ALBERT

Description: The aim of this book is to provide all persons interested in the tree and wood species of Suriname with a simple means to find the name of a given tree. To this end two dichotomous keys have been drawn up with the help of punched cards prepared from studies of conserved material and field observations made by the authors. The first one makes use only of vegetative characters of leaves and twigs and a few saliant features of the bark, disregarding flower and fruit characters mostly used in floras. The second key is based on the anatomy of the wood as far as this can be observed with a good 10 X or sometimes 20 X magnifying hand-lens.\nIn the \xe2\x80\x9cInleiding\xe2\x80\x9d the terminology applied in each of the keys and in the descriptions is explained and elucidated by sketch drawings. After the keys follows the descriptive part in which the families are treated in alphabetical sequence as are the genera within each family and species within a genus. In general the taxa are taken in the same circumscription as in the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora of Suriname\xe2\x80\x9d; where a different name is accepted, following recent views, the name in the Flora has been added in brackets. Attention is drawn to the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae which are treated here on account of their close relationship as two major subdivisions of Leguminosae, the latter name being used as general family heading.

Description: In 1898 a shot-hole borer, identified as X. perforans (Woll.) appeared in an experimental plantation of sugar-cane varieties at Kagok, near Tegal, West Java. Zehntner, the Swiss entomologist on the staff of the Sugar-cane Experimental Station at Kagok, used the opportunity to study the borer extensively in the laboratory as well as in the field. The borer was already notorious at the time by its boring into the bung and staves of wine-casks in Madeira and beercasks in India, which caused leakages \xc2\xb2).\nZehntner published the very important results of his investigations in an extensive paper written for the planters in the Dutch language, in 1900. A summary of this paper on \xe2\x80\x9dDe riet-schorskever\xe2\x80\x9d (the cane bark-borer) was inserted in an annual report for 1900. An excerpt of the paper, quoting some parts verbatim but wanting several of the most interesting biological details, appeared in 1906 in VAN DEVENTER\xe2\x80\x99S volume on \xe2\x80\x9eDe dierlijke vijanden van het suikerriet en hunne parasieten\xe2\x80\x9d (= The enemies of sugar-cane and their parasites).

Description: Die Untersuchung des Ems-Estuarium mit dem Dollart und dem anschlie\xc3\x9fenden Wattgebiet wurde u.a. vorgenommen, um durch das Sammeln von \xc3\xb6kologischer Kenntnisse, die pal\xc3\xa4o-\xc3\xb6kologischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse derartiger Regionen aus fr\xc3\xbcheren Epochen der Erdgeschichte besser kennen zu lernen. Deshalb haben diese Schlu\xc3\x9ffolgerungen \xc3\xbcber die \xc3\xb6kologischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse einen etwas anderen Akzent, als wenn sie von einem Biologen stammten.\nDie \xc3\x96kologie der Diatomaceae, Mollusca, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Copepoda, Foraminifera und noch einiger anderer wirbelloser Tiere wurde einer n\xc3\xa4heren Untersuchung unterzogen. Absichtlich war die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Mikrofauna und -flora gerichtet, weil wir besonders unsere mikropal\xc3\xa4ontologische Kenntnis vertiefen wollten.

Description: Die Subsubclassis Redioinei ODENING, 1960 innerhalb der Unterklasse Digenea (VAN BENEDEN, 1858) wurde in zwei fr\xc3\xbcheren programmatischen Systementw\xc3\xbcrfen provisorisch, teilweise in Anlehnung an LA RUE (1957), gegliedert (ODENING 1960, 1961b). Ich halte es heute f\xc3\xbcr angebracht, die in jeder Beziehung bestimmbaren und festumrissenen Trematodengruppen als Ordnungen zu bewerten, wie es z.B. auch in den neueren Systemen der Cestoden der Fall ist. Diese Auffassung hat nicht nur praktische Vorz\xc3\xbcge, sondern sie befreit auch die unbestritten einheitlichen Gruppen aus hypothetischen Verbindungen. Ist es doch ein Nachteil der meisten neueren Einteilungsversuche der Digenea, da\xc3\x9f phylogenetische Hypothesen in Form von Ordnungen etabliert wurden, die nach Lage der Dinge je nach Auffassung der Autoren recht verschieden zusammengesetzt waren, w\xc3\xa4hrend die wirklich einheitlichen Gruppen mit den Zwischenkategorien (Unterordnung, \xc3\x9cberfamilie) bedacht wurden. Die Redioinei umfassen nach der neuen Wertung folgende selbst\xc3\xa4ndige Ordnungen (alphabetische Reihenfolge): 1. Allocreadiida Odening, 1960 2. Azygiida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 3. Clinostomatida (Allison, 1943) stat. et nom. emend. 4. Cyclocoelida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 5. Fasciolida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. 6. Hemiurida (Poche, 1926) stat. emend. 7. Opisthorchiida (La Rue, 1957) char. emend. 8. Paramphistomatida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend.\nDie Ordnung Didymozoida (Poche, 1926) ist von den Redioinei auszuschlie\xc3\x9fen, da sie m\xc3\xb6glicherweise nicht zu den Digenea geh\xc3\xb6rt (siehe Baer & Joyeux 1961).

Description: Im Sommer des Jahres 1953, 1954 und 1956 wurden mit dem von dem Ministerium f\xc3\xbcr Wasserbauverwaltung zur Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestellten Forschungsschiff \xe2\x80\x9eOns Genoegen\xe2\x80\x9c, insgesamt 8 Wochen hydrographische, chemische und biologische Untersuchungen gemacht auf dem Wasser und auf dem Land.\nVon der Nehrungsinsel Rottumeroog bis Papenburg an der Ems wurden 352 Bodenproben und etwa 160 Wasserproben gesammelt. Weiter wurden viele hydrographische Messungen durchgef\xc3\xbchrt.

Description: Im Sommer der Jahren 1953, 1954 und 1956 wurden mit einem, durch das Ministerium f\xc3\xbcr Wasserbauverwaltung zur Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestellten Forschungsschiff insgesamt etwa 8 Wochen hydrographische, chemische und biologische Untersuchungen auf dem Land und im Wasser vorgenommen.\nUnter anderm wurden 352 Bodenproben gesammelt in der Ems bis Leer, in den Prielen und auf den Platen (siehe \xc3\x9cbersichtskarte hinten im Buch und Profile).

Description: Studying the kidneys of the Common Porpoise and the Fin Whale it was found that there is a second venal system next to the normal venal system. The arterial and venal system as found in the kidneys of the dog are present in the kidneys of the Common Porpoise without typical differences but there is also a venal system situated outside the renculi which conducts the blood from the venae arcutae to the vene cava. This system is found in the kidneys of the Common Seal but here it is replacing the system of the vena renalis which it does not do in the kidneys of the Common Porpoise.\nIn the kidneys of the Common Porpoise and the Fin Whale both the plexus which surround the pelvic cavity and the ureter are present and they show to be nearly similar to those described for the kidneys of the dog. Between the renculi it is found that the plexus mentioned are somewhat more developed than in the dog. The morphology of the plexus is also identical to that of the plexus in the dog, and it is supposed that their function will be also the same in the Common Porpoise and in the dog.

Description: Beschreibung der Geburt von drei Frettchen mit drei Protokollen. In mancher Hinsicht etwa die gleichen Befunde wie MURR (1932). Hier werden nur die abweichenden und neuen Befunde mitgeteilt. 1. Keine Unterschiede zwischen primiparen und pluriparen Tieren. 2. Eine glasige Schleimschnur aus der Vulva ist 2 bis 4 Stunden vor der Austreibung wahrnehmbar. Kurz vor der Geburt steht das Muttertier nur mit gr\xc3\xb6sster Schwierigkeit und liegt oftmals auf dem R\xc3\xbccken. 3. Die Austreibung f\xc3\xa4ngt an mit Pressen. Das Tier nimmt dazu die charakteristische Kothaltung an und geht in die Kotecke. 4. Nachdem die Fruchtblase in der Vulva erschienen ist, wird sie vom Muttertier mit dem Gebiss zerrissen. Nur ausnahmsweise findet ein spontaner Blasensprung statt. 5. Das Junge wird im Liegen weiter ausgetrieben. Die Wehen werden von der Bauchpresse unterst\xc3\xbctzt, wobei die Mutter liegen bleibt. Nur einmal (auf 16 Junge) half die Mutter und zog mit dem Gebiss das Junge auf einmal aus der Vulva. 6. Die Nabelschnur wird von der Mutter mit den Backenz\xc3\xa4hnen durchbissen. Am Bauch des Jungen bleibt ein etwa 2 mm langer Rest \xc3\xbcbrig. Diese L\xc3\xa4nge entspricht genau der Lippendicke des Muttertieres, also der Entfernung ihrer Backenz\xc3\xa4hne vom Nabel des Neugeborenen. 7. Die Nachgeburt wird unmittelbar nach ihrem Erscheinen gefressen, meistens schon bevor man in der Lage ist, diese genau zu beobachten. 8. Auf 16 Junge wurden nur 4 Steisslagen gefunden, also 25%, Kopfendlagen und die Steissendlagen alternierten nicht. 9. In Kopfendlage wird das Junge in Beugehaltung geboren (Kopf liegt der Brust an), aber in Steissendlage ist das Junge gestreckt. 10. Der Mittelwert der Austreibezeit pro Frucht ist in Kopfendlage 3,5 Minuten, oder wenn man von dem erstgeborenen Jungen absieht, 2,6 Minuten, und in Steissendlage nur 43 Sekunden. 11. Zwischen den Geburten von 2 Jungen liegen Zeitabschnitte von 3 bis 74 Minuten. 12. Der Nabelschnurrest am Bauch des Jungen f\xc3\xa4llt ab nach 4 bis 5 Tagen.

Description: Entamoeba invadens RODHAIN is known as a dangerous parasite in reptiles, especially snakes and lizards. Up till now it has mostly been found in specimens which are kept in captivity. When these are carriers they show no signs of disease, but the faeces contain cysts and can infect healthy reptiles. If the reptiles are ill, the symptoms mostly are serious. They begin with a loss of appetite and an increasing need for drinking water. Within a few weeks the faeces merely consist of bloody mucus, containing a large number of hystolytic forms as well as a few cysts of Entamoeba invadens. In the case of Lacerta agilis (STAM, 1958), the animals died on an average within 25 days from inoculation (14 to 34 days). Different species of Natrix which had been infected died in 13 to 77 days from the onset of infection (RATCLIFFE and GEIMAN, 1938). BARROW and STOCKTON (1960) found that the temperature affected the symptoms in infected snakes. When the animals were kept at 13\xc2\xb0 C there were no internal pathological changes within two to six weeks but at 25\xc2\xb0 C these were very clear.\nThese changes, as described by different authors, are ulcers of the colon. In experiments nearly the entire colon is damaged to such an extent that no individual ulcers can be distinguished. Ulcers may also be found in the ilium. The liver may have one or several abscesses. Inflammation sometimes spreads from the gut to the kidneys.

Description: La naissance de jeunes phoques a lieu dans nos r\xc3\xa9gions, en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral au cours des mois de juin\xe2\x80\x94juillet. C\xe2\x80\x99est alors qu\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s une gestation d\xe2\x80\x99environ 11 mois, le jeune vient au jour, mesurant 80\xe2\x80\x9485 cm de longueur et pesant de 12 \xc3\xa0 20 kg; il est la plupart du temps d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 recouvert du deuxi\xc3\xa8me pelage brillant aux reflets argent\xc3\xa9s. Le pelage embryonal du d\xc3\xa9but (lanugo) est de fa\xc3\xa7on g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale rejet\xc3\xa9 avant la naissance, mais parfois aussi pendant le processus de la mise bas; on le trouve alors sur la c\xc3\xb4te avec l\xe2\x80\x99arri\xc3\xa8re-faix. La m\xc3\xa8re nourrit son rejeton (pup) \xc3\xa0 terre, jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il soit devenu dodu (\xc2\xb1 4 semaines), apr\xc3\xa8s quoi il est abondonn\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 lui-m\xc3\xaame (1). Apr\xc3\xa8s quelques jours ou quelques semaines de difficult\xc3\xa9s, le jeune a finalement appris \xc3\xa0 s\xe2\x80\x99alimenter et se d\xc3\xa9veloppe en \xe2\x80\x9eyearling\xe2\x80\x9d. Jusqu\xe2\x80\x99ici tout est normal et naturel.\nMais il arrive de temps en temps que naissent des jumeaux. Comme chez les phoques c\xe2\x80\x99est la m\xc3\xa8re qui suit le jeune et non le jeune qui suit la m\xc3\xa8re, il en r\xc3\xa9sulte r\xc3\xa9guli\xc3\xa8rement qu\xe2\x80\x99un des jumeaux reste en arri\xc3\xa8re sans assistance maternelle. Vu que la m\xc3\xa8re suit le jeune qui peut-\xc3\xaatre criait le plus fort ou que pour telle ou telle raison elle pr\xc3\xa9f\xc3\xa9ra, il se fait que le deuxi\xc3\xa8me jeune reste sans aide et affam\xc3\xa9, appelant instinctivement l\xe2\x80\x99aide maternelle jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il meure d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9puisement; le nom de \xe2\x80\x9eHeuler-huiler\xe2\x80\x9d (criard) utilis\xc3\xa9 internationalement pour d\xc3\xa9signer le jeune abandonn\xc3\xa9, est donc bien choisi.

Description: Frederik Johannes Appelman werd op 18 juli 1894 te \xe2\x80\x99s-Gravenhage geboren. Reeds als jongen had hij belangstelling voor alles wat dier was, doch speciaal voor vogels. Met jeugdig enthousiasme bracht hij o.a. een eiercollectie bij elkaar. Toen hij zich, ter verrijking van zijn verzameling, echter eens vergreep aan een legsel zwaneneieren in de Haagse hertenkamp, maakte een geduchte vaderlijke schrobbering aan deze activiteiten een hardhandig einde. Mogelijk heeft dit jeugdtrauma er toe bijgedragen dat hij op latere leeftijd voor de museale zo\xc3\xb6logie een ietwat platonische liefde heeft gekoesterd. Frits Appelman werd geen bioloog, omdat hij meende dan uitsluitend tot het onderwijs beperkt te zullen blijven en zijn hart trok naar buiten. Het studievak van zijn keuze werd Tropische Bosbouw. Als Bosbouwkundig ingenieur vertrok hij in 1919 naar het toenmalig Nederlands Indi\xc3\xab, waar hij als houtvester werd geplaatst bij de Dienst van het Boswezen. Die functie vervulde hij op verschillende standplaatsen. Door herhaalde overplaatsingen kwam hij met vrijwel geheel Insulinde in kennis en met zijn intense belangstelling voor tropische natuur werd ieder contact met een nieuw landschap tot een blijvende ervaring. Inmiddels doorliep hij vlot zijn rangen. Hij werd in 1928 bevorderd tot Opperhoutvester en in 1940 tot Inspecteur bij de Dienst van het Boswezen voor de Inspectie Grote Oost. Dat betekende een ressort van de afmetingen van West Europa en een gelegenheid om nader kennis te maken met de biologische aspecten van het merkwaardige Indo-Australische overgangsgebied. Na de Japanse inval in 1941 kwam Ir. Appelman als krijgsgevangen reserveofficier in een interneringskamp terecht. Bij de bevrijding aanvaardde hij zo spoedig mogelijk zijn oude functie. In 1947 werd hij gepensioneerd en repatrieerde. Daarmede was zijn Indische carri\xc3\xa8re op normale wijze be\xc3\xabindigd.\nReeds tijdens zijn langdurige diensttijd bij het Boswezen was Ir. Appelman zeer actief werkzaam op het gebied van Wildlife-management. Als beheerder van natuurreservaten en gouvernementsbossen ontwierp hij systemen voor wild-tellingen en paste die ook in de practijk toe. Hij publiceerde talrijke artikelen in \xe2\x80\x9eDe Tropische Natuur\xe2\x80\x9d, \xe2\x80\x9eTectona\xe2\x80\x9d (o.m. J. F. Kools en F. J. Appelman; Inventarisatie van den Wildstand. Tectona III, afl. 7/8, juli/aug. 1949) en vroegere Ned. Ind. couranten, meestal over de grote wilde diersoorten. Verder verscheidene bijdragen in Der Zoologischen Garten, Mededelingen der Ned. Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming en het Avicultural Magazin. Het ontwerp van de Nieuwe Jachtwet voor Nederlands Indi\xc3\xab kwam van zijn hand. Zijn grote verdiensten op dit gebied vonden erkenning in zijn benoeming tot Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau.

Description: From its origin, the right aortic arch passes anteriorly, and obliquely to the right; in this part of its course it gives off the two carotid arteries, or as the case may be (e.g., in Uropeltis melanogaster (GRAY)) the common carotid trunk. It then curves dorsally, medially, and caudally. At the end of the dorsal curve, the right aortic arch gives off the vertebral artery, which runs cranially, close to the ventral surface of the vertebral column, to enter the parietes at a greater or smaller distance behind the head. In its further course, the right aortic arch fuses with the left aortic arch to form the dorsal aorta, which passes caudally close to the ventral surface of the vertebral column. The intercostal arteries arise from the vertebral artery, from the right aortic arch (between the origin of the vertebral artery and the fusion of the two aortic arches), and from the dorsal aorta. These intercostal arteries pass dorsally, and they enter the parietes in varying ways, as has been described by BEDDARD (1903; 1904a, b; 1906a, b; 1908; 1909) in a series of papers on the anatomy of snakes. This author has pointed to the possible taxonomic value of the differences shown by the various genera and species, which he examined. However, before definite conclusions can be drawn, it will be necessary to examine more genera and species. Studying the intercostal arteries of snakes is time-consuming; their number may be very high (e.g., 156 in a specimen of Xenopeltis unicolor Reinw.), and every artery has to be checked, because various types of intercostal arteries may occur in one individual.\nThe following types of intercostal arteries can be distinguished.

Description: Im Nachfolgenden berichten wir \xc3\xbcber einige wirbellose Tiergruppen, welche in den Jahren 1953\xe2\x80\x941956 in den Bodenproben gefunden worden sind. Fr\xc3\xa4ulein A. P. C. DE VOS war mit der Bearbeitung im Jahre 1954 angefangen, aber schon bald zeigte sich die Arbeit zu umfangreich und wurde Dr. J. H. STOCK ein Teil der Bearbeitung \xc3\xbcbertragen. Erstgenannte Frl. DE VOS hat sich namentlich mit der Bestimmung der Polychaeta, Ostracoda, Cladocera, Harpacticoida und Calanoida besch\xc3\xa4ftigt, w\xc3\xa4hrend letztgenannter Dr. STOCK die \xc3\xbcbrigen Crustacea und \xc3\xbcbrigen Evertebraten, wie Coelenterata, Bryozoa, Echinodermata, u.s.w. vorgenommen hat. Au\xc3\x9ferdem haben Frl. DE VOS in 1954, und Dr. STOCK in 1956 im Dollart-Ems-Estuarium au\xc3\x9fer den regul\xc3\xa4ren Serienmustern erg\xc3\xa4nzende Sammlungen gemacht. Dabei wurde speziell auf die Mikrofauna geachtet.\nLeider hat der unzeitige Tod von Fr\xc3\xa4ulein DE VOS es f\xc3\xbcr sie unm\xc3\xb6glich gemacht selber diese Arbeit zu vollenden. Die \xc3\xb6kologische Auswertung ihrer Daten ist ausschlie\xc3\x9flich von Dr. STOCK versorgt worden, und dann noch nur teilweise durchgef\xc3\xbchrt. Samtliche Polychaeta warten noch auf eine \xc3\xb6kologische Durcharbeitung.

Description: The presence of five specimens of Gough Island Gallinules, Porphyriornis nesiotis comeri ALLEN, in the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam originating from the remote Gough Island situated within the subantarctic confines of the South Atlantic Ocean, offered a favourable occasion for a study of these peculiar and rare birds. The Gough Island Gallinule is presently the only surviving representative of its species; the Tristan da Cunha form, P. nesiotis nesiotis (P. L. SCLATER), having been exterminated by man probably nearly a century ago. It belongs to a group of rails of which also the Moorhen or Common Gallinule, Gallinula chloropus, is a representative. From the latter species it differs among others by having greatly reduced powers of flight. One can wonder, however, about the degree of relationship between members of the genus Gallinula on the one hand and the Gough Island Gallinule on the other hand. In fact, the general appearance of the Gough Island Gallinule is that of a very stout, strongly legged Common Gallinule with a more skulking, less graceful gait. The birds in captivity in the Amsterdam Zoo were very pugnacious, a habit which has also been recorded by previous authors. When in pursuit of each other the birds frequently uttered a sharp, rattling call, which was also described by HOLDGATE (1958) from birds observed in Gough Island and transliterated as a rapid \xe2\x80\x9cchack-chack\xe2\x80\x9d. It seems that this call has not been recorded from any member of Gallinula chloropus. In spite of these differences RIPLEY (1954), in reviewing the \xe2\x80\x9cgenera\xe2\x80\x9d Gallinula, Porphyriornis and Ionornis, has doubted the justification of the use of a separate genus name for the Flightless Gallinules from Tristan and Gough Island, which he would prefer to treat as members of the genus Gallinula. This question will again be considered here.

Description: Das untersuchte Wassergebiet liegt in der gem\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9figten Klimazone Westeuropas. Das Wetter ist gekennzeichnet durch seine gro\xc3\x9fe Ver\xc3\xa4nderlichkeit, die durch die atlantischen Tiefdruckgebiete, welche vielmals mit der vorherrschenden s\xc3\xbcdwestlichen und westlichen Luftstr\xc3\xb6mung die Zone durchwandern, verursacht wird.\nNachstehend geben wir einige Daten \xc3\xbcber das Klima der beiden Stationen Borkum und Emden.

Description: The incidence of Proteocephalus filicollis in Pungitius pungitius, Gasterosteus aculeatus f. hemigymnus and Gasterosteus aculeatus f. trachurus has been studied. It is very low in both forms of Gasterosteus, but 16% of Pungitius was infected. The monthly examination of minimally 27 and maximally 223 Pungitius pungitius indicates that an annual cycle exists neither in the incidence nor in genital development. It seems probable that Proteocephalus filicollis in Pungitius pungitius is less affected by low temperatures than worms of the same species in Gasterosteus aculeatus.\nReference is made to intercurrent helminth infections.

Description: Since the time of the great geographical discoveries, since Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Christopher Columbus started to open up the whole world to the curiosity of naturalists, the Dutch and the English have played an important role in the explorations of the riches of God\xe2\x80\x99s Nature.\nThe Monarchs were the first to set up collections of animals and other natural curiosities from foreign tropical (and also arctic) countries and from everywhere. We need only remember Albrecht D\xc3\xbcrer\xe2\x80\x99s diary from 1520\xe2\x80\x941521, when he visited the Low Countries.

Description: \xc3\x9cber die postembryonale Entwicklung \xe2\x80\x94 besonders die Gewichtszunahme \xe2\x80\x94 junger Giftschlangen (Viperiden, Crotaliden, Elapiden) gibt es aus naheliegenden Gr\xc3\xbcnden nur wenige eingehendere Untersuchungen. KLAUBER (1956) bringt an Hand eines gro\xc3\x9fen Materials eine Zusammenfassung einschl\xc3\xa4giger Freilandbeobachtungen und -messungen an einer Reihe von Crotalus-Arten und fa\xc3\x9ft die Gewichts-L\xc3\xa4ngen- Relationen der erbeuteten Tiere nach Monaten tabellarisch zusammen. Statistisch ergibt sich dabei ein Index W = CLP (W = Gewicht, L = Gesamtl\xc3\xa4nge, C und p sind artliche Konstanten, die bei \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fer sind als bei \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82: adulte \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 sind schwerer als \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 gleicher L\xc3\xa4nge, die absolut schwersten Tiere sind aber infolge absolut gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ferer L\xc3\xa4nge stets \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82). F\xc3\xbcr Crotalus atrox z.B. betr\xc3\xa4gt der Klaubersche Index W = 550 L3, 3 (eine 100 cm lange Schlange wiegt also 550 g).\nDiese Werte repr\xc3\xa4sentieren den gro\xc3\x9fen Durchschnitt aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener Messungen an immer wieder neuen Individuen der jeweiligen Altersstufen. Regelm\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9fige Gewichtskontrollen an ein und demselben Individuum lassen sich dagegen nur in Gefangenschaft exakt durchf\xc3\xbchren. Wir nehmen daher die Gelegenheit wahr, die Entwicklung einiger im Tierpark Berlin gez\xc3\xbcchteter Grubenottern (Crotalus atrox und Agkistrodon piscivorus) im einzelnen zu verfolgen und \xe2\x80\x94 auch im Hinblick auf terraristische und pathologische Probleme, wie sie in Zoologischen G\xc3\xa4rten auftreten \xe2\x80\x94 zu kommentieren.

Description: Monoecious, marsh or aquatic plants, with perennial, creeping rootstocks and erect, terete stems. Leaves alternate, linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at the base, flat, slightly convex on the back. Flowers unisexual, densely crowded in simple, compact, cylindric spikes. Male inflorescence terminal and separated from the female spike or contiguous to it; each spike subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious, bracts and divided at intervals by smaller caducous bracts. Perianth consisting of bristles. Male flowers with 3, rarely 1\xe2\x80\x947 stamens; the filaments free or connate; the anthers linear or oblong, basifixed, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; the connective produced beyond the cells in a conical, carnose acumen; pollen grains simple or compound. Female flowers with a one-celled, superior, stipitate and fusiform ovary; the ovule solitary and anatropous; the style elongate, slender, erect; the stigma ligulate, spathulate, lanceolate or linear. Among the female flowers many sterile ones with clavate tips. Fruit minute, stipitate, fusiform or ellipsoid, with a membranaceous or coriaceous pericarp, splitting longitudinally. Seed subcylindric or narrowly ellipsoid; the testa membranaceous; albumen farinaceous. Embryo cylindric, straight. About 8 species in one genus, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, consisting of sheath, ligule and blade. Sheaths envelopping the stem, usually with free margins; ligule borne at the mouth of the sheath, membranaceous or a rim of hairs; blades mostly elongate, flat, convolute or terete, parallel-veined. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, bearing spikelets which consist of a shortened axis (rhachilla) and two to many scales. The two lowest scales (glumes) empty, rarely wanting; the following scales (lemmas) bearing in their axil an usually enclosed prophyll (palea) and a perfect or reduced flower. Lemma, palea and flower together forming the floret. Perfect flower consisting of 2\xe2\x80\x943 hyaline or fleshy lodicules, usually 3 (1\xe2\x80\x946) stamens and a pistil. Stamens with at anthesis rapidly elongating, filiform or ribbon-like filaments with 2-celled anthers, opening with longitudinal splits. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule one, anatropous; styles usually 2(1\xe2\x80\x943) with plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (i.e. the pericarp adnate to the seed) with mealy endosperm, rarely a nut, a berry or an utricle with free pericarp. Embryo small, at the base of the side opposite the hilus. About 4000 species in 500 genera; of world-wide distribution.

Description: Epiphytic or usually terrestrial ferns with a short fleshy rhizome bearing only one or a few, mostly fleshy, leaves, these erect, petiolate, continuous with the rhizome, the lamina usually divided into a sterile and a stalked fertile portion; veins free or reticulate. Sporangia with a wall composed of several layers of cells, opening with a slit, containing numerous trilete thick-walled subspherical spores of one kind. Four genera, two monotypic, the others with about 60 species of almost world-wide distribution.

Description: When working at the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1952\xe2\x80\x941957), some cases came to my notice of small borers belonging to the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Bostrychidae attacking newly felled timber in Surinam and causing the same well-known trouble as in other tropical regions. My interest in the neotropical representatives of these families was further aroused by the material handed to me by my friend J. G. Betrem who had collected it during the two months that he carried on investigations into the status of Xyleborus morigerus in coffee plantations near Cali, Colombia, in 1959. This led me to assembling and assorting the material of these families of West Indian origin to be found in the collections of the Leiden and Amsterdam museums. This material was rather scanty and partly unnamed but it still provided some interesting data. Recently Mr. P. H. van Doesburg jr, entomologist at the Landbouwproefstation (Agricultural Experiment Station) at Paramaribo submitted some newly acquired Scolytidae which he had collected in the Surinam plantations. They provided some data on the habits and economic status of the little borers additional to those compiled by J. B. M. van Dinther in his book on the Insect pests of cultivated plants in Surinam (1960), in which survey a few species collected by him but not fully identified, were mentioned. At my request I then received for examination the latter specimens kept in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory at Wageningen, and, through the kind cooperation of Dr. D. C. Geyskes and Mr. van Doesburg, also all the material preserved in the collections of the Surinam Museum and the Experiment Station at Paramaribo. My main interest was directed towards the ecological data and a search was made for information to be found in earlier reports and in the literature of adjacent countries. In this way sufficient relevant data accumulated to warrant the publication of the present paper. For the identification of species unknown to us and the verification of old names I applied to Professor S. L. Wood, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. on various occasions. A few Bostrychidae were identified by the late Professor J. M. Vrijdagh, Brussels.

Description: The examination of two aberrant Pteropods collected during a trip with the whale factory-ship \xe2\x80\x9dm.s. Willem Barendsz\xe2\x80\x9d led to the conclusion that they were animals in a resting stage. The histology and the anatomy of the totally aberrant soft parts was discussed. The shells of the specimens indicate that these animals are the species Clio antarctica Dall, 1908. One aberrant specimen belonging to the species Clio sulcata (Pfeffer, 1879), collected during the same trip with the whale factory-ship, was examined and it shows that this animal was in a stage between the resting stage and the normal, active, stage. Three specimens of the species Clio pyramidata (Linnaeus, 1767, forma lanceolata (Lesueur, 1813), collected by the Texas and the Dana expedition, were studied as they showed the same aberrations from the normal full grown form as the other three animals previously mentioned. It was clear that the three specimens of the form lanceolata were also in a resting stage and their anatomy and histology were identical with those of the aberrant animals of the species Clio antarctica Dall, 1908.\nThe resting stage seems to have developed from a more specialized stage, as a great store of reserve food was present, while the intestinal duct was not functional and, moreover, the gonad was active.\nThe relation and the distribution of the species Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767, Clio sulcata (Pfeffer, 1879), Clio antarctica Dall, 1908 and Clio martensii (Pfeffer, 1880) was studied and it seems better to consider these species as belonging to one polytypic species and, therefore, as synonymous with Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767. It may be very well possible that Proclio subteres Hubendick, 1951 also belongs to the species Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767. And if that is the case, Proclio subteres Hubendick, 1951 is in all probability synonymous with Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767 forma antarctica (Dall, 1908).

Description: Im \xc3\xb6kologischen Teil unserer Abhandlung \xc3\xbcber Holoz\xc3\xa4n-Ostracoden der Niederlande ist eine \xc3\x9cbersicht von den uns bis jetzt bekannten Tatsachen, die die \xc3\x96kologie von Ostracoden des Nordseegebietes betreffen, gegeben (Schrifttum 4, T. III).\nDa auf diesem Gebiet noch sehr wenig Arbeit geleistet wurde, ist diese \xc3\x9cbersicht recht fragmentarisch. So mangelt es uns an Daten \xc3\xbcber die Zusammenstellung der Ostracodenbiocoenosen im polyhalinen Wasser, deren Kenntnis von gro\xc3\x9fem Belang ist im Verband mit den faunistischen Ver\xc3\xa4nderungen welche beim \xc3\x9cbergang vom Brackwasser nach dem marinen auftreten. Ganz allgemein kann gesagt werden, da\xc3\x9f eine Untersuchung von einer Serie Proben, die genommen wurden in einem Gebiet, wo nacheinanderfolgend s\xc3\xbc\xc3\x9fwasser, brack- und rein marine Bereiche vorkommen, eine wesentliche Vervollst\xc3\xa4ndigung unserer heutigen Kenntnis \xc3\xbcber die \xc3\x96kologie der Ostracoden Nordwesteuropas darstellen k\xc3\xb6nnte.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters.\nThe left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: Although there exists an extremely voluminous literature on Cyprinid fishes and the morphology and physiology of some species has been intensively studied by various authors, very little is yet known about feeding mechanisms and their functioning in most members of this family.\nSo far as known, only some European species \xe2\x80\x94 e.g. Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Rutilus rutilus Gobio gobio \xe2\x80\x94 one Asian (Labeo rohita), and one African (Labeo horie) have been investigated thoroughly as regards their morphology in relation to their feeding habits. Moreover ,the ecology of most African species is only scantily known.

Description: A supplementary survey is given of endo- and ectoparasites collected from wild mammals in the Netherlands.

Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Geburt des Kaninchens (multipares S\xc3\xa4ugetier) und des Rindes (unipares S\xc3\xa4ugetier) beschrieben und mit der Geburt anderer S\xc3\xa4uger verglichen. Das Verhalten der Mutter bei der Geburt hat sich nicht ge\xc3\xa4ndert trotz der Domestikation. Die Geburt findet meistens statt zu der Zeit, da die Tiere gew\xc3\xb6hnlich ruhen. Dies wird von Sympathicus-Parasympathicus-Rhythmus bedingt. Die entleerten Uterusteile der Ratte und wahrscheinlich aller Multiparen ziehen sich stark zusammen, weshalb die sp\xc3\xa4teren Jungen keinen l\xc3\xa4ngeren Weg zur Vulva zur\xc3\xbcckzulegen haben und also nicht mehr von Erstickungsgefahr bedroht werden als die ersten.\nDie Lage der uniparen S\xc3\xa4uger kommst zustande infolge Formanbequemung, Gravitation und der Raumverh\xc3\xa4ltnisse in der Bauchh\xc3\xb6hle. Eine ausf\xc3\xbchrlichere Zusammenfassung von Kapitel V findet man auf Seite 23.\nDer erste Atemzug wird ausgel\xc3\xb6st durch die St\xc3\xb6rung des plazentaren Gasstoffwechsels. Nur bei asphyctischen Jungen kann die Atmung einsetzen durch die Wirkung \xc3\xa4usserer Reize (Kap. VI).\nDer spontane Nabelschnurriss der Wale und der Huftiere, ausser dem Schwein und dem Flusspferd, findet statt an einer oder mehreren pr\xc3\xa4formierten Rissstellen. Diese Stellen sind anatomisch und histologisch verschiedenartig gebaut. Bei den Tieren, deren Nabelschnur an einer willk\xc3\xbcrlichen Stelle durchbissen wird oder spontan reisst, sind diese Eigent\xc3\xbcmlichkeiten nicht vorhanden. Eine Zusammenfassung von Kapitel VII findet man auf Seite 46.

Description: We present below listings of mycotic infections occurring in vertebrates at the Chicago Zoological Park from September, 1954 to December, 1962. Most of the identifications were made by Dr. Tilden and Mrs. Getty from cultures of the fungi involved. Except for a few cases noted among the mammals, the findings were made from necropsy material.\nIt is interesting to note the wide variety and numbers of birds with mycotic infections in contrast to the few findings in mammals and reptiles. Our interest in mycotic infections during this period led to the publication of the eight articles listed at the end of this paper, and the reader is referred to these for additional information on some of the cases. These studies have included research on the endotoxins of Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus, the description of a new species of Microsporum, and case reports of mycoses in animals that were previously unrecorded.

Description: The bacteriological examinations of abnormal stools, irrespective of the apparent seriousness of the illness, is particularly important in a zoological park where it is difficult to apply measures to keep out possibly infected wild, non-resident animals and mechanical carriers, such as flies, cockroaches, etc. One obvious instance of the initiation of an epidemic by nonresident animals was the occurrence of infection with Salmonella newport among the animals in the pachyderm house. The first case in an elephant occurred about a month after S. newport had been isolated from the blood of a skunk found dead in the park. Prompt diagnosis of the first case and examination of the stools of other animals in the same building led to the discovery of further infections before symptoms occurred in the other animals. Suitable antibiotic therapy was instituted, but the first animal, an adult female elephant, was lost. All the pathogenic enteric bacteria isolated were identified as S. newport.\xc2\xb9) A fatal infection of a young forest horse with Salmonella typhimurium occurred following a long period of rainy weather leading to standing water in the enclosure. Contamination of the water by wild rats is believed to have been the most likely source of infection in this instance. No secondary cases occurred.

Description: Ein Gebiet wie der Dollartraum, der aus Sand- und Schlickplaten besteht, die bei Flut \xc3\xbcbersp\xc3\xbclt werden, bei Ebbe gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ftenteils blo\xc3\x9fgelegt werden und dann durch tiefe oder untiefe Wasserrinnen und Priele voneinander getrennt sind, bildet f\xc3\xbcr die Diatomeen einen au\xc3\x9fergew\xc3\xb6hnlichen Lebenskreis. Wechselweise von Salzwasser \xc3\xbcberschwemmt oder austrocknend in einer prallen Sonne, manchmal auch mit salzarmen Regenwasser duchtr\xc3\xa4nkt und gro\xc3\x9fen Temperaturschwankungen ausgesetzt, ist es nur bestimmten, zu spezifischen Assoziationen vereinigten Arten m\xc3\xb6glich, sich in einer derartigen Umgebung zu behaupten. Auf diesen Umstand haben schon BROCKMANN (1935) und HUSTEDT (1939) hingewiesen.\nEs zeigt sich, da\xc3\x9f in gleichwertigen Biotopen diese eurytopen, euryhalinen und eurythermen Assoziationen nicht nur in Holland, sondern u.a. auch in Deutschland, England und Schottland vorkommen. Innerhalb des Biotops entstehen kleinere, jedoch gleichfalls spezifische Artengruppierungen von Diatomeen, auf wenig n\xc3\xa4hrstoffreichem Sandboden aber manchmal andere als auf einem Schlickboden, der viel organische Stoffe enth\xc3\xa4lt.

Description: A.\nGENERAL REMARKS\nDuring three years 4500 reports of whales sighted from Netherlands ships were collected, bearing on approximately 11.000 individual animals. Most of the observations were made in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. It was supposed that the species could be determined with a fairly high degree of reliability in the case of Humpback Whales, Sperm Whales and Right Whales. No distinction could be made between Blue, Fin, Sei and Bryde Whales. They were collected under the heading Rorquals. Catches of land stations and strandings of whales, however, indicate that in all areas, at least a part of these Rorquals must have been Blue or Fin Whales. Probably the majority of this part were Fin Whales.\nNevertheless it must he emphasized that the observations give no exact figures but only indications. It would be highly desirable if the results could be controlled by observations made by experienced whale biologists or gunners, especially in tropical and subtropical waters. We have the impression that for the time being no better results can be obtained with the present type of research. On the other hand, the fact that the generally known facts about the annual migration of the big whales were also clearly shown by this research, may be an indication for a certain degree of reliability of the research. The monthly number of animals of each species observed per 1000 hours steamed in daylight was plotted on charts in ten degrees squares. The reliability of the converted data is highest in the black dots.\nB. RORQUALS AND HUMPBACKS 1. Distribution The animals involved are not evenly distributed over the Oceans. There are big concentrations in certain areas, whereas in other areas practically no whales occur. Broadly outlined the highly populated areas coincide with the areas of greatest biological productivity of the sea, as shown by WALFORD (1958).\nIn the tropics and subtropics important areas with a great number of sighted whales are: the Caribbean, the North African west coast, the Atlantic coast of South Africa, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Bay of Bengal, the Indonesian Archipelago and the African east coast between 30\xc2\xb0 S and 40\xc2\xb0 S. It could be demonstrated that in the Indian Ocean southern Rorquals migrate over the entire breadth of the Ocean south of 30\xc2\xb0 S. North of 30\xc2\xb0 they migrate only at the eastern and the western side, apparently in order to avoid the waters with low biological productivity in the central part of the Ocean.\nNo special relationship was found between the distribution or the migratory routes of the whales and the course of the big Ocean currents with regard to the locomotory aspect. There was a special relationship only in those cases where the big currents show a great biological productivity, as for example the Gulf Stream and the currents in the northern part of the Indian Ocean. 2. Migration, general remarks With regard to Rorquals in the North and South Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, as well as with regard to Humpbacks in the Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean it could be demonstrated that during the summer a part of the population does not migrate into Arctic or Antarctic waters, but that it stays in tropical, subtropical or temperate waters. In Humpbacks the phenomenon is less pronounced than in Rorquals. In Rorquals the phenomenon is not caused by observations of Sei or Bryde Whales only, because catches of land stations and strandings show that Blue and Fin Whales are present during the summer in the waters involved as well. The percentage of the stock of Blue and Fin Whales staying behind in warm and temperate waters is not known, but the authors have the impression that it is not unsignificant. The number of Rorquals staying behind during the summer appears to be larger in the North than in the South Atlantic, probably because Fin Whales in the North Atlantic feed on fish.\nThe phenomenon of staying behind of a part of the population confirms the assumption that estimations of the Antarctic population of Blue, Fin or Humpback Whales never bear on the total stock of the species involved. The phenomenon may also cause that the number of periods or laminations in baleen plates or ear plugs, used in determining the age of Whalebone Whales, is not a reliable indication for the actual age of the animals. The actual age may be higher than the number of periods, because the staying behind in warm waters causes irregularities in their formation.\nIt could, however, be demonstrated, that in most areas the majority of the populations showed the generally accepted type of annual migration. 3. Migration, Rorquals In the North Atlantic the principal northward migration of Rorquals takes place in April-July, the southward migration in September-November. In the South Atlantic the period of migration southward is September-December, that of the northward migration March-June.\nThe majority of the Rorqual population (which may be principally the Fin Whale population) lives in the North Atlantic during the northern winter between 0\xc2\xb0 and 40\xc2\xb0 N and during the northern summer between 30\xc2\xb0 N and the border of the pack ice. With regard to the South Atlantic these areas are: in the southern winter between 20\xc2\xb0 N and 50\xc2\xb0 S, in the southern summer between the equator and the pack ice, but mainly in Antarctic waters.\nThe northern and southern population apparently meet in the Caribbean, in waters off the North African west coast and probably also in the central part of the Ocean between 0\xc2\xb0 and 20\xc2\xb0 N.\nIn the Indian Ocean large concentrations of Rorquals have been encountered in the northern part of the Ocean during the southern summer, whereas the number of sightings during the southern winter is surprisingly small. During this season the majority of the Rorquals is concentrated in waters of Madagascar and off the Australian west coast. This suggests, that during the southern summer (northern winter) the northern part of the Ocean is populated by Rorquals coming from the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Probably these whales enter the Indian Ocean by passing the waters of the Indonesian Archipelago and the straits between these waters and the Indian Ocean. This supposition is supported by the fact that in the northern part of the Indian Ocean calves have been sighted in almost equal monthly numbers during the whole year, whereas in the Atlantic Ocean seasonal peaks in the number of sightings have been demonstrated. On the other hand, the possibility of a local stock in the northern part of the Indian Ocean may not be excluded.\nAlthough a number of southern Rorquals certainly migrate into the northern part of the Ocean during the southern winter, the majority of the population probably live in this season between the equator (or 10\xc2\xb0 S) and 30\xc2\xb0 S. In the southern summer the majority of the population is found in Antarctic.\nIn the North Pacific Ocean the majority of the population is found during the northern summer between 20\xc2\xb0 N and the pack ice and in the northern winter between 10\xc2\xb0 N and 30\xc2\xb0 N. The South Pacific population apparently migrates northward during the southern winter up to about 10\xc2\xb0 N. 4. Migration, Humpbacks Humpbacks appear to migrate principally in coastal waters with the exception of the crossing part of the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic (30\xc2\xb0 N to 50\xc2\xb0 N) where they are found during the northern winter over the entire breadth of the Ocean. In the northern part of the Indian Ocean they are spread over a large part of the Ocean as well.\nIn the North Atlantic the majority of the population is found during the northern summer between 30\xc2\xb0 N and 50\xc2\xb0 N, and during the northern winter between 40\xc2\xb0 N and 10\xc2\xb0 S (especially in the Caribbean and off the North African west coast). Probably all Humpbacks in the Caribbean belong to the northern stock, because the southern population appears to live during the southern winter between 30\xc2\xb0 S and 20\xc2\xb0 N at the African side of the Ocean, but between 30\xc2\xb0 S and the equator at the American side. During the southern summer they are found between 30\xc2\xb0 S and the pack ice (mostly in Antarctic waters). In former days the North Atlantic Humpback population probably lived further northward (in summer as well as in winter) than nowadays. This may be connected with changes in feeding conditions or with the general decrease of the stock.\nJust as has been shown with regard to Rorquals, a part of the North Pacific Humpback population seems to migrate into the northern part of the Indian Ocean during the northern winter. The southern population of the Indian Ocean lives during the southern winter between the continent and 30\xc2\xb0 S. During the southern summer the animals are found between 45\xc2\xb0 S and the border of the pack ice.\nThe northern and southern stocks of the Pacific Ocean meet in waters of the Indonesian Archipelago. At the eastern (American) side of the Ocean the northern population lives during the summer between 30\xc2\xb0 N and 50\xc2\xb0 N (or farther northward). During the winter they live between 10\xc2\xb0 N and 30\xc2\xb0 N. The southern stock appears to migrate as far to the North as 10\xc2\xb0 N. 5. Calves Sightings of calves of Rorquals (probably the majority of them being Fin Whales) in the Atlantic Ocean point to a peak in the number of births in December-January for the northern population and in May-June for the southern stock.\nNorth Atlantic Humpbacks appear to be born principally in the southern part of the North Atlantic in April, whereas births of the southern stocks apparently occur in tropical waters with a peak in September.\nC.\nSPERM WHALES\n1. North Atlantic Sperm Whales are always present in the North Atlantic between 10\xc2\xb0 S and 30\xc2\xb0 N, but on the African side the population appears to be much larger than on the American side. A great number of animals are sighted in the Gulf Stream during the summer. The northward migration starts in April, the animals return to the South in autumn. The majority of the females do not go farther to the North than 40\xc2\xb0 N (a minority probably up to 50\xc2\xb0 N). The males migrate into Arctic waters. During the northern winter the majority of the males and females apparently live between 10\xc2\xb0 S and 30\xc2\xb0 N (the American stock mostly in the Caribbean), but some males may stay behind in colder waters as far as 60\xc2\xb0 N. 2. South Atlantic Practically no sightings of Sperm Whales have been reported from the South American east coast, although these waters show a reasonable biological productivity and although a great number of Rorquals have been sighted there. In former days great numbers of Sperm Whales have been caught in these waters. During the summer the males migrate into Antarctic waters, the females migrate up to about 40\xc2\xb0 S. During the winter most of the animals live in tropical waters but some males and females are present up to 40\xc2\xb0 S. 3. Indian Ocean With regard to the Indian Ocean there is a very significant correlation between the distribution of Sperm Whales and the biological productivity of the sea. In the northern part of the Ocean there are many more Sperm Whales sighted during the northern winter than during the northern summer.\nThe general seasonal movements described with regard to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could not be demonstrated in the Indian Ocean. Apparently the Sperm Whales in this region show very special migratory movements which may be correlated with special conditions, caused by the fact that the Monsoon-stream in the northern part flows in an opposite direction in the two halves of the year. 4. Pacific Ocean Sperm Whales are encountered in the Indonesian Archipelago the whole year round. In the South Pacific they are not evenly distributed but apparently they are restricted to certain areas. The normal seasonal migratory movements could be demonstrated with regard to the South Pacific.\nD.\nOTHER SPECIES\n1. Little Piked Whales Fairly large numbers of this species were sighted throughout the whole year in tropical waters of all oceans. Large herds were also seen in the northern hemisphere. They show concentrations in areas with a high biological productivity of the sea. During the winter the majority of the animals apparently live in tropical and subtropical waters. During the spring and the autumn they show the usual migratory movements, just as Rorquals and Humpbacks. During the winter, however, some animals stay behind in northern waters, whereas during the summer there are some stragglers in warm waters.\nThe species has been observed in the northern part of the Indian Ocean during the northern winter. In the North Atlantic births take place in warm or temperate waters, probably from November to March. 2. Californian Grey Whales Sightings in the North Pacific were quite in accordance with the generally accepted opinion about the migration of this species. 3. Right Whales North Atlantic as well as Southern Right Whales have been reported. The majority of the animals do not migrate into waters between 20\xc2\xb0 N and 20\xc2\xb0 S, but there are indications that a few animals may also visit these tropical waters.\nWith regard to the North Atlantic no sightings have been reported from regions north of 50\xc2\xb0 N, whereas there was a large number of sightings between 20\xc2\xb0 N and 50\xc2\xb0 N during the northern summer.\nIn the Indian Ocean and in the Indian Archipelago two sightings were reported from waters between 10\xc2\xb0 N and 10\xc2\xb0 S. These observations, however, need further confirmation.

Description: Wie fast jeder Zoologische Garten in Europa h\xc3\xa4lt auch der Basler Tiergarten eine Flamingo-Schar. Als erster bunter Gruss steht diese pr\xc3\xa4chtige Vogelgruppe gleich beim Eingang und jeder Besucher bleibt staunend vor diesen grotesken V\xc3\xb6geln stehen. Bis vor kurzem erfolgte aber, wie in allen andern G\xc3\xa4rten, niemals eine Brut. Und da der heutige Tierg\xc3\xa4rtner das Gef\xc3\xbchl hat, seine Tiere m\xc3\xbcssten sich fortpflanzen, wenn sie sich wirklich im Zoo wohlf\xc3\xbchlen, haben wir seit einigen Jahren unser besonderes Augenmerk auf unsere Flamingos geworfen. Diese V\xc3\xb6gel leben auf einer Wiese mit einem Weiher und einem Bambusgeh\xc3\xb6lz. Gegen das Publikum sind sie nur durch Steinreihen abgegrenzt und sobald die Besucher den Garten verlassen, betreten die Flamingos auch den vor ihrer Anlage liegenden Asphaltplatz. Besonders im Fr\xc3\xbchjahr und im Herbst, wenn vermutlich eine gewisse Zug-Unruhe eintritt, machen sie hier und da kleine Ausfl\xc3\xbcge auf den nahen Wegen.\nDie Gruppe besteht aus etwa 35 Rosenroten Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus), etwa 10 Chilenischen Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis) und 9 Kubanischen Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Seit dem Juli 1959 leben auch einige Zwergflamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) bei der Gruppe.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nWhen in December 1960 the R.A.O.U. Checklist Committee was reorganised and the various tasks in hand were divided over its members, the owls were assigned to the author. While it was first thought that only the Boobook Owl, the systematics of which have been notoriously confused, would need thorough revision and that as regards the other species existing lists, for example Peters (1940), could be followed, it became soon apparent that it was impossible to make a satisfactory list without revision of all species.\nIn this paper the four Australian species of Strigidae are fully revised, over their whole ranges, and the same has been done for Tyto tenebricosa. Of the other three Australian Tytonidae, however, only the Australian races have been considered: these species have a wide distribution (one of them virtually world-wide) and it was not expected that the very considerable amount of extra work needed to include extralimital races would be justified by results.\nConsiderable attention has been paid to geographical distribution, and it appears that some species are much more restricted in distribution than has generally been assumed. A map of the distribution of each species is given; these maps are mainly based on material personally examined, and only when they extended the range as otherwise defined, have I made use of reliable field observations and material published but not seen by me.\nFrom the section on material examined it will be easy to trace the localities; where other information has been used, the reference follows the locality.\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\nThe revision was carried out, besides the Western Australian Museum,

Description: INTRODUCTION\nIn the early years of systematic entomology Johann Christian Fabricius (1745-1808) described an enormous number of insects, including several hundreds of Hymenoptera, from various parts of the world. His descriptions are generally short and incomplete, the classification of the species is often unsatisfactory, and the author himself frequently misidentified species which he had described in previous works.\nHis work has thus raised a considerable number of problems, which in most cases can be solved only by a study of the typical specimens. Workers in some insect groups have realised this at an early date, and by a detailed study of the Fabrician collections they have made important contributions to our knowledge of many doubtful species. A good example is C. St\xc3\xa5l\'s excellent work "Hemiptera Fabriciana", published in 1868 and 1869.\nThe Hymenoptera, however, have received only relatively little attention, and even European monographers have generally neglected to clarify the position of the Fabrician species by the study of authentic material. A notable exception is A. G. Dahlbom, who identified, aided by Prof. Behn in Kiel, the types of several Sphecoidea and Pompilidae on behalf of his "Hymenoptera Europaea" (1843-5). In 1912 W. A. Schulz examined a number of doubtful species, and in later years certain types have been studied in connection with investigations made by Turner, Betrem, Richards, de Beaumont, Lieftinck, and others. Yet a considerable number of species has never been identified by competent specialists, including some species which have been a real or potential source of confusion and misunderstandings for over 150 years.

Description: During a recent survey of Pacific psammophilous and phycophilous copepods an isolated female Bomolochus was found, the identification of which, in absence of its host, proved to be particularly troublesome. It became necessary to check the descriptions of all species of the genus Bomolochus Von Nordmann, 1832, and of several other genera of Bomolochidae, in the course of which I tried to find a satisfactory grouping of the many species described.\nThis effort in so far proved to be disappointing that a fairly large number of species is so inadequately characterized that recognition, in absence of the host, is next to impossible. Taxonomy of parasitic copepods has, unfortunately, long been influenced by the obstinate notion that each host species should necessarily harbour its own parasitic species. This idea has overstressed the importance of the host, at the cost of information, particularly morphological information, concerning the parasitic animal, so that at present there is an overwhelming number of parasitic copepods of uncertain position, uncertain status or inadequate definition, impeding a much wanted natural grouping of the numerous species of parasitic Copepoda. The importance of complete structural information, especially for those species that are able to leave their host temporarily, cannot be too greatly stressed and it is gratifying to find such information in many of the modern publications (Stock, 1953, 1955; Shen, 1957; Shiino, 1957; Yamaguti, 1936, 1939, 1953, et al.). In the present paper I have presented, in condensed form, all available information on the Bomolochidae; I have suggested a subdivision of the genus Bomolochus, redescribed the female of Bomolochus bellones Burmeister and added the description of two new species. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate the redescription of doubtful or insufficiently described forms, preferably

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 4\nSystematic part.................. 5\nPisces.................... 5\nAmphibia................... 6\nHyla arborea (L.) subsp............... 6\nReptilia................... 6\nTestudo spec.................. 6\nOphisaurus apodus (Pallas).............. 8\nChamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) subsp............. 8\nSerpentes.................. 9\nAves.................... 9\nGyps fulvus (Hablizl)............... 9\nMammalia................... 11\nInsectivora.................. 11\nCrocidura spec................. 11\nRodentia................... 11\nSciurus anomalus G\xc3\xbcldenst\xc3\xa4dt subsp............ 11\nMicrotus cf. machintoni Bate............. 12\nSpalax spec.................. *3 Apodemus cf. mystacinus (Danford et Alston)........ J4 Apodemus spec................. x5 Hystrix cf. indica Kerr............... I^ Carnivora.................. 17\nCanis lupus L. subsp................ J7

Description: I. Introduction The present paper has been written for practical purposes in the first place. It intends to provide medical men in the field with some useful information on important mosquitoes. It is also meant to rouse some interest in those insects, that are of primary importance to public health. Three main categories will be dealt with : (a) Species known to be vectors of any human disease in the New Guinea territory; (b) Man-biting species without vector properties, merely annoying by their numbers (pest-mosquitoes) ; (c) Some species, not man-biting, but easily recognizable, wide-spread, and frequently present in mosquito collections.\nThe present synopsis has no pretentions as to its complete originality.\nBonne-Wepster & Brug (1937, 1939) already published a paper on 40 Culicines, later on modernized and extended to one hundred species by Bonne-Wepster (1954). Both these reviews, however, which are more or less out of date by now, are dealing with the whole area of the former Dutch East Indies, i.e. the Indonesian Republic including Western New Guinea This area includes parts of two entirely different faunistic provinces (the oriental and the australian), between which a natural, be it somewhat flexible, borderline exists. From a New Guinea point of view both papers carry a lot of ballast species : orientals, not occurring in the territory. On the other hand some New Guinea species which have become known as common are scarcely mentioned, or omitted. The monograph by Bonne-Wepster & Swellengrebel (1953) on the anophelines of the Indo-Australian region is hardly accessible to a non-entomologist because of the huge number of species dealt with. Yet, the anopheline fauna of New Guinea proper is poor

Description: The present investigation arose from a discussion between Dr van Steenis and Mr C. T. White in July 1950 concerning a plant from North Queensland, collected by Mr L. J. Brass. The specimen was pre-identified as an Aristotelia but also showed similarity with the Papuan genus Sericolea. The need was felt to investigate the distinction between the two genera. Mr White was very keen to investigate the problem himself but this was unfortunately prevented by his untimely death, only two weeks after this discussion.\nThe problem has rested ever since, until in 1963 I had to verify the distinction between the two genera for my work on the Pacific flora, a work executed under a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

Description: Mr F. H. Hildebrand, who is going gradually through the tree species from New Guinea, pointed my attention to this species, the type of which is in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden (in fruiting state). It was collected by Zippelius who rightly recognized its alliance; he added a MS description and gave it the MS name Epicharis lasiocarpa. Miquel subsequently described it in the genus Dysoxylum, but the curved fern-like leaftip and other characters leave no doubt about its belonging to Chisocheton.\nThere are at Leyden two further collections of it from New Guinea, both made by Teysmann, HB 6058 and 6060.

Description: The species numbers refer to those given in the author\xe2\x80\x99s previous revisions, cited at the genus. An a, b, or c number indicates the relationship of a new species.

Description: The amount of both living and herbarium material of Ericaceae, which has become accessible to the author in and from Malaysia since his various precursory papers on the family have been published, are the reason for this supplement.\nIn Borneo, collecting in the last years has increased considerably in its northern part. In Sarawak, J. A. R. Anderson and E. F. W. Brunig collected a large number of Ericaceae on various mountains, partly not yet previously visited both within the \xe2\x80\x98kerangas\xe2\x80\x99 and the mossy forest. In N. Borneo it was Mrs Sheila Collenette who in 1960 climbed Mt Trus Madi, with c. 2620 m altitude the highest peak there next to Mt Kinabalu, and found on it a new species of Rhododendron besides other species, described from and thought to be limited to Mt Kinabalu up to now. Mt Kinabalu was visited again by W. Meijer in the lower part and the eastern shoulder above Kundasan, by Mrs Collenette in 1960 on a new path, the so-called Mesilau East route, and by the R. Society Expedition in 1961 under E. J. H. Corner (together with W. L. Chew and A. Stainton) on a new trail via the eastern shoulder towards the point, where it meets the Mesilau East route at c. 3440 m.

Description: This is a taxonomic revision of the genus Capparis in South and Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific. In this area, four sections are distinguished: 1. sect. Capparis, monotypic with C. spinosa, 2. sect. Sodada, monotypic with C. decidua, 3. sect. Monostichocalyx in a new circumscription containing most of the species formerly included in sect. Eucapparis, with about 65 species in the area under revision, 4. sect. Busbeckea, with 12\xe2\x80\x9414 species in all.\nOf the 79 species recognized, 7 are new, viz. C. cataphyllosa, cinerea, koioides, monantha, pachyphylla, rigida, and rufidula, and 2 are elevated from varietal to specific rank, viz. C. annamensis (C. grandiflora var. annamensis Baker \xc6\x92.) and C. pranensis (C. thorelii var. pranensis Pierre ex Gagn.). Of the 11 subspecies recognized under C. acutifolia, micracantha, and sikkimensis 9 are newly described or new in rank, like 3 out of the 8 varieties under C. loranthifolia, micracantha, and spinosa. Under C. brachybotrya, 2 formae have been maintained, under C. floribunda, is reduced. Three species, C. dielsiana with 2 varieties, C. longipes, and C. muelleriana, have been recorded as incompletely known besides.\nChapters on characters and internal relationships, and plant-geographic remarks have been added. All type specimens are cited with the names based on them, the other collections only as far as they are important for the knowledge of the distribution. Notes dealing with deviating specimens, nomenclatural problems, related species in Africa, &c. are given under the taxa.\nStarting from the idea that solitary large flowers and a beaked ovary with relatively many carpels, the presence of empty spiny bract-like cataphylls at the base of a shoot, and straight thorns are primitive characters, an attempt has been made to devise a subdivision of Sect. Monostichocalyx into 7 tentative Groups to show their natural interrelationships and possible derivation.\nIt is regarded as most likely, that the genus, as represented in the area under revision, originated in southern India/Ceylon and/or Gondwanaland, and migrated into Australia, and later through the Indo-Chinese Peninsula to the northwest and northeast, and into Malesia.\nAn index to numbered collections has been added. Hypselandra Pax & Hoffm. (syn. Meeboldia Pax & Hoffm.) is reduced to Maerua. B.S. Sun\xe2\x80\x99s new taxa from China are discussed in an appendix.

Description: There is a great diversity of opinion regarding the interpretation of the genera and some species in the former Hippocrateaceae. If one reads the comprehensive and detailed revision of the New World Hippocrateaceae by A. C. Smith (Brittonia 3, 1940, 341\xe2\x80\x94555), one may have an impression of it. For example, A. C. Smith in his monotypic genus Hemiangium, under H. excelsum, has united species which were recognized as belonging to three different genera by Miers; he has also limited Hippocratea L. to a single species, H. volubilis L., and placed more than 40 names of species and varieties in the synonymy of it.\nA detailed review of the history and generic delimitation of the family Hippocrateaceae has already ably been summarized and discussed by A. C. Smith in the above mentioned publication. I shall make only a brief account of those works which contain genera, species, or discussions related to the Malaysian flora.

Description: Mastichodendron Cronquist, Lloydia 9, 1946, 245 \xe2\x80\x94 Mastichodendron (Engler) H. J. Lam, Med. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijksuniv. Utrecht 65, 1939, 521; idem, Rec. Trav. bot, N\xc3\xa9erl. 36, 1940, 521 \xe2\x80\x94 Mastichodendron Jacquin in Hedwig, Genera, 1906, 116, as a synonym in Bumelia \xe2\x80\x94 Sideroxylon L., section Mastichodendron Engler, Nat. Pfl. Fam., ed. 1, IV, 1, 1897, 144.\nTrees, rarely shrubs. Leaves scattered, tertiary nerves transverse but the nerves subparallel to the secondary nerves. Stipules none. Flowers in few-flowered, axillary clusters. Sepals 5, imbricate. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Staminodes 5, alternipetalous, inserted in the throat of the tube. Stamens 5, oppositi- and epipetalous, anthers dehiscing laterally. Ovary 5-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Fruit one-seeded, pericarp thin, seed with thin testa, scar circular, basal or basilateral, cotyledons thin, endosperm copious.