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  • 04.06. Seismology  (14)
  • Seismological Society of America  (12)
  • Wiley
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  • 1
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    A Reliable Procedure to Estimate the Rupture Propagation Directions from Source Directivity: The 2016–2018 Central Italy Seismic Sequence (2024)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: We present a new approach to estimate the predominant direction of rupture propagation during a seismic sequence. A fast estimation of the rupture propagation direction is essential to knowthe azimuthal distribution of shaking around the seismic source and the associated risks for the earthquake occurrence. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it is conceptually reliable, simple, and fast (near real time). The approach uses the empirical Green’s function technique and can be applied directly to the waveforms without requiring the deconvolution of the instrumental response and without knowing a priori the attenuation model and the orientation of the activated fault system. We apply the method to the 2016–2017 Amatrice-Visso-Norcia high-energy and long-lasting earthquake series in central Italy,which affected a large area up to 80 kmalong strike, withmore than 130,000 events of small-to-moderate magnitude recorded until the end of August 2022. Most of the selected events analyzed in this study have a magnitude greater than 4.4 and only four seismic events have a magnitude in the range of 3.3–3.7. Our results show that the complex activated normal fault system has a rupture direction mainly controlled by the pre-existing normal faults and by the orientation of the reactivated faults. In addition, the preferred direction of rupture propagation is also controlled by the presence of fluid in the pre-existing structural discontinuities. We discuss the possible role of fluids as a cause of bimaterial interface. Another important finding from our analysis is that the spatial evolution of seismicity is controlled by the directivity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1912–1924
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: directivity ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Comment on “A Seismic Moment Magnitude Scale” by Ranjit Das, Mukat Lal Sharma, Hans Raj Wason, Deepankar Choudhury, and Gabriel Gonzalez (2024)
    Seismological Society of America
    In:  Das, R., M. L. Sharma, H. R. Wason, D. Choudhury, and G. Gonzales (2019). A seismic moment magnitude scale, Bull Seismol. Soc. Am. 109, no. 4, 1542–1555, doi: 10.1785/0120180338.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Moment magnitude Mw was first defined by Hiroo Kanamori in the late 1970s, when the availability of new force balance seismometers made it possible to measure the seismic moment M0 with virtually no limits in the frequency passband. For this reason, Mw does not become saturated even for the largest earthquakes ever recorded. Mw has been chosen in such a way that it coincides best with the previous definitions of magnitude (Ms, ML, mb, etc.) on certain ranges of values but can deviate significantly from them within other ranges. A few years ago, Das and colleagues proposed a new moment magnitude scale Mwg with the aim of better reproducing the values of mb and Ms over their entire range and to better predict the energy ES radiated by earthquakes. We show that there was no need to define such a new scale and that Mwg is not even optimal to achieve the goal of matching ES.
    Description: In press
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake magnitude ; moment magnitude scale ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Comment on “Earthquake Magnitude Conversion Problem” by Ranjit Das, H. R. Wason, Gabriel Gonzalez, M. L. Sharma, Deepankar Choudhury, Conrad Lindholm, Narayan Roy, and Pablo Salazar (2024)
    Seismological Society of America
    In:  "Earthquake Magnitude Conversion Problem” by Ranjit Das, H. R. Wason, Gabriel Gonzalez, M. L. Sharma, Deepankar Choudhury, Conrad Lindholm, Narayan Roy, and Pablo Salazar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Similar to the previous ones, the latest paper by Das and Colleagues (Das et al.,2018) on the application of the general orthogonal regression (GOR) method (Fuller, 1987; Castellaro et al.,2006), for the conversions between different types of earthquake magnitudes, is a collection of incorrect or undemonstrated assertions, most of which have already been pointed out in several contributions that have been published in the last few years (Gasperini and Lolli, 2014a, b; Gasperini et al., 2015, 2018; Pujol, 2018). We recall below only some of them. According to the recent seismological literature, we use here the term “GOR” to indicate the errors-in variable regression method described by Fuller (1987), even if such term is not fully in line with mathematical statistics as orthogonality is only given for equal errors of the dependent and independent variables.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1366-1369
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Imaging Upper-Mantle Anisotropy with Transdimensional Bayesian Monte Carlo Sampling (2024)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Underdetermination is a condition affecting all problems in seismic imaging. It manifests mainly in the nonuniqueness of the models inferred from the data. This condition is exacerbated if simplifying hypotheses like isotropy are discarded in favor of more realistic anisotropic models that, although supported by seismological evidence, require more free parameters. Investigating the connections between underdetermination and anisotropy requires the implementation of solvers which explore the whole family of possibilities behind nonuniqueness and allow for more informed conclusions about the interpretation of the seismic models. Because these aspects cannot be investigated using traditional iterative linearized inversion schemes with regularization constraints that collapse the infinite possible models into a unique solution, we explore the application of transdimensional Bayesian Monte Carlo sampling to address the consequences of underdetermination in anisotropic seismic imaging. We show how teleseismic waves of P and S phases can constrain upper‐mantle anisotropy and the amount of additional information these data provide in terms of uncertainty and trade‐offs among multiple fields.
    Description: In press
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    The Influence of Cumulative Intensity on Macroseismic Source Parameters: The Case of 2016–2017 and 1703 Seismic Sequences (Central Italy) (2024)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: The macroseismic source parameters of earthquakes occurring within a sequence are strongly influenced by cumulative damage effects. When we deal with historical seismic sequences, in addition to the cumulative intensities, other intrinsic uncertainties due to the scarcity and indeterminacy of sources come into play. These issues imply that the parameterizations of the single earthquakes within a historical seismic sequence are not univocal and that all the uncertainties that are addressed when assessing macroseismic intensity should be carefully considered in the parameter estimation. In the light of these considerations, we performed some tests on the 2016–2017 and 1703 seismic sequences, which occurred in the same area in central Italy, to compute the macroseismic source parameters by means of two independent methods. Results show that the cumulative effects arising from multiple damaging earthquakes can cause biases in the intensity assessments, which affect the computed magnitude and epicentral locations. To reduce bias in macroseismic intensities due to cumulative damage, we illustrate a simple procedure, called cumulative intensity subtraction (CIS), which consists in discarding the localities strongly damaged by the early earthquakes of a sequence from the intensity distributions used for computing the macroseismic source parameters of the subsequent earthquakes. The outcomes show that, for the 2016 seismic sequence, the CIS approach provides locations in agreement with the instrumental epicenters and with the causative faults. For the 1703 sequence, the CIS approach along with explicit accounting for the indeterminacy in intensity assignments give a range of equally plausible solutions. The CIS represents an exploration of a simple strategy that stems from an attempt to give significance to macroseismic intensity in the presence of cumulative damage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 759–774
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: macroseismic intesity ; cumulative effects ; microseismic source parameters ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    The micro‐seismicity of Co. Donegal (Ireland): Defining baseline seismicity in a region of slow lithospheric deformation (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A catalogue of precisely located micro-seismicity is fundamental for investigating seismicity and rock physical properties in active tectonic and volcanic regions and for the definition of a ‘baseline’ seismicity, required for a safe future exploitation of georesource areas. In this study, we produce the first manually revised catalogue of micro-seismicity for Co. Donegal region (Ireland), an area of about 50K M2 of on-going deformation, aimed at localizing natural micro-seismic events occurred between 2012 and 2015. We develop a stochastic method based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) sampling approach to compute earthquake hypocentral location parameters. Our results indicates that micro-seismicity is present with magnitudes lower than 2 (the highest magnitude is 2.8).The recorded seismicity is almost clustered along previously mapped NE-SW trending, steeply dipping faults and confined within the upper crust (focal depth less than 10 km). We also recorded anthropogenic seismicity mostly related to quarries' activity in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 62-76
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    The Community Stress-Drop Validation Study—Part I: Source, Propagation, and Site Decomposition of Fourier Spectra (2023)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: In part 1, we run multiple GIT decomposition for different choices of model assumptions, namely three different window duration for Fourier calculation, two different parametrization of the attenuation, two different site constraints. We also considered different source models (Brune, Boatwright, Brune with kappa_source) and different approaches to estimate uncertainties of source parameters (i.e., considering the covariance matrix, Monte Carlo sampling of the residual distribution, model selection with threshold based on F-test).
    Description: As part of the community stress-drop validation study initiative, we apply a spectral decomposition approach to isolate the source spectra of 556 events occurred during the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence (Southern California). We perform multiple decompositions by introducing alternative choices for some processing and model assumptions, namely: three different S-wave window durations (i.e., 5 s, 20 s, and variable between 5 and 20 s); two attenuation models that account differently for depth dependencies; and two different site amplification constraints applied to restore uniqueness of the solution. Seismic moment and corner frequency are estimated for the Brune and Boatwright source models, and an extensive archive including source spectra, site amplifications, attenuation models, and tables with source parameters is disseminated as the main product of the present study. We also compare different approaches to measure the precision of the parameters expressed in terms of 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The CIs estimated from the asymptotic standard errors and from Monte Carlo resampling of the residual distribution show an almost one-to-one correspondence; the approach based on model selection by setting a threshold for misfit chosen with an F-ratio test is conservative compared to the approach based on the asymptotic standard errors. The uncertainty analysis is completed in the companion article in which the outcomes from this work are used to compare epistemic uncertainty with precision of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1980–1991
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: source parameters ; GIT ; uncertainties ; moment magnitude ; corner frequency ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    The Dependence on the Moho Depth of the b-Value of the Gutenberg–Richter Law (2023)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-31
    Description: We investigate the dependence of the Gutenberg–Richter b parameter on the crustal thickness quantified by the Moho depth, for nine different regional catalogs. We find that, for all the catalogs considered in our study, the b‐value is larger in areas presenting a thicker crust. This result appears in apparent contradiction with previous findings of a b decreasing with the focal depth. However, both the results are consistent with acoustic emission experiments, indicating a b‐value inversely proportion to the applied differential stress. Our results can be indeed interpreted as the signature of a larger stress concentration in areas presenting a thinner crust. This is compatible with the scenario where postseismic deformation plays a central role in stress concentration and in aftershock triggering.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1921–1934
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: b-value ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Minimum 1D Vp and Vp/Vs Models and Hypocentral Determinations in the Central Mediterranean Area (2023)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-01
    Description: Minimum 1D velocity models and station corrections have been computed for the central Mediterranean area using two main data sets. The first one consists of accurate first arrival‐time readings from 103 seismic events with magnitude (ML)≥3.5 recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network (RSN) and the AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN) in the period 2014–2021. Earthquakes were selected on the basis of their spatial distribution, epicentral distance to the nearest seismic station, and maximum distance traveled by Pn and Sn phases. This fine selection of high‐quality data combined with the spatial density of the AlpArray seismic stations was decisive in obtaining high resolution for upper mantle velocity, especially in the Alpine belt. To obtain a denser coverage of crustal rays, we extended the first data set with P and S arrivals of local earthquakes from Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) bulletin data (2016–2018). A total of 75,807 seismic phases (47,183 P phases and 28,264 S phases) have been inverted to calculate best‐fit 1D velocity models, at regional and local scales. We then test the performance of the optimized velocity models by relocating the last four years of seismicity recorded by INGV (period 2017–2020). The computed velocity models are very effective for routine earthquake location, seismic monitoring, source parameter modeling, and future 3D seismic tomography.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2670--2685
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geophysics ; velocity models ; Italian seismicity ; central mediterranean area ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Comment on “High-Definition Mapping of the Gutenberg–Richter b-Value and Its Relevance: A Case Study in Italy” by M. Taroni, J. Zhuang, and W. Marzocchi (2023)
    Seismological Society of America
    In:  Taroni, M., J. Zhuang, and W. Marzocchi (2021). High-definition mapping of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value and its relevance: A case study in Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett. 92, 3778–3784, doi: 10.1785/0220210017.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Taroni et al. (2021) published a statistical framework to reliably estimate the b-value and its uncertainties, with the goal being the interpretation in a seismotectonic context and improving earthquake forecasting capabilities. In this comment, we show that the results presented for the Italian region and the conclusions drawn by the authors, are heavily biased due to quarry-blast events in the Italian earthquake catalog used in the analysis. Without removing this anthropogenic component in the data, a meaningful analysis of the earthquake- size distribution for natural seismicity is, in our opinion, not possible. This comment highlights the need for basic data quality analysis before sophisticated statistical tools are applied to a dataset.
    Description: European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement Number 821115 Pianeta Dinamico-Working Earth INGV-MUR project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1089-1094
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Evaluation of the Event Detection Level of the Cuban Seismic Network (2023)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-23
    Description: The detection level of a seismic network is a measure of its effective ability to record small earthquakes in a given area. It can vary in both space and time and depends on several factors such as meteorological conditions, anthropic noise, local soil conditions—all factors that affect the seismic noise level—as well as the quality and operating condition of the instruments. The ability to estimate the level of detection is of tremendous importance both in the design of a new network and in determining whether a given network can recognize seismicity consistently or needs to be improved in some of its parts. In this article, we determine the detection level of the Cuban seismic network using the empirically estimated seismic noise spectral level at each station site and some theoretical relationships to predict the signal amplitude of a seismic event at individual stations. The minimum local detectable magnitude thus depends on some network parameters such as the signal‐to‐noise ratio and the number of stations used in the calculation. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our predictions by comparing the estimated detection level with those empirically determined from one year of data (i.e., the year 2020) of the Cuban seismic catalog. Our analysis shows, on the one hand, in which areas the current Cuban network should be improved, also depending on the regional pattern of faults, and, on the other hand, indicates the magnitude threshold that can be assumed homogeneously for the catalog of Cuban earthquakes in 2020. Because the adopted method can use current measurements of the seismic noise level (e.g., daily), the proposed analysis can also be configured for continuous monitoring of network state quality.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2048-2062
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic monitoring ; detection ; cuba ; seismic network ; Event Detection Level ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Gempa Nusantara: A New Digital Database of Felt Intensity for Historical Earthquakes in the Indonesian Archipelago (2018)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-08
    Description: Seismicity during Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia between 1800 and 1939 is poorly catalogued with existing summaries (e.g. Newcomb & McCann, 1987) too brief for further quantitative assessment such as the calculation of intensity magnitudes (MI). We focus on this period in Indonesian history, collating and analysing reports from official documents and newspapers from the erstwhile Dutch East Indies. We scrutinize these for macroseismic intensity using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). This scale is closely related to the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale but is associated with better guidelines with which to assess damage to built-up environments. Our approach enables us to uniformly assess felt intensities from Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo along with instances of perceived shaking from the eastern Indonesian archipelago, and from the Malay peninsula including Singapore. Building upon previous work (Martin et al., 2015), we corelate our data, when possible, with regional, and teleseismic instrumental observations. This allows us to discriminate, for example, a possible M~6 doublet in the region of South Sumatra in 1908. Felt effects in west Malaysia and Singapore from numerous earthquakes in Sumatra were also collected, and unexpectedly, we found two widely felt earthquakes in Singapore in 1922 that likely originated in the region of the southern Malaya peninsula. All our observations contribute to a database named Gempa Nusantara which roughly translates to earthquakes (gempa) in the Indonesian archipelago (nusantara) in Bahasa Indonesia. This database uses a web application called MIDOP (Macroseismic Intensity Data Online Publisher) which is an open-source program written in PHP that has been previously utilized to publish intensity data in Europe (Locati et al., 2014). In our study we extend the capabilities of the MIDOP application further, particularly in equatorial regions, and use it to manage our data from historical Indonesian earthquakes.
    Description: Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University
    Description: Published
    Description: Miami, Florida, United States of America
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Keywords: historical seismology ; macroseismic intensity ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Fine‐Scale Structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence From Data Recorded at the Italian National Network (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-25
    Description: We explore the three‐dimensional structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy sequence using ~34,000 ML ≥ 1.5 earthquakes that occurred between August 2016 and January 2018. We applied cross‐correlation and double‐difference location methods to waveform and parametric data routinely produced at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. The sequence activated an 80 km long system of normal faults and near‐horizontal detachment faults through the MW 6.0 Amatrice, the MW 5.9 Visso, and the MW 6.5 Norcia mainshocks and aftershocks. The system has an average strike of N155°E and dips 38°–55° southwestward and is segmented into 15–30 km long faults individually activated by the cascade of MW ≥ 5.0 shocks. The two main normal fault segments, Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove to the North and Mt. della Laga to the South, are separated by an NNE‐SSW‐trending lateral ramp of the Sibillini thrust, a regional structure inherited from the previous compressional tectonic phase putting into contact diverse lithologies with different seismicity patterns. Space‐time reconstruction of the fault system supports a composite rupture scenario previously proposed for the MW 6.5 Norcia earthquake, where the rupture possibly propagated also along an oblique portion of the Sibillini thrust. This dissected set of normal fault segments is bounded at 8–10 km depth by a continuous 2 km thick seismicity layer of extensional nature slightly dipping eastward and interpreted as a shear zone. All three mainshocks in the sequence nucleated along the high‐angle planes at significant distance from the shear zone, thus complicating the interpretation of the mechanisms driving strain partitioning between these structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB018440
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: normal fault ; shear zone ; fault segmentation ; apennines ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Homogenization in Terms of Mw of Local Magnitudes of Italian Earthquakes That Occurred before 1981 (2018)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
    Description: In the last two decades, several studies addressed the revaluation and homogenization of the Italian instrumental seismic catalog, but all of them refer to the time interval from 1981, that is, the starting year of the Catalogo Strumentale dei Terremoti Italiani (CSTI). At the time, the CSTI was conceived as the continuation of the catalog of the Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica (PFG) but, over time, the PFG catalog was almost totally forgotten, and presently it is even difficult to obtain because it is not provided by any website. In this work, we integrate a genuine copy of PFG, with additional locations from the bulletins of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (ING, now known as INGV) and of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and with local magnitudes from two couples of Wood–Anderson (WA) seismometers operational in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s, mostly derived from a careful scrutiny of paper bulletins of the Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale (OGS) and of the ING. We restrict our analysis to the time interval from 1960 to 1980 because, based on various evidence, we can infer that within such period most instrumental magnitudes reported by the PFG catalog are reasonably coherent with the Richter’s definition. Magnitudes provided by WA stations and other data sources are calibrated with respect to Mw by general orthogonal regressions. The final catalog from 1960 to 1980 contains 8536 earthquakes, of which we compute a true or proxy Mw magnitude with related uncertainty for 6407. The analysis of the frequency–magnitude distribution indicates completeness for about Mw ≥4:0. This work extends the time coverage of the Italian instrumental catalog to about 55 yrs before the present, allowing the statistical study of some important seismic periods that occurred, for example, in 1962 (Irpinia), 1968 (Belice Valley), 1976 (Friuli), 1979 (Umbria), and 1980 (Irpinia).
    Description: Published
    Description: 481–492
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: local magnitude ; magnitude homogenization ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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