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  • Institute of Physics  (1,082,725)
  • Wiley  (1,037,724)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (471,889)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (363,433)
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  • 1
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    Comparing environmental impacts of deep‐seabed and land‐based mining: A defensible framework (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: The crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and must be addressed jointly. A proposed solution for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and thus mitigating climate change, is the transition from conventional combustion-engine to electric vehicles. This transition currently requires additional mineral resources, such as nickel and cobalt used in car batteries, presently obtained from land-based mines. Most options to meet this demand are associated with some biodiversity loss. One proposal is to mine the deep seabed, a vast, relatively pristine and mostly unexplored region of our planet. Few comparisons of environmental impacts of solely expanding land-based mining versus extending mining to the deep seabed for the additional resources exist and for biodiversity only qualitative. Here, we present a framework that facilitates a holistic comparison of relative ecosystem impacts by mining, using empirical data from relevant environmental metrics. This framework (Environmental Impact Wheel) includes a suite of physicochemical and biological components, rather than a few selected metrics, surrogates, or proxies. It is modified from the “recovery wheel” presented in the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration to address impacts rather than recovery. The wheel includes six attributes (physical condition, community composition, structural diversity, ecosystem function, external exchanges and absence of threats). Each has 3–5 sub attributes, in turn measured with several indicators. The framework includes five steps: (1) identifying geographic scope; (2) identifying relevant spatiotemporal scales; (3) selecting relevant indicators for each sub-attribute; (4) aggregating changes in indicators to scores; and (5) generating Environmental Impact Wheels for targeted comparisons. To move forward comparisons of land-based with deep seabed mining, thresholds of the indicators that reflect the range in severity of environmental impacts are needed. Indicators should be based on clearly articulated environmental goals, with objectives and targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.
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  • 2
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    Observations of Barrier Layer Seasonal Variation in the Banda Sea (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: The Banda Sea is of crucial importance for the circulation of the world's oceans, as it is part of the connection between the Pacific to the Indian Ocean. One peculiarity of the upper ocean hydrography in the Banda Sea is the occurrence of barrier layers. The regionality and temporal variability of barrier layer thickness (BLT) in the Banda Sea are examined in this study utilizing in-situ observations and ocean reanalysis output. It is found that a barrier layer occurs in over 90 % of the observational data profiles, and in over 72 % of those profiles, the BLT is shallower than 10 m. Furthermore, we find a seasonal cycle in BLT with a maximum thickness of about 60 m occurring during austral autumn and winter and coinciding with the presence of low saline waters fed by the regional river discharge and rainfall from the Java Sea and Makassar Strait. In addition, we identify the existence of a quasi-permanent anticyclonic circulation cell in the Banda Sea that may support the trapping of surface freshwater by retention. The anticyclonic circulation is most likely wind-driven because it coincides with the regional Ekman pumping pattern. Modulation of the anticyclone is via seasonal variability in the wind stress curl which in turn may explain the efficiency of freshwater retention and thus the BLT. The annual mean BLT distribution in the Banda Sea shows a preferential region of thickened barrier layers around 6o-8oS and 124o-126oE and resampling the pattern of the monthly mean climatology. Key Points: - First study estimating barrier layer thickness (BLT) in the Banda Sea using comprehensive observations - A quasi-permanent barrier layer exists in the Banda Sea with seasonal variation in occurrence and thickness - The intrusion of low saline waters and anticyclonic circulation are identified as the main mechanisms for creating and modulating the local BLT
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  • 3
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    Early arrival of spring‐spawning Atlantic herring Clupea harengus at their spawning ground in the Kiel Fjord, western Baltic, relates to increasing winter seawater temperature (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: The disturbance of marine organism phenology due to climate change and the subsequent effects on recruitment success are still poorly understood, especially in migratory fish species, such as the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus; Clupeidae). Here we used the commercial catch data from a local fisher over a 50-year period (1971–2020) to estimate western Baltic spring-spawning (WBSS) herring mean arrival time Q50 (i.e., the week when 50% of the total fish catches had been made) at their spawning ground within the Kiel Fjord, southwest Baltic Sea, and the duration of the spawning season for each year. The relationship between the seawater temperature in the Kiel Bight and other environmental parameters (such as water salinity, North Atlantic and Atlantic multidecadal oscillations) and Q50 was evaluated using a general linear model to test the hypothesis that fish arrived earlier after warm than cold winters. We also estimated the accumulated thermal time to Q50 during gonadal development to estimate the effects of seawater temperature on the variations of Q50. The results of this study revealed a dramatic decrease in herring catches within the Kiel Fjord since the mid-1990s, as documented for the whole southwestern Baltic Sea. Warmer winter seawater temperature was the only factor related to an earlier arrival (1 week for one January seawater temperature degree increase) of herring at their spawning ground. The relationship was found for the first time on week 52 of the year prior to spawning and was the strongest (50% of the variability explained) from the fourth week of January (8 weeks before the mean Q50 among the studied years). A thermal constant to Q50 (~316°C day) was found when temperatures were integrated from the 49th week of the year prior to spawning. These results indicate that seawater temperature enhanced the speed of gonadal maturation during the latest phases of gametogenesis, leading to an early fish arrival under warm conditions. The duration of the spawning season was elongated during warmer years, therefore potentially mitigating the effects of trophic mismatch when fish spawn early. The results of this study highlight the altering effects of climate change on the spawning activity of a migratory fish species in the Baltic Sea where fast global changes presage that in other coastal areas worldwide
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Sizing mudsnails: Applying superpixels to scale growth detection under ocean warming (2024)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: 1. The expansion of scientific image data holds great promise to quantify individuals, size distributions and traits. Computer vision tools are especially powerful to automate data mining of images and thus have been applied widely across studies in aquatic and terrestrial ecology. Yet marine benthic communities, especially infauna, remain understudied despite their dominance of marine biomass, biodiversity and playing critical roles in ecosystem functioning. 2. Here, we disaggregated infauna from sediment cores taken throughout the spring transition (April-June) from a near-natural mesocosm setup under experimental warming (Ambient, +1.5 degrees C, +3.0 degrees C). Numerically abundant mudsnails were imaged in batches under stereomicroscopy, from which we automatically counted and sized individuals using a superpixel-based segmentation algorithm. Our segmentation approach was based on clustering superpixels, which naturally partition images by low-level properties (e.g., colour, shape and edges) and allow instance-based segmentation to extract all individuals from each image. 3. We demonstrate high accuracy and precision for counting and sizing individuals, through a procedure that is robust to the number of individuals per image (5-65) and to size ranges spanning an order of magnitude (〈750 mu m to 7.4 mm). The segmentation routine provided at least a fivefold increase in efficiency compared with manual measurements. Scaling this approach to a larger dataset tallied 〉40k individuals and revealed overall growth in response to springtime warming. 4. We illustrate that image processing and segmentation workflows can be built upon existing open-access R packages, underlining the potential for wider adoption of computer vision tools among ecologists. The image-based approach also generated reproducible data products that, alongside our scripts, we have made freely available. This work reinforces the need for next-generation monitoring of benthic communities, especially infauna, which can display differential responses to average warming.
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  • 5
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    Biological invasions are a population‐level rather than a species‐level phenomenon (2024)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: Biological invasions pose a rapidly expanding threat to the persistence, functioning and service provisioning of ecosystems globally, and to socio-economic interests. The stages of successful invasions are driven by the same mechanism that underlies adaptive changes across species in general-via natural selection on intraspecific variation in traits that influence survival and reproductive performance (i.e., fitness). Surprisingly, however, the rapid progress in the field of invasion science has resulted in a predominance of species-level approaches (such as deny lists), often irrespective of natural selection theory, local adaptation and other population-level processes that govern successful invasions. To address these issues, we analyse non-native species dynamics at the population level by employing a database of European freshwater macroinvertebrate time series, to investigate spreading speed, abundance dynamics and impact assessments among populations. Our findings reveal substantial variability in spreading speed and abundance trends within and between macroinvertebrate species across biogeographic regions, indicating that levels of invasiveness and impact differ markedly. Discrepancies and inconsistencies among species-level risk screenings and real population-level data were also identified, highlighting the inherent challenges in accurately assessing population-level effects through species-level assessments. In recognition of the importance of population-level assessments, we urge a shift in invasive species management frameworks, which should account for the dynamics of different populations and their environmental context. Adopting an adaptive, region-specific and population-focused approach is imperative, considering the diverse ecological contexts and varying degrees of susceptibility. Such an approach could improve and refine risk assessments while promoting mechanistic understandings of risks and impacts, thereby enabling the development of more effective conservation and management strategies. Biological invasions increasingly threaten global ecosystems and socio-economic interests, advancing through mechanisms like natural selection that enhance survival and reproductive traits. Our study focuses on population-level analyses of non-native European freshwater macroinvertebrates to better understand their spread and impact. We found significant variability in invasion dynamics across populations and regions, suggesting that current species-level risk assessments may overlook crucial population-specific factors.image
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  • 6
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    COI metabarcoding of large benthic Foraminifera: Method validation for application in ecological studies (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  Ecology and Evolution vol. 12 no. e9549 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology, Grant/Award Number: 813360; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Grant/ Award Number: 16.161.301
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-09
    Description: Monitoring community composition of Foraminifera (single-celled marine protists) pro-vides valuable insights into environmental conditions in marine ecosystems. Despitethe efficiency of environmental DNA (eDNA) and bulk-sample DNA (bulk-DNA) me-tabarcoding to assess the presence of multiple taxa, this has not been straightforwardfor Foraminifera partially due to the high genetic variability in widely used ribosomalmarkers. Here, we test the correctness in retrieving foraminiferal communities by me-tabarcoding of mock communities, bulk-DNA from coral reef sediment samples, andeDNA from their associated ethanol preservative using the recently sequenced cy-tochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) marker. To assess the detection success, we com-pared our results with large benthic foraminiferal communities previously reportedfrom the same sampling sites. Results from our mock communities demonstrate thatall species were detected in two mock communities and all but one in the remainingfour. Technical replicates were highly similar in number of reads for each assigned ASVin both the mock communities and bulk-DNA samples. Bulk-DNA showed a signifi-cantly higher species richness than their associated eDNA samples, and also detectedadditional species to what was already reported at the specific sites. Our study con-firms that metabarcoding using the foraminiferal COI marker adequately retrieves thediversity and community composition of both the mock communities and the bulk-DNA samples. With its decreased variability compared with the commonly used nu-clear 18 S rRNA, the COI marker renders bulk-DNA metabarcoding a powerful tool toassess foraminiferal community composition under the condition that the referencedatabase is adequate to the target taxa.
    Keywords: bulk-sample ; DNA ; community composition ; coral reef ; environmental DNA ; foraminifera ; metabarcoding
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 7
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    Long-term culture system for deep-sea mussels Gigantidas childressi (2024)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography) | Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: The simulation of deep-sea conditions in laboratories is technically challenging but necessary for experiments that aim at a deeper understanding of physiological mechanisms or host-symbiont interactions of deep-sea organisms. In a proof-of-concept study, we designed a recirculating system for long-term culture (〉2 yr) of deep-sea mussels Gigantidas childressi (previously Bathymodiolus childressi). Mussels were automatically (and safely) supplied with a maximum stable level of ~60 μmol L−1 methane in seawater using a novel methane–air mixing system. Experimental animals also received daily doses of live microalgae. Condition indices of cultured G. childressi remained high over the years, and low shell growth rates could be detected, too, which is indicative of positive energy budgets. Using stable isotope data, we demonstrate that G. childressi in our culture system gained energy, both, from the digestion of methane-oxidizing endosymbionts and from digesting particulate food (microalgae). Limitations of the system, as well as opportunities for future experimental approaches involving deep-sea mussels, are discussed.
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  • 8
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    Impact of persistently high sea surface temperatures on the rhizobiomes of Zostera marina in a Baltic Sea benthocosms (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Persistently high marine temperatures are escalating and threating marine biodiversity. The Baltic Sea, warming faster than other seas, is a good model to study the impact of increasing sea surface temperatures. Zostera marina, a key player in the Baltic ecosystem, faces susceptibility to disturbances, especially under chronic high temperatures. Despite the increasing number of studies on the impact of global warming on seagrasses, little attention has been paid to the role of the holobiont. Using an outdoor benthocosm to replicate near-natural conditions, this study explores the repercussions of persistent warming on the microbiome of Z. marina and its implications for holobiont function. Results show that both seasonal warming and chronic warming, impact Z. marina roots and sediment microbiome. Compared with roots, sediments demonstrate higher diversity and stability throughout the study, but temperature effects manifest earlier in both compartments, possibly linked to premature Z. marina die-offs under chronic warming. Shifts in microbial composition, such as an increase in organic matter-degrading and sulfur-related bacteria, accompany chronic warming. A higher ratio of sulfate-reducing bacteria compared to sulfide oxidizers was found in the warming treatment which may result in the collapse of the seagrasses, due to toxic levels of sulfide. Differentiating predicted pathways for warmest temperatures were related to sulfur and nitrogen cycles, suggest an increase of the microbial metabolism, and possible seagrass protection strategies through the production of isoprene. These structural and compositional variations in the associated microbiome offer early insights into the ecological status of seagrasses. Certain taxa/genes/pathways may serve as markers for specific stresses. Monitoring programs should integrate this aspect to identify early indicators of seagrass health. Understanding microbiome changes under stress is crucial for the use of potential probiotic taxa to mitigate climate change effects. Broader-scale examination of seagrass–microorganism interactions is needed to leverage knowledge on host–microbe interactions in seagrasses.
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  • 9
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    The Role of the North Atlantic for Heat Wave Characteristics in Europe, an ECHAM6 Study (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: The recent severe European summer heat waves of 2015 and 2018 co-occurred with cold subpolar North Atlantic (NA) sea surface temperatures (SSTs). However, a significant connection between this oceanic state and European heat waves was not yet established. We performed two AMIP-like model experiments: (a) employing daily 2018 SSTs as observed and (b) applying a novel approach to remove the negative NA SST anomaly, while keeping SST daily and small-scale variability. Comparing these experiments, we find that cold subpolar NA SSTs significantly increase heat wave duration and magnitude downstream over the European continent. Surface temperature and circulation anomalies are connected by the upper-tropospheric summer wave pattern of meridional winds over the North Atlantic European sector, which is enhanced with cold NA SSTs. Our results highlight the relevance of the subpolar NA region for European summer conditions, a region that is marked by large biases in current coupled climate model simulations. Key Points: - Model study designed to investigate the ocean impact on European heat waves by prescribing observed and realistic ocean surface conditions - Cold subpolar North Atlantic sea surface temperatures significantly enhance heat wave intensity and duration over the European continent - North Atlantic ocean and European surface temperature and circulation anomalies are bridged by the upper-tropospheric summer mean wave
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  • 10
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    A CMA‐ES Algorithm Allowing for Random Parameters in Model Calibration (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: In geoscience and other fields, researchers use models as a simplified representation of reality. The models include processes that often rely on uncertain parameters that reduce model performance in reflecting real-world processes. The problem is commonly addressed by adapting parameter values to reach a good match between model simulations and corresponding observations. Different optimization tools have been successfully applied to address this task of model calibration. However, seeking one best value for every single model parameter might not always be optimal. For example, if model equations integrate over multiple real-world processes which cannot be fully resolved, it might be preferable to consider associated model parameters as random parameters. In this paper, a random parameter is drawn from a wide probability distribution for every singe model simulation. We developed an optimization approach that allows us to declare certain parameters random while optimizing those that are assumed to take fixed values. We designed a corresponding variant of the well known Covariance Matrix Adaption Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES). The new algorithm was applied to a global biogeochemical circulation model to quantify the impact of zooplankton mortality on the underlying biogeochemistry. Compared to the deterministic CMA-ES, our new method converges to a solution that better suits the credible range of the corresponding random parameter with less computational effort.
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