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  • Bacteria
  • Springer  (162)
  • Ambleside, UK  (16)
  • American Chemical Society
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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  • 1
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    Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the role and potential of microorganisms in the degradation and preservation of cultural materials (e.g. stone, metals, graphic documents, textiles, paintings, glass, etc.). Microorganisms are a major cause of deterioration in cultural artefacts, both in the case of outdoor monuments and archaeological finds. This book covers the microorganisms involved in biodeterioration and control methods used to reduce their impact on cultural artefacts. Additionally, the reader will learn more about how microorganisms can be used for the preservation and protection of cultural artefacts through bio-based and eco-friendly materials. New avenues for developing methods and materials for the conservation of cultural artefacts are discussed, together with concrete advances in terms of sustainability, effectiveness and toxicity, making the book essential reading for anyone interested in microbiology and the preservation of cultural heritage.
    Keywords: Microbiology ; Cultural Heritage ; Microbial Ecology ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Enzymology ; Applied Microbiology ; Microbial Genetics ; Industrial Microbiology ; Open Access ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biodeterioration ; Bioweathering ; Bioremediation ; Biocleaning ; Biotechnology ; Green Chemistry ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Artwork ; Antimicrobial protection ; Biocides ; Microbiology (non-medical) ; Cultural studies ; Social & cultural history ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium sorption by bacteria and freshwater sediment (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Diffusion chamber ; Cadmium-sensitive ; Cadmium-resitant ; Sediment ; Bacteria ; Cadmium-sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sorption of cadmium by sediment bacteria and freshwater sediment was investigated using diffusion chambers to simulate the water-sediment interface. Diffusion chambers were constructed to provide two compartments separated by a dialysis membrane. Diffusion of cadmium across the membrane was monitored after pure cultures of sediment bacteria or lake sediments were added to the sediment side of a diffusion chamber. Cellular accumulation of cadmium by cadmium-sensitive and cadmium-resistant bacteria removed between 20% and 80% of the dissolved cadmium from the simulated water column and pore water. Cellular accumulation of cadmium was greatest for cadmium-sensitive isolates that were tested. Sediment with an intact microbial community sequestered 80% of the cadmium added to sediment, whereas autoclaved sediment retained 97% of the metal that was added. Addition of glucose to cadmium-amended sediment decreased retention of cadmium by untreated and autoclaved sediments, resulting in elevated concentrations of dissolved cadmium in the simulated water column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575854
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water systems: Media selection and process component evaluations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1991), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Deionized water ; Ultra-pure water ; Ozone ; Ultra-violet sterilization ; Oligotroph ; Bacteria ; R2A medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Presently, tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium is used in the semiconductor industry to determine the concentration of viable oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water systems. Deionized water from an ultra-pure water pilot plant was evaluated for bacterial growth at specific locations, using a non-selective medium (R2A) designed to detect injured heterotrophic as well as oligotrophic bacteria. Results were compared to those obtained using Tryptic Soy Agar. Statistically greater numbers of bacteria were observed when R2A was used as the growth medium. Total viable bacterial numbers were compared both before and after each treatment step of the recirculating loop to determine their effectiveness in removing bacteria. The reduction in bacterial numbers for the reverse osmosis unit, the ion exchange bed, and the ultraviolet sterilizer were 97.4%, 31.3%, and 72.8%, respectively, using TSA medium, and 98.4%, 78.4%, and 35.8% using R2A medium. The number of viable bacteria increased by 60.7% based on TSA medium and 15.7% based on R2A medium after passage of the water through an in-line 0.2-μm pore size nylon filter, probably because of the growth of bacteria on the filter. Our results suggest that R2A medium may give a better representation of the microbial water quality in ultra-pure water systems and therefore a better idea of the effectiveness of the various treatment processes in the control of bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01576059
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial conjugation betweenEscherichia coli andPseudomonas spp. donor and recipient cells in soil (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1990), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Soil ; Conjugation ; Gene transfer ; Plasmids ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Experiments conducted in microcosms containing loam soil samples inoculated with eitherE. coli orPseudomonas spp. donor and recipient cells showed that bacterial cells survived and conjugated over a 24-h incubation period.E. coli transconjugants were detected 6 h after donor and recipient strains were introduced into sterile soil samples. In non-sterile soil samples, transconjugants were detected between 8 and 24 h incubation.Pseudomonas transconjugants were recovered from sterile soil samples between 6 and 12 h after their introduction and as early as 2 h in non-sterile soil. The results show that genetic interactions occur in non-sterile soil in relatively short periods of time at relatively high transfer frequencies (10−3 to 10−4). Studies on genetic interactions in soil are becoming necessary in risk assessment/environmental impact studies prior to the release of genetically engineered or modified organisms into uncontained environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01573856
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial interactions with silver (1990)
    Springer
    BioMetals 3 (1990), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Silver ; Nickel ; Bacteria ; Toxicity ; Metal tolerance ; Accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This review examines interactions between bacteria and the biologically non-essential metal, silver. Aspects of silver toxicity, tolerance and accumulation (possible binding and uptake as opposed to energy-dependent transport) in bacteria are discussed. In addition, plasmid biology is examined briefly since little information is available on the exact mechanism(s) of plasmid-endoced silver resistance in bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01140573
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermosipho japonicus sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 4 (2000), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Extreme thermophile ; Thermosipho ; Thermotogales ; Deep-sea hydrothermal vent ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel barophilic, extremely thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney at the Iheya Basin, in the Okinawa area, Japan. The cells were found to be rod shaped and surrounded by a sheath-like outer structure; the organism did not possess flagella and was not motile. Growth was observed between 45° and 80°C (optimum, 72°C, 45 min doubling time), pH 5.3 and 9.3 (optimum, pH 7.2–7.6), 6.6 and 79 g/l sea salts (optimum, 40 g/l), and 0.1 and 60 MPa (optimum, 20 MPa). Strain IHB1 was found to be a strictly anaerobic chemoorganotroph capable of utilizing yeast extract and proteinaceous substrates such as peptone and tryptone. Elemental sulfur or thiosulfate acted as electron acceptors improving growth. The isolate was able to utilize casein as a sole carbon and energy source in the presence of thiosulfate. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 31.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences and DNA–DNA hybridization analysis indicated that the isolate is closely related to Thermosipho africanus; however, it represents a species distinct from the previously described members of the genus Thermosipho. On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties, we propose that the new isolate represents a new species, which we name Thermosipho japonicus sp. nov. (type strain: IHB1; JCM10495).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050002
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of extracellular emulsifying agent byPseudomonas aeruginosa UG1 (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1990), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Oil ; Emulsifier ; Bacteria ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Twenty-three bacterial strains were isolated from oil-contaminated soil samples. Of these, 20 displayed some ability to effect oil dispersion and they were screened quantitatively for the ability to emulsify 0.5% (v/v) reference oil. One strain, identified asPseudomonas aeruginosa UG1, produced extracellular material that emulsified reference oil, hexadecane and 2-methylnaphthalene at concentrations as high as 6% (v/v) in nutrient broth. Emulsification activity increased during a 10 day incubation period at 30°C. The activity was not influenced by pH over the range 5 to 9. The emulsifying agent was precipitated by cold ethanol. The highest emulsifying activity was detected in the extracellular fraction precipitated between 30 and 50% (v/v) ethanol. A linear relationship was observed between emulsifier concentration (mg/ml) and emulsifying activity. Genetic analysis showed that thePseudomonas aeruginosa UG1 strain did not carry extrachromosomal plasmids, suggesting that the gene(s) coding for emulsifying activity was carried on the chromosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569603
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to characterize mycorrhizas of Pinus strobus L. and to localize associated bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 431-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizas ; Pinus strobus ; Bacteria ; Confocal microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), light microscopy (LM) and epifluorescence microscopy (FM) were used to observe the extramatrical hyphae, mantle patterns and associated bacteria on mycorrhizal tips of Pinus strobus L. seedlings grown in pot cultures. Laccaria sp. and Tuber sp. formed ectomycorrhizas with Pinus strobus, while Phialophora finlandia Wang & Wilcox and E-strain (sensu Danielson 1982) formed ectendomycorrhizas. Distinct mantle patterns and cystidia were observed with greater resolution using LSCM, and intracellular hyphae were visualized in three dimensions. Trypan blue penetrated fresh whole mounts to 20 μm and was an excellent stain for visualizing fungal hyphae and bacteria with LSCM. Fluorescein isothiocyanate and acridine orange were used in conjunction with LSCM and FM to localize bacteria on ectomycorrhizal tips. With LSCM, bacteria were visible in the surface mucigel, and optical sectioning through the root tip showed that bacteria were also present within the mantle. LSCM is a non-intrusive and fast method for visualizing mycorrhizal structures and their associated bacteria on fresh, whole root tips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050143
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxalate-metabolizing microorganisms in sagebrush steppe soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Oxalate metabolization ; Calcium oxalate ; Phosphorus cycling ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Oxalate metabolization by soil microorganisms was assessed using a calcium oxalate clearing medium and14CO2 release from [14C]-oxalate. Three saprophytic fungi, two bacteria, and one actinomycete tested produced14CO2 when grown in culture with [14C]-oxalate, yet failed to test positive for oxalate degradation using a calcium-clearing medium. A field plot was then established to determine the effects of oxalate inputs on oxalate metabolism. The amount of [14C]-oxalate metabolized by soil microorganisms and the number of bacteria metabolizing oxalate increased within 24 h after the addition of oxalic acid at a concentration of 11.1 μmol g-1 soil. Oxalate metabolism and bacterial numbers returned to the baseline within 84 days. Soil phosphate concentrations increased significantly above baseline 7 days after the addition of oxalate and did not return to prespike levels. Fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes were able to metabolize oxalate. Therefore, while oxalate can influence P cycles by increasing the amount of available phosphates, that increase is mediated by microbes that metabolize the oxalates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647677
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of chlorothalonil in soil after suppression of degradation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Cometabolism ; Bacteria ; Soil ; Fungicide ; Chlorothalonil ; Acclimation ; Repeated application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract the degradation rate of chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) was significantly decreased after repeated application in field experiments. However, the degradation rate completely recovered after further application of chlorothalonil. Chlorothalonil was also degraded in a laboratory study, forming a stoichiometric amount of chloride anion. 4-Hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile (TPN-OH) was also detected as a metabolite in the study. Bacterial which degrade chlorothalonil rapidly were isolated from the soil. The cell suspension of the bacteria transformed chlorothalonil to TPN-OH and chloride anion, but did not utilize chlorothalonil (=cometabolism). It seems that microbial acclimation has occurred during repeated application because the bacteria could not be detected in soil which was not treated with chlorothalonil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335964
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  • 11
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    Continuous defoliation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) and associated changes in the composition and activity of the microbial population of an upland grassland soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Defoliation ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial populations ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Respiration ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Upland grassland ; Upland soil ; Pseudomonas spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A microcosm study was conducted to investigate the effect of continuous plant defoliation on the composition and activity of microbial populations in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Continuous defoliation of ryegrass and clover resulted in significant (P〈0.01) increases in soil microbial biomass, although whilst increases were measured from day 2 in soil sown with clover significant increases were only seen from day 21 in soil sown with ryegrass. These increases were paralleled, from day 10 onwards, by increases in the numbers of culturable bacteria. Numbers of Pseudomonas spp. also increased in the later stages of the study. No influence on culturable fungal populations was detected. Whilst shifts in the composition of the microbial populations were measured in response to defoliation there was little effect on microbial activity. No changes in either dehydrogenase activity or microbial respiration in the rhizosphere of ryegrass or clover were measured in response to defoliation, but both dehydrogenase activity and microbial respiration were greater in ryegrass than clover when values over the whole study were combined. Continuous defoliation resulted in significant (P〈0.001) reductions in the root dry weight of ryegrass and clover, of the order 19% and 16%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420220
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of plant-bacterial-amoebal interactions on plant uptake of nitrogen under field conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Naked amoebae ; Soil ; Nitrogen mineralization ; Ammonium excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bacterial biomass and numbers of bacterivorous naked amoebae were estimated daily in soil associated with barley roots and, to avoid the influence of roots, in soil from a field in its fifth summer under bare fallow. The estimates were associated with two rainfall events and were started just before the first. Increases in bacteria were observed after each rainfall, and bacterial production was about the same size for both treatments. A peak in naked amoebae followed each burst of bacterial production in the root-associated soil, whereas in the fallowed soil protozoan production was low after the first rainfall and undetectable after the second. The bacterial populations in the fallowed soil had yet to decline by the end of the 12-day study, probably because grazing pressure by protozoa was low. Calculations based (1) on short-term decreases in bacterial biomass in soil close to roots or (2) on the amount of C added to the soil by plants over the growing season indicated that N released via bacterial-protozoan interactions contributed 10%–17% of the N taken up by the fertilized barley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263171
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the selective respiratory inhibition method for measuring the ratio of fungal:bacterial activity in acid agricultural soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 354-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Substrate-induced respiration ; Selective ; inhibition ; Prokaryote:eukaryote ratio ; Arable soils ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Cycloheximide ; Streptomycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for the measurement of the fungal and bacterial contribution to substrate-induced respiration was tested in three arable soils. Glucose and different amounts of cycloheximide (eukaryote inhibitor) and streptomycin sulfate (prokaryote inhibitor) were added to soil suspensions, and respiration (CO2 evolution) was measured. Streptomycin sulfate concentrations from 10 to 120 mg ml–1 soil solution caused a stable inhibition of respiration. Amounts of cycloheximide ranging from 5 to 35 mg ml–1 showed an increasing inhibition. In a test with separate and combined addition of the antibiotics at maximum inhibitory concentrations, inhibition by streptomycin was completely overlapped by cycloheximide. This indicated non-target inhibition which may lead to overestimation of fungal respiration. Experiments with sterilized soils inoculated with either fungi or bacteria confirmed that streptomycin selectively inhibited bacteria. Cycloheximide, however, did not only inhibit fungal respiration already at 2 mg ml–1, but also increasingly inhibited bacterial respiration at increasing concentrations. Only at less than 5 mg cycloheximide ml–1 was the condition of selective fungal inhibition fulfilled. When 2 mg cycloheximide and 10 mg streptomycin sulfate ml–1 were applied, the sum of the separate inhibitions almost equalled the combined inhibition by the mix of both inhibitors in field samples. This method yielded fungal:bacterial respiration ratios of 0.50 to 0.60, and confirmed the dominance of bacteria in Dutch arable soils. The ratios obtained by the selective inhibitors were not correlated with, and were higher than, ratios of fungal:bacterial biovolume (0.19 to 0.46) as determined by microscopy and image analysis. Similar measurements in a forest soil (A-horizon) raised doubts on the reliability of the fungal inhibition by cycloheximide in this soil. It is concluded that the separate:combined inhibition ratio should always be checked, and comparison with other approaches is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050325
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  • 14
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    The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grasslands ; Management ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050554
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  • 15
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    Effect of solid waste compost on microbiological and physical properties of a burnt forest soil in field experiments (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 410-414 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Aggregate stability ; Bacteria ; Burnt soil ; Compost ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The restoration of soil microbial activities is a basic step in the reclamation of burnt soils. For this reason, the ability of municipal solid waste compost to accelerate the re-establishment of bacterial and fungal populations, as well as to re-establish physical properties in a burnt soil, was evaluated in a field experiment. Four treatments were performed by adding different doses of compost (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg compost m–2 soil) to a burnt Calcic Rodoxeralf soil, and the changes in microbial populations, salt content, aggregate stability and bulk density were evaluated for 1 year. Initially, the addition of compost had a negative effect on soil microbial populations, but 3 months after compost addition, the number of viable fungal propagules increased in all the amended soils. This positive effect lasted until the end of the experiment. From 30 days onwards, all the amended soils showed a greater total number of bacterial cell forming units than the unamended burnt soil. Organic amendment increased the percentage of 2- to 4-mm aggregates, although the effect on the stability of the 0.2- to 2-mm aggregates and on bulk density was less noticeable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000270
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  • 16
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    Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi in the organic layers of a scots pine forest soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fungi ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen ; Scots pine ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and micro-stratification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages (fresh litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus) was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Dynamics and stratification of fluorescent stained bacteria and fungi, ratios between bacterial and fungal biomass, and relationships with moisture and temperature are described. Average bacterial counts in litter and fragmented litter were similar, i.e., approximately 5×109 bacteriag–1 (dry weight) organic matter, and significantly exceeded those in humus. The mean bacterial biomass ranged from 0.338 to 0.252mg carbon (C) g–1 (dry weight) organic matter. Lengths of mycelia were significantly below the usually recorded amounts for comparable temperate coniferous forests. The highest average hyphal length, 53mg–1 (dry weight) organic matter, was recorded in litter and decreased significantly with depth. The corresponding mean fungal biomass ranged from 0.050 to 0.009mg Cg–1 (dry weight). The abundance of bacteria and fungi was influenced by water content, that of fungi also by temperature. A litterbag series with freshly fallen litter of standard quality, renewed bimonthly, revealed a clear seasonal pattern with microbial biomass peaks in winter. The mean hyphal length was 104mg–1 (dry weight) and mean number of bacteria, 2.40×109 bacteria g–1 (dry weight). Comparable bacterial and fungal biomass C were found in the freshly fallen litter [0.154 and 0.132mgCg–1 (dry weight) organic material, respectively]. The ratio of bacterial-to-fungal biomass C increased from 1.2 in fresh litter to 28.0 in humus. The results indicate the existence of an environmental stress factor affecting the abundance of fungi in the second phase of decomposition. High atmospheric nitrogen deposition is discussed as a prime factor to explain low fungal biomass and the relatively short lengths of fungal hyphae in some of the forest soil layers under study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050382
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of chlorothalonil in soil after suppression of degradation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Biodegradation ; Cometabolism ; Bacteria ; Soil ; Fungicide ; Chlorothalonil ; Acclimation ; Repeated application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degradation rate of chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) was significantly decreased after repeated application in field experiments. However, the degradation rate completely recovered after further application of chlorothalonil. Chlorothalonil was also degraded in a laboratory study, forming a stoichiometric amount of chloride anion. 4-Hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile (TPN-OH) was also detected as a metabolite in the study. Bacterial which degrade chlorothalonil rapidly were isolated from the soil. The cell suspension of the bacteria transformed chlorothalonil to TPN-OH and chloride anion, but did not utilize chlorothalonil (=cometabolism). It seems that microbial acclimation has occurred during repeated application because the bacteria could not be detected in soil which was not treated with chlorothalonil.
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  • 18
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    Protease and deaminase activities in wheat rhizosphere and their relation to bacterial and protozoan populations (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizosphere effect ; Protease activity ; Deaminase activity ; Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protease and deaminase activities and population dynamics of bacteria and protozoa were measured in the rhizosphere of wheat to study their interactions with the mineralization of nitrogen. The experimental design allowed the separation of roots and soil material by means of a gauze. The most pronounced “rhizosphere effect” was detected for all the measured variables in the soil closest to the gauze. The number of bacteria was significantly higher in the presence than in the absence of plants up to 4 mm away from the soil-root interface and the closer to this interface the higher the number. Protozoan and bacterial population dynamics were positively correlated; generally, populations of flagellates and amoebae were comparable and their sum accounted for the population of total protozoa. For both enzyme activities the rhizosphere effect extended up to 2 mm away from the soil-root interface. The histidinase activity was of bacterial origin, while it is likely that bacteria, protozoa and root hair all contributed to the overall caseinase activity. Decomposition of root exudates and native organic matter in the rhizosphere, reflected by a growing microbial population, is associated with nitrogen mineralization through increases in caseinhydrolysing and L-histidine-deaminating activities. The adopted soil-plant microcosm is suitable for the study of the rhizosphere effect over time of incubation and distance gradient from the soil-root interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336047
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  • 19
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    Protease and deaminase activities in wheat rhizosphere and their relation to bacterial and protozoan populations (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Rhizosphere effect ; Protease activity ; Deaminase activity ; Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protease and deaminase activities and population dynamics of bacteria and protozoa were measured in the rhizosphere of wheat to study their interactions with the mineralization of nitrogen. The experimental design allowed the separation of roots and soil material by means of a gauze. The most pronounced „rhizosphere effect” was detected for all the measured variables in the soil closest to the gauze. The number of bacteria was significantly higher in the presence than in the absence of plants up to 4mm away from the soil-root interface and the closer to this interface the higher the number. Protozoan and bacterial population dynamics were positively correlated; generally, populations of flagellates and amoebae were comparable and their sum accounted for the population of total protozoa. For both enzyme activities the rhizosphere effect extended up to 2mm away from the soil-root interface. The histidinase activity was of bacterial origin, while it is likely that bacteria, protozoa and root hair all contributed to the overall caseinase activity. Decomposition of root exudates and native organic matter in the rhizosphere, reflected by a growing microbial population, is associated with nitrogen mineralization through increases in casein-hydrolysing and l-histidine-deaminating activities. The adopted soil-plant microcosm is suitable for the study of the rhizosphere effect over time of incubation and distance gradient from the soil-root interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336047
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  • 20
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    Soil microbial effects of a Cu-Ni smelter in southwestern Finland (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Bacteria ; Soil respiration ; Litter decomposition ; Fungal hyphal length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of a Cu-Ni smelter on the soil microbial parameters: physiological groups of bacteria, soil respiration, fungal hyphal length, and green-needle litter decomposition, were investigated. The microbial parameters were reduced and this was significantly explained (P〈0.01) by the supplied environmental variables: exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, soil moisture, pH, and organic C as loss on ignition (Canoco, RDA-analysis). The importance of measuring exchangeable cations for major and trace elements appeared to be a relevant factor that must be considered when establishing relationships between microbial populations, their activity and the effect of heavy metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260522
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  • 21
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    Decomposition and soil biota after reclamation of coal mine spoils in an arid region (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Mine spoil reclamation ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Protozoans ; Nematodes ; Microarthropods ; Nitrogen immobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We compared soil biota and buried wheat straw decomposition on sites subject to topsoiling plus straw mulch reclamation procedures 1–4 years prior to our study and on an unmined site. Rates of straw decomposition were highest on the unmined site. Decomposition rates were higher on the 1- and 2-year-old sites than on the 3- and 4-year-old reclaimed spoil. Microarthropod population densities and number of taxa were greater from decomposing straw on the unmined site and lowest from straw on the 1- and 2-year-old areas. Soil bacteria, fungi, and protozoan populations on buried straw on the oldest reclaimed sites were generally equal to those on the unmined area. Nematode populations on buried straw in the unmined site and 1- and 2-year-old reclaimed sites were similar. Populations of denitrifying bacteria were larger on recently reclaimed sites than on 3- and 4-year-old sites. Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization varied as a function of the diversity and abundance of soil microarthropods. Soil microfauna can serve as an index of soil development in a disturbed arid soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256986
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  • 22
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    Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phospholipid fatty acids ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Sheep-grazing ; Fertiliser ; Lime ; Microbial biomass ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we examined the effect on soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios of withholding fertiliser, lime, and sheep-grazing from reseeded upland grassland. The cessation of fertiliser applications on limed and grazed grassland resulted in a reduction in soil pH from 5.4 to 5.1. The cessation of fertiliser applications and liming on grazed grassland resulted in a fall in pH from 5.4 to 4.7, whereas withholding fertiliser and lime and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. Substrate-induced respiration was reduced in the unfertilised grazed (21%; P〈0.01) and unfertilised ungrazed (36%; P〈0.001) treatments. Bacterial substrate-induced respiration and bacterial fatty acids were unaffected by the treatments. The relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased by 39 and 72% (P〈0.05) in the limed grazed and unfertilised grazed treatments, respectively. Fungal substrate-induced respiration increased in the limed grazed (18%) and unfertilised grazed (65%; P〈0.05) treatments. The ratio of 18:2ω6: bacterial fatty acids was correlated with the ratio of fungal:bacterial substrate-induced respiration (r=0.69; P〈0.001).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382522
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  • 23
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    Response of the chitinolytic microbial community to chitin amendments of dune soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 170-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Chitin degradation ; Succession ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The dynamics of culturable chitin-degrading microorganisms were studied during a 16-week incubation of chitin-amended coastal dune soils that differed in acidity. Soil samples were incubated at normal (5% w/w) and high (15% w/w) moisture levels. More than half of the added chitin was decomposed within 4 weeks of incubation in most soils. This rapid degradation was most likely due to fast-growing chitinolytic fungi (mainly Mortierella spp. and Fusarium spp.) at both moisture levels, as dense hyphal networks of these fungi were observed during the first 4 weeks of incubation. Chitin N mineralization was inhibited by cycloheximide, and fast-growing fungal isolates were capable of rapid chitin decomposition in sterile sand, further suggesting that these fungi play an important role in initial chitin degradation. The strong increase in fast-growing fungi in chitin-amended dune soils was only detected by direct observation. Plate counts and microscopic quantification of stained hyphae failed to reveal such an increase. During the first part of the incubation, numbers of unicellular chitinolytic bacteria also increased, but their contribution to chitin degradation was indicated to be of minor importance. During prolonged incubation, colony forming units (CFU) of chitinolytic streptomycetes and/or slow-growing fungi increased strongly in several soils, especially at the 5% moisture level. Hence, the general trend observed was a succession from fast-growing fungi and unicellular bacteria to actinomycetes and slow-growing fungi. Yet, the composition of chitinolytic CFU over time differed strongly between chitin-amended dune soils, and also between the two moisture levels. These differences could not be attributed to pH, organic matter or initial microbial composition. The possible consequence of such unpredictable variation in microbial community composition for the use of chitin-amendments as a biocontrol measure is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050541
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  • 24
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    Effects of marigold (Tagetes sp.) roots on soil microorganisms (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Marigold ; Tagetes ; Rhizosphere ; Nematode suppression ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Marigolds (genus Tagetes) suppress populations of soil endopathogenic nematodes such as Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne species. Nematode suppression by marigolds is thought to be due to thiophenes, heterocyclic sulfur-containing molecules abundant in this plant. When activated, thiophenes such as α-terthienyl produce oxygen radicals. If marigold roots release such a powerful biocidal agent and it is activated in soil, microbial populations in the marigold rhizosphere should be substantially perturbed. We made various measurements of microbial population size and activity in soils that had been cropped to marigolds (Crackerjack, Creole) in the field and in the greenhouse, and compared these with bare soil and soil cropped to rye (Secale cereale L.). Total extractable microbial biomass (measured by the fumigation extraction method), total bacteria (measured by epifluorescence microscopy on 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazine-2-γl) aminofluorescein-stained preparations), heterotrophic bacteria (measured by plate count on various media), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (measured by the most-probable-number method) were not significantly different in any of the treatments. Residues of 14C-labelled rye were mineralized slightly more rapidly in rye-cropped soil than in the other treatments, which were comparable. The rates of die-back of introduced cells of the bacteria Escherichia coli and Rhodococcus TE1 were similar in marigold-cropped and control soils, suggesting that there was not a noteworthy accumulation of biocidal agents in soils cropped to marigolds. We conclude that marigolds do not cause a general depression in the numbers of microorganisms in soils, and that nematode control by this plant may not be due to the release of a biocidal agent into the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050413
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  • 25
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    Effect of organic nitrogen fertilizers on microbial populations associated with bermudagrass putting greens (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Cynodon spp. ; Fungi ; Turfgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Four natural organic fertilizers, alone or in combination with the synthetic organic fertilizer isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), were compared with IBDU alone for their effect on soil/root microbial populations associated with bermudagrass grown on a golf course putting green in southern Florida, USA. Populations of total fungi, total bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, actinomycetes and heat-tolerant bacteria were monitored every 3 months during the 2-year study. On only one sampling date and for only one bacterial population (S. maltophilia) was a significant difference in microbial populations obtained among the fertilizer treatments. However, the S. maltophilia populations associated with the natural organic fertilizer treatments were not significantly different from the synthetic organic IBDU fertilizer treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050516
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  • 26
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    Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phospholipid fatty acids ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Sheep-grazing ; Fertiliser ; Lime ; Microbial biomass ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we examined the effect on soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios of withholding fertiliser, lime, and sheep-grazing from reseeded upland grassland. The cessation of fertiliser applications on limed and grazed grassland resulted in a reduction in soil pH from 5.4 to 5.1. The cessation of fertiliser applications and liming on grazed grassland resulted in a fall in pH from 5.4 to 4.7, whereas withholding fertiliser and lime and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. Substrate-induced respiration was reduced in the unfertilised grazed (21%; P〈0.01) and unfertilised ungrazed (36%; P〈0.001) treatments. Bacterial substrate-induced respiration and bacterial fatty acids were unaffected by the treatments. The relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased by 39 and 72% (P〈0.05) in the limed grazed and unfertilised grazed treatments, respectively. Fungal substrate-induced respiration increased in the limed grazed (18%) and unfertilised grazed (65%; P〈0.05) treatments. The ratio of 18:2ω6: bacterial fatty acids was correlated with the ratio of fungal:bacterial substrate-induced respiration (r=0.69; P〈0.001).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382522
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  • 27
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    Water-facilitated dispersal of inoculant Bradyrhizobium japonicum in soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 58-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Rhizobia ; Transport ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Water movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were performed to assess the influence of percolating water and an advancing wetting front on the transport of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in sand and silt loam soils, and to assess the influence of clay content on water-facilitated dispersal of these bacteria in a sand amended with various amounts of kaolin. The data obtained showed that movement of B. japonicum in soil was dependent upon water movement and that both percolating water and an advancing wetting front readily transported bacteria in coarse-textured soils. Percolation with the equivalent of 10 cm of rainfall dispersed B. japonicum throughout 40-cm columns containing sand and silt loam soils. Percolation with 5 cm of water was sufficient to disperse B. japonicum throughout 20-cm columns of these soils but did not transport these bacteria below the surface 4 cm of a sand amended with 12% kaolin. Our finding that cells of B. japonicum are readily transported by an advancing wetting front indicates that non-saturated flow of soil water contributes to dispersal of inoculum in soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260733
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  • 28
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    Microbial populations, enzyme activities and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium enrichment in earthworm casts and in the surrounding soil of a pineapple plantation (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm casts ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; N, P, K ; Organic C ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Urease activity ; Phosphatase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total populations of bacteria and fungi, dehydrogenase activity (as a measure of total potential microbial activity), and urease and phosphatase activities were determined in earthworm casts and surrounding laterite soils planted to pineapple. The casts contained higher microbial populations and enzyme activities than the soil. Except for fungal populations, statistically significant (P = 0.05) increases were found in all other parameters. Microbial populations and enzyme activities showed similar temporal trends with higher values in spring and summer and lower values in winter. The earthworm casts contained higher amounts of N, P, K and organic C than the soil (P = 0.05). Selective feeding by earthworms on organically rich substrates, which break down during passage through the gut, is likely to be responsible for the higher microbial populations and greater enzyme activity in the casts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257763
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  • 29
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    Forest soil community responses to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and spruce seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Inoculation ; Bacteria ; Soil ; Community ; Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and spruce seedlings on the composition and activity of forest soil microbial communities was studied in a microcosm experiment in which sterile, sand-filled 25mm×150mm glass tubes were treated with a forest soil suspension containing Bacillus or Pseudomonas PGPR and 2-week-old spruce seedlings. Eighteen weeks after treatments were established, bacterial, actinomycete and fungal population sizes were determined by dilution plating, as were seedling dry weights and soil carbon substrate utilization profiles using Biolog plates. PGPR inoculation had little influence on the population sizes of actinomycetes or fungi. However, significant effects were detected on the total bacterial population size, primarily in microcosms without seedlings. Euclidean distances between treatments plotted on two dimensions by multidimensional scaling showed that the introduction of PGPR strains changed the type of microbial community, particularly when inoculated into soil without seedlings. Significant changes were also detected in one soil type in the presence of seedlings. Our results suggest that the type of soil community and the presence of seedlings are significant factors influencing the responses of soil communities to bacterial inoculation, and that for some soil communities, the presence of seedlings may mitigate perturbations caused by the introduction of PGPR.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050365
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  • 30
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    Microbiological characterization and nitrate reduction in subsurface soils (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil profiles ; Subsurface ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Microbial activity ; CO2 evolution ; Nitrate reduction ; N2O evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two borings (20 m depth) were performed in a sandy-clayey soil over a limestone bed and in a sandy soil with lumps of clay in some depths. Bacteria were found in the deeper soil layers of both profiles. The methods used to detect bacteria were those normally used for topsoil layers, plate counts of bacteria, ATP content, and direct microscopy. Measurements of CO2 evolution showed that the potential for bacterial activity was present in all depths of the two profiles. However, the activity was strongly dependent on the presence of easily available organic C. An indication of the denitrification potential was obtained by measuring the N2O evolution. Under aerobic incubation without the addition of glucose, N2O was detected only in the topsoil. When glucose was added to the soil samples, N2O was found at a low level in the deeper soil layers. Under anaerobic incubation, N2O was detected in all deeper layers, and increased markedly when glucose was added to the soil samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266479
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    Abiotic controls on the functional structure of soil food webs (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Fungi ; Protozoans ; Nematodes ; Mites ; Water potential ; “Cryptobiosis” ; Anhydrobiosis ; Trophic structure ; Food web
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that the trophic structure of soil food webs changes as a result of the abiotic environment was examined by reviewing studies of soil biota. In dry soils with a water potential below −1.5 MPa, most bacteria, protozoans, and many species of nematodes are not active. These taxa persist in the soil in a state of anhydrobiosis. Because soil fungi grow at soil water potentials of −6.0 to −8.0 MPa, soil food webs in dry environments appear to be fungal-based and fungal grazers in dry environments appear to be predominantly fungiphagous mites. There is indirect evidence that some species of fungiphagous mites remain inactive in dry soils in a state of “cryptobiosis”. In habitats where there is insufficient vegetative cover to shade and modify the soil surface, the functional soil food web consists of fungi and a few taxa of soil acari for extended periods of time.
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    The impact of protozoa on the availability of bacterial nitrogen to plants (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Protozoa ; Predation ; Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Plant uptake ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microbial N from 15N-labelled bacterial biomass was investigated in a microcosm experiment, in order to determine its availability to wheat plants. Sterilized soil was inoculated with either bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or with a suspension of a natural bacterial population from the soil) or bacteria and protozoa to examine the impact of protozoa. Plant biomass, plant N, soil inorganic N and bacterial and protozoan numbers were determined after 14 and 35 days of incubation. The protozoa reduced bacterial numbers in soil by a factor of 8, and higher contents of soil inorganic N were found in their presence. Plant uptake of N increased by 20010 in the presence of protozoa. Even though the total plant biomass production was not affected, the shoot: root ratios increased in the presence of protozoa, which is considered to indicate an improved plant nutrient supply. The presence of protozoa resulted in a 65010 increase in mineralization and uptake of bacterial 15N by plants. This effect was more pronounced than the protozoan effect on N derived from soil organic matter. It is concluded that grazing by protozoa strongly stimulates the mineralization and turnover of bacterial N. The mineralization of soil organic N was also shown to be promoted by protozoa.
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    Calcium binding by a lipid extract ofBacterionema matruchotii (1968)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 296-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Lipid ; Bacteria ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a fait ce travail pour determiner si le facteur responsable pour la liaison de calcium par un calcifableBacterionema matruchotii est dans la fraction lipide de la cellule. Des cellules congelees et sechees ont ete extraites par le chloroform-methanol. La fraction de chloroform-methanol, les cellules extraites et les cellules non traitees ont ete examinees pour la liaison de calcium. La fraction du chloroform-methanol et les cellules non traitees avaient la liaison de calcium. Les cellules extraites n'en avaient pas.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit wurde durchgeführt um festzustellen, ob sich der Faktor für die Calcium-bindung, durch das calcifizierendeBacterionema matruchotii, in der Lipoidfraktion befindet. Die lyophiilisierten Zellen wurden mit Chloroform-Methanol extrahiert. Die Chloroform-Methanol-Fraktion, die extrahierten Zellen, sowie die nicht behandelten Zellen wurden auf eine Calciumbindung hin untersucht. Die Chloroform-Methanol-Fraktion und die nicht behandelten Zellen demonstrierten eine Calciumbindung. Die extrahierten Zellen hingegen nicht.
    Notes: Abstract This work was done to determine whether the factor responsible for calcium binding by a calcifiableBacterionema matruchotii is in the lipid fraction of the cell. Freeze-dried cells were extracted with chloroform-methanol. The chloroform-methanol fraction, the extracted cells and untreated cells were examined for calcium binding. The chloroform-methanol fraction and the untreated cells bound calcium. The extracted cells did not.
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    The RecA protein as a model molecule for molecular systematic studies of bacteria: Comparison of trees of RecAs and 16S rRNAs from the same species (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 1105-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: RecA ; Small-subunit rRNA ; Bacteria ; Molecular evolution ; Molecular systematics ; Congruence ; Protein ; Phylogeny ; Gram-positive ; Proteobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the RecA protein was analyzed using molecular phylogenetic techniques. Phylogenetic trees of all currently available complete RecA proteins were inferred using multiple maximum parsimony and distance matrix methods. Comparison and analysis of the trees reveal that the inferred relationships among these proteins are highly robust. The RecA trees show consistent subdivisions corresponding to many of the major bacterial groups found in trees of other molecules including the α, β, γ, δ, ε proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, high-GC gram-positives, and the Deinococcus-Thermus group. However, there are interesting differences between the RecA trees and these other trees. For example, in all the RecA trees the proteins from gram-positive species are not monophyletic. In addition, the RecAs of the cyanobacteria consistently group with those of the high-GC gram-positives. To evaluate possible causes and implications of these and other differences phylogenetic trees were generated for small-subunit rRNA sequences from the same (or closely related) species as represented in the RecA analysis. The trees of the two molecules using these equivalent species-sets are highly congruent and have similar resolving power for close, medium, and deep branches in the history of bacteria. The implications of the particular similarities and differences between the trees are discussed. Some of the features that make RecA useful for molecular systematics and for studies of protein evolution are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173192
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    The ruminant digestion model using bacteria already employed early in evolution by symbiotic molluscs (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Symbiotic molluscs ; Ruminent digestion model ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purification and some molecular properties of six lysozymes from the gills of different mytilids and vesicomyids are described: they belong to the previously described Invertebrate lysozyme family. The predominance of the bacterial nutrition in these organisms seems to necessitate the presence of a lysozyme as in the case of the ruminant digestion model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02337523
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    Molecular clocks and evolutionary relationships: Possible distortions due to horizontal gene flow (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 16-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Relative rate test ; Globin genes ; Cytochromes ; Pseudogenes ; Coadaptation ; Viruses ; Viral host range ; Bacteria ; Songbirds ; Apes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper discusses recent evidence suggesting that genetic information from one species occasionally transfers to another remotely related species. Besides addressing the issue of whether or not the molecular data are consistent with a wide-spread influence of horizontal gene transfer, the paper shows that horizontal gene flow would not necessarily preclude a linear molecular clock or change the rate of molecular evolution (assuming the neutral allele theory). A pervasive influence of horizontal gene transfer is more than just consistent with the data of molecular evolution, it also provides a unique explanation for a number of possibly conflicting phylogenies and contradictory clocks. This phenomenon might explain why some protein clocks are linear while the superoxide dismutase clock is not, how the molecular data on the phylogeny of apes and Australian song birds are not necessarily in conflict with those based on morphology, and, finally, why the mycoplasmas have an accelerated molecular clock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111278
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    Evolutionary relationships among the permease proteins of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: Sugar phosphotransferase system. Construction of phylogenetic trees and possible relatedness to proteins of eukaryotic mitochondria (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Sugars ; Phosphotransferase system ; Transport proteins ; Evolution ; Sequence comparisons ; NADH dehydrogenase ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amino acid sequences of 15 sugar permeases of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvatedependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) were divided into four homologous segments, and these segments were analyzed to give phylogenetic trees. The permease segments fell into four clusters: the lactose-cellobiose cluster, the fructose-mannitol cluster, the glucose-N-acetylglucosamine cluster, and the sucrose-β-glucoside cluster. Sequences of the glucitol and mannose permeases (clusters 5 and 6, respectively) were too dissimilar to establish homology with the other permeases, but short regions of statistically significant sequence similarities were noted. The functional and structural relationships of these permease segments are discussed. Some of the homologous PTS permeases were found to exhibit sufficient sequence similarity to subunits 4 and 5 of the eukaryotic mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex to suggest homology. Moreover, subunits 4 and 5 of this complex appeared to be homologous to each other, suggesting that these PTS and mitochondrial proteins comprise a superfamily. The integral membrane subunits of the evolutionarily divergent mannose PTS permease, the P and M subunits, exhibited limited sequence similarity to subunit 6 of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase and subunit 5b of cytochrome oxidase, respectively. These results suggest that PTS sugar permeases and mitochondrial proton-translocating proteins may be related, although the possibility of convergent evolution cannot be ruled out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193633
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    Phylogenetic depth ofThermotoga maritima inferred from analysis of thefus gene: Amino acid sequence of elongation factor G and organization of theThermotoga str operon (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 142-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Thermotoga ; Phylogeny ; Bacteria ; EF-G sequence ; Thermophily
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gene (fus) coding for elongation factor G (EF-G) of the extremely thermophilic eubacteriumThermotoga maritima was identified and sequenced. The EF-G coding sequence (2046 bp) was found to lie in an operon-like structure between the ribosomal protein S7 gene (rpsG) and the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) gene (tuf). TherpsG, fus, andtuf genes follow each other immediately in that order, which corresponds to the order of the homologous genes in thestr operon ofEscherichia coli. The derived amino acid sequence of the EF-G protein (682 residues) was aligned with the homologous sequences of other eubacteria, eukaryotes (hamster), and archaebacteria (Methanococcus vannielii). Unrooted phylogenetic dendrogram, obtained both from the amino acid and the nucleotide sequence alignments, using a variety of methods, lend further support to the notion that the (present) root of the (eu)bacterial tree lies betweenThermotoga and the other bacterial lineages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193628
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    Detection of fundamental principles and a level of order for large-scale gene clustering on the Escherichia coli chromosome (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Chromosome evolution ; Gene evolution ; Bacterial chromosomal expansion ; Chromosomal gene organization ; Gene clustering ; Gene duplication ; Escherichia coli ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Escherichia coli K-12 genetic map was divided into intervals of equal length to count the number of genes per interval. Plots of genes per interval at four sets of interval lengths revealed large-scale clustering of genes with the major clusters occurring at regularly spaced distances apart. Major gene cluster properties were analyzed at a scale of 100 intervals wherein each interval corresponded to a genetic map unit length of 1 min. In any major gene cluster, the highest gene concentration was observed at or near the midpoint interval, and the number of genes per interval was found to decline exponentially as a function of the linear distance from the midpoint or interval of peak gene concentration of that cluster. An autocorrelation analysis of gene content in first-neighbor intervals throughout the chromosome revealed an ordered first-neighbor relationship in comparison to 2,000 randomized interval versions of the chromosome. Attempts to simulate gene placement by a Gaussian model did not produce large-scale gene clustering in any way comparable to that observed on the chromosome. We propose that major gene clusters formed from smaller gene clusters, and the contemporary chromosome formed from fusion of homologous or heterologous major gene clusters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00182182
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    Evolutionary relationships of bacterial and archaeal glutamine synthetase genes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 566-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Glutamine synthetase ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glutamine synthetase (GS), an essential enzyme in ammonia assimilation and glutamine biosynthesis, has three distinctive types: GSI, GSII and GSIII. Genes for GSI have been found only in bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (archaebacteria), while GSII genes only occur in eukaryotes and a few soil-dwelling bacteria. GSIII genes have been found in only a few bacterial species. Recently, it has been suggested that several lateral gene transfers of archaeal GSI genes to bacteria may have occurred. In order to study the evolution of GS, we cloned and sequenced GSI genes from two divergent archaeal species: the extreme thermophile Pyrococcus furiosus and the extreme halophile Haloferax volcanii. Our phylogenetic analysis, which included most available GS sequences, revealed two significant prokaryotic GSI subdivisions: GSI-a and GSI-β. GSIa-genes are found in the thermophilic bacterium, Thermotoga maritima, the low G+C Gram-positive bacteria, and the Euryarchaeota (includes methanogens, halophiles, and some thermophiles). GSI-β-type genes occur in all other bacteria. GSI-α- and GSI-β-type genes also differ with respect to a specific 25-amino-acid insertion and adenylylation control of GS enzyme activity, both absent in the former but present in the latter. Cyanobacterial genes lack adenylylation regulation of GS and may have secondarily lost it. The GSI gene of Sulfolobus solfataricus, a member of the Crenarchaeota (extreme thermophiles), is exceptional and could not be definitely placed in either subdivision. The S. solfataricus GSI gene has a shorter GSI-β-type insertion, but like GSI-a-type genes, lacks conserved sequences about the adenylylation site. We suspect that the similarity of GSI-α genes from Euryarchaeota and several bacterial species does not reflect a common phylogeny but rather lateral transmission between archaea and bacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175876
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    Tracing the spread of fibronectin type III domains in bacterial glycohydrolases (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 39 (1994), S. 631-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Fibronectin type III ; Bacteria ; Glycohydrolases ; Phylogeny ; Horizontal gene transfers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary spread of 22 fibronectin type III (Fn3) sequences among a dozen bacterial enzymes has been traced by searching databases with the non-Fn3 parts of the enzyme sequences. Numerous homologues were found that lacked the Fn3 domains. In each case the related sequences were aligned, phylogenetic trees were constructed, and the occurrences of Fn3 units on the trees were noted. Comparison with phylogenetic trees prepared from the Fn3 segments themselves allowed inferences to be made about when the Fn3 units were shuffled into their present positions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160409
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    Evolution according to large ribosomal subunit RNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 366-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Large ribosomal subunit RNA ; Small ribosomal subunit RNA ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Eucarya ; Plastids ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary trees were constructed, by distance methods, from an alignment of 225 complete large subunit (LSU) rRNA sequences, representing Eucarya, Archaea, Bacteria, plastids, and mitochondria. A comparison was made with trees based on sets of small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences. Trees constructed on the set of 172 species and organelles for which the sequences of both molecules are known had a very similar topology, at least with respect to the divergence order of large taxa such as the eukaryotic kingdoms and the bacterial divisions. However, since there are more than ten times as many SSU as LSU rRNA sequences, it is possible to select many SSU rRNA sequence sets of equivalent size but different species composition. The topologies of these trees showed considerable differences according to the particular species set selected. The effect of the dataset and of different distance correction methods on tree topology was tested for both LSU and SSU rRNA by repetitive random sampling of a single species from each large taxon. The impact of the species set on the topology of the resulting consensus trees is much lower using LSU than using SSU rRNA. This might imply that LSU rRNA is a better molecule for studying wide-range relationships. The mitochondria behave clearly as a monophyletic group, clustering with the Proteobacteria. Gram-positive bacteria appear as two distinct groups, which are found clustered together in very few cases. Archaea behave as if monophyletic in most cases, but with a low confidence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215184
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    Organization and evolution of bacterial and bacteriophage primase-helicase systems (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Primase-helicase systems ; Evolution ; Bacteria ; Bacteriophage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Amino acid sequences of primases and associated helicases involved in the DNA replication of eubacteria and bacteriophages T7, T3, T4, P4, and P22 were compared by computer-assisted methods. There are two types of such systems, the first one represented by distinct helicase and primase proteins (e.g., DnaB and DnaG proteins of Escherichia coli), and the second one by single polypeptides comprising both activities (gp4 of bacteriophages T7 and T3, and alpha protein of bacteriophage P4). Pronounced sequence similarity was revealed between approximately 250 amino acid residue N-terminal domains of stand-alone primases and the primase-helicase proteins of T7(T3) and P4. All these domains contain, close to their N-termini, a conserved Zn-finger pattern that may be implicated in template DNA recognition by the primases. In addition, they encompass five other conserved motifs some of which may be involved in substrate (NTP) binding. Significant similarity was also observed between the primase-associated helicases (DnaB, gp12 of P22 and gp41 of T4) and the C-terminal domain of T7(T3) gp4. On the other hand the C-terminal domain of P-alpha of P4 is related to another group of DNA and RNA helicases. Tentative phylogenetic trees generated for the primases and the associated helicases showed no grouping of the phage proteins, with the exception of the primase domains of bacteriophages T4 and P4. This may indicate a common origin for one-component primase-helicase systems. Two scenarios for the evolution of primase-helicase systems are discussed. The first one involves fusion of the primase and helicase components (T7 and T3) or fusion of the primase component with a different type of helicase domain (P4). The second possibility is the duplication of an ancestral gene encoding a gp4-like bifunctional protein followed by divergence of the copies, one of which retains the primase and the other the helicase domain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160243
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    Faster evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria than in cospeciating insect hosts (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 727-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aphid ; Bacteria ; Buchnera ; Cospeciation ; Endosymbiosis ; Evolutionary rates ; Molecular clock ; Prokaryote ; Ribosomal DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of a universal molecular clock holds that divergent lineages exhibit approximately constant rates of nucleotide substitution over evolutionary time for a particular macromolecule. We compare divergences of ribosomal DNA for aphids (Insecta) and Buchnera, the maternally transmitted, endosymbiotic bacteria that have cospeciated with aphids since initially infecting them over 100 million years ago. Substitution rates average 36 times greater for Buchnera than for their aphid hosts for regions of small-subunit rDNA that are homologous for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aphids exhibit 18S rDNA substitution rates that are within the range observed in related insects. In contrast, 16S rDNA evolves about twice as fast in Buchnera as in related free-living bacterial lineages. Nonetheless, the difference between Buchnera and aphids is much greater, suggesting that rates may be generally higher in bacteria. This finding adds to evidence that molecular clocks are only locally rather than universally valid among taxonomic groups. It is consistent with the hypothesis that rates of sequence evolution depend on generation time.
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    The distance between bacterial species in sequence space (1996)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 617-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Species ; Sequence space ; Cytochromec ; Azurin ; Pseudomonas ; Rhodospirillaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite the revolution caused by information from macromolecular sequences, the basis of bacterial classification remains the genus and the species. How do these terms relate to the variety of bacteria that exist on earth? In this paper, the inter- and intraspecies differences in amino acid sequence of several bacterial electron transport proteins, cytochromesc, and blue copper proteins are compared. For the soil and water organisms studied, bacterial species can be classed as “tight” when there is little intraspecies variation, or “loose” when this variation is large. For this set of proteins and organisms, interspecies variation is much larger than that within a species. Examples of “tight” species arePseudomonas aeruginosa andRhodobacter sphaeroides, whilePseudomonas stutzeri andRhodopseudomonas palustris are loose species. The results are discussed in the context of the origin and age of bacterial species, and the distribution of genomes in “sequence space.” The situation is probably different for commensal or pathogenic bacteria, whose population structure and evolution are linked to the properties of another organism.
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    Evolution according to large tribosomal subunit RNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 366-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Large ribosomal subunit RNA ; Small ribosomal subunit RNA ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Eucarya ; Plastids ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary trees were constructed, by distance methods, from an alignment of 225 complete large subunit (LSU) rRNA sequences, representing Eucarya, Archaea, Bacteria, plastids, and mitochondria. A comparison was made with trees based on sets of small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences. Trees constructed on the set of 172 species and organelles for which the sequences of both molecules are known had a very similar topology, at least with respect to the divergence order of large taxa such as the eukaryotic kingdoms and the bacterial divisions. However, since there are more than ten times as many SSU as LSU rRNA sequences, it is possible to select many SSU rRNA sequence sets of equivalent size but different species composition. The topologies of these trees showed considerable differences according to the particular species set selected. The effect of the dataset and of different distance correction methods on tree topology was tested for both LSU and SSU rRNA by repetitive random sampling of a single species from each large taxon. The impact of the species set on the topology of the resulting consensus trees is much lower using LSU than using SSU rRNA. This might imply that LSU rRNA is a better molecule for studying wide-range relationships. The mitochondria behave clearly as a monophyletic group, clustering with the Proteobacteria. Gram-positive bacteria appear as two distinct groups, which are found clustered together in very few cases. Archaea behave as if monophyletic in most cases, but with a low confidence.
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    Cold seep deposits of Beauvoisin (Oxfordian; southeastern France) and Marmorito (Miocene; northern Italy): microbially induced authigenic carbonates (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 60-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Carbonates ; Cold seeps ; Methane ; Petroleum ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Sponges ; Tube worms ; Epifluorescence ; Biomarkers ; Jurassic ; Tertiary ; France ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relation of two well-known ancient carbonate deposits to hydrocarbon seepage was confirmed by this study. Archaea are found to be associated with the formation of Oxfordian seep carbonates from Beauvoisin and with a Miocene limestone from Marmorito ("tube-worm limestone"). Carbonates formed due to a mediation by archaea exhibit extremely positive or extremely negative δ13Ccarbonate values, respectively. Highly positive values (+15‰) reflect the use of 13C-enriched CO2 produced by methanogenesis. Low δ13C values of the Marmorito carbonates (–30‰) indicate the oxidation of seepage-derived hydrocarbons. Likewise, the δ13C content of specific tail-to-tail linked isoprenoids, biomarkers for archaea, was found to be strikingly depleted in these samples (as low as –115‰). The isotopic signatures corroborate that archaea were involved in the cycling of seepage-derived organic carbon at the ancient localities. Another Miocene limestone ("Marmorito limestone") shows a strong imprint of methanotrophic bacteria as indicated by δ13C values of carbonate as low as –40‰ and biomarker evidence. Epifluorescence microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that bacterial biofilms were involved in carbonate aggregation. In addition to lucinid bivalves previously reported from both localities, we infer that sponges from Beauvoisin and tube worms from Marmorito depended on chemosynthesis as well. Low δ13C values of nodules related to sponge taphonomy (–27‰) indicate that sponges might have been linked to an enhanced hydrocarbon oxidation. Tube worm fossils from Marmorito closely resemble chemosynthetic pogonophoran tube worms from Recent cold seeps and are embedded in isotopically light carbonate (δ13C –30‰).
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    Survey of mycotic and bacterial keratitis in Sri Lanka (1994)
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    Mycopathologia 127 (1994), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Drug sensitivity ; Fungi ; Keratitis ; Paecilomyces farinosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a two-year period (1976–1977 and 1980–1981), 66 cases of bacterial and mycotic cases of keratitis were diagnosed in the Eye Clinic of the General Hospital in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The clinical and microbiologic aspects of these cases are described. Noteworthy was the first known human case caused byPaecilomyces farinosus, a geophilic species, commonly encountered as an insect parasite throughout the world. The bacterial and the other fungal etiologic agents isolated and identified were:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, andLasiodiplodia theobromae. In vitro the fungi showed sensitivity in decreasing order to fluctytosine, nystatin, amphotericin B and econazole. Due to the out-patient status of the patients, their in-vivo response to treatment was not assessable.
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    Jet drop enrichment of bacteria, virus, and dissolved organic material (1978)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Bubbles ; Scavenging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Four parameters that control the enrichment of bacteria in jet drops are bubble scavenging, drop size, drop position in the jet set, and the type of bacteria. Without the scavenging of bacteria as a bubble rises through the water it is doubtful that the observed enrichment factors, EF, greater than 1000 could be obtained. There is a maximum in EF as a function of top jet drop size, and the EF decreases from the top to the bottom drop of the jet set. The efficiency by which bubbles scavenge bacteria varies with species. Presumably these parameters apply in some degree to the EF of virus in jet drops. Dissolved organic material in natural waters can adsorb to bubbles and contribute to a large EF in jet drops, but there is a feedback mechanism whereby changes in bubble surface free energy modify the jet drop-size distribution. However, there is reason to believe this will not significantly influence the jet drop-size distribution produced by bubbles in the sea.
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    Characterization of natural colloids from a river and spring in a karstic basin (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 257-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Colloids ; Particle size distribution ; Karstic aquifer ; Analytical techniques ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Colloids are known to transport contaminants over long distances in natural media. Despite this potentially harmful effect, very few studies have been undertaken in subsurface aquifers. This paper presents the first results of a study of natural colloids and particles in a karstic aquifer. The site was chosen for its coverage by clay layers and peat which deliver various and numerous particle types in water. The methodological part describes three methods used for size determination and sample fractionation of surface water and spring water. These methods have been adapted for the treatment of multiple samples due to the rapid discharge variation typical of karstic aquifers. The analysis of many particle size distributions (PSD) shows that they can be described by a Pareto law. The variation of the slope of the PSD at the spring is mainly dependent on discharge. This behavior is interpreted as a washing of the karstic drains during the first phase of high flow events. Fractionation of the samples allowed application of various characterization techniques to particle size classes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that most of the mineral particles originated from Quaternary deposits and limestones. However the use of scanning electron micrsocopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) detailed the composition of individual particles and revealed particles not found by XRD. These techniques also showed the high complexity of the natural particles and the important place of coprecipitation in their formation. Consequences on the fluxes of particulate matter and its potential role as a carrier of contaminants are discussed.
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    The effect of distribution of iron-oxyhydroxide grain coatings on the transport of bacterial cells in porous media (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1998), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Transport ; Bacteria ; Iron ; Groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Among the demonstrated processes influencing the transport of bacteria through aquifers, the deposition of cells on mineral surfaces is one of the most important. For example, understanding the transport of introduced bacteria through aquifers is essential to designing some in situ bioremediation schemes. The impact of the presence and distribution of Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand grains on bacterial transport through porous media was evaluated in column experiments in which bacteria (short rods; 1.2 μm length) were eluted through columns of quartz sand (0.5–0.6 mm in diameter) for several conditions of chemical heterogeneity of mineral substrate. Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand was present as 10% of the mass, and it was arranged in three treatments: (1) homogeneously distributed, and present as a discrete layer (2) at the top and (3) at the bottom of 14-cm-long sand columns. A pulse input of 108 cells ml–1 was introduced in an artificial groundwater solution flowing at 14 cm h–1 through the column, and eluted cells were counted. Peak breakthrough occurred at 1.0 pore volume. A large proportion of cells were retained; 14.7–15.8% of the cells were recovered after three pore volumes of solution had eluted through clean quartz sand, and only 2.1–4.0% were recovered from the Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide-coated sand mixtures. The three physical arrangements of the chemical heterogeneity resulted in essentially the same breakthrough of cells, indicating that the spatial distribution of iron coating does not affect the transport of bacteria. The results of the column transport experiments, which mimic hydrogeological conditions encountered in field problems, are consistent with our mechanistic understanding of bacterial sorption.
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    The effect of nitrate-nitrogen supply on bacteria and bacterial-feeding fauna in the rhizosphere of different grass species (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 253-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Enchytraidae ; Nematoda ; Nitrogen ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microbial growth in the rhizosphere is affected by the release of organic material from roots, so differences in carbon budgets between plants may affect their rhizosphere biology. This was tested by sampling populations of bacteria and bacteriophagous fauna from the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa annua, and Poa pratensis, under conditions of high and low nitrate availability. Concentrations of soluble phenolics and lignin varied considerably between the species but were not related to differences in rhizosphere biology. L. perenne and F. arundinacea supported fewer bacteria than the Poa species. There was no significant rhizosphere effect on the groups of protozoa. The major indicators of rhizosphere productivity were the bacterial-feeding nematodes (mainly Acrobeloides spp.), and there was a large positive effect of added nitrate. Nematode biomass was significantly lower in the rhizosphere of the slow-growing P. pratensis compared with the fast-growing P. annua, indicating that the differential allocation of carbon has affects on rhizosphere biology. A large rhizosphere effect on enchytraeid worms was also observed, and their potential importance in the rhizosphere is discussed.
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    Interactions between fungi, bacteria and beech leaves in a stream microcosm (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 542-549 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Fungi ; Bacteria ; Stream ; Immigration ; Colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immigration and colonization of isolates of naturally occurring stream bacteria and hyphomycetes on beech leaves were studied in a laboratory stream microcosm. Fungal spores were more successful immigrants, especially on new leaves, than bacteria, which were more repelled than attracted by the substrate. Fewer bacteria immigrated to older leaves than to new, and bacteria multiplied faster in water than on leaves. Fungi and bacteria showed synergistic relationships so that each group grew significantly faster in presence of the other group. If one considers, differences in immigration, colonization and synergism patterns, fungal mycelia doubled about 10 times faster than bacterial cells which might explain the dominance of fungi usually found on leaves in early decay. The individual fungal species could be assigned to one of three colonization groups; one of fugitive species, preceding a second group of species that grew from rarity to dominance, and a third group of very slow colonizers. The leachate was fractionated in different molecular size classes by gel chromatography, and the fraction around 2500D in the new leaf leachate was associated with a high concentration of polyphenols. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of 16 phenolic acids in the new leaf leachate at concentrations ranging from 〈 1 to 640 μg l−1. All fungi except the species with the slowest growth rate grew faster on leachate with the fraction around 2500D removed, and the density of bacteria was significantly reduced when pure stream water was supplemented with compounds from the same fraction.
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    What does Halobacterium tell us about photoreception? (1977)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Photophobic response ; Rhodopsin ; Membrane ; Sensory transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A photosensory mechanism is proposed for Halobacterium halobium based on the observation of light-induced motor responses. Possible mechanisms of signal transduction in Halobacterium are discussed. Bacteriorhodopsin and the visual pigment rhodopsin are compared with respect to their structural and functional properties. The conclusion is drawn that Halobacterium may help to understand primary photochemical events of rhodopsin rather than the transduction mechanism of visual photoreceptors.
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    Bacterial water quality: Springs and streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 353-359 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Great Smoky Mountains National Park ; National Park Service ; Water quality ; Resources management ; Bacteria ; Indicator organisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Water samples from streams and springs in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were analyzed for fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and total coliform bacteria. Levels of bacteria were found to be highly variable but related to elevation, time of year, type of water source, and water level of the streams. Visitors did not seem to be major contributors to bacterial contamination. Levels of fecal coliform and total coliform in most water samples were unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Tennessee state standards for body contact recreation (swimming and wading) were exceeded in a few samples but none from streams suitable for swimming. As a result of these findings, park managers increased efforts to inform visitors of the need to treat drinking water and removed improvements at backcountry springs which tended to give the springs the image of safe, maintained water sources.
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    Effects of substrate sterilization, fungicide treatment, and mycorrhization helper bacteria on ectomycorrhizal formation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) inoculated with Laccaria laccata in two peat bare-root nurseries (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 55-57 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Laccaria laccata ; Quercus robur ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pedunculate oak seedlings (Quercus robur) inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria lacata were grown for 1 year on fertilized sphagnum peat in two nurseries. Three factors affecting microbial populations in the substrate were studied, fungicide treatment of the seeds, peat disinfection before sowing (methyl bromide or steam pasteurization), and inoculation with mycorrhization helper bacteria. Treatment of acorns with Iprodione had no depressive effect on mycorrhiza formation. Both disinfection techniques were equivalent, stimulating or depressing mycorrhiza formation depending on the initial microflora in the peat. The introduction of two previously selected mycorrhization helper bacteria (one Pseudomonas fluorescens and one unidentified fluorescent pseudomonad), isolated from L. laccata sporocarps associated with Douglas fir—L. laccata ectomycorrhizas in other nurseries, significantly increased the mycorrhizal rate from 30 to 53% of the short roots. The implications of these results for the controlled mycorrhization of planting stocks and the specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria are discussed.
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    Interrelationship between extracellular enzyme activity, ATP content, total counts of bacteria and CO2 evolution (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 14 (1992), S. 288-292 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Extracellular enzymes ; Protease activity ; ATP content ; Bacteria ; Microbial biomass ; CO2 evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In an incubation experiment, soil was amended to induce changes in microbial growth and enzyme production. The soluble fraction of newly produced protease (extracellular enzyme) was separated from the soil by a sterilized millipore filter. The activity of total and soluble protease, ATP content, number of acridine orange-stained bacteria, and CO2 evolution in soils were measured during the incubation. Increases in soluble and total protease activities in soils amended with agar and glucose coincided with increases in ATP content, total counts of bacteria, growth of fungi, and CO2 evolution. In amended soils, the activity of soluble extracellular protease was about 30% of the total protease activity. Soluble extracellular protease activity was highly correlated with total protease activity (r=0.78, P〈0.01), ATP content (r=0.74, P〈0.01), and total counts of bacteria (r=0.94, P〈0.01) during the first 6 days of incubation. Hence measurement of microbial biomass appeared to be an index for the level of extracellular enzymes in soil.
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    The rhizosphere effect of tea on soil microbes in a Himalayan monsoonal location (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 131-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Rhizosphere ; Non-rhizosphere ; R:S ratio ; Tea ; Colony-forming unit ; Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Camellia sinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monthly investigations of the microbial population associated with tea soils, in terms of colony-forming units assessed by the plate-count method, were carried out at three different soil depths for a period of 12 months. Three groups of microbes, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, were examined. Contrary to general observations, the rhizosphere:soil ratios were found to be consistently below 1 in samples taken from established tea bushes, indicating an overall negative rhizosphere effect. Interactions among certain microorganisms may also have contributed to this effect. Nevertheless, the rhizosphere of young tea plants and that of a number of other perennial plants, of different ages, growing in established tea fields, appeared to stimulate microbial growth. The negative effect of the rhizosphere of older tea bushes does not appear to be a common phenomenon that is related to the aging of plants in general, but seems to be unique and specific to tea plants.
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    Short-term and long-term effects of bacterivorous nematodes and nematophagous fungi on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in microcosms (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 249-256 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microcosm ; Arable soil ; Bacteria ; Bacterivorous nematodes ; Nematophagous fungi ; Carbon and nitrogen ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A microcosm experiment was carried out to quantify the effects of organisms at various trophic levels on C and N mineralization after the addition of crop residues to arable soil. The effects of the bacterivorous nematodes Rhabditis sp. and Acrobeloides bütschlii and of the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora und Drechmeria coniospora on soil respiration and N mineralization were measured over 6 months at 20°C. In the presence of nematodes, C mineralization was increased during the first month and subsequently reduced; N mineralization was increased during the first 2 months and then reduced. The results support the assumption that nematodes influence C mineralization mainly indirectly by affecting bacterial activity, and N mineralization mainly directly by mineralizing bacterial biomass. A. oligospora contributed directly to C mineralization. The effect of both fungi on N mineralization was indirect and resulted from the reduction in the numbers of nematodes. The results showed that the effects of nematodes and nematophagous fungi and the mechanisms behind the effects may vary strongly in time, and are correlated with the type of organic matter decomposed.
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    Effects of lumbricids and enchytraeids on nematodes in limed and unlimed coniferous mor humus (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 201-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Bacterial-feeding nematodes ; Cognettia sphagnetorum ; Dendrobaena octaedra ; Enchytraeidae ; Humus ; Lime ; Lumbricidae ; Nematoda ; Protozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a factorial laboratory experiment, specimens of Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) and Cognettia sphagnetorum (Enchytraeidae) were added to microcosms with unlimed (pH 4.5) and limed (pH 5.5) coniferous mor humus containing bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and nematodes. Effects on the nematodes were assessed after an incubation period of 207 days at 15°C and a soil moisture content of 60% water-holding capacity. When D. octaedra was absent, nematodes were significantly more abundant in the limed humus than in the unlimed humus. The presence of D. octaedra markedly reduced the number of nematodes in the limed humus but not in the unlimed one, where D. octaedra lost weight and probably did not feed. Most nematodes (92–97%) were bacterial-feeders. The presence of D. octaedra did not decrease the number or biomass of bacteria, indicating that the reduction in nematode numbers was not the result of competition for bacteria between D. octaedra and the nematodes. The presence of C. sphagnetorum had no effect on the nematodes in either of the treatments. We suggest that the reason why D. octaedra, but not C. sphagnetorum, reduced nematode numbers is that the former was more likely to inadvertently ingest the nematodes because of its much greater size. The results provide a possible explanation for the observation that liming sometimes enhances nematode populations, when lumbricids do not respond to the treatment, and sometimes causes decreases, when lumbricids increase in number.
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    Utilization and degradation of lindane by soil microorganisms (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 259-263 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lindane ; Soil microorganisms ; Bacteria ; Actinomycetes ; Fungi ; Insecticide ; Chloride ; Respiration ; Degradation ; Utilization ; Pseudomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Of 147 microorganisms isolated from a loamy sand, 71 showed good growth with lindane (γ-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) and produced chloride in an aqueous medium. Thirteen soil microorganisms were selected to study the utilization of lindane. Lindane was metabolized by the microbes to γ-2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro-1-cyclohexene (γ-PCCH), α-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene (α-TCCH), β-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene (β-TCCH), γ-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene (γ-TCCH), and pentachlorobenzene (PCB). Cells of Pseudomonas sp. No. 62 grown on lindane simultaneously adapted to γ-PCCH, α-TCCH, β-TCCH, γ-TCCH, PCB, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,3,4-TCB) and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5-TCB). The bacteria degraded each of these chemicals at least partially as indicated by an increased rate of oxygen consumption.
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    Untersuchungen zum Glyoxylsäurestoffwechsel vonBacillus fastidiosus Stamm 83 (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacillus fastidiosus ; Bacteria ; C2-Metabolism ; Glyoxylate ; Hydroxypyruvate ; Tartronicsemialdehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung BeiBacillus fastidiosus, der Harnsäure und Allantoin über Glyoxylsäure abbaut, wurde der Glyoxylat-Stoffwechsel untersucht. Enzyme des Glycin-Serin-Weges, des Oxalat-Weges und des β-Hydroxyaspartat-Weges waren in zellfreien Extrakten nicht nachweisbar. Das Enzym Glyoxylatcaboligase, welches die Synthese von Tartronsäuresemialdehyd (TSA) aus Glyoxylsäure katalysiert, war zwar in den Extrakten vorhanden,abereine nachfolgende Umsetzung von TSA über den Glycerat-Weg schien unwahrscheinlich, da keine Glyceratkinase nachgewiesen werden konnte. Allerdingswurde eine enzymatische Tautomerisierung von Enzymen, welche die Synthese von Pyruvat aus HP über Serin katalysieren,deutet darauf hin, daß die beobachtete enzymatische Umwandlung von TSA zu HP in diesem Organismus an der Synthese von C3-Verbindungen aus Glyoxylat beteiligt ist.
    Notes: Abstract Glyoxylate metabolism was studied inBacillus fastidiosus, which is known to degrade uric acid and allantoin via glyoxylic acid. Enzymes of the glycine-serine pathway, of the oxalate pathway and of the β-hydroxyaspartate pathway were not detected in cell-free extracts. Glycoxylate carboligase, which catalyzes the formation of tartronic semialdehyde (TSA) from glyoxylate was found to be present. A further utilization of TSA via the glycerate pathway appeared to be unlikely, since no glycerate kinase could be demonstrated. However, an enzymatic tautomerisation of TSA to hydroxypyruvate (HP) was observed in the extracts. Methods for the detection of this enzyme were described. The presence of enzymes, catalyzing the synthesis of pyruvate from HP via serine indicated that the observed enzymatic conversion of TSA to HP might participate in the formation of C3-compounds from glyoxylate in this microorganism.
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    Tryptophanase from a marine bacterium, Vibrio K-7 synthesis, purification, and some chemical catalytic properties (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 169-175 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Tryptophanase ; Vibrio ; Marine Vibrio ; Bacteria ; Enzyme ; Tryptophan ; Indole ; Amino acid ; Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The conditions for synthesis, purification, and properties of tryptophanase by a marine organism (Vibrio K-7) were studied. Tryptophanase was induced by tryptophan and its analogs, and partially repressed by 0.5% glucose or glycerol. NaCl (0.4M) was required for optimal growth and tryptophanase activity in whole cells. The enzyme was purified to 92% homogeneity by heat treatment, hydroxyapatite chromatography and fractionation with ammonium sulfate. This tryptophanase has been found to have kinetic properties similar to the tryptophanase from other microorganisms. It carries out both α, β-elimination reactions (using tryptophan, serine, cysteine and S-methyl-cysteine as substrates) and β-replacement reactions (forming tryptophan from indole and serine, cysteine or S-methyl-cysteine). The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 9.2S and requires pyridoxal 5′-phosphate as a cofactor. The optimal pH for the tryptophanase reaction is pH 8.0.
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    Screening for lignin degrading bacteria by means of 14C-labelled lignins (1978)
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 103-106 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lignin biodegradation ; Bacteria ; Nocardia spp. ; Pseudomonas spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several Nocardia and Pseudomonas spp., as well as some unidentified bacteria, isolated from lake water containing high loads of waste lignin, were tested for their capacity to release 14CO2 from specifically 14C-labelled dehydropolymer of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) or corn stalk lignins. The bacteria were selected according to their ability to degrade phenolic compounds. However, only some of them could release significant amounts of 14CO2 from the labelled lignin. The tested Nocardia spp. were more active than the Pseudomonas spp. and the unidentified bacteria. The most active strains belonged to N. autotrophica. These strains released CO2 significantly from the methoxyl group and transformed the other carbons from the phenylpropane skeleton of lignin also into CO2. Other less demethylating strains also released little CO2 from the other carbons of the lignin molecule. From corn stalk materials which were specifically labelled in the lignin part only small amounts of labelled CO2 were released.
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    On the absence of correlation between cyanide-resistant respiration and cytochrome d content in bacteria (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 58-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Cyanide-resistant respiration ; Cytochrome d ; Regularity of appearance ; Absence of correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The regularity of appearance of cyanide-resistant respiration and cytochrome d in various bacteria as well as the relationship between the degree of resistance of respiration to cyanide and cytochrome d content was studied. Bacteria able to synthesize cyanide-resistant respiration were shown to appear during transition of culture to the stationary phase of growth caused by the exhaustion of carbon source. No regulatory of appearance of cytochrome d was observed. There is no correlation between the degree of resistance to cyanide and cytochrome d content. It was concluded that the cyanide-resistant respiration of bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms may be associated with the functioning of a non-cytochrome nature oxidase.
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    Novel 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from highly saline brine sediments of Kebrit Deep, Red Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 172 (1999), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words 16S rRNA gene sequences ; Phylogeny ; Bacteria ; Archaea ; Brines ; Kebrit Deep ; Red Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on first 16S rRNA gene sequences from highly saline brine sediments taken at a depth of 1,515 m in the Kebrit Deep, northern Red Sea. Microbial DNA extracted directly from the sediments was subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences. The PCR products were cloned, and a total of 11 (6 bacterial and 5 archaeal) clone types were determined by restriction endonuclease digestion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the cloned sequences were unique, showing no close association with sequences of cultivated organisms or sequences derived from environmental samples. The bacterial clone sequences form a novel phylogenetic lineage (KB1 group) that branches between the Aquificales and the Thermotogales. The archaeal clone sequences group within the Euryarchaeota. Some of the sequences cluster with the group II and group III uncultivated archaea sequence clones, while two clone groups form separate branches. Our results suggest that hitherto unknown archaea and bacteria may thrive in highly saline brines of the Red Sea under extreme environmental conditions.
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    Energieabhängige 63Ni-Aufnahme bei Alcaligenes eutrophus Stamm H 1 und H 16 (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nickel accumulation ; Bacteria ; Heavy metal transport ; 63Nickel isotope ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Chemolithotrophy ; Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria ; Active transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Aufnahme von 63Ni wurde an zwei Stämmen von Alcaligenes eutrophus untersucht, die Nickelionen für das chemolithotrophe Wachstum benötigen. Mit Kohlendioxid als einziger Kohlenstoffquelle wird das Wachstum durch niedrige Konzentrationen von Nickel gefördert, wobei das Optimum der Wachstumsförderung bei 0,3 μM Nickel lag. Höhere Nickelkonzentrationen wirkten hemmend. Das heterotrophe Wachstum mit Fructose wurde durch Nickelionen nicht gefördert. — Übertragen in Phosphatpuffer, der von Schwermetallionen befreit worden war, zeigten autotroph gewachsene Zellen eine rasche Aufnahme von 63Ni, sofern Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Kohlendioxid zugegen waren. Dabei wurde Nickel innerhalb von 60 min aus dem umgebenden Medium bis zur 280 fachen Konzentration in den Zellen angehäuft. Die beobachtete Ni-Aufnahme zeigte ein Temperaturoptimum bei etwa 29° C und wurde durch Hemmstoffe wie Arsenit, Jodacetat, Methylenblau, Natriumazid und Natriumcyanid stark beeinträchtigt. Andere Schwermetallionen (Zn, Co, Mn und Cu) verminderten die Nickelaufnahme nur geringfügig. Durch 58NiCl2 und Toluol wurde der Efflux von 63Ni aus den Zellen gefördert. Die Beobachtungen lassen darauf schließen, daß Nickelionen durch einen energieabhängigen Prozeß in chemolithotroph gewachsenen Zellen dieser Stämme angehäuft werden.
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic studies of the uptake of 63Ni were undertaken with two strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus, known to require nickel ions for chemolithotrophic growth. Using carbon dioxide as sole carbon source, growth is stimulated by low concentrations of nickel with optimum concentration for growth stimulation at about 0.3 μM nickel. Higher nickel concentrations were inhibitory. Heterotrophic growth on fructose was not stimulated by nickel ions.-Upon transfer into phosphate buffer freed of heavy metal ions, autotrophically grown cells exhibited rapid uptake of 63Ni which was dependent upon th presence of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Within 60 min nickel was accumulated from the medium, reaching 280-fold concentration in the cells. The observed uptake exhibited a temperature optimum at about 29° C and was markedly inhibited by metabolic inhibitors such as arsenite, iodoacetate, methylene-blue, sodium azide and sodium cyanide. Other heavy metal ions (Zn, Co, Mn and Cu) only slightly inhibited 63Ni-uptake. The efflux of 63Ni from the cells was stimulated by 58NiCl2 and by toluene. These data indicate that nickel ions are accumulated by an energy dependent mechanism in chemolithotrophically grown cells of these strains.
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    Relationships between rhizoplane and rhizosphere bacteria and verticillium wilt resistance in potato (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1985), S. 347-351 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Antagonists ; Verticillium dahliae ; Potato cultivars ; Resistance ; Populations ; Quantitative ; Qualitative-Roots ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six cultivars and breeding lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum) differing in susceptibility to verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae were studied with respect to quantitative and qualitative differences in the bacterial flora of their soil and rhizosphere-rhizoplane. Although, no association was observed between the types of bacteria that inhabited the soil or roots of wilt resistant and susceptible cultivars, quantitative differences were evident. These differences provide the first direct evidence that potato genotypes can influence bacterial populations. Bacterial populations were 9–25-fold higher on roots than in the adjacent soil. As the plants aged, the total number of rootcolonizing bacteria increased between 15 and 245%. Pseudomonas spp. were the most abundant microbes in the soil and rhizosphere-rhizoplane. The bacteria antagonistic to V. dahliae in vitro were identified as members of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Gluconobacter. A statistically significant trend was evident toward the association of antagonistic bacteria with the more resistant potato cultivars.
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    Taxonomic studies on filamentous bacteria from sewage belonging to the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 295-301 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Flavobacterium-Cytophaga-group ; Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten strains of gram-negative nonmotile pigmented filamentous bacteria were isolated from activated sludge. All strains were negative in nitrate reduction, hydrolysis of gelatin, indole production and acid production from glucose (except one strain) but positive in aminopeptidase, oxidase and catalase and oxidative in the O/F-test. Two groups could be differentiated by pigmentation and acid production from saccharose (group P, pink) or maltose (group Y, yellow). Group P (6 strains) had a G+C-content in the range from 41.9 to 43.7 mol%. The menaquinone isolated was predominantly MK-7. The pattern of branched and hydroxylated fatty acids was similar to the strains in phenovar 4–5 of Oyaizu and Komagata (1981). Group Y (4 strains) had a G+C-content of 33.7–34.6 mol%; menaquinones determined were predominantly MK-6. Fatty acid patterns were similar to those of the strains of the phenovar 6–1 of Oyaizu and Komagata (1981).
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    Bacterial degradation of dehydropolymers of coniferyl alcohol (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 18-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Lignin degradation ; Synthetic lignin ; Natural lignin ; Lignin-cellulose complex ; 14CO2 evolution ; Ferulic acid ; Permeation chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bacterial isolate identified as Xanthomonas sp. proved to be ligninolytic due to its ability to degrade 14C-labeled dehydropolymers of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) and [14C]lignocellulose complexes from corn plants (Zea mays). Several parameters of ligninolysis were evaluated and it was shown that resting cells degrade DHP as sole carbon source. Enhancement of DHP degradation in the presence of ferulic acid or water-soluble fractions of DHP or of dioxane lignin from wheat was demonstrated. It is shown that a dissociation of DHP takes place during incubation in the absence of the bacteria which is reflected in a shift of DHP to lower molecular weight fractions. Bacterial degradation of [14C] DHP results in the release of 14CO2 and in the incorporation of the 14C-label into the biomass of the bacteria, as shown by chemical and biological methods.
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    Interaction between lindane and microbes in soils (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 131-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lindane ; Soil Microorganisms ; Interaction ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Respiration ; Chloride ; Degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three lindane (γ-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) treated soils were studied under laboratory conditions to determine the interaction between lindane and the soil microorganisms. Microbial populations and respiration were monitored to study insecticide effects. Formation of lindane degradation products and chloride content were examined to determine effects of the microorganisms. Some populations in lindane treated soils showed temporary declines but all ultimately recovered to at least the level of the controls in 16 weeks. Respiration was stimulated over a 9-week period especially in the sandy and clay loams, suggesting the possibility of microbial degradation of the insecticide. Lindane degradation products separated and identified by TLC included γ-2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro-1-cyclohexene (γ-PCCH), α-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene (α-TCCH), γ-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1-cyclohexene (γ-TCCH), and pentachlorobenzene (PCB). Chloride production increased in soils treated with higher levels of lindane.
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    Polysulfide as a possible substrate for sulfur-reducing bacteria (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 377-382 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Polysulfide ; Sulfur-reduction ; Anaerobic ; Bacteria ; Archaea ; Thermophilic ; Mesophilic ; Neutrophilic ; Acidophilic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Because of its low solubility it is unlikely that elemental sulfur serves as the direct substrate for sulfur-reducing bacteria. To test the hypothesis that polysulfide may represent a soluble intermediate of sulfur reduction, the maximal polysulfide concentrations formed from elemental sulfur in aqueous sulfide solutions were measured at near neutral pH and at temperatures up to 90°C. The saturation concentrations decreased by two orders of magnitude when the pH was lowered from 7 to 6 at a given temperature, and increased about tenfold when the temperature was raised from 37°C to 90°C at a given pH. The dissolution of 0.1 mM zerovalent sulfur in 1 mM sulfide (H2S+HS−) required a pH of 7.5 at 20°C and of only 6.1 at 100°C. A comparison with the growth optima of sulfur-reducers suggests that polysulfide is present at sufficient concentration at the growth conditions of the Bacteria and the moderately acidophilic Archaea. Polysulfide is apparently not available at the growth conditions of the extremely acidophilic Archaea. Alternative mechanisms for the sulfur utilization under these conditions are discussed.
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    Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming) in archaea, a novel enzyme involved in acetate formation and ATP synthesis (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 159 (1993), S. 72-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Archaea ; Bacteria ; Hyperthermophiles ; Acetate formation ; Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase ; Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming) ; Phosphate acetyltransferase ; Acetate kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea Desulfurococcus amylolyticus, Hyperthermus butylicus, Thermococcus celer, Pyrococcus woesei, the hyperthermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum and the aerobic mesophilic archaeon Halobacterium saccharovorum were grown either on complex media, on sugars or on pyruvate as carbon and energy sources. During growth acetate was formed as fermentation product by all organisms. The enzymes involved in acetyl-CoA formation from pyruvate and in acetate formation from acetyl-CoA were investigated: 1. Cell extracts of all species, both archaea and bacteria, catalyzed the coenzyme A-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate with viologen dyes or with Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin as electron acceptors indicating a pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase to be operative in acetyl-CoA formation from pyruvate. 2. Cell extracts of all archaeal species, both hyperthermophiles (D. amylolyticus, H. butylicus, T. celer, P. woesei) and the mesophile H. saccharovorum, contained an acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming), which catalyzes both acetate formation from acetyl-CoA and ATP synthesis from ADP and phosphate (Pi): Acetyl-CoA+ADP+Pi⇌Acetate + ATP+CoA. Phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase could not be detected. 3. Cell extracts of the hyperthermophilic (eu)bacteria T. maritima and C. thermohydrosulfuricum contained phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase rather than acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming). These data indicate that acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming) represents a typical archaeal property rather than an enzyme specific for hyperthermophiles. It is proposed that in all acetate forming archaea the formation of acetate and of ATP from acetyl-CoA, ADP and Pi are catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming), whereas in all acetate forming (eu)bacteria these reactions are catalyzed by two enzymes, phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase.
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    Glycoproteins in prokaryotes (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 169-175 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Glycoprotein ; Glycosylation ; Bacteria ; Archaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rather recently it has become clear that prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria) are able to glycosylate proteins. A literature survey revealed the different types of glycoproteins. They include mainly surface layer (S-layer) proteins, flagellins, and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Only in a few cases is structural information available. Many different structures have been observed that display much more variation than that observed in eukaryotes. A few studies have given evidence for the function of the prokaryotic glycoprotein glycans. Also from the biosynthetic point of view, information is rather scarce. Due to their different cell structure, prokaryotes have to use mechanisms different from those found in eukaryotes to glycosylate proteins. However, from the fragmented data available for the prokaryotic glycoproteins, similarities with the eukaryotic system can be noticed.
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    Localization of selenium in bacterial cells using TEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Selenium ; Bacteria ; Intracellular deposits ; Intranuclear fibrillary aggregates ; TEM ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria isolated from lake sediment samples reduced sodium selenite to elemental selenium. Finestructural observations were made on a number of different bacterial species cultured in the presence of sodium selenite. Examination of Escherichia coli and a Pseudomonas species revealed electron-dense deposits of irregular shape, composed of smaller units, within the cytoplasm but not on the cell wall and cell membrane. Cells of Aeromonas and Flavobacterium species exhibited conspicuous intranuclear fibrillary aggregates and different electron-dense inclusions. It appeared that the membrane structures were somewhat more easily stained in some bacterial cells after growth on agar plates containing sodium selenite. The deposits and fibrillary accumulations were interpreted to contain selenium on the basis of energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Control preparations and cells grown in the presence of sodium selenate were void of any fine-structural abnormalities. Alterations in fine structure are discussed in relation to the metabolism of selenium by bacterial cells and possible sites of inhibition.
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    Chemotaxonomic significance of the xanthomonadins, novel brominated aryl-polyene pigments produced by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Xanthomonas ; Bacteria ; Phytopathogens ; Pigments ; Xanthomonadins ; Isobutyl xanthomonadins ; Mass spectra ; Taxonomy ; Chemotaxonomy ; Brominated ; Aryl-polyenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell pigments produced by strains of Xanthomonas spp. (including representatives of all five presently recognized taxospecies of these phytopathogenic bacteria) have been isolated as isobutyl esters, purified, and characterized in terms of electronic absorption, chromatographic and co-chromatographic, and mass spectrometric properties. This comparative examination reveals that these bacteria produce brominated aryl-polyene pigments which are given the trivial name “xanthomonadins”. The several xanthomonadins usually occur as mixtures which have been resolved by chromatography and sorted into several Pigment Groups, thus enabling a more rational approach in our on-going systematic study of their exact chemical structures and biosynthesis. From what is presently known, some of the xanthomonadins might differ from xanthomonadin I, the exact structure of which has previously been determined in material from Xanthomonas juglandis ICPB XJ103, by their being monobrominated (rather than dibrominated, as is xanthomonadin I), by their having the equivalent of one methyl group less than does xanthomonadin I, and/or in other ways. The pigments of Xanthomonas ampelina (a little known and possibly questionable member of this genus) seem somewhat different from the pigments of the other Xanthomonas spp. The ability to form these distinctive xanthomonadin pigments is a useful chemotaxonomic marker for the genus Xanthomonas, since such pigments are not known to be formed by taxonomically or ecologically adjacent bacteria. Sufficient characterization of this assemblage of xanthomonadin pigments is presented so that they can be isolated and identified routinely on the basis of the aforementioned properties.
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    Germanium accumulation by bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 533-538 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Bacillus ; Bacteria ; Catechol ; Germanium ; Metal ; Pseudomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Germanium accumulation was investigated in 23 bacterial strains. Bacillus strains accumulated the most Ge. Increasing the pH of the incubation medium from 7 to 8.5, as well as substituting catechol for glucose resulted in increased Ge accumulation. The apparent K s and V max of Ge accumulation in Bacillus cereus NRC 3045 were found to be 4.0 g/l and 2.2 mg/g dry wt/h, respectively. When cells from three different Bacillus strains were incubated in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol or toluene, Ge accumulation was completely inhibited. At 6° C, two out of three Bacillus strains showed a large decrease in Ge accumulation. In addition, non-viable Bacillus cells killed by UV irradiation did not accumulate Ge. These results strongly suggest that Ge accumulation by some Bacillus strains may be an energy-dependent process.
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    The effect of microorganisms, salinity and turbidity on hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil (1994)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 15 (1994), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Keywords: Polysaccharides ; Clogging ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Algae ; Bacteria ; Chlorophyll ; Irrigation channel ; Seepage ; Microorganisms ; Salinity Turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of polysaccharide producing benthic algae and bacteria could provide a low cost technique for seepage control in irrigation channels. The ability of algae and bacteria to produce polysaccharides proved to be successful in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil. Hydraulic conductivity was reduced to less than 22% of its original value within a month of inoculating soil columns with algae. Chlorophyll and polysaccharide concentrations in irrigation channel soil were measured in order to assess the growth of algae and extent of polysaccharide production, and their correlation with hydraulic conductivity of channel soil. Increases in polysaccharide occurred in the top layer (0–5 mm) of the soil column. The reduction of hydraulic conductivity was highly correlated with the amount of polysaccharides produced (r 2 = 0.92). Hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing algal and bacterial numbers. The first few millimetres of the soil core where microbial activity was concentrated, seemed effective in controlling seepage. Incorporation of extra nitrate and phosphate into algal medium did not increase the production of polysaccharides by algae in channel soil. The effect of salinity and turbidity of irrigation channel water on channel seepage was studied by measuring the effects on hydraulic conductivity of channel soils. When the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water increased above a threshold value, the hydraulic conductivity increased because of the flocculating effects on clay particles in channel soils. A relationship between sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and EC of the channel water was established which indicated 15% increase in channel seepage due to increases in salinity. Increasing the turbidity of irrigation water (by increasing the concentration of dispersed clay) resulted in lowering the hydraulic conductivity of the channel soil due to the sealing of soil pores by dispersed clay particles. When the turbidity of the water was 10 g clay l−1, the hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 100%. An increase in clay concentration above 1 g l−1 resulted in significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Soil bowl experiments indicated that clay sealing with a coating of hydrophobic polymer on the surface could also effectively prevent seepage of saline water.
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    Structural aspects of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] tuberculate ectomycorrhizae (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 137-146 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pseudotsuga ; Tubercles ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Calcium oxalate ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tubercles of Pseudotsuga menziesii consisted of clusters of ectomycorrhizae surrounded by a peridiumlike rind. Energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrated that crystals found in the zone of loose hyphae extending from the inner rind to the mantle of each root probably contain calcium oxalate. Inner mantle and Hartig net hyphae showed a labyrinthine branching pattern and stored carbohydrates and protein. The Hartig net formed up to inner cortical cells which had thickened, darkly stained walls. Bacteria were located either along with hyphae within the rind or as colonies on the surface of the tubercle.
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    Bacterial species in raw and cured compost from a large-scale urban composter (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1994), S. 177-182 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Antibiotic resistance ; Bacteria ; Compost ; Metal-resistance ; Thermophilic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Raw and cured compost samples from a large-scale urban composter were studied over a period of eight months to gain information on bacterial species present. Total viable, aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, lactose-positive bacteria, antibiotic and metal-resistant bacteria and thermophilic bacteria were enumerated. Both raw and cured compost samples contained metal and antibiotic-tolerant bacteria (〈Log 3.0 to Log 8.5 CFU g−1 compost) as well as high numbers (as high as Log 7.4 CFU g−1 dry weight compost) of thermophilic bacteria isolated by growth at 55 °C. Selected colonies were also identified using the Biolog 95 substrate identification system.Escherichia coli andSalmonella spp. were not detected in compost samples.
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    Distribution of plasmids in groundwater bacteria (1987)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1987), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Plasmid ; Groundwater ; Aquifer ; Bacteria ; Contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacteria isolated from groundwater aquifer core materials of pristine aquifers at Lula and Pickett, OK, and from a site with a history of aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and natural renovation located at Conroe, TX, were screened for the presence of plasmid DNA by alkaline or enzyme lysis and agarose gel techniques. Some of the isolates were also subjected to taxonomic tests in addition to screening for resistance to antibiotics, tolerance to heavy metal salts, and bacteriocin production. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the traits usually associated with plasmid occurrence in isolates from the three sites. These traits, which occurred at low frequencies, were not restricted to plasmid-bearing strains of the communities. Plasmids were found in isolates from all three sites, but on the average there was a significantly higher percentage of isolates containing plasmids in the samples from Conroe (19.4%) than from either Lula (1.8%) or Pickett (7.7%). The sizes of the plasmids found ranged between 3.5 and 202 kilobases but, for the Conroe samples, many more isolates (67%) contained smaller plasmids (〈10 kb) rather than larger ones. No plasmids were found in bacteria recovered from naturally renovated aquifer material at the Conroe site.
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    Solubilization of coal by an extracellular product fromStreptomyces setonii 75Vi2 (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1987), S. 371-375 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Coal ; Coal solubilization ; Streptomyces ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several low-ranked coals were solubilized when placed on the surface of agar cultures ofStreptomyces viridosporous T7A andS. setonii 75Vi2. When grown in submerged cultureS. setonii 75Vi2 produced an extracellular component that was capable of solubilizing coals. The extracellular coal solubilizing component had a molecular weight of 〈10000 and was heat stable since, after 1h at 121°C, only 30–40% of the activity was lost. Treatment with any of three proteases also appeared to be ineffective in decreasing activity. These results suggest that coal solubilization byS. setonii 75Vi2 is nonenzymatic.
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    Bacterial nutrition of great scallop larvae (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 215-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Nutrition ; Great scallop (Pecten maximus) ; Larvae ; Tracer technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Bacterial nutrition of great scallop, Pecten moximus, larvae was investigated using the radioactive tracer technique. The bacterial labelling was studied initially to obtain a high and stable specific radioactivity (14C) of bacterial cells. A higher bacterial specific 14C activity was obtained when the tracer (amino acid) was introduced in the culture medium at the beginning of the exponential growth phase. After a 12 h labelling period in a rich nutritive medium, the bacteria were depurated in seawater for 5 h (chase) to prevent further 14C excretion and then added to larval rearing vessels. The larval labelling was followed for 12 h and then larvae were placed in new vessels without radioactive bacteria. The depuration of larvae was followed for 3 days. Data obtained on ingestion and assimilation efficiency show that bivalve larvae are able to ingest and digest bacteria.
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    Model and analysis of chemotactic bacterial patterns in a liquid medium (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 38 (1999), S. 359-375 
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    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Chemotaxis ; Partial differential equations ; Bacteria ; Mathematical Modeling ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  A variety of spatial patterns are formed chemotactically by the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. We focus in this paper on patterns formed by E. coli and S. typhimurium in liquid medium experiments. The dynamics of the bacteria, nutrient and chemoattractant are modeled mathematically and give rise to a nonlinear partial differential equation system. We present a simple and intuitively revealing analysis of the patterns generated by our model. Patterns arise from disturbances to a spatially uniform solution state. A linear analysis gives rise to a second order ordinary differential equation for the amplitude of each mode present in the initial disturbance. An exact solution to this equation can be obtained, but a more intuitive understanding of the solutions can be obtained by considering the rate of growth of individual modes over small time intervals.
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  • 85
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    Studies on the fine structure of the protozoan Cyclidium, with special reference to the mitochondria, pellicle and surface-associated bacteria (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Bacteria ; Association ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Cyclidium, including the cilia, kinetosomes, pellicle, microtubules and kinetodesmal fibers is similar to that recorded for other ciliates. Of special interest is the attachment of rod-shaped bacteria within the longitudinally directed shallow surface folds of the protozoan. Both the bacteria and the surface of Cyclidium seem to possess an outer coating of a sticky substance which upon contact holds the bacteria to the protozoan. The bacteria appear to be attached by only a relatively small area of their surfaces. A dense substance appears within the alveolus of the pellicle at the regions of the attachment of the bacteria. The association of the organisms is probably a temporary one, and it is unknown whether either organism is benefited or harmed by the association. The position of the mitochondria in Cyclidium is unusual in that they all lie flattened against the inner membrane of the pellicle, usually in a position directly opposite to that of the attachment of the bacteria to the surface, thus being separated from the bacteria by only the outer cell membrane and the pellicle. Whether or not this close topographical relationship is of significance is unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306587
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  • 86
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    Ultrastructure of the enlarged cecum in germfree rats (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 555-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cecum ; Germfree ; Bacteria ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cecum of germfree rats, as studied by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, differs in many respects from the cecum of conventional rats. Epithelial cells in germfree rats are taller and have larger nuclei and longer microvilli than similar cells in conventional rats. The cecal mucosa of germfree rats shows a larger variability in the arrangement of the crypts of Lieberkühn than does the mucosa of conventional rats. Some crypts are funnel-shaped and connected close to the mucosal surface with adjacent similar crypts to form long valleys. Less wide crypts open on elevated regions of the mucosal surface. The lamina propria of germfree animals is devoid of plasma cells but rich in mast cells. Germfree animals show hypertrophy of the tunica muscularis externa. In conventional rats the cecal lumen contains a large variety of morphologically different bacteria. However, the lumen of the crypts of Lieberkühn contains only one type of elongated bacteria, which are present in large amounts. This finding suggests that symbiotic relations may be of particular importance in the crypts of Lieberkühn in the cecum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340589
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  • 87
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    Ultrastructure of the endosymbionts of the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci andTrialeurodes vaporariorum (1993)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 176 (1993), S. 106-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Whitefly ; Bacteria ; Symbiosis ; Micro-organism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the mycetocytes and mycetome micro-organisms of the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci Genn. andTrialeurodes vaporariorum West are described. InB. tabaci, two morphologically distinct types of micro-organisms were observed in mycetocytes. The predominant type lacked a distinct cell wall, was pleomorphic in shape with a surrounding vacuole. The second type was a coccoid organism, with inner and outer cell membranes. The coccoid organism was often found in groups of varying number within vacuoles, and in many cases appeared to be undergoing degradation. InT. vaporariorum mycetocytes, pleomorphic and coccoid organisms were found, although the coccoid micro-organism inT. vaporariorum, had a thicker cell wall than the coccoid micro-organism inB. tabaci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378946
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  • 88
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    Nickel toxicity inPseudomonas tabaci: Single cell and bulk sample analysis of bacteria cultured at high cation levels (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 130 (1986), S. 171-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Nickel ; Pseudomonas ; Toxicity ; Spectrophotometry ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The growth ofPseudomonas tabaci in nutrient medium is partially inhibited in the presence of 10−3 M added nickel (threshold toxic concentration), with complete inhibition at 10−2 M nickel—but no effect at 10−4 and 10−5 M. Toxic levels of nickel affect both cell division and cell viability. Spectrophotometric determination of intracellular levels of nickel at different external concentrations showed that the highest internal values occurred with cells cultured in 10−4M (non-toxic) nickel medium rather than in 10−3 (toxic) medium—suggesting that nickel toxicity does not primarily relate to internal concentration. X-ray microanalysis, carried out on whole bacterial cells, showed that toxic levels of nickel in the external medium resulted in a range of ionic changes in the cell, including a decrease in the level of K (K efflux) and an increase in the levels of Mn, Fe, Ni, and Cu (transition metal cation influx). Other changes induced by nickel toxicity included an increase in the level of soluble S (with a decrease in insoluble S), an increased cell dry mass, and a conspicuous plasmolysis—which was observed both in whole cells and in ultrathin sections. The results obtained support a primary toxic effect of nickel at the cell surface—possibly directly affecting the transport activity of the plasmalemma. The resulting changes, particularly involving the influx of a range of cations, may lead to secondary toxic activities affecting the whole metabolism, leading to plasmolysis and inhibition of division.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276599
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  • 89
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    Enclosure of bacteria by the rough endoplasmic reticulum of shrimp hepatopancreas cells (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Endocytobiosis ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Peribacterial compartment ; Hepatopancreas ; Palaemon elegans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In hepatopancreas cells of the shrimp,Palaemon elegans, bacteria were found to be harboured within large compartments limited by a ribosome-bearing membrane. The formation of these compartments was reconstructed from a series of electron micrographs. The bacteria enter the hepatopancreas cells from the luminal side. During or immediately after endocytosis the phagosome membrane disintegrates and the bacteria are released into the cytoplasm. A group of bacteria plus the surrounding cytoplasm then becomes encircled by cisternal profiles of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), resulting in a bacteria harbouring compartment with a double-membraned envelope. During formation of the compartment the inner rER membrane loses its ribosomes. Later it disintegrates completely by fragmentation and vesiculation. Thus, the bacteria are moved passively into the lumen of the rER where they multiply. They are released from the host cell by rupture of the cell apex and subsequent discharge of the peribacterial compartment. The enclosure of bacteria by the rER of the hepatopancreas cells ofPalaemon elegans may illustrate how prokaryotic endocytobionts become located within the rER of eukaryotic hosts, a feature that has been repeatedly reported for protozoa and metazoa from systematically distant taxa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403722
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  • 90
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    Morphological variation inBemisia endosymbionts (1995)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 189 (1995), S. 194-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Bemisia tabaci ; Bemisia argentifolii ; Endosymbionts ; Microorganism ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the endosymbionts of several populations of whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Consistent differences in morphology and relative number of endosymbionts were observed between species and biotypes of whitefly within the Bemisia taxon.Bemisia argentifolii (=B. tabaci B biotype) individuals from Hawaii, Florida, and Arizona contained two morphological types of microorganisms housed within the mycetocyte cells of immature whiteflies. In contrast, individuals from populations ofB. tabaci A biotype from Arizona and Mexico, andB. tabaci Jatropha biotype from Puerto Rico, consistently contained three distinct morphological types of microorganisms within their mycetocytes. Organisms fromB. tabaci A and Jatropha biotypes differed from each other in the relative frequency of each type of microorganism. These observations suggest that different whitefly biotypes may have variable combinations of micro-fauna, with some possibly unique to each group, and furthers the hypothesis that variation in whitefly endosymbionts may be associated with the development of biotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280174
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  • 91
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    Examination of Antarctic prokaryotic diversity through molecular comparisons (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 1295-1305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Archaea ; Bacteria ; Antarctica ; biodiversity ; 16S rRNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prokaryotes perform key functions in Antarctic ecosystems, and knowledge of the taxonomy of Antarctic prokaryotes is a prerequisite for the transfer of information between fields of scientific inquiry. The taxonomy of prokaryotes has been greatly revised and improved due to the refinements afforded by molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing. Past inventories of Antarctic microbial diversity are difficult to reconcile with the developing, phylogenetically-based taxonomy. Antarctic prokaryotes are considerably diverse and most evolutionary groups are represented, including representatives of both Archaea and Bacteria. The diversity appears unique due to the ease with which new species can be isolated; however, that may be a result of our vastly incomplete knowledge of both Antarctic and non-Antarctic prokaryotic diversity. Use of the 16S rRNA gene as a molecular clock would suggest that the majority of Antarctic prokaryotes diverged from their nearest known non-Antarctic relatives long before a stable ice-sheet developed in Antarctica. The time of colonization (or recolonization) of Antarctic environments by individual species may have been very recent in evolutionary time scales.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051980
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  • 92
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    Selective digestive decontamination in multiple trauma patients: Cost and efficacy (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 17 (1995), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; Bacteria ; Clinical trials ; Costs and cost analysis ; Drug utilization ; Infection ; Multiple trauma ; Selective digestive decontamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and the cost of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) to prevent nosocomial pneumonia in multiple-trauma patients. Nosocomial infections, particularly pneumonia, were more frequent in the placebo group. The most common infectious agent wasStaphylococcus: Staphylococcus aureus in the placebo group andStaphylococcus epidermidis in the SDD group. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus epidermidis was detected more often in the SDD group. No methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus was observed in this study. Fewer patients in the SDD group required antibiotherapy. SDD resulted in a saving of about 41% in drug expenditure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875552
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  • 93
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    Distribution of naturally occurring quinones (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 70-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Algae ; Angiosperms ; Arthropods ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Lichens ; Marine animals ; Quinones, naturally occurring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Angiosperms, fungi (including lichens), and bacteria are the main sources of natural quinones. Small numbers are present in algae, ferns, conifers, sponges, echinoderms, other marine animals, and arthropods. In angiosperms quinones have some chemotaxonomic value at the genus and family level but more surveys are required.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974983
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    Stability of buprenorphine, haloperidol and glycopyrrolate mixture in a 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 272-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Stability ; Buprenorphine ; Glycopyrrolate ; Haloperidol ; Polypropylene ; Polyvinyl chloride ; PVC ; Syringes ; Cassettes ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Combinations of opioids and adjuvant drug solutions are often used in clinical practice while little information is available on their microbiological or chemical stability. Currently there are no commercially available, prepacked, ready‐to‐use epidural or subcutaneous mixtures. Thus, epidural and subcutaneous analgesic mixtures must be prepared in the pharmacy on an as‐needed basis. Such mixtures are typically used for the treatment of severe pain in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological and chemical stability of a buprenorphine, haloperidol and glycopyrrolate mixture in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method and pH‐meter were used to conduct the analyses. Antimicrobial activity of each component was studied by an agar dilution method. According to the results from the chemical and microbiological stability studies, this mixture can be stored in polypropylene (PP) syringes and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medication cassettes for at least 30 days at either 21 °C or 4 °C, and for 16 days in PP syringes at 36 °C, and for 9 days in PVC medication cassettes at 36 °C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008771621812
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    Vitamin requirements in great scallop larvae (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 315-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Great scallop Pecten maximus ; Microalgae ; Nutrition ; Vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Vitamins were analysed in food (microalgae) and larvae of great scallop, Pecten maximus, during larval development. Microalgae used to feed larvae in hatcheries show great variability in their vitamin composition depending on both the species and culture condition (phase of growth). The microalgae used to feed Pecten maximus larvae were rich in vitamins; their content compared with diets used in fish culture appeared sufficient, with the possible exceptions of pyridoxine, biotin and pantothenic acid. Vitamins in bacteria, isolated from the larval rearing tank were also analysed, as they can also contribute to the diet. Vitamin B12, α-tocopherol and Β-carotene were detected in very low concentration in bacteria; however, some bacterial strains were rich in pantothenic acid, and the pattern of other vitamins was similar to that from microalgae. The presence of bacteria can complement the diet in panthothenic acid, as it has been demonstrated that bacteria are ingested by larvae. The vitamin content of Pecten maximus larvae was analysed from the second day after hatching to just before metamorphosis. The content of some vitamins, ascorbic acid (C), α-tocopherol and Β-carotene, increased during larval development, suggesting that their requirement was satisfied. However, thiamin and riboflavin decreased during larval development and further studies, possibly using microencapsulated vitamins supplements, are needed to determine whether these vitamins are limiting during larval development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120948
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  • 96
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    A direct observation technique for studies on rhizoplane and rhizosphere colonization (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 405-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Fertilizers ; Observation technique ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A slide incubation chamber was described which allowed small plants to be grown from seed and the root systems to be observed microscopically. A fluorescence stain, the ammonium salt of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, was applied to the soil in which the roots were growing and the stained microorganisms on the roots and in the rhizosphere were counted. A statistical pattern analysis technique, the two-within-four randomization test, was used to analyze the data obtained from quadrats on the roots. Distinct colonization patterns and colony growth, especially of bacteria, were easily distinguished with the technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197787
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    Effect of four common herbicides on the population of microorganisms in Red Sandy soil (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 451-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Azotobacter ; Bacteria ; Lasso ; Nitrofen ; Propinol ; Simazine ; Soil microflora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted to know the effect of four common herbicidesviz, Lasso, Nitrofen, Propinol, and Simazine on soil microorganisms in Red Sandy soil. In general the application of different herbicides did not adversely affect the microbial population. The bacterial population was decreased by the application of propinol and nitrofen. Simazine and lasso stimulated the fungal population. The stimulation in Azotobacter population was observed in lasso, nitrofen and simazine treated soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185588
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  • 98
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    Effect of inoculation withPseudomonas azotogensis on the yield and straw weight of wheat (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 453-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Association ; Bacteria ; Fertilizer N ; Inoculation ; Pseudomonas azotogensis ; Shake culture ; Straw weight ; Symbiosis ; Wheat yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The association ofPseudomonas azotogensis with wheat (T. aestivum) in the semi-arid tropical region of India is reported here. An increase in yield of about 11% was obtained as a result of the application of this culture along with 80 kg N/ha under field condition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185589
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  • 99
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    Effect of soil fumigation with vapam on the dynamics of soil microflora and their related biochemical activity (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Ammonification ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrification ; Vapam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fungal propagules, in general, were drastically reduced in vapam amended soils. The toxicant from 250 to 1000 ppm was lethal toFusarium spp. Only in the early part of the experiment, higher concentrations of vapam appreciably reduced the population of bacteria and actinomycetes, though later on, their population gradually increased. The numbers of Azotobacter in soil amended with 125, 250 and 500 ppm did not alter appreciably, but their population in treated soils increased over the check on the 45th day. All concentrations of vapam lowered the population of Rhizobia. Vapam produced inhibitory effect on soil nitrification, inhibition period varying with the amount of chemical applied initially. Vapam from 125 to 500 ppm stimulated the ammonification process, while its higher concentration (1000 ppm) produced detrimental effect for 15 days. The toxicant increased CO2 production for first 32 days. Results suggest that extraordinary success of vapam in controlling soil-borne infections of Pythium and Rhizoctonia was not entirely due to its fungicidal action. Partly it was also due to an increase in the population of known antagonists of these pathogens in fumigated soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181882
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  • 100
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    Recycling of organic matter through mulch in relation to chemical and microbiological properties of soil and crop yields (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Azotobacter ; Alluvial soil ; Available nitrogen ; Available phosphorus ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Green gram ; Maize ; Mulching ; Organic matter ; Recyling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic mulching on the nutrient status, microbiological properties and the yield of maize and green gram crops. Soil organic carbon and humin and humus carbon of the fallow and the cropped soils were augmented by mulching. More of nitrogen, available phosphorus and ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen were found in mulched soils. Soil reaction was not affected by mulching. Mulched treatments maintained more of soil moisture and soil temperature lowered during summer and rainy seasons. Population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and Azotobacter were augmented in mulched treatments at all the stages of sampling. Mulching significantly increased the grain and straw yield of both the crops. The nitrogen uptake by grain was higher in mulched than in the unmulched treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205856
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