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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2024-06-01
    Description: An essential question in ecology relies on whether to analyze functional diversity through species traits or to explore the traits' variability at the individual level. Traditionally, several studies have been based on unique values to represent species traits, assuming that intraspecific trait variation (ITV) has minimal impact on overall community trait variability. However, ITV can significantly influence assessments of individual and species adaptation to environmental disturbances, providing insights concerning density patterns, speciation, dispersal, and biological interactions. Thus, the importance of ITV was assessed from two perspectives: (i) community assembly rules and (ii) biological invasions. A dataset comprising ten morphological traits related to habitat use and diet of 5226 fishes belonging to 49 species that occupy the marginal areas of the Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil) was used as a case study. First, the relative contributions of ITV and species turnover (interspecific variability) to overall trait variability and the strength of internal and external filters on fish assemblages using individual traits were investigated. Species turnover accounted for most trait variance within assemblages, but ITV also played an important role for specific traits. Internal filters such as competition highly influence the functional diversity of fish species in an old reservoir. Alternatively, external filters (i.e., regional processes) did not present significant effects on functional traits, which may be related to their greater influence during the reservoir's filling phase. The difference between the functional niche occupied by native species and non-native ones, and the impact of non-native species dominance on the functional diversity patterns of native assemblages (indexed by functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and functional redundancy) was also investigated. It was observed that the functional niche occupied by native species differs from non-native species, suggesting that non-native species have traits that enable them to exploit resources differently. Non-native species presented negative effects on the functional attributes of native fish populations, even in highly impacted environments such as reservoirs, reinforcing the importance of understanding the dynamics between native and non-native species in specific ecosystems. It is expected that the results of this study will assist in the development of public policies in the area of reservoir conservation, offering new insights into critical mechanisms associated with the biodiversity of the marginal regions of reservoirs that are exploited by human activities.
    Description: Uma questão fundamental na ecologia consiste na escolha entre analisar a diversidade funcional por meio de traços a nível de espécie ou explorar a variabilidade dentro de cada espécie, a nível de indivíduo. Tradicionalmente, a maioria dos estudos têm se baseado em valores únicos para representar os traços das espécies, assumindo que a variabilidade intraespecífica dos traços (VIT) tem um impacto mínimo na variabilidade geral dos traços em uma comunidade. No entanto, a VIT pode influenciar significativamente a adaptação das espécies a perturbações ambientais, fornecendo insights sobre padrões de densidade, especiação, dispersão e interações biológicas. Assim, a importância da VIT foi avaliada a partir de duas perspectivas: (i) regras de montagem de comunidades e (ii) invasões biológicas, utilizando como estudo de caso um conjunto de dados composto por 10 traços morfológicos relacionados ao uso de habitat e dieta de 5226 peixes pertencentes a 49 espécies que ocupam as margens do reservatório de Itaipu. Primeiro, investigou-se a contribuição relativa da VIT versus turnover de espécies (variabilidade interespecífica) para a variabilidade geral dos traços, e também quais filtros atuam sobre as assembleias de peixes utilizando dados a nível de indivíduo. O turnover de espécies representou a maior parte da variância dos traços dentro das assembleias, mas a VIT também exerceu um papel significativo, especialmente para alguns traços. Observou-se que os filtros internos, como a competição, parecem atuar sobre a diversidade funcional das espécies de peixes em um reservatório antigo. Filtros externos (ou seja, processos regionais) não apresentaram efeitos significativos, o que pode ser atribuído à sua provável maior influência durante a fase de formação do reservatório, onde mudanças ambientais ocorreram de forma mais frequente. Investigou-se também a diferença entre o nicho funcional ocupado por espécies nativas e não nativas, e o impacto da dominância de espécies não nativas sobre a riqueza, equitabilidade, divergência e redundância funcional das assembleias de peixes nativas. Observou-se que nicho funcional ocupado por espécies nativas difere das espécies não nativas, sugerindo que as espécies não nativas possuem traços que lhes permitem explorar recursos de maneira diferente. Também se demonstrou que espécies não nativas exerceram efeitos negativos nos atributos funcionais das populações de peixes nativos, mesmo em ambientes altamente impactados como os reservatórios, destacando a importância de compreender a dinâmica entre espécies nativas e não nativas dentro de ecossistemas específicos. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo auxiliem na elaboração de políticas públicas na área da conservação de reservatórios, oferecendo novos insights sobre mecanismos críticos associados à biodiversidade das áreas marginais de reservatórios que são exploradas por atividades humanas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Peixes de água doce ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Invasões biológicas ; Diversidade funcional ; Ecomorfologia ; Variabilidade intraespecífica dos traços (VIT) ; Reservatórios ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater fish ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::C::Communities (ecological) ; ASFA_2015::D::Dams ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity ; ASFA_2015::D
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 77pp.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-06-01
    Description: The State of the Ocean Report (StOR) has the ambition to inform policymakers about the state of the ocean and to stimulate research and policy actions towards ‘the ocean we need for the future we want’, contributing to the 2030 Agenda and in particular SDG 14, which reads ‘Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources’, as well as other global processes such as the UNFCCC, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Structured around the seven UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development Outcomes, the Report provides important information about the achievements of the UN Ocean Decade and, in the longer term, about ocean well-being. The StOR will be used to inform policy and administrative priorities and identify research focus areas that need to be strengthened or developed.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Plastic pollution ; Ecosystem restoration ; Deoxygenation ; Blue carbon ecosystems ; Marine spatial planning (MSP) ; Sustainable production ; Sustainable food prduction ; Carbon dioxide ; Harmful algal blooms ; Global Ocean Observing System ; Data sharing ; ASFA_2015::P::Plastics ; ASFA_2015::A::Acidification ; ASFA_2015::G::Global warming ; ASFA_2015::C::Carbon
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 92pp.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-06-01
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-06-01
    Description: Mangrove forests provide valuable ecosystem services to coastal communities across tropical and subtropical regions. Current anthropogenic stressors threaten these ecosystems and urge researchers to create improved monitoring methods for better environmental management. Recent efforts that have focused on automatically quantifying the above-ground biomass using image analysis have found some success on high resolution imagery of mangrove forests that have sparse vegetation. In this study, we focus on stands of mangrove forests with dense vegetation consisting of the endemic Pelliciera rhizophorae and the more widespread Rhizophora mangle mangrove species located in the remote Utría National Park in the Colombian Pacific coast. Our developed workflow used consumer-grade Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) imagery of the mangrove forests, from which large orthophoto mosaics and digital surface models are built. We apply convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for instance segmentation to accurately delineate (33% instance average precision) individual tree canopies for the Pelliciera rhizophorae species. We also apply CNNs for semantic segmentation to accurately identify (97% precision and 87% recall) the area coverage of the Rhizophora mangle mangrove tree species as well as the area coverage of surrounding mud and water land-cover classes. We provide a novel algorithm for merging predicted instance segmentation tiles of trees to recover tree shapes and sizes in overlapping border regions of tiles. Using the automatically segmented ground areas we interpolate their height from the digital surface model to generate a digital elevation model, significantly reducing the effort for ground pixel selection. Finally, we calculate a canopy height model from the digital surface and elevation models and combine it with the inventory of Pelliciera rhizophorae trees to derive the height of each individual mangrove tree. The resulting inventory of a mangrove forest, with individual P. rhizophorae tree height information, as well as crown shape and size descriptions, enables the use of allometric equations to calculate important monitoring metrics, such as above-ground biomass and carbon stocks.
    Keywords: mangrove forests ; forest inventory ; monitoring ; habitat mapping ; UAV ; UAS ; artificial ; intelligence ; machine learning ; instance segmentation ; semantic segmentation ; above ground biomass ; carbon stock
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-06-01
    Description: Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems, and host a wide range of taxonomic diversity in a complex spatial community structure. Existing coral reef survey methods struggle to accurately capture the taxonomic detail within the complex spatial structure of benthic communities. We propose a workflow to leverage underwater hyperspectral image transects and two machine learning algorithms to produce dense habitat maps of 1150 m2 of reefs across the Curaçao coastline. Our multi-method workflow labelled all 500+ million pixels with one of 43 classes at taxonomic family, genus or species level for corals, algae, sponges, or to substrate labels such as sediment, turf algae and cyanobacterial mats. With low annotation effort (only 2% of pixels) and no external data, our workflow enables accurate (Fbeta of 87%) survey-scale mapping, with unprecedented thematic detail and with fine spatial resolution (2.5 cm/pixel). Our assessments of the composition and configuration of the benthic communities of 23 image transects showed high consistency. Digitizing the reef habitat and community structure enables validation and novel analysis of pattern and scale in coral reef ecology. Our dense habitat maps reveal the inadequacies of point sampling methods to accurately describe reef benthic communities.
    Keywords: coral reefs ; habitat mapping ; hyperspectral imaging ; machine learning ; survey scale mapping ; thematic detail
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-06-01
    Description: Shallow-water rhodolith beds are rare in the Mediterranean Sea and generally poorly known. The Punta de la Mona rhodolith bed extends for 16,000 square meters in shallow and oligotrophic waters at the southern coast of Spain, off Almuñecar in the Alborán Sea. We present a detailed analysis of the structure (rhodolith cover and density, rhodolith size and shape, sediment granulometry) and morphospecies composition of the bed along a depth gradient. A stratified sampling was carried out at six depths (9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 m), estimating rhodolith cover and abundance; rhodoliths were collected from one 30 by 30 cm quadrat for each transect, resulting in 18 samples and a total of 656 rhodoliths. The collected rhodoliths were measured and the coralline algal components identified morphoanatomically through a stereomicroscope and SEM. Sediment on the seafloor mainly consisted of pebbles and cobbles; the highest rhodolith cover occurred between 15 and 18 m, and the lowest at the shallowest and deepest transects (9 and 24 m). Mean Rhodolith size was similar throughout the depth range (23–35 mm) with a slight increase at 24 m, although the largest rhodoliths occurred at 21 m. In monospecific rhodoliths, size depended more on the forming species than on depth. We found 25 non-geniculate coralline morphospecies, nearly all rhodolith-forming morphospecies reported in the Mediterranean Sea in recent accounts. The highest morphospecies richness (18–19) and proportional abundance were found at intermediate depths (15–18 m), where rhodolith cover is also highest. Lithophyllum incrustans and Lithophyllum dentatum dominated at shallow depths (9–12 m), whereas Lithothamnion valens was the dominant species at intermediate and greater depths. Overall, the latter species was the most common in the rhodolith bed. The shallow-water rhodolith bed in Punta de la Mona is probably the most diverse in the Mediterranean Sea. This highlights the importance of the conservation of this habitat and, in general, emphasizes the role of the Alborán Sea as a diversity center of coralline algae. The Punta de la Mona example contradicts the common assumption in the geological literature that rhodolith beds are indicative of oligophotic environments with high nutrients levels.
    Keywords: coralline red algae ; depth-gradient patterns ; rhodolith cover and size ; rhodolith diversity ; Alboran sea
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: In the present study, we compared mucus and gut-associated prokaryotic communities from seven nudibranch species with sediment and seawater from Thai coral reefs using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The nudibranch species were identified as Doriprismatica atromarginata (family Chromodorididae), Jorunna funebris (family Discodorididae), Phyllidiella nigra, Phyllidiella pustulosa, Phyllidia carlsonhoffi, Phyllidia elegans, and Phyllidia picta (all family Phyllidiidae). The most abundant bacterial phyla in the dataset were Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Chloroflexi, Thaumarchaeota, and Cyanobacteria. Mucus and gut-associated communities differed from one another and from sediment and seawater communities. Host phylogeny was, furthermore, a significant predictor of differences in mucus and gut-associated prokaryotic community composition. With respect to higher taxon abundance, the order Rhizobiales (Proteobacteria) was more abundant in Phyllidia species (mucus and gut), whereas the order Mycoplasmatales (Tenericutes) was more abundant in D. atromarginata and J. funebris. Mucus samples were, furthermore, associated with greater abundances of certain phyla including Chloroflexi, Poribacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes, taxa considered to be indicators for high microbial abundance (HMA) sponge species. Overall, our results indicated that nudibranch microbiomes consisted of a number of abundant prokaryotic members with high sequence similarities to organisms previously detected in sponges.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Copernicus GmbH
    In:  Earth System Science Data vol. 13 no. 9, pp. 4313-4329
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Marine Isotope Stage 5e (MIS 5e; the Last Interglacial, 125 ka) represents a process analog for a warmer world. Analysis of sea-level proxies formed in this period helps in constraining both regional and global drivers of sea-level change. In Southeast Asia, several studies have reported elevation and age information on MIS 5e sea-level proxies, such as fossil coral reef terraces or tidal notches, but a standardized database of such data was hitherto missing. In this paper, we produced such a sea-level database using the framework of the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS; https://warmcoasts.eu/world-atlas.html). Overall, we screened and reviewed 14 studies on Last Interglacial sea-level indicators in Southeast Asia, from which we report 43 proxies (42 coral reef terraces and 1 tidal notch) that were correlated to 134 dated samples. Five data points date to MIS 5a (80 ka), six data points are MIS 5c (100 ka), and the rest are dated to MIS 5e. The database compiled in this study is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5040784 (Maxwell et al., 2021).
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: Ecological regime shifts in the marine realm have been recorded from a variety of systems and locations around the world. Coral reefs have been especially affected, with their benthic habitat changing from a dominance of stony corals to a dominance of other organisms such as fleshy algae. To detect changes in the benthic habitat of coral reefs, simple tools applicable on a global scale are necessary for future monitoring programs. Hence, the aim of this research is to explore the hypothesis that shifts in assemblages of large benthic foraminifera (LBF) can detect early signs of degradation in the reef benthic habitat. To do so, data on living assemblages of LBF collected between 1997 and 2018 at 12 islands in the Spermonde Archipelago (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) were analyzed. Foraminiferal specimens were morphologically identified to the species level and statistical analyses performed to assess changes in their assemblage composition. A clear temporal shift was observed. Typical foraminiferal assemblages in a coral-dominated (e.g., Amphistegina lobifera, Calcarina spengleri, Heterostegina depressa) and fleshy algaedominated (e.g., Neorotalia gaimardi, C. mayori) reef habitats were identified and significantly linked to the substrate type. Other species (e.g., Elphidium spp., Peneroplis planatus and Sphaerogypsina globulus) seem to reflect a spatial and temporal gradient of anthropogenic pollution from local inhabited islands and ongoing urban development on the mainland. Hence communities of LBF consistently follow gradual shifts in environmental conditions. Additionally to foraminiferal assemblages being an indicator for actual reef condition, closely monitoring LBF may provide early information on reef degradation, in time to take action against identified stressors (e.g., eutrophication or intensive fishing) at local and regional scales. The circumtropical distribution of LBF is such that they can be included worldwide in reef monitoring programs, conditional to calibration to the regional species pool.
    Keywords: Temporal dynamics ; Bioindicator ; Early detection ; Coral reef ; Spermonde Archipelago ; Indonesia
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-05-31
    Description: In a marine environment that is rapidly changing due to anthropogenic activities and climate change, area-based management tools are often used to mitigate threats and conserve biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are amongst the most widespread and recognized marine conservation tools worldwide, however, MPAs alone are inadequate to address the environmental crisis. The promotion of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) under draft Target 3 of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, i.e., conserving 30% of marine areas by 2030, holds promise to acknowledge sites and practices occurring beyond MPAs that contribute to conservation. Here, we evaluate the potential recognition of OECMs into Indonesia's national policy framework on marine resource management and provide the first-ever overview of distribution and types of potential marine OECMs in Indonesia, including a review of the existing evidence on conservation effectiveness. We identified 〉 390 potential marine OECMs, led by government, customary and local communities, or the private sector, towards diverse management objectives, including habitat protection, traditional/customary management, fisheries, tourism, or other purposes. While some evidence exists regarding the conservation effectiveness of these practices, the long-term impacts on biodiversity of all potential marine OECMs in Indonesia are unknown. Many OECM elements have been included in several national policies, yet there are no established mechanisms to identify, recognize and report sites as OECMs in Indonesia. We propose four transformational strategies for future OECM recognition in Indonesia, namely: (i) safeguard customary and traditional communities, (ii) leverage cross-sector and cross-scale collaboration, (iii) focus on delivering outcomes, and (iv) streamline legal frameworks. Our study shows that OECMs have the potential to play a significant role in underpinning marine area-based conservation in Indonesia, including supporting the Government of Indonesia in reaching national and international conservation targets and goals.
    Keywords: Area-based management ; Biodiversity conservation ; Customary management ; Fisheries ; Co-management ; Sustainable marine management
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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