Consequently, development time from second-third instars to pupation was delayed about 3 days compared with larvae fed the high nitrogen leaves. Furthermore, consumption of nitrogen was only 30% and its accumulation into larval tissues was only 60% compared with the larvae fed the high fertilized leaves. The resulting larvae had both a final biomass and a growth rate that were reduced by 40%. Regardless of plant fertilizer level, the larvae fed at a rate 5–10 times greater than that of similar lepidopteran species consuming either low or high quality diets, suggesting that the S. multiplicalis larvae may be functioning at their biological limit for ingesting food.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; bruchidae ; anesthesia ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; cold ; oviposition and mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of anesthetizing with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or low temperature on the reproductive behavior and fecundity of Callosobruchus subinnotatus was investigated. Males and females anesthetized with N2 as virgins had shorter recovery time, copulated earlier, and had shorter mating time than those subjected to CO2 or low temperature. Exposure of males and females to 2.0±0.5 °C for 10 min had the most profound effect on the recovery periods, copulation time, and duration of mating. Adults anesthetized with CO2 and low temperature laid fewer eggs than those anesthetized with N2. Females were more affected than males by the treatments, except when males were chilled for 10 min, and this prolonged the time for commencement of mating. The mode of anesthesia could affect egg production because vitellogenesis and choriogenesis take place in the imago stage of bruchids.
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  • 56
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
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  • 57
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Trichoplusia ni ; Hellula phidilealis ; Artogeia rapae ; nitrogen ; population growth ; cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
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  • 58
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nitrogen ; maize ; lepidopterous stem and cob borers ; Sesamia calamistis ; Eldana saccharina ; Mussidia nigrivenella ; Cryptophlebia leucotreta ; dead hearts ; stem tunneling ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) on growth of maize and development of lepidopterous pests was investigatdd in a field trial. Nitrogen had a positive effect on both plant growth variables (plant height, stem diameter and yield), and development and survival ofSesamia calamistis andEldana saccharina, and thereby increased the incidence of dead hearts and stem tunneling. However, the percent yield loss due to artificial infestation decreased with increasing N application rate from 20% to 11% in the in the 0kg/ha and 120kg/ha treatment, respectively. Using a multiple regression analysis, plant height, plant diameter and stem tunneling were found to be the most important variables explaining the variability in maize yield.
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  • 59
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysomelidae ; herbivory ; Asteraceae ; life history ; nitrogen ; plant quality ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytophagous insects which feed on the leaves of herbaceous host plants have to adapt their life histories to the fact that protein nitrogen is usually highest in growing tissues in spring. We monitored field populations of larvae and adults of three chrysomelid species (Galeruca tanaceti (L.) (main host Achillea millefolium (L.) Yarrow), Cassida rubiginosa (Mueller) (main host Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) and Oreina luctuosa (Suffrian) (host Centaurea scabiosa (L.)) together with the amount of protein nitrogen of their food resources and host plant biomass. As expected, the development of host quality, measured as concentration of protein nitrogen, and host plant biomass showed inverse trends during the season. The euryphagous G. tanaceti attacks Achillea early and profits from high nitrogen concentrations in the leaves. Occasional overexploitations of local populations of Achillea are compensated by the capacity to move to other host species. In C. rubiginosa, a species with a host range restricted to the Cardueae, the main larval feeding activity is postponed to a period when the nitrogen content of the host leaves had dropped to 50% of its initial value, but when host plant biomass had increased by 30%. In the monophagous O. luctuosa the larval development is synchronized with a still later phase of host phenology, at which the nitrogen content is below 50% but plant biomass has reached its maximum. There seem to be selection factors, which oppose the use of high quality food in spring and which force the latter two species to postpone their larval development to a later time in the year. This could be caused by numerous factors like, for example, mean daytime temperature. Later in the season the larvae have to cope with the low quality of their host plants. They have, however, the advantage of large quantities of food available. A laboratory study with adults and mature larvae of O. luctuosa shows that this species can overcome low levels of protein nitrogen either by selecting younger leaves with higher nitrogen concentrations or by increasing the daily food consumption rate (RCR) on leaves with a low level of nitrogen and by a prolongation of the feeding period. In this way the larvae compensate the effect of lower daily growth rates (RGR) and a lower food conversion index (ECI) on poor food quality: Regardless of the level of protein nitrogen there was no statistically significant difference in total gain of weight during the third-instar feeding period and in the weight at the end of the third larval stage. The three investigated chrysomelids show that there exists a broad spectrum of adaptations to overcome the dilemma of variable food quality.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: acetylene ion ; complex ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; argon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexes formed by the positive acetylene ion with the hydrogen molecule, the nitrogen molecule, and the argon atom are investigated with ab initio calculations using the 6-311G** and the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis sets. MP2/6-311G** energies and optimum geometries are obtained, as well as single-point MP3, MP4, and QCISD(T) energies with the MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries. Single-point calculations are performed with the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis set at MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Supersaturation ; nitrogen ; cosolvent ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of ammonium nitrite in water creates a supersaturated solution of nitrogen. The same process occurs in water-organic solvent mixtures. Acetone, dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) are the cosolvents used in this study. The limits of supersaturation of nitrogen (C SL /mol L−1) were determined in all of these solvent mixtures by releasing the dissolved gas sonicationally and measuring the volume of released gas. C SL was generally increased in the presence of cosolvents. The effectiveness sequence of organic solvents was found to be as DMF〈DMSO〈Dioxanet≅Acetone. Transportation period of small bubbles formed during sonication is changed by compositions of solvent mixtures. These periods may depend on the viscosity of the solution. Effects of the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were also studied. It was concluded that there may be a relation between the strength of the watercosolvent H-bonds and C SL and all of the measured quantities of this study were generally affected by micelle formation.
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  • 62
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    Journal of solution chemistry 4 (1975), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Salting coefficient ; scaled-particle theory ; gas solubilities ; seawater ; helium ; neon ; argon ; oxygen ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental values of the salting coefficients for He, Ne, Ar, O2, and N2 in seawater are compared with values calculated from scaled-particle theory. The agreement is reasonably good; the average difference between calculated and observed values at 25°C is 0.007. Scaled-particle theory predicts correctly thatk s should decrease as the temperature increases and that this effect should be most pronounced at low temperatures. However, the predicted magnitude ofdK s/dt is only about half of that observed.
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  • 63
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    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: open-air foraging ; caste ; polyethism ; litter feeder ; nitrogen ; termite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Southeast Asian nasute termite Longipeditermes longipes forages on the open ground on leaf litter. Its monomorphic workers carry back food balls in their mandibles while dimorphic soldiers defensively surround the marching columns and the foraging patches. When mechanically disturbed, workers hide under the litter, whereas antennating soldiers face as closely as possible the source of disturbance. Foragers prefer the lower, nitrogen-rich layer of the litter. Soldier behavior and column organization (returning workers in the center lanes, outgoing workers in the two flanking lanes) are similar to those in the related genera Hospitalitermes and Lacessititermes, which, however, tend to forage above ground.
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  • 64
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    Journal of solution chemistry 13 (1984), S. 335-348 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Solubility ; Henry's law coefficients ; Ostwald coefficients ; aqueous solutions ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solubility of nitrogen in pure liquid water was measured in the pressure range 45 to 115 kPa and in the temperature range 5 to 50°C. These data are used to obtain Henry coefficients H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) at the vapor pressure P s,1 of water. The temperature dependence of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) is accounted for by both a Clarke-Glew (CG) type fitting equation, and a power series in T−1, as suggested by Benson and Krause (BK). The imprecision of our measurements is characterized by an average deviation of ±0.038% from a four-term CG equation, and by an average deviation of ±0.042% from a three-term BK equation. From the temperature variation of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) partial molar quantities referring to the solution process, such as enthalpies and heat capacities of solution, are obtained. They are given in tabular form, together with H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) and derived Ostwald coefficients L∞, at rounded temperatures. Finally, experimental results are compared with values calculated via scaled particle theory.
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  • 65
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    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; synthesis ; nitrogen ; rate-determining step ; potassium promotion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The simple concept of a single rate-determining step, the dissociation of N2(a), in ammonia synthesis is inconsistent with experimental results. It is proposed that three reaction steps, N2(a) → 2N(a) (1) N(a) + H(a)→NH(a) (2) NH3(a)→NH3(g) (3) are dominant in determining the rate of synthesis. Under industrial conditions reactions (2) and (3) are more important than (1). The role of K+ as promoter in these reactions is discussed, especially as an “anchor” for adsorbed oxygen.
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  • 66
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    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Chemisorption ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; platinum ; water gas shift reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between sites responsible for nitrogen chemisorption and sites responsible for stronger adsorption of carbon dioxide on platinum black is reported. A 2 to 1 ratio has been found between molecules of more strongly adsorbed carbon dioxide and molecules of nitrogen chemisorbed on individual samples. This relationship has allowed us to deduce the structure of chemisorbed carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is relatively weakly chemisorbed on platinum. Reasons for the weakness of this chemisorption are discussed.
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  • 67
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    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; Rh(111) ; thermal desorption ; Arrhenius parameters ; lateral interactions ; NO decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Associative desorption of N atoms from the Rh(111) surface is simulated in the framework of the lattice-gas model. The Arrhenius parameters and nearest-neighbour lateral interaction employed to describe the measured thermal desorption spectra are as follows:v=1013 s−1,E d=40 kcal/mol, and ε1=1.7 kcal/mol. The results obtained are used to clarify the role of nitrogen desorption in the NO + CO reaction on Rh(111) atT=400–700 K andP NO≈P CO≈0.01 atm.
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  • 68
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 71
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ryegrass ; Oscinella frit ; Geomyza tripunctata ; nitrogen
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: adsorption ; adsorption isotherms ; dinitrogen ; FTIR spectroscopy ; geminal species ; NaY ; nitrogen ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption of N2 on NaY zeolites at 85 K and equilibrium pressures higher than 1 kPa results in the formation of geminal dinitrogen complexes characterized by an IR band at 2333.5 cm−1 (2255.4 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). With decreasing equilibrium pressure the complexes tend to loose one N2 ligand, thus forming linear species characterized by an IR band at 2336.8 cm−1 (2258.7 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). All species disappear completely after evacuation. Co-adsorption of N2 and CO revealed that the dinitrogen complexes are formed on Na+ cations. The changes in the concentrations of the linear and geminal N2 species with the changes in the equilibrium pressure are excellently described by equations of adsorption isotherms proposed earlier for mono- and di-carbonyls.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: platinum ; rhodium ; alloy ; surface composition ; nitrogen ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two kinds of adsorbed N atoms exist on a Pt0.25Rh0.75(100) surface. One desorbs at 490 K and the other desorbs at 650 K. The former reacts with H2 at 400 K, but the latter does not. It is supposed that the adsorption of these two N atoms is responsible of the surface composition, ratio of Pt and Rh.
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  • 75
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dry matter budget ; nitrogen ; protein ; nutritional ecology ; growth efficiencies ; Datana ministra ; Tilia americana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hypothèse suivant laquelle la croissance des larves d'insectes est limitée par l'insuffisance des protéines disponibles dans les feuilles d'arbres a été examinée par l'alimentation des chenilles de Datana ministra Drury sur feuilles développées de Tilia americana L. enduites d'une mixture de protéines d'oeuf et de lait. Des chenilles de second stade, prélevées dans des colonies naturelles, ont été séparées en un lot témoin élevé en masse sur feuilles coupées et un lot expérimental élevé sur feuiles coupées mais enduites de protéines. Le bilan en matière sèche, le taux de croissance, la relation entre ce taux de croissance et la quantité de matière ingérée, le poids des prénymphes ont été déterminés sur 10 chenilles de dernier stade dans chaque lot. Les chenilles ayant consommé un supplément de protéine ont présenté un plus faible taux d'ingestion et un plus faible rendement de croissance, mais une meilleure efficacité apparente d'ingestion et un meilleur taux apparent d'assimilation que les témoins. Le complément protéique n'a pas eu d'effet sur le taux de croissance des chenilles de 5ème stade bien que l'alimentation avec addition de protéines ait provoqué la nymphose à un poids larvaire plus faible. L'addition de protéines avait provoqué une chargé métabolique pour les chenilles, peut-être en provoquant une demande d'excrétion d'azote excessive ou en créant un déséquilibre osmotique, ce qui aurait provoqué une réduction du taux de croissance et du poids des chenilles malgré un taux d'assimilation supérieur. Ces résultats ne confirment pas l'hypothèse que les insectes des arbres sont carencés en protéines.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited was tested by feeding larvae of Datana ministra mature leaves of Tilia americana that were coated with a mixture of protein. Larvae fed the protein supplement had a lower ingestion rate and net growth efficienty but higher apparent digestion efficiency and apparent assimilation rate than control larvae. Protein supplement had no effect on the rate of growth of 5th instar larvae although larvae fed added protein pupated at a lower weight than control larvae. The added protein placed a metabolic load on the larvae, perhaps by excessive nitrogen excretion demands and osmotic imbalance. The results do not support the hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited.
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  • 76
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous singularis ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Salvinia molesta ; population increase ; survivorship ; fecundity ; fertility ; biological control ; temperature ; nutrition ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux intrinsèques d'accroissement (rm) deC. salviniae du Bresil et deC. singularis de Trinidad, ont été établis au laboratoire à 23°C; 27°C; 31°C, sur des plants deS. molesta riches en azote. Les différences entre les rm des deux espèces provenaient pour l'essentiel de la ponte et de la mortalité préimaginale. Aux 3 températures, les valeurs de rm deC. salviniae (0.210; 0.366; 0.404) étaient supérieures à celles deC. singularis (0.148; 0.140; 0.064). A toutes les températuresC. salviniae a pondu 7 fois plus d'oeufs queC. salviniae; à 31°C, la ponte a été réduite de 45% pour les 2 espèces et été accompagnée d'une diminution des taux d'éclosion. La ponte deC. salvinae était presque continue (92% des semaines avec des oeufs), tandis que celle deC. singularis était intermittent (50% des semaines avec pontes), les interruptions étant en moyenne de 2 semaines. La teneur deS. molesta en azote a affecté la reproduction deC. singularis plus que celle deC. salviniae; un accroissement de 0.1% en poids sec, augmentant les pontes hebdomadaires respectivement de 7% et de 3.6%. Les différences de valeur de rm des 2 espèces sont examinées pour évaluer leurs potentialités comme éléments de la lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) ofCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands from Brazil andC. singularis Hustache from Trinidad W.I., were determined in the laboratory at 23°C, 27°C and 31°C on nitrogen-rich plants of the aquatic weed,Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Variation in oviposition and immature survivorship accounted for most of the differences between species in rm values (exponential growth of a stable-age population in a non-limiting environment). Values for rm were higher forC. salviniae (0.210, 0.366, 0.404) than forC. singularis (0.148, 0.140, 0.064) at the three temperatures respectively. At all temperatures,C. salviniae laid seven times more eggs thanC. singularis while at 31°C oviposition was reduced for both species by 45%, and was accompanied by a reduction in egg hatch. Oviposition byC. salviniae was almost continuous (92% of weeks with some eggs laid) whereas oviposition byC. singularis was intermittent (50% of weeks) with intervals averaging 3 weeks without oviposition. Nitrogen concentration inS. molesta affected reproduction byC. singularis more thanC. salviniae, an increase of 0.1% (dry wt) increasing weekly oviposition by 7.0% and 3.6% respectively. The differences in rm for the two weevil species are discussed in relationship to their potential as biological control agents.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: green peach aphid ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; maturity ; nitrogen
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  • 78
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host quality ; nitrogen ; survival ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; plant virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle une contamination par un virs végétal peut accroître la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes, nous avons examiné les interactions entre Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., et le virus de la mosaïque du tabac (TMV). La survie des larves de L. decemlineata a augmenté avec la contamination par TMV; les teneurs en azote et en tomatine étaient toutes deux plus élevées dans les plantes contaminées par le virus. La survie a augmenté linéairement avec la teneur en azote, mais sans dépendre de la teneur en tomatine. L'influence positive pour L. decemlineata de la contamination par le virus peut être attribuée au moins en partie à la teneur en azote plus élevée. Nos résultats correspondent à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes peut être augmentée par la contamination virale, et que cette contamination peut faciliter l'adaptation d'insectes phytophages sur des plantes marginalement consommables.
    Notes: Abstract Infection by tobacco mosaic virus improved the suitability of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. for survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae. This improvement was due, at least in part, to the increase in total nitrogen content of virus-infected plants. The simultaneous increase in tomatine content had no discernable effect on L. decemlineata survival. Our results are consistent with the suggestions that virus infection may improve the suitability of partially resistant or non-preferred hosts, and that virus infection may facilitate the adaption of phytophagous insects to such ‘marginal’ host plant species.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass C ; Water-soluble organic carbon ; Light fraction organic carbon ; Fertilizer ; nitrogen ; 13C nuclear magnetic resonance ; Infrared spectrophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil samples taken from four experimental sites that had been cropped to continuous corn for 3–11 years in Ontario and Quebec were analyzed to evaluate changes in quantity and quality of labile soil organic carbon under different nitrogen (N) fertility and tillage treatments. Addition of fertilizer N above soil test recommendations tended to decrease amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The quality of the WSOC was characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrophotometry and the results indicated that carbohydrates, long-chain aliphatics and proteins were the major components of all extracts. Similar types of C were present in all of the soils, but an influence of management was evident. The quantity of soil MBC was positively related to the quantities of WSOC, carbohydrate C, and organic C, and negatively related to quantities of long-chain aliphatic C in the soil. The quantity of WSOC was positively related to the quantities of protein C, carbohydrate C, and negatively related to the quantity of carboxylic C. The quantity of soil MBC was not only related to quantities of soil WSOC but also to the quality of soil WSOC.
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  • 81
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    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Urea ; Coated fertilizers ; Ammonium ; nitrogen ; Nitrate nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Understanding the fate of different forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to soils is an important step in enhancing N use efficiency and minimizing N losses. The growth and N uptake of two citrus rootstocks, Swingle citrumelo (SC), and Cleopatra mandarin (CM), seedlings were evaluated in a pot experiment using a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) without N application or with 400 mg N kg–1 applied as urea or controlled-release fertilizers (CRF; either as Meister, Osmocote, or Poly-S). Meister and Osmocote are polyolefin resin-coated urea with longevity of N release for 270 days (at 25°C). Poly-S is a polymer and sulfur-coated urea with release duration considerably shorter than that of either Meister or Osmocote. The concentrations of 2 M KCl extractable nitrate nitrogen (NO3 –-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in the soil sampled 180 days and 300 days after planting were greater in the soil with SC than with CM rootstock seedlings. In most cases, the extractable NH4 + and NO3 – concentrations were greater for the Osmocote treatment compared to the other N sources. For the SC rootstock seedlings, dry weight was greater with Meister or Poly-S compared with either Osmocote or urea. At the end of the experiment, ranking of the various N sources, with respect to total N uptake by the seedlings, was: Meister = Osmocote 〉 Poly-S 〉 Urea 〉 no N for CM rootstock, and Meister = Poly-S = Osmocote 〉 Urea 〉 no N for SC rootstock. The study demonstrated that for a given rate of N application the total N uptake by seedlings was greater for the CRF compared to urea treatment. This suggests that various N losses were lower from the CRF source as compared to those from soluble fertilizers.
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    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass ; Air-drying ; Extractable ; nitrogen ; Extractable phosphorus ; Tropical soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The microbial contribution to extractable N and P after the air-drying of eight Indian dry tropical Ultisols was quantified. Air-drying of the soils decreased microbial biomass C by 25–53% but increased extractable N and P by 14–34% and 24–121%, respectively. This increase in the extractable N and P was accounted for, to some extent, by microbial biomass killed due to air-drying. Microbial biomass contributes 17–36% and 19–82% to the extractable N and P, respectively, possibly due to air-drying of the soils. I conclude that due to contamination of microbial biomass with the available nutrients in air-dried soils, measurements of extractable nutrients should be made on field-moist soils.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: steel ; nitrogen ; microarea ; Auger spectrometry ; electron probe microanalysis ; standards
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: AES ; laser ; iron ; nitrogen ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The laser induced modification of iron surfaces with atmospheric species was investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different laser systems were used for irradiating iron samples in a wide range of the laser processing parameters up to small foci and ultra short pulses. A nitriding of iron connected with an oxidation of the near surface region was observed in the wavelength range between 193 nm and 10.6 μm using large foci (∼0.1 cm2) and short pulses (10...1400ns). In case of small foci (∼7·10−6cm2) with ns-pulses (50 ns) an enrichment of the iron melt with nitrogen and an advanced oxidation of the surrounding area of the laser spot were detected. When using shorter pulses (200 fs, 40 ps) no indications for a nitriding were found.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; nitrogen ; regression ; response ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of yield of dry matter, plant-N content, and the distribution of mineral-N down the soil profile in 10 fertiliser-N experiments. In one of them detailed measurements were made throughout growth. Rate of N-uptake by the crop was unaffected by the amount of mineral-N in the upper 90 cm of soil when it was above about 30 kg N ha−1. The %N in plants that received ample N-fertiliser declined with increase in plant mass according to a previously derived equation. During senescence there was an apparent loss of N from the crop. N-nutrition in the different experiments had little effect on the partition of assimilate between grain and straw. At harvest grain and straw weights were well related by a linear model which had the same gradient but different intercepts for each experiment. Grain %N was about four times greater than straw %N. Regression analysis supported the view that high evaporative conditions or temperatures during the growing period induced earlier harvest dates, less grain relative to straw, and a higher %N in the plant when ample N-fertiliser was applied but not when N-fertiliser was withheld. Other analyses indicated that cereal roots were generally unable to extract mineral nitrogen from the soil when the concentration was less than about 0.18 kg N ha−1 cm−1, that at low levels of N-nutrition the recovery of available inorganic-N from soil by the grain and straw was about 80%, and that the average mineralisation rates from early spring to shortly after harvest date varied between 0.22 and 0.88 kg N ha−1 d−1 from site to site.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
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  • 89
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
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  • 90
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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  • 92
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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  • 93
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Winter wheat ; nitrogen ; uptake ; simulation ; model ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of the nitrogen behavior in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat was performed using the model ANIMO. As input for the model ANIMO simulations of the hydrological conditions in the soil crop ecosystem were executed with the model SWATRE. Compared with measured data the simulation of nitrogen uptake by the crop was satisfactory. The simulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil agreed reasonably well with measured data for one of the experiments used for the analysis. The agreement was less for experiments with additional fertilizer applications in May and June.
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  • 94
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; nitrogen ; mineral cycling ; growth and yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest managers in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) use fertilization as a means to increase timber yields in managed stands. Information on the biological basis for nutrient amendments and stand growth responses to fertilization is required to effectively use fertilization as a silvicultural tool, and research programs in mineral cycling and forest nutrition have been underway in the region for about four decades. Most PNW Douglas-fir forest sites are nitrogen deficient. Mineral cycling research has shown high C/N ratios and low nitrification rates for soils in the region. Research and development projects in the Pacific Northwest have produced an information base that is used to select sites and stands for fertilization and to forecast growth after treatment. Much of the basis for operational fertilization programs in western Oregon and Washington comes from cooperative research programs; current activities for these programs are directed toward improving site-specific response information. Forest fertilization in the Pacific Northwest has become a silvicultural practice of major significance over the past two decades. Forest industry and government organizations managing forest lands in western Oregon and Washington apply nitrogen fertilizer to Douglas-fir stands over a range of soil and stand types (operational fertilization of other species is minor). About 50,000 to 55,000 ha are fertilized each year, and future programs will likely be of similar magnitude. Most current plans for management regimes including fertilization call for multiple applications.
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  • 95
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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  • 96
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; 15N humic substances ; acid hydrolysis ; analytical pyrolysis ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the N in surface soils occurs in organic forms. The organic N in soil plays a key role in plant nutrition and soil fertility through its effects on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Typically, about one-third of the fertilizer N applied to temperate-zone soils is immobilized and retained in organic forms at the end of the growing season. A significant portion of this newly immobilized N is no more available to microorganisms and plants than the native humus N. Stabilization processes, probably involving polymerization of amino compounds and polyphenols, result in incorporation of N into humic substances with a concurrent reduction in N availability. This paper presents an account of the forms and nature of organic N in soil, emphasizing possible formation pathways, chemical characterization of humic substances through conventional and solid-state techniques, and the fate and composition of newly immobilized N in soil.
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  • 97
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; methods ; 15N ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to answer the question: is denitrification a major route of N loss from tropical agro-ecosystems? This question turns out to be very difficult to answer due to a severe shortage of data on this process for tropical agro-ecosystems other than rice. Given this lack of data, I approach this question by analyzing data on denitrification and nitrous oxide flux in tropical native forest and pasture soils and attempt to make some conclusions and pose some hypotheses about the significance of denitrification in tropical agricultural soils. I also briefly review methods for measuring denitrification. The data analysis suggests that denitrification in tropical forest soils is strongly influenced by the nature and amount of soil C and N turnover. Studies to examine differences in denitrification in different tropical agricultural systems should focus on the effects of system management on C and N turnover. The data analysis also suggests that, just as in temperate regions, denitrification may not be a significant route of N loss from most tropical agricultural systems. However, field studies are necessary to determine if this is actually the case.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; nitrogen ; grain protein content ; grain filling ; urea spraying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar urea spraying during or after anthesis, on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the wheat grain of two cultivars, differing in grain protein content. The experiment was carried out in the field, and 20 kg N ha−1 as urea (46-0-0) was sprayed at anthesis, 7 or 14 days after anthesis. Dry weight, N content and N percentage of the grain were determined at several stages of its development. Neither the rate nor the duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain was significantly modified by N sprayings at anthesis or later and, consequently, not its final weight. Nitrogen sprayings at anthesis or later increased the grain N content and N percentage at ripeness in both cultivars, but to a greater extent in the low grain protein cultivar. Greater N content in the grain was attributed to a rapid uptake of the N applied and not to a longer duration of the period of N accumulation. The different responses of the cultivars to N sprayings can be related to differences in N demand, and is probably associated, also, to a genetic ability to accumulate N in the grain.
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  • 99
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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  • 100
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
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