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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques  (7)
  • Agu  (4)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (3)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
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    Impact of the Minoan tsunami of Santorini. Simulated scenarios in the Eastern Mediterranean (2007)
    Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have simulated the impact of the tsunami generated by the Late Bronze Age (LBA) volcanic eruption of Santorini on the Eastern Mediterranean. Two different tsunami triggering mechanisms were considered: a caldera collapse and pyroclastic flows/surges entering the sea. Simulations include the ‘‘worst’’ input conditions in order to evaluate the maximum possible impacts, but also ‘‘lighter’’ input conditions, compatible with the lack of any tsunami trace on the Northern coasts of Crete. In all the simulations, tsunami propagation is mainly confined to the Southern Aegean. Outside the Aegean, the tsunami impact was negligible and not responsible for the slide-slumping of fine-grained pelagic and/or hemipelagic sediments considered the sources of the sporadically located seadeposits in the Ionian Sea and of the widespread megaturbidite deposits localized in the Ionian and Sirte Abyssal Plains.
    Description: Published
    Description: L18607
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Minoan tsunami ; Santorini ; eastern Mediterranean ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Best-fit results from application of a thermo-rheological model for channelized lava flow to high spatial resolution morphological data (2007)
    Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The FLOWGO thermo-rheological model links heat loss, core cooling, crystallization, rheology and flow dynamics for lava flowing in a channel. We fit this model to laser altimeter (LIDAR) derived channel width data, as well as effusion rate and flow velocity measurements, to produce a best-fit prediction of thermal and rheological conditions for lava flowing in a ~1.6 km long channel active on Mt. Etna (Italy) on 16th September 2004. Using, as a starting condition for the model, the mean channel width over the first 100 m (6 m) and a depth of 1 m we obtain an initial velocity and instantaneous effusion rate of 0.3-0.6 m/s and ~3 m3/s, respectively. This compares with field- and LIDAR-derived values of 0.4 m/s and 1-4 m3/s. The best-fit between model-output and LIDIR-measured channel widths comes from a hybrid run in which the proximal section of the channel is characterised by poorly insulated flow and the medial-distal section by well-insulated flow. This best-fit model implies that flow conditions evolve down-channel, where hot crusts on a free flowing channel maximise heat losses across the proximal section, whereas thick, stable, mature crusts of 'a'a clinker reduce heat losses across the medial-distal section. This results in core cooling per unit distance that decreases from ~0.02-0.015 °C m-1 across the proximal section, to ~0.005 °C m-1 across the medial-distal section. This produces an increase in core viscosity from ~3800 Pa s at the vent to ~8000 Pa s across the distal section.
    Description: In press
    Description: open
    Keywords: lava flow ; thermo-rheological ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Lava flow identification and ageing by means of LiDAR intensity: the Mt. Etna case (2007)
    Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An application of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) intensity for the identification and mapping of different lava flows from the Mt. Etna (Italy) active volcano is described. In September 2004 an airborne LiDAR survey was flown over summit sectors of Mt. Etna. The information derived from LiDAR intensity values was used to compare the lava flows with respect to their age of emplacement. Analysed lava flows vary in age between those dating prior to AD 1610 and those active during the survey (2004-2005 eruptions). The target-emitter distance, as well as surface roughness and texture at the LiDAR footprint scale, are the main parameter controlling the intensity response of lava flows. Variations in the roughness and texture of surfaces at a meter scale result from two main processes, initial lava cooling and subsequent surface weathering; both lead to variations in the original surface roughness of the flow. In summary: i) initially, from the time of emplacement, the LiDAR intensity of lava flow surfaces decreases; ii) about 6 years after emplacement the LiDAR intensity of lava surfaces starts to increase with the age of flows. LiDAR capability in terms of geometric (accuracy of ~ 1 m in plan position and less than 1 m in elevation) and spectral (LiDAR intensity depends on surface reflection at λ= 1.064 μm) information can thus be effectively used to map lava flows and define a relative chronology of lava emplacement.
    Description: Published
    Description: open
    Keywords: Lava flow ; LiDAR ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Tracking magma dynamics by Laser Ablation (LA)-ICPMS trace element analysis of glass in volcanic ash: the 1995 activity of Mt. Etna (2007)
    Agu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Glass fragments in tephra erupted at Mt. Etna from May to December 1995 have been analyzed by laser ablation ICPMS. The trace element compositional variability of ashes deposited during this interval reveals the presence of discrete magma batches with different crystallization degrees in the shallow plumbing system. From May to October a highly crystalline magma is predominant within the conduit with only minor sporadic input of fresh and more primitive magma batches. After October new and less evolved magma batches become more prevalent and become progressively homogenized within more evolved resident magma. In December ashes closely match the chemistry of the volcanics subsequently erupted till February 1996. This study demonstrates that the trace element characterization of ashes has important implications for volcanic monitoring and is a useful tool for the forecasting of paroxysmal events at Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: L05304
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: magma ; 1995 ; Mt Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Quantifying Effusion Rates at Active Volcanoes through Integrated Time-Lapse Laser Scanning and Photography (2016)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During volcanic eruptions, measurements of the rate at which magma is erupted underpin hazard assessments. For eruptions dominated by the effusion of lava, estimates are often made using satellite data; here, in a case study at Mount Etna (Sicily), we make the first measurements based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and we also include explosive products. During the study period (17–21 July 2012), regular Strombolian explosions were occurring within the Bocca Nuova crater, producing a ~50 m-high scoria cone and a small lava flow field. TLS surveys over multi-day intervals determined a mean cone growth rate (effusive and explosive products) of ~0.24 m3·s−1. Differences between 0.3-m resolution DEMs acquired at 10-minute intervals captured the evolution of a breakout lava flow lobe advancing at 0.01–0.03 m3·s−1. Partial occlusion within the crater prevented similar measurement of the main flow, but integrating TLS data with time-lapse imagery enabled lava viscosity (7.4 × 105 Pa·s) to be derived from surface velocities and, hence, a flux of 0.11 m3·s−1 to be calculated. Total dense rock equivalent magma discharge estimates are ~0.1–0.2 m3·s−1 over the measurement period and suggest that simultaneous estimates from satellite data are somewhat overestimated. Our results support the use of integrated TLS and time-lapse photography for ground-truthing space-based measurements and highlight the value of interactive image analysis when automated approaches, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV), fail.
    Description: Published
    Description: 14967 - 14987
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: lava flow; scoria cone; effusion rate; terrestrial laser scanning; time-lapse photography; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    The Use of Surveillance Cameras for the Rapid Mapping of Lava Flows: An Application to Mount Etna Volcano (2017)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In order to improve the observation capability in one of the most active volcanic areas in the world, Mt. Etna, we developed a processing method to use the surveillance cameras for a quasi real-time mapping of syn-eruptive processes. Following an evaluation of the current performance of the Etna permanent ground NEtwork of Thermal and Visible Sensors (Etna_NETVIS), its possible implementation and optimization was investigated to determine the locations of additional observation sites to be rapidly set up during emergencies. A tool was then devised to process time series of ground-acquired images and extract a coherent multi-temporal dataset of georeferenced map. The processed datasets can be used to extract 2D features such as evolution maps of active lava flows. The tool was validated on ad-hoc test fields and then adopted to map the evolution of two recent lava flows. The achievable accuracy (about three times the original pixel size) and the short processing time makes the tool suitable for rapidly assessing lava flow evolutions, especially in the case of recurrent eruptions, such as those of the 2011–2015 Etna activity. The tool can be used both in standard monitoring activities and during emergency phases (eventually improving the present network with additional mobile stations) when it is mandatory to carry out a quasi-real-time mapping to support civil protection actions. The developed tool could be integrated in the control room of the Osservatorio Etneo, thus enabling the Etna_NETVIS for mapping purposes and not only for video surveillance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 192
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; lava flow mapping ; surveillance camera ; hazard assessment ; geo spatial dataset ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Joint Terrestrial and Aerial Measurements to Study Ground Deformation: Application to the Sciara Del Fuoco at the Stromboli Volcano (Sicily) (2017)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002-2003 Stromboli eruption triggered the failure of part of the Sciara del Fuoco slope, which generated a tsunami that struck the island and the northern coastline of Sicily. The Sciara del Fuoco is a very steep slope where all lava flows from the craters' emplacement; most lateral eruptions usually take place from fissures propagating in this sector of the volcano. The eruption went on to produce a lava field that filled the area affected by the landslide. This in turn led to further instability, renewing the threat of another slope failure and a potentially related tsunami. This work describes a new joint approach, combining surveying data and aerial image correlometry methods, to study the motion of this unstable slope. The combination has the advantage of very precise surveying measurements, which can be considered the ground truth to constrain the very-high-resolution aerial photogrammetric data, thereby obtaining highly detailed and accurate ground deformation maps. The joint use of the two methods can be very useful to obtain a more complete image of the deformation field for monitoring dangerous and/or rather inaccessible places. The proposed combined methodology improves our ability to study and assess hazardous processes associated with significant ground deformation.
    Description: This Research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness research projects AYA2010-17448 and ESP2013-47780-557 C2-1-R, and the EU 7th FP MED-SUV project (contract 308665). It is a contribution to the Moncloa Campus of International Excellence
    Description: Published
    Description: 463
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: surveying ; data integration ; aerial photogrammetry ; monitoring ; flank instability ; sector collapse ; landslide ; tsunami ; volcanoes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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