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  • Chemical Engineering  (583)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • 1955-1959  (586)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Greetings - - (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 7-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fluid properties on mass transfer in the gas phase (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Water was vaporized into air, helium, and Freon-12 in turbulent gas flow over a wet-bulb thermometer and through a 1-ft.-diam. tower packed with 1-in. Rasching rings.The wet. and dry-bulb measurements indicate that the gas-film mass transfer coefficient varies with the Schmidt number to the  - 1/2 power for flow perpendicular to single cylinders.Heights of a transfer unit, H.T.U., were measured in the packed tower for flow of the gases countercurrent to water over a range of gas and liquid rate. H.T.U. varied as the 0.9 power of the Schmidt group. When compared at equal values of ρu2(ρ = gas density, u = velocity), H.T.U. varied as the 0.47 power of the Schmidt group. With reference to the psychrometric study, the latter method of comparison of H.T.U.'s seems preferable and indicates that further study of criteria for dimensional similitude in packed columns may be needed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer in packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 28-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although considerable work has been done on the problem of heat transfer radially in fixed beds through which gases are flowing, the data available for mass transfer are limited to one pipe size and one packing size and refer to average diffusivities for the entire bed. The present study was undertaken to determine: (1) diffusivities over a range of pipe and packing sizes and (2) the effect of radial position in the bed.The measurements were made by introducing carbon dioxide into an air stream and analyzing the resultant mixture at various positions in the bed downstream from the point of injection. Pipe sizes of 2, 3, and 4 in. were packed with spherical particles of 5/32-, 1/4-, 3/8-, and 1/2-in. nominal diameter.The differential equation describing the concentration in a packed bed when diffusivity E and the velocity u are permitted to vary with radial position was solved by use of an I.B.M. card-programmed calculator for the computations.The results show that the Peclet number Dpu/E increases from the center towards the wall of the pipe and that the increase is significant when Dp/Dt is greater than 0.05. Empirical correlations are then presented for both point Peclet numbers, which vary with radial position, and average Peclet numbers for the entire bed.The variations in Peclet number with radius can be explained in terms of the corresponding variation in void fraction for 81% of the radius of the bed. At modified Reynolds numbers above 40 to 100 the equation Pe = 8.0 + 100 (δ  -  δ0) correlates the effects of pipe and packing size and radial position. At radial positions greater than 0.81 wall friction influences turbulence conditions and the Peclet number.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isobaric integral heat of vaporization of hydrocarbon mixtures from vapor-liquid K values (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010105
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase equilibria in systems with ethylene above its critical temperature (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the mutual solubility of ethylene with various polar and nonpolar relatively high-molecular-weight organic compounds at temperatures 1° and 10° C. respectively above the critical temperature of ethylene and at pressures up to 1,500 Ib./sq.in.abs. For many compounds Henry's law was found to be applicable for the liquid phase up to approximately two thirds of the critical pressure of ethylene. In the critical region the solubility of ethylene was extremely sensitive to small changes in both temperature and pressure. The various types of phase behavior encountered were classified according to the nonideality involved. The results of this investigation indicate that a gas near its critical conditions is often capable of dissolving relatively nonvolatile materials in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration of a separation process using such a gas as the extracting medium, namely fluid-liquid extraction.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Absorption of ethylene oxide in a packed column with various solventsThis article is contribution 49 from the Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, and is taken in part from the M. S. thesis written by Dr. Baron at the Johns Hopkins University in 1947. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data were obtained on the solubility of ethylene oxide gas in a number of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents at various temperatures and gas concentrations. Its absorption from high concentrations in air was studied in a packed column with a cooling jacket for removal of the heat evolved. The results can be correlated with adequate accuracy in terms of the conditions at the top or dilute end of the column. The values of (H.T.U.)G and (H.T.U.)L agree approximately with known values for other systems. For the solvents tested, the liquid-film resistance is controlling at room temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    The fall of single liquid drops through water (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady motion of single drops of ten organic liquids falling through a stationary water field is discussed. A correlation is presented for nine systems with the exception of the aniline-water system, in the form of a single curve relating the drag coefficient, Weber number, Reynolds number, and a physical property group. The curve can be used directly to predict the terminal velocity, drag coefficient, Reynolds number, and Weber number for any given equivalent drop size.A break point in the curve serves to predict the peak velocity and its related quantities. The critical drop size is predicted from the pertinent physical properties alone. All these estimations were accurate within 10% for the systems used. The interfacial tensions ranged from 24 to 45 dynes/cm. and the drop densities from 1.100 to 2.947g./ml., the latter resulting in a twentyfold range of density differences. The drop viscosities had no apparent effect.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010106
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  • 8
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    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: III. Correlation of profiles of total momentum and energy flux in a nonisothermal jet discharging into a duct (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The data in the first paper of this series on the distribution of momentum and energy in nonisothermal air streams mixing in a straight duct were correlated by the methods described in the second paper. Mixing indexes were evaluated and used to correlate profiles of total momentum and stagnation temperature at various sections of the duct.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010110
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  • 9
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    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: I. Experimental study of a nonisothermal jet of air discharging into a duct (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heated jet of air from an 0.898-in. standard A.S.M.E. nozzle was discharged into a 4-in. steel duct, well insulated over its entire 10-ft. length. Air from the region surrounding the nozzle was entrained into the duct. At a number of points along the duct, radial profiles of air velocity and temperature were obtained by means of a probe which combined an impact tube and a thermocouple. The temperature at each of several points along the duct wall was indicated by thermocouples imbedded in the wall.In the experiments reported here the velocity at the jet was 585 ft./sec.; the temperature of the jet was about 220°F. and that of the entrained air was about 88°F. The total air flow rate through the duct was 0.67 lb./sec., and the heat flux was 4.9 B.t.u./sec., with the temperature of the entrained air taken as the datum.The radial and axial profiles of velocity and temperature are compared and discussed; the temperatures of the stream near the duct wall and of the duct wall itself are given. Conservation of mass and heat was checked by graphical integration of the radial profiles.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010108
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  • 10
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    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: II. Theoretical study of turbulent transport of momentum, energy, and matter in ducted coaxial streams (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper concerns the kinetics of the processes that take place when a high-velocity jet of fluid mixes turbulently with a low-velocity, induced stream of the same fluid in a duct of uniform diameter. Semi-two-dimensional solutions of the equations of transport involving two empirical coefficients were obtained by application of Reichardt's hypothesis and three assumptions: (a) a negligible fraction of the flow entity (energy, mass, or momentum) is lost at the wall and the presence of the boundary layer may be ignored, (b) the static pressure is uniform over a section of the duct, and (c) the turbulence pattern is similar to that in free jets except that the duct wall limits the growth of the scale of the turbulence. A mixing index, which is a measure of the degree to which the jet stream remains unmixed with the induced stream at any point, was defined and related to the geometry of the system and the flow parameters by means of the theoretical equation, and a method of evaluating the empirical coefficients for a typical case of momentum transport was described.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010109
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Laws of corresponding states (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 74-77 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various laws of corresponding states are examined briefly in this paper to show the corrections that are in common use to increase the accuracy of forecasting compressibility factors. Two trends are noticeable: (I) the use of specific compressibility charts with the results generalized for all gases either by corrections related to z (the compressibility factor at the critical point) or by the use of pseudocritical properties and (2) the use of a true generalized chart based upon averaged data. It is shown that the selection of the plot parameters affects the accuracy of the generalized chart. In recent years reduced parameters based upon kinetic theory have been proposed but for a restricted class of gases (nonpolar gases with spherically symmetrical molecules and negligible quantum effects). It is shown that the kinetic parameters are directly related to the critical constants and also that the kinetic parameter charts can be used for all gases without serious loss of accuracy.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010111
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Upward cocurrent annular flow of air and water in smooth tubes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 78-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase fluid flow is distinguished from single-phase flow in two respects: (1) the cross section for flow of either fluid is not defined by the conduit alone and (2) not only the extent but the manner of frictional energy exchange for each fluid depends on the individual rates of flow for both fluids. It was believed therefore that an empirical approach would not adequately describe the various situations encountered in two-phase flow, and so study was undertaken to obtain some understanding of the mechanisms of the flow of liquid with a free surface and the momentum exchange between fluids at that surface. It resulted in the development of a method of predicting liquid holdup and pressure drop for flowing systems in which the liquid, lifted by the gas flowing as a central core, moves upward as an annular film along the pipe wall.In order to clarify the relationship of annular flow to the entire range of vertical two-phase flow modes, a discussion of vertical two-phase flow is presented, followed by an analysis of the special case of vertical, upward, annular flow; a description of the experimental work; and a comparison of experimental data with predictions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010112
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  • 13
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    Enthalpy-Concentration diagrams of binary aqueous mixtures of hydrazine, sodium carbonate, and glycerine (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Generally an enthalpy-concentration diagram for a system is prepared for fixed pressure, and to be complete it should include data on the solid, liquid, and vapor phases. Such charts are useful for calculations involving heat balances with accompanying concentration changes. This article outlines the steps in the preparation of a diagram and includes the diagrams for aqueous solutions of hydrazine, sodium carbonate, and glycerine.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010113
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Enrichment calculations in gaseous diffusion: Large separation factor (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method has been devised for calculating gaseous-diffusion-stage requirements to separate gases of widely differing molecular weights. For such a mixture the actual separation factor is shown to be less than the ideal separation factor, depending on the undiffused-gas composition and the ratio of absolute pressures on each side of the barrier. The equilibrium relationship between the compositions of the diffused- and undiffused-gas streams leaving any stage is also derived by means of the Rayleigh concept. Application of the method is illustrated with a diagram, like that of McCabe and Thiele for distillation, on which are stepped off the required number of theoretical stages to separate a particular hydrogen-nitrogen mixture.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010114
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  • 15
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    Controlling mechanism in the aqueous absorption of nitrogen oxides (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactions involved in the removal of nitrogen oxides from gases by reaction with water are reversible and proceed at a finite rate. It is possible therefore that the over-all process is controlled by the rate of the chemical reactions. On this basis an analysis of the process has been developed by the application of chemical kinetics, with consideration of reactions involving both nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide. The resulting differential equation has been simplified and integrated to give a final equation which can be tested experimentally.Theoretical methods are presented for predicting the extent of absorption of nitrogen oxides at various gas rates and concentrations and are compared with the experimental results.The paper presents some new concepts of the factors which control the rate of absorption of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide in water. An understanding of the controlling factors in the process should indicate methods for improving the design of absorption towers in nitric acid plants and aid in the design of scrubbers for removing nitrogen oxides from waste gases.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010116
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  • 16
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    Use of the redlich and kwong equation of state in calculating thermodynamic properties of gases from experimental compressibility data (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 100-104 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Convenient and accurate methods of calculating the thermodynamic properties of gases from experimental compressibility-factor data through the use of the Redlich and Kwong equation of state are presented. Analytical and graphical methods are combined. As an example, fugacity and activity coefficients are calculated for the nitrogen-ethylene system at 50°C. for pressures up to 500 atm.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010115
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  • 17
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    Kinetics of the catalyzed and uncatalyzed liquid-phase hydration of propylene oxide (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 118-124 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the catalytic and noncatalytic hydration of propylene oxide were studied in a continuous reactor. Both the catalytic and noncatalytic reaction were studied over a temperature range of 100° to 300°F. The feed ratios ranged from 2.5 to 10 lb. water/lb. propylene oxide. In the case catalytic reaction, the catalyst concentration of sulfuric acid ranged up to 0.25 wt. % of the total feed.The study showed the noncatalytic reaction to be pseudo first order with respect to propylene oxide, and an equation was found for the rate constant. The catalytic reaction was found to be pseudo second order with respect to propylene oxide, and the effect of the catalyst concentration is shown graphically.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010118
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  • 18
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    Performance of small herschel-type venturi tubes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 125-128 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The characteristics of five Herschel-type Venturi tubes with throat diameters ranging from 0.073 to 0.359 in, and throat-to-pipe - diameter ratios from 0.0882 to 0.4340 have been investigated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010119
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  • 19
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    A note on the additivity of diffusional resistances (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 129-129 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010120
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  • 20
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    Approximate equations for time of batch fractionation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions are obtained for the calculation of the time required for batch rectification of binary feeds which may be treated by assuming constant relative volatility and no column holdup. The equations cover constant reflux operations and varying reflux constant product operations for the two cases involving either a large or a small number of theoretical stages. The latter type of calculation has hitherto been possible only by tedious graphical methods. This paper introduces novel pseudoequilibrium curves which lead to simple equations of considerable accuracy. The equations obtained may be rearranged or modified so that other factors such as sharpness of fractionation may be represented analytically.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010117
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  • 21
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    Chemical process principles-part 1, Material and Energy Balances. O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1954). 525 pages. $8.50 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 130-130 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010121
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  • 22
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    A second glance (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 133-133 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010201
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  • 23
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    Operating characteristics of membranes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 152-156 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010204
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  • 24
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    Development of an equation of state for gases (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 142-151 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010203
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  • 25
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    Gas absorption and oxidation in dispersed mediaComplete data are found in the Ph. D. Thesis of L. B. Andersen, obtainable on microfilm from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was studied with two types of dispersion apparatus, the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and with sulfur dioxide by water.Very large values of the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer. Over-all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.3% for nitrogen dioxide but reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%, depending on the operating conditions.The fritted-glass disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high as 90% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
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    A technique for contacting gases with coarse solid particles (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although coarse, uniformly sized particles are not amenable to fluidization, it has been found possible by use of either gases or liquids to impart a regular cycling motion to a bed of this type of material in which the solids are rapidly carried upward by the fluid in a central well-defined core within the bed. The particles move uniformly downward in the annular space surrounding the core, thus providing dense-phase countercurrent contact between the fluid and the solids. There is no wall separating the core from the annulus. This method is called the spouted-bed technique. The effect of column diameter, fluid inlet diameter, bed depth, and physical properties of solids and fluids on spouting behavior has been investigated. The minimum fluid velocity required for spouting has been correlated, and the flow pattern of the fluid and of the solids has been stuided. The technique has been applied to the drying of wheat.
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    Critical constants of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The van der Waals' constanta a andb evaluated from structural considerations of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are used to calculate the critical constants for these types of compounds. For these unsaturated hydrocarbons, both van der Waals' constants are calculated through the additive contribution of unsaturated bonds to the van der Waals' constants of the corresponding saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons calculated according to a method previously proposed (6).With both van der Waals' constants available, the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes for these types of compounds can be obtained.By use of this approach, the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes of several olefins, diolefins, and acetylenes have been calculated. These calculated values have been compared whenever possible with values reported in the literature to produce an average percentage deviation of 1.3 for the critical temperature, 3.0 for the critical pressure, and 1.5 for the critical volume. In this comparison questionable literature values have been included, and consequently the reported deviations present the worst possible expectation.
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    Surface tension and the principle of corresponding states (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 174-177 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental surface-tension data for pure substances have been correlated successfully by the use of two recent modifications of the principle of corresponding states. The results are expressed in terms of simple analytical relations which allow one to calculate the surface-tension curves either from the critical constants Pc, Vc, and Tc or from Pc, Tc, and the boiling point Tb and also provide a method for estimating critical properties from surface-tension measurements. In addition, a method for estimating the surface tension of molten metals is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010208
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    Critical constants of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbonsComplete tabular matter is available from the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, 25, D. C., as document 4563 for $1.25 for microfilm or photoprints. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 168-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Through the use of group contributions the van der Waals' constants, a and b, were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from a knowledge of the chemical structure of these compounds and were used to define the critical temperature and pressure of these substances.By the use of methane as the base group, both van der Waals' constants were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity through the additive contribution of methyl groups in the seccessive substitution of hydrogen until the desired structure of the substance was obtained. For the normal saturated hydrocarbons these contributions were found to be additive for the evaluation of a0.626 and b0.76 up through n-octane, and these exponents have been assumed to apply in the scaling up of larger normal and isomeric hydrocarbon molecules for which experimental data are lacking.The volume van der Waals' constant b alone serves to define the critical volume of these compounds through the expression γc = 3 β b, where β represents a factor which has been found to depend on the size and arrangement of the molecule.By following this procedure the critical temperatures, pressures and volumes of the normal saturated hydrocarbons through eicosane (C20H42), inclusive, and all the isomeric hydrocarbons up to and through the nonanes were calculated and compared, whenever possible, with values already available in the literature with an agreement of 0.43% for the estimation of the critical temperature, 0.69% for the critical pressure, and 0.86% for the critical volume. A combined consideration of these average deviations points to the estimation of the critical constants of the aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with an average error of 0.7%.
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    Turbulence in falling liquid films (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 178-184 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of fluid dynamic and heat transfer studies on falling-film towers by various investigators, it has been commonly accepted by most workers that the liquid flow is essentially streamline in nature for liquid-film Reynolds numbers under 1,800 to 2,000; conseuquently it would be expected that the rate of physical gas absorption in such liquid films could be predicted directly from a knowledge of molecular diffusion rates.Measurements of the absorption of pure gases in falling liquid films at low Reynolds numbers substantiated the findings of other investigators that the mass transfer rates were manyfold greater than could have been predicted if molecular diffusion were the only transfer process. Increased interfacial area due to rippling of the liquid films could not account for the large increase in mass transfer rates found, and experiments with the addition of a dye stream to the liquid at the freer interface indicated turbulence.Dissolution rates of slightly soluble solids coated on the tube wall to liquid films were measured and showed that the liquid film was not in laminar flow even for Reynolds numbers as low as 300.An explanation is proposed which resolves these apparently conflicting results between momentum and heat and mass transfer, based on the fact that mass transfer measurements provide a more sensitive test for the presence of turbulence than do momentum or heat transfer measurements.
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    Perforated-Plate extraction-column performance and wetting characteristics (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The type of surface of the perforated plate influences the performance of a perforated-plate column. Pilot plant data on a 4-in column for the system toluenediethylamine-water at 20°C. show that when the water phase is dispersed and the direction of mass transfer is from the continuous toluene to the dispersed water phase polyethylene plates give a continuous stream of droplets and a higher efficiency, but that when the direction of mass transfer is from the dispersed water to the continuous toluene phase the metal plates give the higher efficiency.
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    Performance of vaned-disk atomizers (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 200-209 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010212
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    Heat and mass transfer in packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eddy mass diffusivities, effective thermal conductivities, and wall heat transfer coefficients were measured in an 8-in. tube packed with 1/2- and 3/4-in. glass spheres. Superficial mass velocities ranged from 110 to 1,640 Ib./(hr.) (sq. ft.), corresponding to modified Reynolds numbers of 100 to 2,000. Air was the main stream fluid in all cases.The modified Peclet group (DpV/E*td) was found to be constant at a value of about 12 in the region of fully developed turbulence. At lower Reynolds numbers this group varied with the flow rate. Effective thermal conductivities were correlated by an equation. Modified Peclet numbers for heat transfer were about 25% less than those for mass transfer. The wall heat transfer coefficient varied with the superficial mass velocity as hw = 0.090 (Go0.75).An explanation is suggested for the similarity in velocity dependence between these values and those for turbulent flow in an empty tube, based on channeling at the wall.
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    Membrane separations in the liquid phase (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Thermodynamic properties of l-butene (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 210-214 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of 1-butene have been calculated over a temperature range of 32° to 480°F. and at pressures up to 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor-pressure, volumetric, heat-capacity, and latent-heat of vaporization data through the application of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data have been found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate to within ±0.5 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.0005 B.t.u./(lb.) (°R.).
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    Gas absorption in beds of rings and saddles (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 224-230 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New data are presented for the system carbon dioxide - sodium hydroxide. The effect of CO3= build-up upon KGa values was investigated first and the data were then used to construct a curve by means of which all data were corrected to an arbitrarily chosen reference state of 25% CO3= concentration. KGa values increased with increasing liquid rate but were not dependent on gas rate if the packings were operated below loading. For some packings examined in the loading range, however, KGa values increased with increasing gas rate.KGa values examined in relation to specific surface area were found to be very irregular in connection with rings. The surface-area utilization pattern of the saddles was considerably more uniform. The ring and saddle data for the carbon dioxide-sodium hydroxide system were in good qualitative agreement with the ammonia absorption data of Fellinger and the water-water vapor data of Mehta and Parekh.
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    Dehydration of hydrazine by azeotropic distillation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 220-224 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process was developed for dehydrating aqueous solutions of hydrazine by azeotropic distillation with aniline as an entrainer. The ternary system hydrazine-water-aniline, which contains the minimum-boiling aniline-water azeotrope and the maximum-boiling hydrazine-water azeotrope, was studied by fractionation analysis to determine the position of the ridge or distillation barrier in the vapor and liquid surface. The studies showed that the position and curvature of this ridge were favorable for the production, by rectification, of a solution richer in hydrazine than the azeotropic proportions. The process comprised three operations. Approximately 70% of the hydrazine charged to the system was dehydrated.Entrainers that form binary minimum-boiling azeotropes with both hydrazine and water are discussed. Ternary systems with these entrainers have saddlepoint azeotropes that boil intermediate with respect to the other invariant components in the system.
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    Vapor-Liquid equilibrium relations predicted by thermodynamic examination of activity coefficients (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 241-246 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010218
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    Liquid films in viscous flow (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 231-240 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A trace of radioactive material dissolved in a liquid enables the thickness of a moving film to be determined by measurement of the radiation emitted. The method is rapid and accurate and an average thickness is obtained directly even though the surface of the film may be irregular. Six liquids, having viscosities ranging from 0.5 to 20 centipoises were observed in flow down the inner wall of a vertical tube. Liquids having viscosities of about 1 centipoise or less exhibit typical viscous behavior with respect to film thickness even when waves are present. Liquids having larger viscosities give values of the film thickness which are less than for true viscous flow. The departure from normal behavior increases with increasing viscosity and occurs only over the region where the liquid moves in wave flow. Surface tension is not a factor in either wave formation or wave flow.The wave motion appears at flow rates well within the viscous region and occurs when the Froude number exceeds unity. Equations derived for the viscous flow of liquid films on the inner wall of a vertical tube would be required where tube diameter is small or liquid viscosity large. Ordinarily the less complex equations for flow down a flat plate may be used. A theory of flow in the viscous region with waves present is suggested.
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    Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Performance of packed columns. I. Total, static, and operating holdupsAdditional tabular material may be obtained from the photoduplication service, American Documentation Institute, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., as document 4565 for $1.25 for microfilm or photoprints. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 247-253 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Total and static holdups have been measured for 1/2-, and 1-in. ceramic Berl saddles, 1/2-, 1-, and 1 1/2-in. ceramic Raschig rings, and 1-in. carbon Raschig rings with air rates from 100 to 1,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.) and water rates from 1,000 to 10,000 1b./ (hr.) (sq. ft.).The holdup measurements and motion picture observations of the flow of dye solutions through packings provide an explanation for the great differences observed when gas-phase mass transfer rates are measured by absorption and vaporization methods. If the effective interfacial area for vaporization is assumed to be proportional to total holdup and the area for absorption is assumed proportional to operating holdup, the raio of the two mass transfer rates should be equal to the ratio of the two holdups.The departure from equality of the two ratios can be explained by the observation that the static holdup is displaced slowly, resulting in additional effective area for absorption over that expected from the operating holdup alone.
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    Performance of packed columns. II. Wetted and effective-interfacial areas, gas - and liquid-phase mass transfer ratesAdditional tabular material may be obtained from the American Documentation Institue Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., as document 4566 by remitting $2.50 for photoprints or $1.75 for microfilm. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 253-258 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of separating the volumetric mass transfer coefficients, kGa and kLa, into their components kG, kL, and a so that the effects of variables might be determined separately for each component. Mass transfer rates for four packings, 1/2- and 1 1/2-in. Raschig rings and 1/2-in. and 1-in. Berl saddles, made of naphthalene, were determined by vaporization into air at gas rates from 100 to 1,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.).The correlation for kGa was used to determine the wetted areas of those packings when irrigated with water and to calculate the effective interfacial areas, a, from Fellinger's data for ammonia absorption. These effective areas were then used to evaluate kL from previously published kLa data, and a correlation was obtained for all packings.The correlations for kGa and kLand the effective-interfacial-area data make possible a more rigorous method for the design of packed columns than was heretofore available.
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    Performance of packed columns. III. Holdup for aqueous and nonaqueous systemsAdditional tabular material may be obtained from the American Documentation Institute Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., as document 4567, by remitting $1.25 for photoprints or microfilm. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 259-264 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Total, static, and operating holdups have been measured for 1-in porcelain and carbon Raschig rings and 1-in. porcelain Berl saddles, employing aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sorbitol, and a wetting agent as well as pure methanol and benzene. The range of variables covered by this investigation includes liquid rate, 1,000 to 10,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.); viscosity, 0.6 to 185 cp.; surface tension, 23 to 86 dynes/cm.; specific gravity, 0.8 to 1.32.Equations and charts are presented for estimating holdups for all liquids. The application of holdups for estimating mass transfer coefficients, kG, and effective interfacial areas, a, is discussed.The total holdups for water, methanol, and benzene can be used to explain why mass transfer coefficients obtained by vaporization of pure liquids in packings seem to depend on gas diffusivity raised to the 0.15 power instead of the 0.67 power, as found in other mass transfer studies. The larger total holdups of nonaqueous liquids result in larger effective interfacial areas in the packing, which mask the effect of the change in gas diffusivity.
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    Commencement (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 271-271 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    A note on the locus of the maximum of a distillation line (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 271-271 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    September song (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 273-273 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010301
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    Molecular theory of gases and liquids. Joseph O. Hirschfelder, Charles F. Curtiss, and R. Byron Bird. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1954). 1219 pages. $20 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 272-272 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Efficiency and capacity factors in lube extraction (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 296-302 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids. Part I (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 275-288 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of thermal conductivity and temperature coefficients for fifty-three pure organic liquids, obtained with newly designed, extensively tested apparatus, are presented. For thirty-one of these liquids values of thermal conductivity or temperature coefficients have not been previously reported. The statisically determined maximum error in the presented values of thermal conductivity of liquids is ±1.50%.A method of correlating the thermal conductivity of liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is presented. Group contributions to the thermal conductivity were calculated. The thermal conductivity of liquids was predicted by this method and the average deviation of the calculated from the observed values for forty-seven liquids is ±1.50%. The proposed method of correlation permits the calculation of the thermal conductivity of a series of liquids at any temperature from a single known value.
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    Thermodynamic properties of air (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 302-304 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010305
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    Fundamentals of the hydrodynamic mechanism of splitting in dispersion processes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The splitting of globules is an important phenomenon during the final stages of disintegration processes. Three basic types of deformation of globules and six types of flow patterns causing them are distinguished.The forces controlling deformation and breakup comprise two dimensionless groups: a Weber group NWe and a viscosity group NVi. Breakup occurs when NWe exceeds a critical value (NWe)crit. Three cases are studied in greater detail: (a) Taylor's experiments on the breakup of a drop in simple types of viscous flow, (b) breakup of a drop in an air stream, (c) emulsification in a turbulent flow.It is shown that (NWe)crit depends on the type of deformation and on the flow pattern around the globule. For case (a) (NWe)crit shows a minimum value ∼ 0.5 at a certain value of (NVi) and seems to increase indefinitely with either decreasing or increasing ratio between the viscosites of the two phases. For case (b) (NWe)crit varies between 13 and ∞, depending on NVi and on the way in which the relative air velocity varies with time, the lowest value refers to the true shock case and Nvi→0. For case (c) (NWe)crit, which determines the maximum drop size in the emulsion, amounts to ∼1, and the corresponding values of NVi appear to be small. A formula is derived for the maximum drop size.
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    Diffusional film characteristics in turbulent flow: Dynamic response method (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Application of a dynamic or unsteady-state technique to the problem of radial mixing in a tube is described. Measurement of the amplitude attenuation suffered by a sinusoidally modulated gas composition wave as it flows within an open (unpacked) tube makes possible the direct determination of an “equivalent gas film thickness” from which a mass transfer film coefficient may be readily calculated.A brief summary of the method employed for obtaining the necessary mathematical relationships is presented, along with descriptions of the techniques developed for measurement of small amplitude differences at wave frequencies as high as 10 cycles /sec.Experimentally, conditions were varied to include a range of Schmidt number from 0.18 to 1.24 and of Reynolds number from 4,000 to 50,000. The results of this work appear to fall nearly in line with the semitheoretical equation of Martinelli as written for mass transfer. Generally speaking, a was found to be an increasing function of NSc, varying from about 0.5 to a maximum of 0.77; β, in turn, was found to increase with NRe from 0.3 to 0.5.A suggestion for extending the method to measurement of eddy diffusivities in the axial direction is included.
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    Total pressure method for vapor-liquid equilibria at low absolute pressures: Aniline-nitrobenzene systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 312-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data for use in the successful design and operation of mass transfer equipment at pressures down to approximately 5 mm. Hg may be advantageously obtained by the method of total pressures. In this method the desired equilibrium data are derived from pressure vs. temperature measurements on a convnient number of made-up solutions covering the entire composition range.With a modified Smith and Menzies isoteniscope, it is possible to measure accurately the data required for making the equilibrium calculations down to 2 mm. abs. pressure without the “bumping,” supercooling, and superheating encountered with equilibrium stills. The isoteniscope is simple to construct and operate from 1 atm. to 2 mm. abs.The use of the total pressure method and the isoteniscope is illustrated by the determination of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in the aniline-nitrobenzene system at 5 and 10 mm. abs. In nineteen out of twenty instances the vapor compositions for a given liquid composition are precise to within ± 0.9% and the relative volatility, which varied between 2.54 and 1.85 over the composition and temperature ranges, is precise within ± 1.5%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Low-temperature oxidation of ammonia in fixed and fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 318-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxidation of ammonia in the presence of manganous oxide-bismuth oxide catalyst supported on small alumina spheres was studied in both fixed and fluidized beds in the temperature range from 205° to 250°C. The column used was 4½ in. in diameter and 43 in. high. The experiments were made so that the transport effects in the fluidized bed might be separated from the chemical kinetic effects.In accordance with the theory of two-phase fluidization proposed in a previous paper, comparison is made between the reaction rate associated with the discontinuous phase and that associated with the continuous phase as estimated from the results in the fixed bed. The over-all reaction-rate constants in the fluidized bed can be related to those in the fixed bed by an exponential term in the superficial gas velocity, Vn; n is a constant which depends on the reaction system and the size and type of the reactor.
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    Spray - extraction-tower studies (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes further research on a 4-in. I.D. by 8-ft. spray tower of Elgin design. Previous work concerned limiting flow and holdup in this tower. Owing to its high capacity and low cost, the spray tower would have much greater commercial application in liquid-liquid extraction if its conditions of transient operation could be predicted and if it could be operated to yield low Ht values. This research attempts to show that transient conditions can be predicted and that low Ht values for both mass and heat transfer can be realized near the limiting flow conditions.Theroretical equations for rate of approach to steady state derived and tested for the systems ethylene dichloride-water-propionic acid and ethylene dichloride-water-acetic acid show that the approach depends on the ratio of the phase flow rates. This study is important for the prediction of start-up time for industrial towers.With the same systems the extraction capacity of the spray tower was investigated up to the condition of rejection. The results were correlated as KEa and Ht, OE vs. a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The dispersed-phase flow rate was found to have primary significance.The heat transfer rates between water as continuous phase and solvents of various denisties were correlated as Ht′ values plotted against a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The advantages of operation near rejection were demonstrated, and the effect of direction of heat transfer was found to be significant.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030117
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria of Benzene-n-hexane and benzene-cyclohexane systems (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 191-197 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vapor-liquid equilibria of two binary systems, benzene-n-hexane and benzene-cyclohexane, were measured at pressures from 4 to 18 atm. The three-constant Redlich-Kister equation was found satisfactory for correlation.With the benzene-n-hexane system no azeotrope occurred; with the benzene-cyclohexane system an azeotrope appeared, and the mole fraction of cyclohexane in it diminished with increase in pressure. Lack of correction for fugacity in the vapor phase introduced a maximum error of 4% in activity coefficients at highest pressure.
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    Mass and heat transfer from drops in liquid-liquid extraction (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 127-136 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass and heat transfer rates in extraction are studied theoretically and experimentally for the practical range of the variables involved. For the particular but typical case of liquid drops moving through another liquid a simple correlation for the over-all mass transfer coefficient is presented, which holds with a probable error of 20%.Included are systems in which the rate is limited by either coefficient, as well as systems in which both coefficients are significant. The correlation, valid for both directions of transfer with either phase dispersed, is useful for the extrapolation of performance from system to system in a given piece of equipment. Also, together with correlations for transfer area and effective driving force, it is part of the information needed for design.
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    Relative importance of mass transfer and chemical reaction in fixed-bed converters (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 144 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030124
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    Void fractions in two-phase steam-water flow (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 136-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pressure-drop characteristics associated with one liquid and one gaseous phase flowing concurrently in a pipe or tube have yet to be understood. The operation of evaporators, boilers, and condensers has long stimulated interest in the pressure drop of steamwater mixtures, and more recently this specialized case of one-component, two-phase flow has received even greater attention from the applications in cooling nuclear reactors. The two-phase-flow problems have not been amenable to through theoretical analyses, and therefore empirical and semiempirical correlations have attained unusual prominence in practical applications. The present investigation employs a new research tool for the study of two-phase-flow structure.A variety of geometric flow patterns is possible. Bergelin, Alves, and others have classified these patterns according to visual appearance; whereas the Martinelli classifications were based upon whether the flow in each phase was termed viscous or turbulent. The distinction between viscous and turbulent flow in either phase is rather arbitrary, and if the Reynolds number for one phase, calculated on the basis of the total tube diameter, is greater than 2,000, the flow in the phase is called turbulent. This investigation is confined to the study of annular flow, in which most of the liquid is found in an annular ring surrounding the central vapor core and the flow in each phase is turbulent.Boiling or flashing occurs when superheated water rises in an insulated vertical tube at atmospheric pressure. For a separated two-phase flow geometry, the mean linear steam velocity may exceed that of the water. The fraction of the tube occupied by the steam (void fraction) at a given cross section cannot be obtained directly from a determination of the thermodynamic quality. Void fractions, however, must be known for the estimation of the pressure drops due to head and momentum changes.Void fractions and pressure drops for steam-water flows were measured in an 0.872-in. I.D. vertical tube at atmospheric pressure over a quality range of 0 to 4%. The test section was the hot leg of a natural-circulation loop, and the inlet liquid flow rate ranged from 1 to 3 ft./sec. A new technique for measuring void fractions was used, and the method utilizes the difference between the gamma-ray absorption coefficients of water and steam.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030122
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    Volumetric and phase behavior in the hydrogen-n-hexane system (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 262-267 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In spite of the importance of hydrogenation procesing operations in the refining of petroleum there are only limited experimental volumetric and phase equilibrium data concerning mixtures of hydrocarbons and hydrogen. An investigation of the volumetiric and phase behavior of the hydrogen-n-hexane system was therefore undertaken.The experimental study involved measurements of the specific volume of four mixtures of hydrogen and n-hexane at eight temperatures between 40° and 460°F. for pressures up to 10,000 lb./sq. in In addition, the composition of the gas phase in heterogeneous mixtures was determined at six temperatures within the interval mentioned above for pressures as high as 10,000 lb./sq. in.Little about this system was found to be qualitatively unusual except that the critical pressure exceeded 10,000 lb/sq. in. at all temperatures below 340°F. As would be expected, the dew-point gas was rather lean in n-hexane for temperatures below 220°F. and at pressures above 100 times the vapor pressure of n-hexane throughout the pressure range covered by this study.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030223
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    Approximate operational calculus in chemical engineering (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 289-293 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Approximations are suggested to extend the usefulness of operational calculus in solving boundary-value problems of interest to the chemical engineer. General approximations are outlined and specific ones illustrated. The use of computing machines with operational calculus is also considered.
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    Fluidization and sedimentation of spherical particles (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are presented in support of an expression describing the relation between the sedimenting velocity or the fluidizing velocity and the fraction voids. This expression which contains no empirical constants may be obtained by considering a particle in a fluid having the average properties of the suspension. Stokes's law is used to calculate the force on the particle, and an equation derived by Vand is used to describe the viscosity of the suspension. The equation based on this model is valid for particle Reynolds numbers less than 0.07. The model may be used as an approximation of bed behavior at higher Reynolds numbers by application of a correction to Stokes's law.
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    Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: n-Hexane in the gas phase of the methane - , ethane - , and propane - n-hexane systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 385-390 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental information concerning the molecular transport of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase is limited. For this reason a study was made of the Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n-hexane in the gas phase of the methane-n-hexane, and propane-n-hexane systems.Maxwell diffusion coefficients were determined at steady state for pressures up to 70 lb./sq. in. at temperatures between 70° and 220° F. The effects of interfacial resistance were considered and uncertainties as to the behavior at the end of the transport path were eliminated. Coefficients were reported with partial pressure and with fugacity as the potential. Fick diffusion coefficients were calculated for each component on the assumption that the gas phase was an ideal solution.These data indicated that the Maxwell hypothesis with fugacity as the potential in an ideal solution is a fair description of the transport characteristics of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase at relatively low pressures. A regular decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in the molecular weight of the stagnant component was observed.
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    Simple theory of an idealized turbulent mixer (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 329-330 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With stationary isotropic turbulence postulated, the rate of decrease in concentration fluctuations of a scalar contaminant is estimated in terms of the turbulence scale and the power input to the system.
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    Estimation of ternary vapor-liquid equilibrium (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 401-409 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements were made at 50°C. for the ternary systems acetone-methanol-chloroform, acetone-methanol-carbon tetrachloride, and acetone-methanol-methyl acetate, by means of an improved vapor-recirculation type of apparatus. The complete range of concentrations was investigated, including six of the seven constituent binary systems. Chemical methods, supplemented by density and refractive-index measurements, were used for analysis.Results are presented in the form of activity coefficients γ as a function of various concentrations. Binary and ternary constants for the three-suffix Margules equations were determined by plots of (log γ) / (1-x)2 as a function of the mole fraction x. Such equations have been found to represent both the binary and the ternary data adequately except in the system containing both methanol and carbon tetrachloride. For these mixtures a simplified four-suffix equation, including a single ternary constant, correlates binary and ternary equilibrium data.The data indicate that reliable estimates of ternary equilibria can be based on the assumption that the ternary constant C* is zero for mixtures in which all deviations from Raoult's Law are positive. This is interpreted as indicating that the probability of existence of trimolecular aggregates, two- or three-component, in ternary solutions is no greater than the average of probabilities of existence of trimolecular aggregates in the constituent binary systems.Based on equations of the Margules type, a procedure is outlined for determining binary constants rapidly and for planning experiments whereby a ternary system may be completely investigated with the aid of very few measurements.The composition changes that the accompany differential distillation of the three ternary mixtures are described qualitatively in terms of the shape of the vapor-pressure-composition surfaces.
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    Flow of steam-water mixutures in a heated annulus and through orifices (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 268-275 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of total pressure drop are presented for the flow of vaporizing water in an internally heated 1-in. I.D. by 1½-in. O.D. annulus at mass velocities of 270 to 1,440, lb./(sec.)(sq.ft.), pressures of 9 to 180 lb./sq. in., and up to 0.34 fraction by weight vaporized. The total heated length over which boiling took place was as large as 6 ft. There is no evidence of “sonic” pressure jumps at the outlet. The results for the annulus mentioned lie within +30 to -11% of the Lockhart-Martinelli curve at higher qualities and with ±45% of the correlation at lower qualities where the actual quality is more uncertain. A simplified correlation in terms of quality and volume fraction of liquid predicted the two-phase frictional pressure drops with an average error of 41%.It was found that the ratio of the two-phase pressure drop through a 0.3-in. orifice to the drop with no vaporization was approximately a linear function of the quality in the vena contracta but was only one tenth to one third as great as would be predicted if the mixture were to expand as a homogeneous fluid. Prediction of orifice presure drops is improved if slip between vapor and liquid is considered.
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    Ion exchange separation of gram quantities of americium from a kilogram of lanthanum (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 286-288 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The separation of 4.5 g. of americium from approximately a kilogram of light rare earths (primarily lanthanum) was achieved on a pilot plant scale by chromatographic displacement of the mixture from Dowex-50 resin with 0.1% ammonium citrate at pH 8 into hydrogen-form Dowex-50. The americium collected into a narrow band and was eluted free from lanthanum but contained an equal weight of cerium. A 6- and a 2-in.-diam. column were used in tandem. Use of a final column with a much smaller diameter would have permitted a cleaner separation from cerium, but this was left for a laboratory-scale separation by a different process. Precipitation, which was observed in the columns during the first runs, was later avoided entriely by use of high flow rates both initially and during the transfer between columns. No adverse effects were noted from ∼15 curies of alpha activity.
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    Masthead (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030301
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    Discharge coefficients through perforated plates (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 305-312 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design variables that affect the pressure drop across dry perforated plates were determined and correlated. Average orifice coefficients were calculated for the perforated plates by using a modified form of the single-orifice flow equation.The variables which affected the orifice coefficients were found to be the hole diameter, hole pitch, plate thickness, fraction of the plate covered by the perforated area, and a Reynolds number based on the hole diameter. The orifice coefficients have been correlated with these variables in dimensionless groupings.The correlation presented covers a practicable range of variables for which the pressure drop may be predicted in design.
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    Two-phase pressure drops in largediameter pipes (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 321-324 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Effect of water vapor on the catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extension of the kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of nitric oxide on activated carbon and silica gel confirms the rate-controlling step postulated by previous workers. The effect of variables including water vapor on the reaction rate is expressed by an equation containing the constants a, b, c, and w, which have been evaluated for both catalysts at 30°, 45°, and 60°C. The effect of water vapor is to reduce the reaction by reversible adsorption on the active sites of the catalyst. The value of w is dependent on temperature but independent of water-vapor concentration up to a relative humidity of 20%. Above 20% the value of w for activated carbon increases greatly with relative humidity, in agreement with the effect of capillary adsorption at high water contents.
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    Evaluation of the heat requirements in batch distillation operations (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 391-394 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the heat requirements in binary batch fractionations which involve negligible column hold up. The method, in which the additional variables of the discontinuous process are taken into account, is a modification of the methods of Ponchon and Savarit for continuous operation. Two examples, one for a fractionation in which the composition of the product is constant and the other in which the reflux ratio is constant, are given as illustrations of the method.The application of the method permits more accurate evaluation of reboiler and condenser heat loads and, in turn, better design.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030320
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    Thermal and material transfer in turbulent gas streams: Local transport from spheres (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local convective thermal transfer is difficult to predict for nonuniform three-dimensional boundary flows. Direct measurements of local transfer from objects of practical interest are therefore useful in the prediction of thermal transfer and in an understanding of multidimensional boundary flows.Measurements of the gross and local transfer were made upon a silver sphere 0.5 in. in diameter and a ceramic porous sphere of the same size from which n-heptane was permitted to evaporate. The air stream had a level of turbulence of approximately 5.4% and only small variation in velocity with position. Temperature distributions in the boundary flows around these spheres were determined, and from these distributions local transfer coefficients were established for the forward hemisphere. The gross transfers were established from the electrical energy added to the silver sphere and from the quantity of n-heptane evaporated from the porous sphere.The local thermal transfers were in reasonable agreement with some of the theoretical analyses based upon a three-dimensional laminar-boundary layer. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between spatial integration of the local transfer and the simultaneously measured over-all values. These, in turn, were in fair agreement with correlated values of the gross thermal and material transfer from spheres.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Errata (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 7S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030326
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    Heats of vaporization of hydrogen-bonded substances (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 473-479 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method is proposed for the calculation of the heat of vaporization of hydroxylated compounds to an accuracy of about ±0.5 kcal./mole from no more data than the molecular structure and a boiling point. The older methods, by comparison, achieved an accuracy of about ±1 kcal./mole with a far greater computational effort, since they required the (usually hypothetical) critical temperature and critical pressure in addition to a boiling point.The method is here applied to aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, to ether-alcohols (e.g., the cellosolves), and to alcohols conaining keto or aldehyde groups (e.g., salicylaldehyde) and supersedes previous correlations covering the heats of vaporization of these compounds. The method can also be used to assess the quality of vapor-pressure data of the compounds covered by it.The method is based on the assumption that the heat of vaporization consists of two terms, the dispersion energy and the hydrogen-bond increment (close but not equal to the hydrogen-bond strength). The first term is calculated from a knowledge of the heat of vaporization of the equistructural hydrocarbon, now easily available from the Tables of A.P.I. Research Project 44. The hydrogen-bond term is calculated from a set of rules given in the report.The application of the increment method of this report to other properties and other functional groups is the subject of a continuing investigation.
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    Thermal-conductivity-reduced-state correlation for the inert gases (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 454-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fragmentary thermal-conductivity data for argon available in the literature have been correlated by use of a residual thermal conductivity k - k* vs. density ρ relationship. This correlation produced a unique continuous curve which was found to be singularly independent of temperature and pressure for both gaseous- and liquid-state data. From low-pressure thermal-conductivity values k* and the relationship given above, it is possible to determine thermal conductivities at any condition of temperature and pressure for which a corresponding density is available. This procedure was used to calculate reliable thermal conductivities k for high-pressure regions where experimental data were lacking.In a similar manner the critical thermal conductivity kc for argon was established directly from the critical density and the quantity kTc*. The kc value permitted the calculation of reduced thermal conductivities kR and made possible the construction of an extensive reduced-state chart. Although this correlation was developed mainly from data for argon, it was found to apply equally as well to the other inert gases as postulated from the theory of corresponding states.A comparison of thermal conductivities calculated from the reduced-state plot with over 200 experimental points produced an average deviation of 1.8% for all the inert gases. This chart was also found applicable to the diatomic gases and their mixtures but produced significant deviations for substances having more than two atoms per molecule.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Hydroextraction: Flow in submerged cakes (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 528-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow equations have been proposed for hydroextractor cakes wherein the pores are filled with moving liquid. These equations have been confirmed for the effect of each variable by use of different experimental techniques. The critical wetting rate has provided the most informative steady state, in which the cake is fed with liquid to maintain the inner surface of the liquid at radius rL coincident with that of the cake at radius rc. Transient techniques have also been used wither with a probe to time the movement of a liquid level between two radii less than rc, or with a photoelectric detector to observe the coincidence of rL = rc. The tests have proved the validity of the hydrodynamic assumptions involved in the equations and have provided both precise methods for research and practical methods for industrial purposes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030419
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    Thermal resistance of an eddy (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 523-527 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By experimental means a relation is obtained between the thermal resistance of an eddy and its angular momentum. The eddy is stationary, and no extraneous motion is present. The secondary motion which may develop in the annulus between concentric rotating cylinders is used to obtain the eddies. The fluid motion is well defined at all times and at all points of space. Heat is passed through the eddies, and the Nusselt number is obtained, which varies linearly with the angular momentum. Both Nusselt number and angular momentum vary linearly with the peripheral velocity of the inner rotating cylinder, which can be interpreted in terms of a Reynolds number associated with fluid flow perpendicular to a cylinder.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Viscous flow theory: I, Laminar Flow. Shih-I Pai. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York (1956). 384 pages. $7.75. (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 9D-9D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030421
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    Experimental physical chemistry. Farrington Daniels, J. H. Mathews, J. W. Williams, Paul Bender and R. A. Alberty. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1956). Fifth edition. 482 pages. $6.50. (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 9D-10D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030422
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    Entrapment of gas in the spreading of a liquid over a rough surface (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 24-26 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the incomplete displacement of gas from the valley between two parallel ridges by a liquid-drop front advancing over the ridges are calculated. The significant parameters are found to be the liquid density, surface tension, contact angle, and geometry of the ridges. The solution may be obtained analytically or, more conveniently, graphically. Surface roughnesses are divided into four classes, one of which can stably switch from liquid - to gas - fill, and another vice versa. This may account for some of the hysteresis effects reported in bubble nucleation. It is pointed out that surfaces consisting predominately of cavities are more likely to follow these considerations than grooved surfaces, owing to displacement of gas by advance of liquid along the grooves. An example important in boiling and cavitation theory is worked out, and qualitative agreement with the literature is shown.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Convective heat transfer from hightemperature air inside a tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local rates of convective heat transfer from air at high temperature to a cold wall were measured in the inlet region of a circular tube. Air entered the tube with a flat velocity and temperature profile at temperatures from 480° to 2,000°F. and flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 4,500 to 22,500. The inner surface of the 1.0-in. I.D. tube was maintained at approximately 100°F. by water cooling. Local rates of heat transfer were determined at 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 tube diameters from the entrance by measuring the radial temperature profile in thermally isolated, annular sections of the tube wall.The local rate data for all gas temperatures are well represented by previous correlations for small temperature differences if the gas properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature rather than at the film temperature. The data agree well with the data of previous investigators wherever the experimental ranges overlap.
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    Heat transfer from superheated vapors to a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Heat and momentum transfer in the flow of gases through packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 63-68 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and momentum transfer studies have been made for the flow of gases through fixed beds consisting of randomly packed, solid metallic particles. The experimental technique employed in these studies made possible for the first time the procurement of gas-film heat transfer data under steady state conditions and in the absence of mass transfer effects. Electric current passed through the metallic particles of the bed created within the particles a steady generation of heat, which was continuously removed by gases flowing through the bed. Several direct temperature measurements of both gases and solids within the bed made possible the direct calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film to produce the Colburn heat transfer factor jh, which has been found to correlate with the modified Reynolds number, Reh = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)ϕ]. The shape factor ϕ was established in these studies for cubes and cylinders and was found to be identical to their respective sphericities.Pressure-drop measurements produced a friction factor fk of the Blake type, which yielded separate curves for each shape when correlated with the modified Reynolds number Rem. No simple relationship was found to exist between the heat transfer and friction factors. A single correlation of the pressure-drop data was obtained for the modulus fkoϕn when correlated with a Reynolds number of the type Rem = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)]. The exponent n varies with the particle shape.Experimental runs have been carried out for 3/16, 1/4, 5/16-in. spheres, 1/4 and 3/8-in. cubes, and regular cylinders using hydrogen and carbon dioxide to extend the range of molecular weights beyond that of air, used for the majority of these runs. A particle-size, column-diameter effect was found to exist for both heat and momentum transfer. This effect becomes significant in the low Reynolds region.
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    Natural-convection heat transfer in regions of maximum fluid density (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 81-89 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the rate of heat transfer by natural convection is the temperature-density relationship of the convecting fluid. The importance of this factor is amplified when the heat is being transferred to a medium which has a maximum density.This investigation consisted of measuring the heat transfer rates, velocity gradients, and temperature profiles when heat is transferred from a flat vertical plate to water in the region of 4°C. In some experiments the flow in the boundary layer was observed to be downward while at other conditions of plate and fluid temperature a dual motion (both up and down) was noted, thus establishing a basic difference in the heat transfer mechanism and precluding a unified theory. Theoretical consideration is given to each mechanism and a criterion is derived to predict the flow regime which will prevail at fixed conditions of plate and bulk temperatures.An analogue computer was used to establish theoretical velocity and temperature profiles. The theoretical values agree reasonably well with the measured values; however, the experimental temperrature gradients near the wall were not sufficiently accurate to be extrapolated to determine a point heat transfer coefficent.
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    Mass transfer from a soluble solid sphere (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 114-124 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer from 3/8- and 1/2-in.-diameter spheres of adipic acid and from 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8- and 3/4-in.-diameter spheres of benzoic acid into a controlled stream of water passing in laminar flow through a 3-in.-diameter pipe is found to be correlated by the single equaton NSh = 2 + 0.95 NRe0.5 NSc0.33 for sphere Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700. The limitations on the application of this equation, due to mass transfer by natural convection, are discussed. Correlations are also obtained for transfer from separate regions of the sphere surface.Skin-friction-drag coefficients for single fixed spheres have been calculated from reported pressure distributions for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1,000.Good agreement is obtained between the mass transfer j factor and other reported values for heat transfer, but comparison with the calculated frictional forces indicates that the equality proposed by Colburn (3) does not hold, because the distributions of the mass transfer and the skin friction over the surface differ.
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    Errata (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040123
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    The first transactions (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 125-125 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040202
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    Kinetic studies of carbonation reactions using radioactive tracers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this study a radioactive tracer technique was used to determine the kinetic reaction rate constants in the CO2—NaHCO3—Na2CO3—H2O system at temperatures of 32, 50, and 68°F., and at various values of pH ranging from 5.6 to 7.6. By operating with this system at chemical equilibrium but at isotopic disequilibrium, it was possible to divorce the influence of the diffusion of CO2 into and out of the aqueous solution from the kinetic effects of the chemical reaction. Radioactive carbon-14 in the form of CO2 was analyzed by means of the Bernstein-Ballentine technique in order to measure the rates of reaction.By this treatment, without using intricate equipment, reaction rate constants were computed from simple, integrated first-order equations. Results showed that values for the forward rate constant of the reaction CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+ agreed well with the values published by previous investigators. On the other hand, the forward rate constants of the reaction CO2 + OH- ⇌ HCO3- were about 100 times as large as previously reported values. This difference is believed due to the complete elimination of any mass transfer effects in this study. In addition, values for the rate constants of the reverse reactions were measured for the first time, and the calculated values of the equilibrium constants for the two reactions agreed within 6% on the average with those given by Harned and Owen. The technique used, with its variations, is expected to have numerous applications in the study of the kinetics of heterogeneous systems.
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    Mathematical development of tube loading in horizontal condensers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations were derived by Nusselt for condensation on a vertical bank of horizontal tubes employing several questionable assumptions. His theoretical results indicate that the average condensing coefficient for a tube in an n-tube vertical bank should be n-1/4 times the single-tube coefficient. An empirical modification for turbulence previously suggested by the present author changed the factor to n-1/6. To facilitate further experimental studies and design calculations, precise equations are developed for condensate loading for the different common tube layouts bounded by a circle. These equations use a generalized factor n-1/s where a value of s/4 〉 1.0 becomes an index of turbulence.
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    Estimation of the stage efficiency of simple, agitated vessels used in mixer-settler extractors (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 202-207 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of calcuation is presented by which estmates may be made of the stage efficiency of continuously operated, agitated, baffled vessels used in mixer-settler extractors. The calculations are limited to cases where the agitatiing impeller is a flat-blade turbine, and do not include estimates of the entrance and exit effects. The method has been tested with all the available experimental data, which include three different sizes of vessels, systems, and impeller sizes, and a variety of operating conditions including speeds of agitation, rates of flow, and ratios of contacted liquids. Because of limitations of the author's knowledge, the calculations are necessarily approximate, but they nevertheless correctly indicate the nature of the variations in stage efficiency to be expected with all of the design and operating variables for which tests could be applied.
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    Viscous flow in multiparticle systems: Slow motion of fluids relative to beds of spherical particles (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical treatment is developed on the basis that two concentric spheres can serve as the model for a random assemblage of spheres moving relative to a fluid. The inner sphere comprises one of the particles in the assemblage and the outer sphere consists of a fluid envelope with a “free surface.” The appropriate boundary conditions resulting from these assumptions enable a closed solution to be obtained satisfying the Stokes-Navier equations omitting inertia terms. This solution enables rate of sedimentation or alternatively pressure drop to be predicted as a function of fractional void volume.Comparison of the theory is made with other relationships and data reported in the literature. Of special interest is its close agreement with the well known Carman-Kozeny equation which has been widely used to correlate data on packed beds as well as sedimenting and fluidized systems of particles. This is remarkable in view of the fact that the force on each particle in a packed bed can be up to several hundred times that exerted on a single particle in an undistrubed medium.
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    Adiabatic-temperature change (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 562-563 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010432
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020101
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    How not to alleviate the engineer shortage (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020102
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    Entrainment from bubble-cap trays (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on liquid entrainment are reported for rectangular-cap bubble trays on 24-in. tray spacing for an air-water system. Several tray variations were studied, and entrainment is given for trays containing eight, twelve, and sixteen caps a tray. Some hydraulic characteristics (pressure drop, liquid backup, minimum vapor velocity, and downflow froth height) are also reported. It was found in this study that decreasing liquid path lenght increased the entrainment from a bubble-cap tray and increasing tray bubbling area decreased entrainment. It was also found that decreasing slot area generally had no effect on liquid entrainment over the range investigated.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020103
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  • 97
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    A generalized correlation of diffusion coefficients (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Graphical correlations of binary gas diffusion coefficients are developed based on the Hirschfelder-Bird-Spotz diffusion equation and the theorem of corresponding states. A critical diffusion coefficient is defined and is used in turn for a definition of a “reduced” coefficient. The reduced diffusion coefficient is correlated graphically in generalized form in terms of the reduced properties of the diffusing gas. Using air as a reference “barrier” gas, the authors compared critical diffusion coefficients for various gases diffusing through a single barrier gas with the critical coefficients for these gases through air. This ratio, termed the barrier gas ratio, was found to be independent of the properties of the diffusing gas. A graphical correlation of the barrier gas ratio enables rapid estimation of a binary diffusion coefficient with a minimum of information.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020104
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  • 98
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    Rate of nitration of benzene with mixed acid (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 26-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well-emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34° to 54°C. The acid-phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole % benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied from 25 to 80 volume % acid phase.The reaction rate based on the total volume of the reacting mixture is shown to be a function of the phase compositions, temperature, and volume % of acid phase.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020106
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  • 99
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    Correlation of bubble-cap fractionating-column plate efficiencies (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating the true conditions of operation of a bubble-cap tray is presented. Intermediate between the Murphree and the Lewis methods, which represent the extremes of actual operation, this method involves the use of a correlation to determine the degree of liquid mixing on the tray and the use of new relations between the Murphree vapor efficiency, the Lewis case I efficiency, and the true local efficiency. For the last, partial liquid mixing is taken into account.Data were obtained on an 18-in. O.D. three-tray bubble-cap tower containing ten 3-in. bubble caps a tray. Partial liquid mixing was correlated for changes in vapor and liquid rates, pressure, temperature, and weir height for the system ethylene dichloride-toluene.Efficiency data on acetone-water, ethanol-water, and ethylene dichloride-toluene showed the following effects: (1) low concentration of lwo boiler usually, but not always, resulted in low true local efficiencies, always with high Murphree efficiencies; (2) vapor velocity effects are more intimately connected with slot velocity than superficial velocity (and hence entrainment); (3) raising the pressure gives higher efficiencies; (4) an increase in liquid depth increases the true local efficiency but may have no effect on the Murphree efficiency.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020105
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  • 100
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    Prediction of ideal-stage requirements in complex liquid-liquid extraction systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for obtaining equilibrium data and predicting ideal-stage requirements in a complex liquid-liquid extraction system is presented. Preliminary equilibrium data are obtained from a simulated column run involving a series of batch contacts operated in such a manner as to approach steady state countercurrent conditions. The flow ratios and stage requirements for continuous operation are then estimated by trial-and-error by use of a modified McCabe-Thiele method.The procedure lends itself particularly well to those systems with interdependent distribution of the two components. Data for the separation of hafnium from zirconium are presented to show the utility of the method.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020108
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