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  • pharmacokinetics  (2,025)
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  • Springer  (2,741)
  • Alliance for Coastal Technologies
  • 1
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    Evaluating approaches and technologies for monitoring organic contaminants in the aquatic environment, Ann Arbor, MI, July 21-23, 2006: workshop proceedings (2021)
    Alliance for Coastal Technologies | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3114 | 130 | 2011-09-29 17:51:58 | 3114 | University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) convened a workshop on Evaluating Approaches and Technologies for Monitoring Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment in Ann Arbor, MI on July 21-23, 2006. The primary objectives of this workshop were to: 1) identify the priority management information needs relative to organic contaminant loading; 2) explore themost appropriate approaches to estimating mass loading; and 3) evaluate the current status of thesensor technology. To meet these objectives, a mixture of leading research scientists, resourcemanagers, and industry representatives were brought together for a focused two-day workshop.The workshop featured four plenary talks followed by breakout sessions in which arranged groupsof participants where charged to respond to a series of focused discussion questions.At present, there are major concerns about the inadequacies in approaches and technologies forquantifying mass emissions and detection of organic contaminants for protecting municipal watersupplies and receiving waters. Managers use estimates of land-based contaminant loadings torivers, lakes, and oceans to assess relative risk among various contaminant sources, determinecompliance with regulatory standards, and define progress in source reduction. However, accuratelyquantifying contaminant loading remains a major challenge. Loading occurs over a range ofhydrologic conditions, requiring measurement technologies that can accommodate a broad rangeof ambient conditions. In addition, in situ chemical sensors that provide a means for acquiringcontinuous concentration measurements are still under development, particularly for organic contaminantsthat typically occur at low concentrations. Better approaches and strategies for estimatingcontaminant loading, including evaluations of both sampling design and sensor technologies,need to be identified. The following general recommendations were made in an effort to advancefuture organic contaminant monitoring:1. Improve the understanding of material balance in aquatic systems and the relationship betweenpotential surrogate measures (e.g., DOC, chlorophyll, particle size distribution) and target constituents.2. Develop continuous real-time sensors to be used by managers as screening measures and triggersfor more intensive monitoring.3. Pursue surrogate measures and indicators of organic pollutant contamination, such as CDOM,turbidity, or non-equilibrium partitioning.4. Develop continuous field-deployable sensors for PCBs, PAHs, pyrethroids, and emerging contaminantsof concern and develop strategies that couple sampling approaches with tools that incorporatesensor synergy (i.e., measure appropriate surrogates along with the dissolved organics toallow full mass emission estimation).[PDF contains 20 pages]
    Description: NOAA
    Description: Alliance for Coastal Technologies, CBL/UMCES
    Keywords: Engineering ; Earth Sciences ; Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    State of Technology for In Situ Measures of Salinity Using Conductive Temperature Sensors, Savannah, Georgia, December 3-5, 2007: workshop proceedings (2021)
    Alliance for Coastal Technologies | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3110 | 130 | 2011-09-29 17:51:42 | 3110 | University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) workshop was convened to assess the availabilityand state of development of conductivity-temperature sensors that can meet the needs of coastalmonitoring and management communities. Rased on the discussion, there are presently a numberof commercial sensor options available, with a wide range of package configurations suitable fordeployment in a range of coastal environments. However, some of the central questions posedin the workshop planning documents were left somewhat unresolved. The workshop descriptionemphasized coastal management requirements and, in particular, whether less expensive, easilydeployed, lower-resolution instruments might serve many management needs. While several participantsexpressed interest in this class of conductivity-temperature sensors, based on input fromthe manufacturers, it is not clear that simply relaxing the present level of resolution of existing instrumentswill result in instruments of significantly lower unit cost. Conductivity-temperature sensorsare available near or under the $1,000 unit cost that was operationally defined at the workshopas a breakpoint for what might be considered to be a "low cost" sensor. For the manufacturers, akey consideration before undertaking the effort to develop lower cost sensors is whether there willbe a significant market. In terms of defining "low cost," it was also emphasized that the "life cyclecosts" for a given instrument must be considered (e.g., including personnel costs for deploymentand maintenance). An adequate market survey to demonstrate likely applications and a viablemarket for lower cost sensors is needed. Another topic for the workshop was the introductionto the proposed ACT verification for conductivity-temperature sensors. Following a summaryof the process as envisioned by ACT, initial feedback was solicited. Protocol development willbe pursued further in a workshop involving ACT personnel and conductivity-temperature sensormanufacturers.[PDF contains 28 pages]
    Description: NOAA
    Description: Alliance for Coastal Technologies, CBL/UMCES
    Keywords: Earth Sciences ; Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 3
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    Applications of in situ Fluorometers in Nearshore waters, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005: workshop proceedings (2021)
    Alliance for Coastal Technologies | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3126 | 130 | 2011-09-29 17:52:50 | 3126
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop "Applications of in situ Fluorometers inNearshore Waters" was held in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005, with sponsorship bythe Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), one of the ACT partner organization.The purpose of the workshop was to explore recent trends in fluorometry as it relates to resourcemanagement applications in nearshore environments. Participants included representatives fromstate and federal environmental management agencies as well as research institutions, many ofwhom are currently using this technology in their research and management applications.Manufacturers and developers of fluorometric measuring systems also attended the meeting.The Workshop attendees discussed the historical and present uses of fluorometry technology andidentified the great potential for its use by coastal managers to fulfill their regulatory andmanagement objectives. Participants also identified some of the challenges associated with thecorrect use of Fluorometers to estimate biomass and the rate of primary productivity. TheWorkshop concluded that in order to expand the existing use of fluorometers in both academicand resource management disciplines, several issues concerning data collection, instrumentcalibration, and data interpretation needed to be addressed. Participants identified twelverecommendations, the top five of which are listed below:Recommendations1) Develop a "Guide" that describes the most important aspects of fluorescencemeasurements. This guide should be written by an expert party, with both research andindustry input, and should be distributed by all manufacturers with theirinstrumentation. The guide should also be made available on the ACT website as wellas those of other relevant organizations. The guide should include discussions on thefollowing topics:The benefits of using fluorometers in research and resource managementapplications;What fluorometers can and cannot provide in terms of measurements;The necessary assumptions required before applying fluorometry;Characterization and calibration of fluorometers; (pdf contains 32 pages)
    Description: NOAA
    Description: Alliance for Coastal Technologies, CBL/UMCES
    Keywords: Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Interindividual Variability in Parameters Related to Health Risks (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 711-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: variability ; exposure ; susceptibility ; risk assessment ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews existing data on the variability in parameters relevant for health risk analyses. We cover both exposure-related parameters and parameters related to individual susceptibility to toxicity. The toxicity/susceptibility data base under construction is part of a longer term research effort to lay the groundwork for quantitative distributional analyses of non-cancer toxic risks. These data are broken down into a variety of parameter types that encompass different portions of the pathway from external exposure to the production of biological responses. The discrete steps in this pathway, as we now conceive them, are: •Contact Rate (Breathing rates per body weight; fish consumption per body weight) •Uptake or Absorption as a Fraction of Intake or Contact Rate •General Systemic Availability Net of First Pass Elimination and Dilution via Distribution Volume (e.g., initial blood concentration per mg/kg of uptake) •Systemic Elimination (half life or clearance) •Active Site Concentration per Systemic Blood or Plasma Concentration •Physiological Parameter Change per Active Site Concentration (expressed as the dose required to make a given percentage change in different people, or the dose required to achieve some proportion of an individual's maximum response to the drug or toxicant) •Functional Reserve Capacity–Change in Baseline Physiological Parameter Needed to Produce a Biological Response or Pass a Criterion of Abnormal Function Comparison of the amounts of variability observed for the different parameter types suggests that appreciable variability is associated with the final step in the process–differences among people in “functional reserve capacity.” This has the implication that relevant information for estimating effective toxic susceptibility distributions may be gleaned by direct studies of the population distributions of key physiological parameters in people that are not exposed to the environmental and occupational toxicants that are thought to perturb those parameters. This is illustrated with some recent observations of the population distributions of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol from the second and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007045922532
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the Uncertainty in an Oral Reference Dose for Methylmercury Due to Interindividual Variability in Pharmacokinetics (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 547-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: MeHg ; pharmacokinetics ; PBPK model ; variability ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the uncertainty in guidelines for the ingestion of methylmercury (MeHg) due to human pharmacokinetic variability was conducted using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes MeHg kinetics in the pregnant human and fetus. Two alternative derivations of an ingestion guideline for MeHg were considered: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 μg/kg/day derived from studies of an Iraqi grain poisoning episode, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry chronic oral minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.5 μg/kg/day based on studies of a fish-eating population in the Seychelles Islands. Calculation of an ingestion guideline for MeHg from either of these epidemiological studies requires calculation of a dose conversion factor (DCF) relating a hair mercury concentration to a chronic MeHg ingestion rate. To evaluate the uncertainty in this DCF across the population of U.S. women of child-bearing age, Monte Carlo analyses were performed in which distributions for each of the parameters in the PBPK model were randomly sampled 1000 times. The 1st and 5th percentiles of the resulting distribution of DCFs were a factor of 1.8 and 1.5 below the median, respectively. This estimate of variability is consistent with, but somewhat less than, previous analyses performed with empirical, one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. The use of a consistent factor in both guidelines of 1.5 for pharmacokinetic variability in the DCF, and keeping all other aspects of the derivations unchanged, would result in an RfD of 0.2 μg/kg/day and an MRL of 0.3 μg/kg/day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007017116171
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Rückstandsverhalten von Chloramphenicol nach intramuskulärer Applikation beim Schwein (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Chloramphenicol ; pharmacokinetics ; residue ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Residues of Chloramphenicol (CAP) were examined in 24 pigs after intramuscular injection of 30 mg CAP/kg body weight. Two pigs were slaughtered after 3, 6, 12,18, 24, 36 hours, 2, 3, 6, 10, 21 and 30 days, respectively. CAP-concentrations were determined in muscle, blood, urine, liver, kidney, bile, and fat. Methods used were gas-liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Detection limits reached were 1−5 ppb. The concentration-time curves obtained reflected a long elimination phase and allowed only calculation of this half-life. Elimination half-life was estimated to be for muscle, blood and urine 160–170 hours, for kidney 310 and for bile 250 hours. Significant correlations were found to exist between CAP-concentrations in plasma and muscle. It appears that blood would be a good body fluid for monitoring CAP-residues in tissue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung des Rückstandsverhaltens von Chloramphenicol (CAP) wurden 24 Mastschweine, 24–28 Wochen alt, intramuskulär mit 30 mg CAP/kg Körpergewicht behandelt und je 2 Tiere nach 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 Stunden, 2, 3, 6, 10, 21 und 30 Tagen geschlachtet. Die CAP-Gehalte in Muskulatur, Blut, Urin, Leber, Niere, Galle und Fett wurden gaschromatographisch und radioimmunologisch bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze beider Methoden liegt in Abhängigkeit von der Matrix zwischen 1 und 5 ppb. Die erhaltenen Kinetiken weisen eine terminale Elimination auf, deren Halbwertszeiten für Muskulatur, Blut und Urin ca. 160–170 Stunden, für Niere 310 Stunden und für Galle 250 Stunden betragen. Die CAP-Konzentration in Muskulatur und Blut weisen eine signifikante, lineare Korrelation auf. Blutuntersuchungen könnten deshalb als Screening-Methode bei umfangreichen Rückstandskontrollen eingesetzt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020458
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic and pharmacokinetic studies on the metabolism of branched chain α-keto acids in the rat (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 14-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: branched chain α-keto acids ; 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate ; 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate ; dehydrogenation ; transamination ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Michaelis-Konstanten und Aktivitäten von Dehydrogenasen und Transaminasen der drei verzweigten α-Ketosäuren Keto-Valin, Keto-Leucin und Keto-Isoleucin in Leber, Niere, Skeletmuskel und Gehirn von Ratten werden mitgeteilt. Nach oraler Zufuhr passieren nur 11–22% der Ketosäuren unverändert die Leber. Aus pharmakokinetischen und Resorptions-Untersuchungen erhaltene Blutspiegel an Ketosäuren werden zu den Michaelis-Konstanten in Beziehung gesetzt. Bei den geringen Konzentrationen an Ketosäuren nach oraler Zufuhr kann angenommen werden, daß die oxidativen Prozesse in den nichthepatischen Geweben über die Transaminierung überwiegen. Daten über die Wachstumseffizienz von verzweigtkettigen α-Ketosäuren im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Aminosäuren stimmen mit dieser Vorstellung überein. Bei intravenöser Verabreichung müßten die Voraussetzungen für Transaminierung besser sein als nach oraler Zufuhr. Auf der Basis von Daten aus der Literatur werden die Übertragbarkeit unserer Befunde auf den Menschen und die verschiedenen Faktoren, welche die Effizienz der verzweigten α-Ketosäuren durch Einwirkung auf ihren Stoffwechsel beeinflussen können, diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Miehaelis-constants and enzyme activities for dehydrogenation and transamination of the three branched chainα-keto acids in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and brain of rats are reported. After oral load only 11–22 % of the keto acids pass the liver unchanged. Blood levels in pharmacokinetic and absorption studies are related to the Michaelis-constants. At the low keto-acid concentrations after oral application, dehydrogenation in the non-hepatic tissues is supposed to prevail over transamination. Data on feed efficiency of branched chain α-keto acids reported in the literature support this view. The chance for transamination is better after intravenous administration. The transferability of our data to humans, and various factors influencing the efficiency of branched chain α-keto acids are discussed in connection with data reported in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020781
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ni–Zn–P alloy deposition from sulfate bath: inhibitory effect of zinc (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1171-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alloys ; cyclic voltammetry ; electrodeposition ; electroless deposition ; nickel ; phosphorus ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electroless Ni–Zn–P alloy deposition from a sulphate bath, containing sodium hypophosphite as reducer, was investigated. To increase the plating rate, the deposition parameters were optimized. The effect of process parameters (T, pH and [Zn2+]) on the plating rate and deposit composition was examined and it was found that the presence of zinc in the bath has an inhibitory effect on the alloy deposition. As a consequence, the percentage of zinc in the electroless Ni–Zn–P alloys never reaches high values. Using cyclic voltammetry the electrodeposition mechanism of Ni–Zn–P alloys was investigated. It was observed that the zinc deposition inhibits the nickel discharge and, as a consequence, its catalytic activity on hypophosphite oxidation. It was also found that increase in temperature or pH leads to the deposition of nickel rich alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003426904395
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of (meso-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato) dichlorophosphorus(V) chloride, [P(tpp)Cl2]+Cl− (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Octahedral ; phosphorus ; chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound [P(tpp)Cl2]+Cl− crystallizes in the space group P21/n witha=10.701(2),b=24.860(2),c=14.799(2), β=94.24(2)°,Z=4. The phosphorus atom has an octahedral coordination geometry formed by the four nitrogen atoms (Np) of the porphyrinato group and the two chloride ions. The average phosphorus-chloride distance is 2.150(1) Å, with phosphorus situated 0.006 Å below the porphyrin ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665175
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical characterization of Fe-Ni-P alloy electrodeposition (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1198-1206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: alloy ; amorphous ; anomalous ; hydrogen ; iron ; nickel ; phosphorus ; plating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have investigated the electrodeposition of amorphous iron–nickel–phosphorus alloys from a sulfate electrolyte. Fe-Ni alloys are known to exhibit an ’anomalous‘ type of plating behaviour in which deposition of the less noble metal is favoured. We have found that the codeposition of phosphorus from hypophosphite in the electrolyte led to a reversal to a ’normal‘ behaviour. This reversal was due both to the suppression of iron and enhancement of nickel partial currents. The overall deposition process is dominated by the hydrogen evolution reaction. This is exacerbated by the low pH needed to codeposit sufficient phosphorus to achieve an amorphous structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018475718629
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