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  • Articles  (3,463)
  • Chemistry  (3,463)
  • 1965-1969  (3,463)
  • Physics  (3,463)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrolytically controlled polymerizations (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 35-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic thermogravimetric. Analysis in polymer degradation (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 173-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 67 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly-9-vinylanthraceneThis paper represents one phase of research performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contract Number NAS7-100. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 57-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of catalyst composition to catalytic activity for the polymerization of α-olefinsPortions of this review were presented at the 145th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September, 1963. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 91-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts generally consist of a transition metal compound from groups IVB or VB in combination with an organometallic compound from groups I, II, and III of the periodic table of the elements, but in some instances may contain a third component possessing at least one strongly complexing ligand atom. The composition of a coordination catalyst of this type determines both the rate of polymerization of the α-olefin and the stereoregularity of the polymer produced. In order to predict activity and stereospecificity of catalysts for the polymerization of α-olefins, data from the polymerization of propylene using catalysts of the following types were correlated: (1) titanium(III) chloride catalysts in which the organometallic component was varied, (2) coordination catalysts containinig a ligand third component in which the ligand was varied, and (3) coordination catalysts in which the transition metal component was varied.The electronegativity of an orgariometallic compound is known to be important in determining its reactivity with ethers, hydrogen, and other reagents. Both the ionic size and the electronegativity of the central atom appear to be important in determining the utility of both the organometallic and the transition metal compounds as components for coordination catalysts. In general, organometallic and transition metal compounds having small central atoms with similar electronegativities favor the formation of stereospecific catalysts.The present correlation has made it possible to predict the activity and stereospecificity of coordination catalysts for olefin polymerization.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of crystalline polyethers (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 119-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneous anionic polymerization of unsaturated monomers (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 2 (1967), S. 71-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230020103
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. IV. Relationship between heat setting and swellingThis material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 16, 333 (1959). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The swelling and dissolution of heat-set nylon 6 fiber in aqueous sulfuric acid were examined. Steam-set fiber having good dyeability swells with much more difficulty than the dry-heat-set and unset fibers. Similar phenomena are seen in the examination of density of nylon 6 fiber subjected to heat setting, and it is found that the resistance to swelling depends on the crystalline region rather than on the amorphous region.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. VII. Infrared spectra of nylon 6 prepared from N-deuterated ε-caprolactam and the water accessibility of nylon 6 in steam settingThis material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 17, 545 (1960). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectrum of deuterated ε-caprolactam was examined. It was confirmed spectroscopically that the hydrogen of the N—H group in ε-caprolactam is exchanged for deuterium after repeated exchange reactions. The deuterated ε-caprolactam was polymerized, and the infrared spectrum of the polymer (called as N—D polymer) is compared with that of the normal nylon 6 polymer (called N—H polymer) which was steam-set in D2O vapor at 135°C. Characteristic absorption bands of N—D polymer are observed at 967, 896, 888, 876, and 719 cm.-1. The water accessibility of both N—H and N—D polymer was estimated from the spectra of both samples subjected to the repeated steam setting in D2O and H2O alternately at 130°C. The results show that at the initial stage of the repeated steam setting, H2O and D2O molecules may penetrate into the ordered regions in the polymers and partially break down intermolecular hydrogen bonds; such phenomenon may be followed by an exchange reaction and recrystallization. Subsequent stages of steam setting, however, no longer bring about such an effect.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. X. Effect of heat setting on diffusion of dyestuff into nylon 6 fiberThe material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 19, 506 (1962). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 91-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degree of penetration, the diffusion constant, and the uptake of dyestuffs of different molecular sizes were measured in undrawn and drawn nylon 6 filament, heat-set under various conditions in order to determine the pore structure in the amorphous regions. Unset and dry-heat-set nylon 6 can be penetrated only with difficulty by the dyestuffs having molecular lengths above about 30 and 25 A., respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients and molecular weight of dyestuffs are approximately hyperbolic. The relations are considerably different, depending on the degree of drawing and conditions of the heat setting. Further, the relations among molecular size, amount of absorbed dyestuffs, and fraction of amorphous region capable of being penetrated by dyestuff are discussed with reference to the lateral-order distribution of nylon 6, as evaluated from the accessibility to D2O vapor.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Glass transition temperatures of poly(methyl methacrylate) plasticized with low concentrations of monomer and diethyl phthalate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3795-3818 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of low plasticizer concentrations on the glass transition temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been studied experimentally for diethyl phthalate (DEP) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as plasticizers. Volume dilatometry, differential thermal analysis, and a torsional pendulum were used to determine glass transition temperatures. The monomer-plasticized PMMA samples were prepared by polymerizing MMA to a limiting conversion which was found to depend primarily on temperature. At temperatures slightly above the glass transition temperature of a MMA-PMMA system, a polymerization reaction occurred at a rate rapid enough to complicate the interpretation of the dilatometric and differential thermal analysis methods for determining the glass transition temperature. However, the torsional pendulum method could be used since it did not require measurements to be made at temperatures where polymerization could occur. The differential thermal analysis results showed that the temperature at which the polymerization reaction was first detectable was related to the glass transition temperature of the MMA-PMMA solution. The measured glass transition temperatures were compared with the predictions of the theories of Fox, Kelley, and Bueche, and Dimarioz and Gibbs on the effect of plasticizer concentration on the depression of the glass transition temperature.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091202
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of volatilization of stabilizers and oxidation products on polypropylene lifetimesPresented at the annual conference of the Plastics Institute of America, Hoboken, New Jersey, November 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3837-3843 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three methods of measuring thermal oxidative stability of polypropylene have been compared. The oxygen absorption and the sealed tube tests give comparable results. The polymer lifetimes in circulating oven-aging tests differ significantly from those obtained by the first two methods. The oven-aging lifetime is aparently influenced to a large extent by the volatilization of the added stabilizer and of the oxidation products, the former decreases whereas the latter increases the polymer lifetime. The optimum composition of a synergistic stabilizer system was found to vary with the test method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091204
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  • 12
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    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of molecular weights of epichlorohydrin-bisphenol a polymers by gel permeation chromatography (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3845-3850 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During a program to evaluate the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique for measuring the molecular size distribution of polymers, three experimental epichlorohydrin-bisphenol A polymers were sent to Waters Associates for analysis with the commercially available instrument. The resulting distribution curves were used to calculate weight-average and number-average chain lengths of the samples. These values were found to give good straight-line correlations with weight-average and number-average molecular weights measured by absolute methods. Thus the GPC method gives meaningful information about the molecular size distribution of polymers which can be used to obtain rapid estimates of molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091205
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of crosslinked polyethylene and crosslinked ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymersPresented at the 21st Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3819-3835 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain curves at various temperatures and secant modulus vs. temperature curves were used to investigate the differences that exist between peroxide crosslinked polyethylene, and vulcanized rubber. A series of hypotheses in terms of crosslinking density and crystallinity is advanced to help visualize the differences between crosslinked polyethylene and cured rubber. The same techniques were used to investigate the nature of crosslinked ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers. These copolymers, being more flexible than polyethylene, appear similar to “mechanical rubber,” particularly after crosslinking. Recent experiments, however, indicate that profound differences exist. The performance of crosslinked polyethylene and of ethylene copolymers at elevated temperatures depends on crosslinking density, while at lower temperatures it is dominated by polyethylene crystalline morphology. This latter factor makes crosslinked polyethylene at ambient temperature a completely different product from vulcanized rubber. It also means that a crosslinked polyethylene will have lower crosslinking density than most rubber compositions of equivalent room temperature stiffness. A good indication of crosslinking density of crystalline polyolefins may be obtained by measuring mechanical properties such as modulus at elevated temperatures. Use of reactive co-agents is effective in raising crosslinking density to the point where fairly good elevated temperature properties are obtained without increasing the room temperature rigidity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091203
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Method for structural characterization of high polymeric networks by an osmotic pressure technique (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3903-3908 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus was designed to measure the osmotic pressure of solvent-polymer systems. The method is unique in that semirigid polymers may be incorporated as the solute component without specimen fissures occurring from excessive solvent dilative action. The advantages of this technique are: high polymeric materials both elastomeric and plastic can be structurally characterized by the same technique; the calculated effective molecular weight of the polymer network will reflect a value consistent with the polymer's performance characteristics; and the method is only restricted to lyophilic polymer-solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091211
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  • 15
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    Kinetics of emulsion polymerization (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1291-1297 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The quantitative theory of free radical mechanisms in emulsion polymerizations is reexamined. It is suggested that existing descriptions are not entirely consistent with physically realizable situations. The proposed modifications result in a closer resemblance to homogeneous systems. Explicit expressions for the distribution of radicals are also given. The importance of interphase transfer is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090410
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  • 16
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    Incremental modification of styrene-butadiene rubber with tert-nonyl mercaptan (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1273-1283 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model equation derived for the viscosity-average degree of polymerization (P̄v) for the incremental addition of modifiers, P̄v = K{(exp{arx1} - 1) + [2/(2 + exp {x1r})]a(exp{arx2} - exp{arx1})}1/a indicates a minimum should occur in a curve of P̄v versus conversion at which the increments are added, x1. Incremental addition of commercial tert-dodecyl mercaptan in the laboratory to SBR recipes at 5°C. showed effects contrary to those predicted by the model equation, but incremental addition experiments with tert-nonyl mercaptans resulted in a minimum in viscosity versus x1 curves, changed the molecular weight distribution, and required 34 wt.-% less mercaptan than did the tert-dodecyl mercaptan control (all the tert-dodecyl mercaptan added initially). Incremental addition of tert-nonylmercaptan in pilot plant 20-gal. autoclave reactors gave essentially the same results found in the laboratory bottle experiments. The stress-strain and mixing properties of the incrementally modified polymer and the tert-dodecyl mercaptanmodified control were essentially the same within experimental error. Conditions required for successful application of the incremental modifier technique are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090408
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Butadiene/styrene/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine terpolymer. Composition-conversion data in comparison with calculated values (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1323-1340 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymers from 1,3-butadiene, styrene, and vinylpyridine are important as rubbers, and, in latex form, as components of rubber-to-fabric adhesives. Three monomer mixtures having the approximate weight composition butadiene/styrene/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine 70/15/15, 25/48/27, and 38.5/49/12.5 have been emulsion-polymerized at 30°C., and the terpolymer composition as a function of the conversion has been studied. The six monomer reactivity ratios have been determined by binary copolymerizations at 30°C. and checked by low conversion bulk terpolymerizations. Average and instantaneous composition-conversion curves have been calculated, on the assumption of a constant reaction volume, by numerical integration of the terpolymerization equations on electronic computer. Details, of general applicability, for calculations are given. The experimental results of the emulsion terpolymerizations fit satisfactorily the calculated curves over a wide range of conversions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090412
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking of cis-polybutadiene by co60 γ-rays (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1363-1366 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced vulcanization of cis-polybutadiene (Europrene Cis, 92% cis-configuration) was investigated. The crosslinking density of irradiated rubber was determined by two methods: equilibrium swelling and equilibrium compression modulus. The inhibition and acceleration of radiation-induced crosslinking by addition to Europrene Cis of sulfur, Thiurame, Elastopar, Arubrene, paraffin oil, or barium sulfate was studied. The chemical resistance of radiation vulcanizates to 10% nitric acid was determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090414
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  • 19
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    The photooxidation of polymers. IV. A note on the coloration of polystyrene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 999-1003 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Yellow coloration develops in polystyrene under 2537 A. radiation a t comparable rates whether or not oxygen is present. Thus the commonly accepted view that coloration is a manifestation of oxidation is wrong. The coloration increases in intensity with time but does not move toward the red end of the spectrum, behavior which is typical of poly(vinyl chloride), polyacrylonitrile, etc., and which is due to the development of long conjugation sequences. It is suggested that the color in polystyrene is due to conjugated carbon-carbon unsaturation in the polystyrene backbone but that the lack of mobility of the molecules within the rigid polymer films prevents long sequences of double bonds becoming coplanar and color consequently moving through the spectrum. The rapid darkening of irradiated polymer which occurs on melting is probably due to relaxation of this rigidity allowing coplanarity of longer sequences.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090317
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  • 20
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    Dipolar solvents in polyurethane foams (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1019-1040 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of catalytic solvents have been discovered for the polyurethane foaming process. These solvents include N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, and a number of others. The catalytic effectiveness of a given solvent appears to be dependent on its dipole moment, water solubility, and the size or bulkiness of the groups which are attached to the carbonyl carbon or sulfur atom of the amides and sulfoxides, respectively. Steric effects play a very important role in controlling the catalytic efficiency of these solvents. A mechanism is proposed for the catalytic action of these solvents in the polyurethane reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090319
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  • 21
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    Mechanism for the aqueous acid decomposition of the formaldehyde derivative of cellulose xanthate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1067-1072 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic equations for the decomposition of S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate in the presence of acid and formaldehyde are derived. The assumed mechanism involves an equilibrium between the S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate and cellulose xanthic acid and xanthate ion. Decomposition appears to proceed via interaction between the cellulose xanthate ion and hydrogen ion which form an activated complex that subsequently decomposes to cellulose and carbon disulfide. The equations derived show the proper dependence on acid and formaldehyde concentrations. An estimate of the equilibrium constant between cellulose xanthate and S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate is calculated from the rate constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090322
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  • 22
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    Milling behavior of gum elastomers: Experiment and theoryContribution No. 253 from the Research Center of the United States Rubber Company, Wayne, New Jersey. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1011-1026 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When an uncompounded elastomer is processed on a two-roll mill, four different regions of mechanical behavior are observed, depending upon the temperature and the severity of the nip deformation. this behavior is observed on materials with a wide variety in chemical composition, through the severity varies. The flow at high temperatures is typical of melt or polymer solution behavior. At lower temperatures unstable flow and elastic solidike regions are observed. By presuming the elastomer to be an isotropicviscoelastic medium, the stress and velocity fields were computed in the polymer melt region. The unstable regime was found to correspond to a critical value of the ratio of viscoelastic to viscous forces. The mathematical analysis, done interms of the Green-Rivlin-Noll theory of viscoelastic media, extends earlier studies of deformation in this geometry by Gaskell and Bergen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100705
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    Nonlinear least squares: A method for simultaneous thermal property determination in ablating polymeric materialsProd. No. 1367 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1111-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of data interpretation known as nonlinear least squares has recently been applied by several authors to the study of polymeric materials. Nagler has used a modified method proposed by Blizzard and Jirka and has concluded that the method is impractical because it requires excessive computer time. It is shown that the difficulties Nagler encountered are inherent in Blizzard and Jirka's method, but not in the basic method. Three steps are outlined to minimize computer time, and a summary of successful applications is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100803
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    Determination of the thermal stability and trace volatiles content of polymers. A hot-filament thermal analysis techniqueProd. No. 1375 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1171-1183 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal stability and trace volatiles content of polymers can be determined rapidly and conveniently by using a hot-filament pyrolyzer for heating the sample. The filament unit, of a type employed for pyrolysis-GLC analysis, consists of a platinum coil with an attached platinum/platinum-rhodium thermocouple for measuring the sample temperature. As the sample is heated the volatile products are monitored directly with a flame ionization detector, a dual recorder being used to chart both temperature and volatiles yield. At any stage of heating the products are analyzed, if desired, with a suitable GLC column. Thermal stability measurements of several polymers were generally consistent with results by conventional thermogravimetric analysis. Advantages of the method are high sensitivity for detection of low decomposition rates, speed of the temperature adjustment, simplicity of the apparatus, and small sample requirement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100808
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    Curing ethylene-propylene rubber terpolymers with dimethacrylate monomers. II. Effect of unsaturation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1579-1584 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In a previous paper it was shown that the vulcanization obtained with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer is equivalent or superior to that obtained with ethylene-propylene copolymer when a peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent cure system was used. In order to determine the effect of the unsaturation on the physical properties in the terpolymer, the terpolymer had been hydrogenated to remove the double bonds. Infrared spectra and bromination were used to check the extent of hydrogenation. Tensile strength, Shore A hardness, per cent elongation, and modulus indicated no decrease in vulcanization efficiency after hydrogenation. The data show that the unsaturation in the terpolymer does not contribute to the vulcanization cure with the peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent curing system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090433
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  • 26
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    Radiation protection of polyethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1585-1591 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is known that aromatic hydrocarbons are more stable to ionizing radiation than are saturated hydrocarbons. It is shown here that polyethylene can be more stable to radiation either by mixing aromatic compounds with the polyethylene or by grafting styrene onto the polyethylene. In either case, the polymer has greater radiation resistance than predicted from the law of averages. Aromatic compounds which have the greatest resonance energy protect the polymer to the greatest extent. In mixtures, polystyrene gives the least protection, and naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene give the greatest protection. Polyethylene grafted with styrene has better radiation resistance than does a polyethylene-polystyrene mixture. The G(H2) was calculated for each sample, and curves are presented illustrating the effect.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090434
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    Surface tension and viscosity studies of molten resins for thermoplastic recordingThis investigation was supported by the Reconnaissance Laboratory, Aeronautical Systems Division, U. S. Air Force. Work done at ITT Federal Laboratories, San Fernando, California. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1593-1598 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Analytical and experimental studies of surface tension and viscosity properties of Dow resins PS-2 and 276V-2 are described. This investigation was undertaken to provide information on materials of interest for thermoplastic recording. It was found that external plasticization lowered the surface tension of the polystyrene while greatly decreasing the viscosity. Typical values for a 25% mixture of PS-2 in 276V-2 are γ = 35 dynes/cm. and η = 20 poise at 80°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090435
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    The effects of radiation on materials and components. J. F. Kircher and R. E. Bowman, Eds. Reinhold, New York, 1964. xi + 690 pp. $22.50 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1599-1599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090436
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  • 29
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    Molecular structure and some related properties of polyethylene stretched in the amorphous and crystalline states (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1377-1387 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The molecular orientation of stretched polyethylene has been estimated separately for the crystalline and amorphous phases by using x-ray and birefringence techniques. It is confirmed that if a hightly crosslinked polyethylene is highly stretched rapidly in the perfectly molten state and cooled to room temperature, a fibrous structure comprised of highly oriented crystallites and almost unoriented relaxed amorphous chains is produced. Some properties such as dynamic mechanical properties and thermodynamic property are discussed in relation to the molecular structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101001
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  • 30
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    Pressure-volume-temperature behavior of nylon 610 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1475-1481 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Equilibrium pressure-volume-temperature behavior in both the solid and molten regions was determine for nylon 610. Data were measured with a compressibility device capable of obtaining precise and accurate data. Residual curve treatment showed that the data were true equilibrium data. A volume extrapolated to 2419 atm. at room temperature from the present data compared favorably to the sole literature value reported by Bridgman. The data of this work showed the existence of what appears to be a second-order transition point for nylon 610. This point ranged from 140°C. at 232 atm. to about 170°C. at 1855 atm. The Spencer-Gilmore equation was fitted to the data of this study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101007
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    Cure of epoxy resins with aromatic amines: High heat-distortion studiesPaper presented to the Society of Plastics Engineers, 22nd Annual Technical Conferences, Montreal, Quebec, March 7, 1966. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1519-1533 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Castings having unexpectedly high heat-distortion temperatures result when certain treated resins of the EPON EPON is a registered trademark of the Shell Oil Company. 828 type and about 75% of the stoichiometric amount of m-phenylenediamine, are postcured for 10-20 hr. at 175-200°C. The improvement in heat-distortion temperature is about 100°C., to values as high as 250°C. A recrystallized resin has given the highest values. Other glycidyl ethers of polyphenols have shown this phenomenon to a lesser degree, but other amine curing agents, including isomers and substitution products of m-phenylenediamine, have not. Some evidence of a new curing reaction has been developed, by NMR and pyrolysis studies of model compounds, which supports the postulate that the m-phenylenediamine is alkylated with a fifth epoxy group during the postcure, presumably at a ring carbon, resulting in greater crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101010
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    Graphical presentation of the copolymerization equation and of conversion in batch copolymerization (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1607-1611 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101016
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  • 33
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    Determination of hydroperoxides in ultraviolet-irradiated nylon 66 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1631-1639 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: According to mechanisms described in the literature, photodecomposition of nylon 66 proceeds through the abstraction of the hydrogen on the carbon α to the amide NH group by a free radical which has been activated by photo absorption. In the propagation phase, the α-carbon radical could readily react with atmospheric oxygen to form a hydroperoxide. The formation of a hydroperoxide in the photodecomposition scheme for nylon 66 has been detected but has not been measured quantitatively. With the colorimetric method described in this paper, it is now possible to determine the peroxide content in a polyamide to a level of 1 μmole/g. with a relative precision of less than 5%. The polyamide is dissolved in tetrafluoropropanol, to which aliquots of potassium iodide and glacial acetic solutions are added. The absorbance of the liberated iodine is measured in a 1-cm. cell at 400 mμ and the hydroperoxide concentration determined from a calibration curve constructed from hydrogen peroxide solution standards. The rate of peroxide formation, which is dependent on the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, can be correlated to the strength loss exhibited by a nylon 66 yarn free from antioxidant and delustrant. In addition, an increase in the level of thermal degradation will accelerate yarn strength loss and peroxide formation under ultraviolet exposure. The hydroperoxide begins to decompose at about 100°C. Yarn finish will contribute to the peroxide formation during exposure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090503
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    Infrared spectra of alkanesulfonic acids, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and their derivatives (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1653-1668 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The infrared spectra of methane, n-butane-, and n-dodecane-sulfonic acids, their esters, alkali metal, silver and amine salts, amides, and chlorides are compared with analogous structures derived from chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylenes. The Bellamy and William's linear relationship between vSO2 (asym.) and vSO2 (sym.) is valid for both the simple alkane sulfonic acid derivatives and those of chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylenes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090505
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    Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1669-1680 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was carried out at various temperatures, and the properties of the copolymers obtained by the emulsion copolymerization at low temperature were examined. In the case of bulk copolymerization at temperatures higher than room temperature, the rate of polymerization, the equilibrium conversion, and [η] were lowered with increasing content of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the initial monomer mixture, but the Tg and softening point of the copolymers containing about 15% of 1,2-dichloroethylene unit were about 10°C. higher than these of conventional PVC resin, in spite of their inability to form films. The monomer reactivity ratios at 50°C. were 5.39 (VC) and 0.072 (trans-DCE). Emulsion copolymerization was carried out at -30°C. with the use of a redox initiator system (hydrogen peroxide-ferrous sulfate-ascorbic acid), in order to increase both the [η] and the rate of polymerization. The copolymers prepared at low temperature had higher Tg and better solubility than the VC homopolymer polymerized at the same condition or conventional PVC resin. The results of the infrared absorption spectra, the solubilities, and the calculation of sequence length of VC monomer unit in the polymer chain indicated that the stereoregularity and the crystallinity of the low temperature copolymers were lower than those of the low temperature VC homopolymers. It was concluded that higher Tg and good solubility of the low temperature copolymer were brought about by the prevention of the free rotation of the polymer chain by the random distribution of 1,2-dichloroethylene units in the polymer chain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090506
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    Endgroup modification of unsaturated polyesters. Effect on chemical resistance (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1681-1700 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Endgroups of unsaturated polyesters formulated with mole ratios of 2/1/3 and 1/1/2 isophthalic acid/maleic anhydride/propylene glycol were modified. Carboxylic acid content was effectively reduced by esterification with alcohols or epoxides, amidation with phenyl isocyanate, or neutralization with amines. Hydroxyl content was reduced by esterification with acids or anhydrides and urethane formation with phenyl isocyanate. Chemical resistance was determined by measuring the decrease in flexural strength and modulus with exposure to 10% solutions of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid at 82°C. A 2-week test using the medium chemical-resistant 2/1/3 polyester indicated that any modification which decreased the carboxylic acid content improved chemical resistance. Modifications which increased or decreased the hydroxyl content had no significant effect in the 2-week tests; however, decrease of hydroxyl content appeared important in 6-month exposure tests. The 1/1/2 resins which have high initial chemical resistance had poorer chemical resistance after endgroup modification than the unmodified 1/1/2 resin, with the exception of the phenyl isocyanate-modified product which was equal to the unmodified resin. Water (0.8%) and xylene (0.1%) had no effect on chemical resistance. However, larger amounts of residual solvent were disadvantageous.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Properties of linear elastomeric polyurethanes (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1837-1844 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The viscoelastic properties of some polyester-urethanes are compared with the properties of other polymers. The behavior observed is anomalous in that these polyurethanes exhibit an unusually high value of modulus well above their Tg, unaccounted for by either crosslinking or crystallinity. Various experiments including incorporation of plasticizes of widely varying chemical composition have suggested interpretation of the system as a block copolymer, each block having its own Tg. Each of the two types of blocks seems to associate with similar blocks from other molecules.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101204
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    Gelation and fusion of vinyl plastisols (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1871-1891 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The gelation of vinyl plastisols at constant temperature has been found to follow the equation ln [(C - Ce)/(U - Ce)] = (- π2/a2)Dτ + ln (8/π2), where C is the resin phase concentration, Ce the equilibrium resin phase concentration, U the critical resin phase concentration, a the average particle size, D the diffusion constant, and τ the time required for the onsent of gelation. A light reflectance apparatus capable of measuring the gelation process is described. The effect that various resin-plasticizer parameters have on the gelation and fusion process is discussed. The light-reflectance apparatus is also useful for estimating various resin and formulating parameters.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101207
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    Kinetics of the tin-catalyzed reactions of phenyl isocyanate with ureasFrom the Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1964, of R. Bruce Pinkerton, Armstrong Cork Co. Research Fellow, 1962-1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1713-1729 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The initial rates have been determined for the second-order equilibrium reaction of phenyl isocyanate with a series of phenyl-substituted 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenyl ureas in the presence of butyltin trichloride catalyst in chlorobenzene at 60°C. These results were compared with the rates of reaction of phenyl isocyanate with 1,1-di-n-butyl-3-phenylurea, 1,3-diphenyl-1-methylurea, N-phenylbenzamide, methyl-N-phenyl carbamate, and 1-butanol. The activation energy for the butyltin trichloride-catalyzed reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenylurea was 12 kcal./mole. At 60°C. this reaction was approximately 11 times as fast as the reverse reaction. The rate of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenylurea was directly proportional to the concentration of butyltin trichloride. The activity of this catalyst was 28 times as great as that of triethyltin chloride. Dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutylin dichloride, tributyltin chloride, tetramethyltin, trimethyltin bromide, triethyltin fluoride, and 1,2,4-trimethylpiperazine were not catalysts for these reactions. The ureas formed solid complexes with stannic chloride and with butyltin trichloride in which the tin compounds were coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen. A tentative reaction mechanism has been proposed, which involves nucleophilic attack of the urea on the isocyanate through an intermediate ternary complex. The stannic chloride-catalyzed reaction of ureas with isocyanates at room temperature has been shown to have wide application.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Studies in hard rubber reaction. Part III. Effect of metallic oxides and metallic oxide-accelerator combinations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1731-1742 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A study of thermal effects accompanying exothermic hard rubber reaction with the help of differential thermal analysis has been extended to 68/32 rubber-sulfur compounds containing different metallic oxides and metallic oxide-accelerator combinations. Metallic oxides do not affect the heat of reaction appreciably; however, they affect the slope value, litharge showing an unusually low value. In combination with accelerator, metallic oxides exert specific effects on heat of reaction, initiation temperature, and slope value. Attempts have been made to explain these findings on the basis of the known behavior of the individual oxides and the accelerators.
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    Investigation on the polymerization of an unsaturated polyester system by a resistivity technique (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1743-1755 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A continuous current monitoring technique has been used to follow the resistivity change during the early stages of the isothermal bulk polymerization of an unsaturated polyester resin. The general form of the log (resistivity)-time curves is similar to the conversion-time curves of inhibited vinyl polymerization obtained by other techniques. An overall activation energy for the polymerization has been derived by using the postgelation rate of resistivity change as a polymerization rate index. An analysis of the data obtained from these experiments emphasizes the complexity of the reaction kinetics of the bulk polymerization. There appears to be an unusual dependence of the rate of initiation upon initiator concentration and hence because of the short kinetic chain length, of the final rate of polymerization upon initiator concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Polyurethane elastomers from post-grafted polymer-polyol systems (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Certain homopolymer-polyol mixtures, after treatment with a free-radical generating agent or ionizing radiation, will produce polyurethane elastomers of nearly twice the stiffness and tensile properties compared to control elastomers made with untreated mixtures. Specific examples of these mixtures include the homopolymers of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride with a poly(oxypropyl) triol of about 3000 molecular weight as the polyol in each case. The marked improvement in the stiffness and tensile properties of elastomers made with the treated mixtures over those of the untreated controls indicates a grafting process occurring between the polyol and homopolymer upon the generation of free radicals. In the present work, grafting could occur by a chain-transfer hydrogen-abstraction mechanism, whereby a free-radical site is generated on both the homopolymer and polyol chains. Coupling of these two free-radical sites would thus result in the establishment of a polymer-polyol graft bond.
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    Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers in wool fibers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 115-126 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers, mainly methyl methacrylate, in reduced, successively alkylated, or KCN-Treated wool fibers was performed in the redox LiBr-persulfate system without homopolymer. The reduction gives a striking effect in promoting the graft copolymerization. Methylation or ethylene recrosslinking of the reduced wool, especially the former, decreases the graft-on remarkably. By the KCN treatment in which the conversion of disulfide to lanthionine bonds occurs, the grafting is decreased in the bromide-persulfate system but promoted in the system with persulfate alone. Methylation or KCN treatment of wool as well as reduction brings about a great increase in the absorption of persulfate. The grafting of the lanthionine-containing wool in the redox system accompanied by the liberation of bromine might be retarded by the pronounced bromination of monomers over the inhibiting of homopolymerization, because the lanthionine bonds are more stable to bromine than the disulfide bonds. In general, disulfide bonds and the other easily oxidized components of wool may perhaps play an important role in regulating the bromination of monomers and in the graft copolymerization without homopolymer. The molecular weight of graft polymer is decreased distinctly with increasing extent of reduction of wool. From these results, the thiol groups on wool are considered to give predominantly graft centers by the radicalotropy from SO4-·, OH·, and/or Br·.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110109
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    Plastic Materials. J. A. Brydson. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1966. x + 576. $18.50 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 153-153 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110115
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  • 45
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    Some mechanical properties of an epoxy resin system cured with multiple crosslinking agentsProd. No. 1445 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arbitrary cure times and glass transition temperatures are reported for an epoxy resin cocrosslinked by various weight fractions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PLDA). The glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resin systems studied yielded an excellent fit to an empirical equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The cure time parameters were found to be a linear function of the weight fractions of each crosslinking agent present. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were measured by an in situ dynamic modulus technique which employed the use of a resin-coated metallic substrate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110202
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    Antiplasticization. III. Characteristics and properties of antiplasticizable polymersPaper presented at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966.Prod. No. 1451 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 227-244 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticization is applicable to polymers which contain rigid, polar groups and stiff chains, such as many bisphenol polycarbonates and polyesters, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol polycarbonates and polyesters, cellulose triacetate, and a commercial poly(sulfone ether). The stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength of these polymers are increased by antiplasticizers, and the elongation, impact strength, and heat-distortion temperature are decreased. The stiffness of antiplasticized polymers can be further increased by crystallization. A clear, hard, stiff, tough, self-extinguishing molding plastic with good electrical properties and improved resistance to stress cracking is obtained by antiplasticizing bisphenol A polycarbonate with 20% Aroclor 5460.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110206
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  • 47
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    Resistance of Valonia cellulose to mercerizationProd. No. 1456 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mercerization behavior at 20°C. of Valonia macrophysa cellulose of Japanese origin was investigated by x-ray, moisture regain, and infrared spectrographic methods. The NaOH concentration range necessary for mercerization was 16-20%, which is higher than those required for wood pulp (8-11%), ramie or cotton (11-14%), and even the animal cellulose, Tunicin (14-16%). Treatment with the alkaline solution of the ordinary concentration (17.5%) for 4 days could not mercerize it, and even mercerization with a 19% solution brought about the presence of the reflection from (101)II along with those from (101)I and (101)I after regeneration. Such a high resistance to mercerization of the Valonia cellulose may be due to its larger crystallite size rather than the crystalline content.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110209
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  • 48
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    Elastomer processing and application of rheological fundamentalsProd. No. 1452 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 321-334 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elastomer processing operations are discussed and classified as unit operations. The theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity is applied to processing unvulcanized amorphous rubber and the significance of the maximum relaxation time τm is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110301
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  • 49
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    Polymer degradation. V. Changes in molecular weight distributions during sonic irradiation of polyisobuteneProd. No. 1470 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography was used to follow changes in the molecular weight distribution of a polyisobutene, initial Mv = 466,000, during degradation induced by sonic irradiation. Seven samples taken at times of 200-163,500 sec. were studied. In general, a steady decrease in molecular weight was observed, although a bimodal distribution was present after 20,000 sec. irradiation. Various measures of inhomogeneity, Mw/Mn, U, etc., were examined. The function, σn/Mw, where σn is the standard deviation of the number distribution, is considered as a measure of the relative distribution. It is shown to be almost constant throughout the degradation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110302
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  • 50
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    Effects of interfaces on the thermal degradation of polymer-metal compositesProd. No. 1458 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 357-368 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Previous studies by Black and Blomquist on the degradative failure of polymer-metal adhesive bonds have shown that composite failure depends largely on the type of metal substrate employed. In the work reported herein, metal powders of high surface area have been employed to maximize the metal-polymer interface. The composite systems studied consisted for aluminum and iron with polycondensates of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, phenol-formaldehyde and poly-2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenimidazole. The composites were prepared in the absence of air and thermally degraded in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer while the degradation products were continuously monitored from mass 1 to 200. In the polymer and polymer-metal systems investigated, iron accelerated the decomposition of all polymers studied. This was determined by plotting m/e against degradation temperature for the more common mass peaks such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide for the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-containing polymer and hydrogen cyanide and ammonia for the carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-containing polymer. This technique offers promise in determining the nature of the interface as well as the effect of the interface on polymer degradation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110304
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    Graft copolymers of starch. III. Copolymerization of gelatinized wheat starch with acrylonitrile. Influence of chain modifiers on copolymer compositionProd. No. 1476 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 457-463 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A study was made of the influence of selected chain modifiers on both the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile and the grafting frequency of the starch-polyacrylo-nitrile graft copolymer. Gelatinized wheat starch was used with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The organic chain modifiers investigated were ethyl mercaptan, 1-dodecanethiol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde, and chloroform. Sodium chromate, cupric bromide, cupric nitrate, cupric acetate, and cupric chloride were also tested as chain modifiers. In the presence of cupric chloride, there was a tenfold reduction in the molecular weight of grafted polyacrylonitrile; however, fewer chains were grafted to the starch backbone than were observed without cupric chloride.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    Third annual polymer conference series wayne state university (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 475-478 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110315
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    Investigation of conditions of spherulite formation in mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymersProd. No. 1454 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 499-514 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110402
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    Effect of environmental hydrogen pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenesPaper presented at the meeting of the American Physical Society, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 28-30, 1963.Prod. No. 1474 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 515-526 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An experimental assembly incorporating a capacitance-type, differential pressure transducer, which provides resolutions of 3 × 10-4 torr at pressures extending to 30 torr, has been employed to monitor the effect of hydrogen environmental pressure on the hydrogen yield from x-irradiated polyethylenes. Contrary to the observations of previous investigators, the hydrogen yield is found to be independent of hydrogen environmental pressures extending over the critical range up to at least 30 torr. It is demonstrated that neglecting the temperature and density gradients inherent in closed-volume irradiation assemblies employing cryogenic traps to separate liberated gases into condensable and noncondensable fractions may lead to erroneous conclusions with respect to gas yields arising from the irradiation of materials. A homogeneous, variable-plate separation ion chamber consisting of a polyethylene body and utilizing flowing ethylene as the cavity gas was employed to obtain total volatile G values of 3.6 ± 0.4, 3.8 ± 0.4, and 4.0 ± 0.4 molecules/100 e.v., for Marlex 6002, Dow Ziegler (Q 917.5), and DuPont A-1410 polyethylenes, respectively. A hydrogen contribution of approximately 98 mole-% was obtained with this experimental method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110403
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    Optical evaluation of films by means of moiré (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 601-602 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110409
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  • 56
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    Elastomers from castor oil (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 629-638 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Castor oil has been used to prepare millable elastomers by using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, respectively. These elastomers are vulcanized with sulfur and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate separately by using the standard methods of rubber technology, and the properties of these vulcanizates are reported.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110502
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    Heterogeneous nucleating agents for polypropylene crystallization (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 673-685 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization is described. A series of compounds consisting mainly of organocarboxylic acid salts is evaluated as heterogeneous nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization by measuring their effect upon the polymer supercooling. Sodium benzoate and basic aluminium dibenzoate were among the best nucleating agents found. The nucleating abilities of the various compounds are discussed in terms of their structural features.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110505
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    Molecular weight changes in irradiated polypropylene (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 705-718 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We have shown by two separate measurements that polypropylene when melted after irradiation undergoes crosslinking from the inception of irradiation. The first proof was an immediate increase in the solution viscosity of a narrow molecular weight fraction of polypropylene. The second proof was the marked change in melt-flow properties on irradiation of a broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene. These findings tend to support one of the two currently held views on the action of radiation on polypropylene. In addition we have confirmed previous reports that melting after irradiation contributes to the overall crosslinking reaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Fibre sintetice; Chimie si technologie. Lupu Alexandru and Sorin Bosica. Bucuresti, 1966 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 751-751 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110513
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    Diffusion effect during electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranesNCL Communication No. 758. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2631-2632 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090723
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    Effect of chemical agents on the fine structure of cellulose. Part II. The action of acetyl chloride (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1913-1928 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The action of acetyl chloride on the fine structure of regenerated cellulose (fiber and film) has been studied by infrared and x-ray techniques. The two techniques reveal different aspects of the fine structure and are therefore complementary. The changes found on acetylation appear to show that the molecular network theory is inadequate to describe the fine structure of the samples of regenerated cellulose studied. The observed effects can be explained more satisfactorily in terms of a structure in which highly oriented crystallites are interspersed with regions that are highly oriented but not as well ordered, resulting in a variation in density across the cross section.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090524
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    Metal-organic stabilizers and antistabilizers for polyolefin plastics (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1947-1953 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: During the past few years it has been reported that a number of metal-organic compounds show outstanding effectiveness as stabilizers against the oxidative deterioration of polyolefins and other polymers. This may seem surprising in view of the well known catalytic effect of such compounds on the oxidation of organic materials. Indeed, it has been observed that a given metal compound can act as a stabilizer in one system and as an antistabilizer in another. Even in a single system the compound may simultaneously retard one mode of oxidation and accelerate another. For example, the copper chelate of α,α-(ethylenedinitrilo)-di-o-cresol retarded the formation of carbonyl groups and accelerated scission during the photoöxidation of polyethylene. It is the purpose of this paper to consider a number of examples of this sort drawn from the field of metal-organic stabilizers.1 Any comprehensive theory of oxidation and antioxidation should be able to encompass such curious anomalies.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090526
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    Thermal degradation of polymers with aromatic rings in the chain (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1955-1971 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal degradation in vacuum of polymers containing aromatic or heterocyclic rings linked by various groups has been studied by a weight loss method. The most stable of the polymers examined were those with —CO—, mixed —SO2— and —O—, or—SO2— linkages. The stability of these were superior to or comparable with poly-p-phenylene and poly-m-phenylene. The particular combinations of aromatic nuclei and linking groups used did not result in tractability as most of the polymers were insoluble and infusible, even though of low molecular weight. Substitution in the aromatic nuclei could improve tractability, though at the expense of thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Investigation of the elastic properties of the particle network in gelled solutions of hydrocolloids. II. Cellulose microcrystals (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1973-1980 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In order to obtain information about the particle network existing in gelled suspensions of cellulose microcrystals, the elasticity modulus was determined of series of dilutions of these gels. It was found that over a tenfold concentration range, the modulus varies as the 3.4 power of the concentration. A gel point could not be determined. A tentative model for this behavior is proposed, in which strong forces cause extensive linear aggregation, and weaker forces cause crosslinking of the linear aggregates. It is pointed out that this model is not unreasonable in the light of earlier experimental work on these gels. The results of similar experiments on gels of attrited level-off DP cellulose are also reported.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090528
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    Poly-2-oxazolidones (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1994-1996 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090531
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    Mechanisms of thermal degradation of phenolic condensation polymers. III. Cleavage of phenolic segments during the thermal degradation of uncured epoxy resinsPaper presented at the 148th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1981-1989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenolic cleavage of the uncured epoxy resins is further substantiated by the semiquantitative study with the aid of the mass spectrometer analysis. In general, the phenolic cleavage (at 475°C.) of the epoxylated novolac resin, D.E.N. 438 resin, was found to be similar to that of the unepoxylated novolac resin. For both cases, cresols and phenol were the major products as a result of the homolytic cleavage and the subsequent hydrogen abstraction. At the same time, a small amount of xanthene or the substituted xanthenes appeared in the mixture presumably due to the dehydration of related phenolic compounds. A small amount of C6H5OC3H3 or C6H4OC3H4 could indicate that there could be some cyclization of the glycidyl ether side chain of the epoxylated novolac resin. For the epoxylated bisphenol-A resin, D.E.R. 331 resin, the phenolic cleavage at high temperature appeared to follow two major and one minor scheme. The first type of cleavage is undoubtedly homolytic to yield isopropylphenol, C2H5 phenols, cresols, and phenol. The second type cleavage was not found in the above two resins and is heterolytic in nature. This cleavage resulted in the formation of isopropenyl-phenol. Due to the presence of C6H5OC3H3 or C6H4OC3H4, it is postulated that the cyclization of the glycidyl ether side chain may also, take place.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Graft copolymers consisted of polyether and phenol-formaldehyde resin: A curable polyether resin (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1991-1994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090530
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    Paint flow and pigment dispersion. T. C. PATTON. Interscience, New York, 1964. xii + 479. $16.50 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1997-1997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090532
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    Plastics as an art form. THELMA R. NEWMAN. Chilton Books, Philadelphia, 1964, xxi + 339 pp. $11.00. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1998-1998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090533
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    Polymer news (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1999-1999 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090534
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  • 71
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    Relative inhibitory effect of various compounds on the rate of polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2009-2018 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relative inhibitory effect of the following compounds on the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate were measured: hydroquinone, p-tert-butylcatechol, p-methoxyphenol, 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol, n-propyl gallate, di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 1-amino-7-naphthol, p-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone, 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, three aminoanthraquinones, diphenylamine, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, α- and β-naphthylamine, phenothiazine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, hexamethylphosphoramide, n-dodecyl mercaptan, benzenethiol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, phenyl hydrazine, divinylacetylene, and various antimony and copper salts. Polymerization was carried out in a test tube in a bath at 101.2°C., benzoyl peroxide being used as initiator. Generally, phenols and naphthols were the strongest inhibitors, followed by quinones, aromatic amines, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antimony pentachloride, phenyl hydrazine, divinylacetylene, and the thiols.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Irradiation stability of sulfonated styrene resins crosslinked with various divinylbenzene isomers and mixtures thereof (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2001-2007 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Co60γ-irradiation-induced degradation of sulfonated styrene resins crosslinked with 4 and 8 mole-% m- or p-divinylbenzene isomers, or mixtures thereof including commercial divinylbenzene have shown a loss in capacity of 5-12.8% at radiation intensities of ca. 290,000 r./hr. and total doses of 0.91-1.90 X 108 rad in the presence of water. The loss is less for the 8% crosslinked resins and is less (2-6%) if irradiated dry. The resins crosslinked with commercial divinylbenzene show a slightly higher loss of capacity (11.2-11.9%) than do others (10.2-10.7%), presumably due to the ethylphenyl contamination. The moisture content also increases on irradiation; 13-16% for the 8% and 2.7-3.0% for the 4% resins at 1.90 X 108 rad. The meta crosslinked resin shows somewhat lower moisture content increase (1.5% for 8%; 0.8% for 4%), indicative of a more stable cross-linkage. The results are discussed in terms of the reactions involved: desulfonation, hydroxylation, and cleavage of crosslinkages.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090601
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    Role of ozone in dynamic cut growth of rubber (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2031-2045 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of ozone on the growth of cuts in rubber strips subjected to repeated tensile deformations has been investigated. At tearing energies below a critical value ozone accounts for all the cut growth, and in this region the rate of growth also occurs due to mechanico-oxidative rupture, the rate of this type of growth increasing rapidly with increasing tearing energy so that the effects of ozone are normally slight. For vulcanizates of natural rubber and SBR unprotected by antiozonant, the characteristics of dynamic ozone cut growth can be deduced from static measurements. If a natural rubber test piece is not allowed to relax to zero strain on each cycle, the effects of ozone are important over a wider range of tearing energy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090604
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    Heptane-soluble material from atactic polypropylene. I. Fractionation and characterization of fractions (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2019-2029 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sample of commercial atactic polypropylene was extracted with ether and the residue extracted with boiling n-heptane. Six fractions of the heptane-soluble material, which is very similar to that obtained by heptane extraction of isotactic polypropylene, were obtained by stepwise addition of acetone to a solution in cyclohexane. Densities, melting points, and x-ray photographs of the fractions and the unfractionated material were obtained and infrared absorption spectra used to estimate tacticity. Molecular weights, determined by means of a vapor pressure osmometer, ranged from about 3000 to about 25,000. That of the fraction of highest molecular weight was in good agreement with a separate determination by means of osmotic pressure measurements. Separation in fractionation occurred in order of decreasing molecular weight and increasing crystallinity as estimated from densities and x-ray photographs. Tacticity also seems to increase with decreasing molecular weight. Melting points of the fractions were not entirely in the order expected from their molecular weights and estimated crystallinities, and it is possible that low DP isotactic material may be preferentially concentrated in the highest molecular weight fraction. It is emphasized that the unfractionated material may contain polymers possessing a range of order intermediate between those of purely atactic and purely isotactic polymer and that refractionation may be required in order to characterize the material completely.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090603
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    Effect of water on the mechanism of deformation of nylon 6 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1483-1494 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Lattice spacings perpendicular to the molecular chain axes and crystallite orientation of dried and moist (boiled in water) bulk nylon 6 were determined by x-ray diffraction under tension of 30-300 kg./cm.2. The deformation of the specimen was also measured. The lattice spacings are changed reversibly by the presence of water in nylon 6, but the elastic moduli of the lattice are not affected. The lattice elastic modulus in the direction of the hydrogen bonds is approximately double its value in the direction normal to the hydrogen bonds. The elastic modulus of the dried nylon 6 approaches the value of the lattice elastic modulus in the direction normal to the molecular axes, while the modulus of the moist nylon 6 is several times lower. From these facts, and especially from the relations between the lattice deformation, crystallite orientation, and specimen deformation, the principal differences in the deformation mechanism of dried and moist nylon 6 were deduced. The results obtained have also made possible some general conclusions about the crystalline structure of nylon 6 and the deformation mechanism of linear polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110811
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    Graft copolymerization onto protein by the ceric ion method. Studies on grafting site (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1529-1538 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylamide onto ovalbumin was carried out with redox system with ceric ion. Initiation of grafting occurred very rapidly, and the number of grafting sites reached a maximum after about 2 min. regardless of initial ceric ion concentration. The grafted polymer chains were separated by selective hydrolysis of the protein backbone with hydrochloric acid or protease in order to characterize the graft copolymers. The grafted polyacrylamide separated by the proteolytic digestion contained a carbohydrate residue at the end of the polymer molecule. The problem of grafting sites on ovalbumin is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110814
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    Bonding polyethylene to metals (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1553-1562 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A process for adhering polyethylene to aluminum was developed which involves treating the aluminium substrate successively with chromic acid and then a selected organic acid. Certain organic acids utilized in this process appeared to produce a synergistic effect on the adhesion. This process, which required no modification or treatment of the polymer, resulted in peel strengths forty times greater than that obtained on untreated aluminum. Tensile shear values for the polyethylene-aluminum bond were greater than 2800 psi. The materials used for treating the metal in this system produced a maximum in the obtainable peel strength. Furthermore, minor changes in the etching acids resulted in drastic changes in the adhesion values.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110816
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    A modified balance-type stress relaxation apparatus for chemical relaxation under liquid phase (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1613-1615 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A relatively simple and inexpensive automatic apparatus for chemical relaxation giving good accuracy has been developed for measurement of chemical relaxation in the gaseous phase in high polymers. The apparatus is based on a previously described balance-type stress relaxation apparatus intended for automatic operation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110822
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  • 79
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    Properties of random and block copolymers of butadiene and styrene. I. Dynamic properties and glassy transition temperatures (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1581-1591 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of monomer sequence on physical properties was investigated for butadienestyrene solution copolymers made by organolithium initiation. The polymers varied from random copolymers of uniform composition along the polymer chain to ideal block polymers of specific block sequence arrangement and included rubbers of intermediate degrees of randomness. Uniform composition random copolymers exhibit a single glass transition temperature and a very narrow dynamic loss peak corresponding to this transition. The glass transition can be predicted from the styrene content and the microstructure of the butadiene portion of the rubber. Random copolymers in which composition varies along the polymer chain, and to some extent between molecules, exhibit a single glass transition, but the dynamic loss peak is broadened. The extent of this broadening is shown to be compatible with the sequence distribution, polymer segments of various compositions losing mobility at different temperatures. This indicates a tendency for association between segments of different temperatures. This indicates a tendency for association between segments of different chains which are similar in composition. Block copolymers display two transitions, corresponding to Tg for each type of block. The position and width of the dynamic loss peaks are related to block length and compositional purity of the blocks.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110819
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    DTA study of heterogeneous nucleation of crystallization in polypropylenePresented before the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 148th National American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2131-2142 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of cooling, nucleation, and spherulitic growth rates on the properties of polypropylene is discussed briefly. A differential thermal analysis technique is described for evaluating the relative extent of heterogeneous nucleation that occurs in a particular polypropylene composition. The method is based upon a nucleating agent's ability to reduce the relatively large amount of supercooling that occurs upon crystallization of polypropylene. Compounds are shown to vary widely in their effectiveness as heterogeneous nucleating agents in polypropylene. The relationships between the degree of supercooling of a particular polypropylene composition and its relative clarity, tensile properties, density, and morphology are shown.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090610
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    Photodegradation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene sensitized by the addition of chloronitroso compounds (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2121-2130 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was found that chloronitroso compounds with a free non-conjugated nitroso group show a considerable sensitizing activity in respect to the process of photochemical degradation of dissolved cis-1,4-polyisoprene, which is induced by visible radiation (4000-7000 A.). The effect of 10 chloronitroso sensitizing compounds were investigated. The highest sensitizing activity was found with compounds 2,2-chloronitrosopropane and 1,1-chloronitrosocyclohexane. The maximum wavelength, of which the decrease of relative viscosity of solutions was the highest, was determined for 2,2-chloronitrosopropane. The highest sensitizing activity of chloronitroso compounds was found for wavelengths corresponding to the absorption maximum of the sensitizer added. The theory of the sensitizing activity of chloronitroso compounds is proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090609
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    Studies on the drawing of polyamide fibers. III. Change of dye-diffusion behavior into polyamide fibers with drawing (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2167-2176 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion constants of an acidic dye (Xylene Fast Blue P) into nylon 6 monofilaments of various draw ratios have been measured at several temperatures by measuring the distance of dye penetration into the cross-sections of the sample. The results are as follows. The diffusion coefficient of dye increases, reaches a maximum at a draw ratio near 1.6, and then decreases as the draw ratio increases. The activation energy of dye diffusion obtained from the temperature dependence of dye diffusion coefficient remains nearly constant in the initial and middle stages of drawing and increases above a draw ratio of about 3, as the draw ratio increases. The change in the polymer structure during drawing is discussed on the basis of these results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090612
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  • 83
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    Studies of non-newtonian flow I. Criterion of flow instability (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2779-2784 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the flow instability of polymer melts occurring above a certain critical shear stress is a direct result of the degree of non-Newtonian behavior of the flowing liquid. Melt fracture, elastic turbulence, and slip-stick effects are a consequence of this instability, which frequently leads to periodic phenomena. The condition for the occurrence of flow instability is derived.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Chemical and physical behavior of phenolic resins in air-dried films of phenolic varnishes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2785-2797 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical and physical behavior of the oil soluble phenolic resins in phenolic varnish films were investigated by means of dynamic-mechanical measurement, infrared spectra, and M̄c measurement. The viscoelastic property of phenolic varnish films or increase in (Tg)d due to the addition of resin is the same regardless of the types of phenolic resin (oil-reactive or oil-nonreactive) employed, and despite the lower reactivity of the oil-nonreactive phenolic resin in the cooking stage. A reaction takes place between the oil-nonreactive phenolic resin and drying oil in the course of autoxidation and proceeds in aging, resulting in a network in which the phenolic resin is the backbone. Both the crosslinking and filling of resin were effective in increasing the (Tg)d of the films; crosslinking is the better method as it results in films having a smaller acetone-extractable portion.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090813
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    Dynamic behavior of natural rubber during large extensionsProd. No. 1576 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1835-1850 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The stresses and energy losses during simple extension cycles up to a maximum elongation of 530% have been determined for an unfilled vulcanizate of natural rubber as a function of the temperature and extension rate. At sufficiently short elongation times and low temperatures, the rate and temperature dependence of the ascending stresses are connected by the Ferry transform, and the superposition principle can be applied to them. Outside this experimental range, the stresses are increased by crystallization. The validity of the Ferry transform for the energy losses and the energy loss ratio is more restricted than for the stresses, and the losses are always higher than can be expected from a purely viscoelastic mechanism. The additional losses are tentatively ascribed to incipient crystallization and stress-softening effects. At short elongation times and low temperatures, the losses approach the values predicted by viscoelasticity, and the loss ratio becomes independent of the maximum extension of the strain cycle.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111002
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    Regulation of molecular weight of styrene - butadiene rubber. I. Choice of regulator from the homologous series of xanthogen disulfidesProd. No. 1584 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1881-1892 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The regulating efficiency of 14 dialkyl xanthogen disulfides in emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene at +5°C. with the use of a diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide-complexed ferrous iron-sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate redox system in the presence of sodium soap of disproportionated rosin as an emulsifier, was evaluated. The apparent chain transfer constants of n-alkyl and isoalkyl derivatives decreased logarithmically with increasing length of the alkyl group, which seems to be related to the analogous dependency of their solubilities in water. The dialkyl xanthogen disulfides, especially the lower homologs, acted as retarders of polymerization. The retardation did not affect their regulation efficiency. On the basis of values of the apparent chain transfer constants it is possible to predict the molecular weight of polymers, except for the region where the regulation is poor and where the deteriorative influence of termination and crosslinking reactions takes place. The diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide has been selected as the most convenient of the compounds studied for molecular weight regulation of emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene in the system mentioned.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111006
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    Tensile stress relaxation behavior of a mechanical mixture of two polymer componentsPresented before the 13th Annual Symposium on Rheology, Japan, Okayama Univ., Okayama, Oct. 3, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2261-2272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As one in a series of studies relating the rheological properties of mechanical mixtures of two polymer components to the degree of mixing, the temperature dependence of tensile stress relaxation behavior of two types of mixed systems, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(vinyl acetate) system and lightly crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-poly(vinyl acetate)) system, was investigated over a temperature range covering the glass transition temperatures of both polymer components. The time-temperature superposition procedure was carried out for comparison of several parameters, such as fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient, which were determined on the basis of the free volume concept from the viscosity in relation to the William-Landel-Ferry equation, with those of the individual polymer components. Although the fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient thus determined for the mixed systems were apparent values, the results may, at least qualitatively, deny the simple additivity of the free volumes of the two-polymer mixed phases and suggest the existence of a sort of physical interaction between the phases, i.e., the internal pressure induced by one phase or the other due to a difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the phases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090618
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    Studies in hard rubber reaction. Part IV. Effect of fillers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2285-2296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of the different fillers i.e., china clay, light magnesium carbonate, Pliolite S6E, and ebonite dust, on the exothermic hard rubber reaction has been studied with the help of differential thermal analysis. The data for heat evolution show some unexpected features in that china clay, a more or less inert filler, lowers heat evolution. The behavior of magnesium carbonate also can not be fully explained. Attempts have been made to explain the data for Pliolite S6E and ebonite dust on the basis of their composition and effects of the individual components on heat of reaction. The differences in initiation temperature and slope values have been explained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090620
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    Equivalence of cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran as solvents for poly(vinyl chloride) (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2319-2320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090623
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    Stress - strain behavior of rubber-reinforced glassy polymersPresented as a talk before the Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ste. Marguerite. Quebec, May 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2297-2310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The main objective of this work has been to develop some rational hypothesis for the toughness of rubber-modified glassy polymers as defined by the energy to rupture in a tensile measurement. It is shown that the rigid phase yields and that the toughness is a result of the large energy absorption involved in the cold drawing of the matrix. The rubber phase acts principally to induce a yielding in the matrix. A triaxial stress field in the environment of the dispersed particles results in local increases in free volume which aid in the initiation of cold drawing and provides the rubber with sufficient breaking stress to prevent premature crack propagation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090621
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  • 91
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    Modification of crosslinking effects in cotton fabrics by swelling and methylation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2311-2318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of crosslinking on cotton fabric are changed when the cotton has been chemically modified before crosslinking with an inert substituent, such as the methyl group. The main action of the inert substituent is to preserve swelling ability by hindering fiber deswelling after methylation and during crosslinking. At the levels of modification used, the crosslinking reaction appears to proceed normally, with no effects from reduction in the number of reactive cellulosic hydroxyl groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090622
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    Thermogravimetric study of some new transition metal-schiff base coordination polymers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2321-2336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A condensation reaction between 5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline and terephthalaldehyde yielded a bis-bifunctional Schiff base ligand, 5,′5-[p-phenylene-bis(methylidynenitrilo)] di-8-quinolinol, which was used to produce coordination polymers containing Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), or Zn(II) in the form of insoluble powders. The thermal stabilities of these polymers were evaluated in vacuum over the temperature range of 25-700°C. by using a newly constructed thermobalance having improved sensitivity. The results relate the decomposition of the polymers to the metal in the backbone as well as to the organic ligand to which the metal is coordinated. Some discussion is devoted to the possible modes of decomposition of these polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090701
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  • 93
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    Interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in continuous cascade systems (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2337-2343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in unstirred, continuous, cascade systems has been studied. It was found that yields increased with increased reactant flow rates. The increase was shown to result from improved mass transport due to the change from molecular diffusion at low flow rates to eddy diffusion at high flow rates. The effect of improved mass transfer was also shown in the behavior of plots of polymer intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090702
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  • 94
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    Examination of variables in the radiation-induced solid-state polymerization of trioxane (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3681-3700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Additional studies have been conducted on the radiation-induced, solid-state polymerization of trioxane. The out-of-source polymerization rate has been investigated as a function of radiation dose and of temperature and time of polymerization. The empirical relationship of log time ∝ Y (where Y is the polymerization percentage) was found to be satisfactory over wide ranges of conversion, of dose, and of polymerization time. At a given dose, the yield was directly proportional to the RSV1.33 (where RSV is the reduced specific viscosity). Either increasing the dose or decreasing the particle size gave lower RSV values at the same conversions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091116
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    Acetylenic polyesters (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2379-2391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetylenic polyesters containing either residues of 2-butyne-1,4-diol, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, or both of them, were prepared and characterized. Polyesters of 2-butyne-1,4-diol with succinic, adipic, and phthalic acids were obtained as soluble polymers by use of known methods. The polymaleate ester of 2-butyne-1,4-diol was obtained either as a soluble or as an insoluble polymer, depending on the experimental conditions. Relatively high temperature or long reaction periods led to the formation of insoluble polymers. Polyesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid with diethylene glycol, tetra- and hexamethylene glycols, 2-butene-1,4-diol, and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol were prepared by melt polycondensation in bulk. These polyesters were obtained as insoluble, rubbery materials, except those of 2-butene-1,4-diol and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, which were obtained both as linear or as nonlinear polymers. The insolubility of the polyesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid was due to crosslinking reactions involving the conjugated system —C≡C—C=O. While the melt polycondensations in bulk involving either 2-butyne-1,4-diol or acetylenedicarboxylic acid were entirely controlled reactions, those carried out between acetylenedicarboxylic acid and 2-butyne-1,4-diol were very often associated with highly exothermic decompositions involving carbonization. The decompositions could be eliminated when the melt polycondensation in bulk was preceded by a fore-condensation in solution. Solid, soluble, powdery low polymers (DP = 2-3) having softening temperatures of about 150-175°C. were thus obtained.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090705
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    Semipermeable membranes of cellulose acetate for desalination in the process of reverse osmosis. III. Bound water relationshipsThis work was supported by the Office of Saline Water, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Contract Nos. 14-01-0001-272 and 14-01-0001-378. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2363-2378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism by which water and dissolved salts permeate selectively through membranes has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that the predominant mechanism of permeation involves the interaction of the various species with specific sites and their associated bound water molecules. The extent of the bound water held by the cellulosic membranes of interest has been determined. Correlation has been found between the permeation characteristics demonstrated by membranes at various steps in their preparation and its bound water content. The mechanism of rejection of salts has been shown to be related to the relative inability of their ions to become solvated by bound water. A model has been hypothesized which correctly describes the behavior of the desalination membrane with reference to water and soluble inorganic salts.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090704
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    Poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine complexes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2393-2424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine blue color reaction in dilute aqueous solution has been investigated, and extinctions at the absorption maximum have been measured as a function of the concentrations of polymer, iodine, iodide ions, and boric acid. Depending upon the reaction conditions, the main absorption maximum can be made to appear at any wavelength between 580 and 700 mμ, with the longest wavelengths and highest extinctions per vinyl alcohol group showing up at high boric acid concentrations. Poly(vinyl alcohol) samples from various sources displayed, under identical reaction conditions, great differences in staining intensities. This can be ascribed to differences in the regularity of the polymer chain structures. To account for the behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) towards iodine under a wide variety of reaction conditions, as well as for a number of irreversible or only slowly reversible phenomena, a model for the mechanism of the PVA-iodine complex formation is proposed involving a dual process of helix formation and intramolecular helix association. There is evidence to indicate that at full iodine saturation of the polymer, 12 vinyl alcohol residues supported by one boric acid molecule form a single turn of a helix which enwraps one iodine atom, out of a long polyiodide chain nested in the interior of a poly(vinyl alcohol) helix.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090706
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    Reaction of α-cellulose with SbCl3-KOH-AsCl3Prod. No. 1637 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2467-2471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: α-Cellulose dissolves in a mixture of SbCl3, KOH, and AsCl3. The resulting product as identified by PMR and infrared spectroscopy is α-D-glucose. This product is unexpected, and an explanation for its formation is suggested.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111206
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    Characterization of block and random ethylene-propylene copolymers by differential thermal analysisPresented in part before the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 148th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, August 30-September 4, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3061-3069 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A group of C14-tagged ethylene and propylene polymers consisting of physical mixtures of homopolymers, block copolymers made up of two homopolymer sequences, and block copolymers made up of several homopolymer segments has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The effect of randomness in copolymers has also been studied in this set of systems, which contains 0-51 wt.-% ethylene. Block copolymers and physical mixtures have been found to have thermograms with endothermal minima at approximately 138 and 163°C. The ratio of heights of the two minima has been found to be a function of the ethylene and propylene content for mixtures of homopolymers and for block copolymers without randomness. DTA thus provides an analysis for monomer ratios in physical mixtures and in block copolymers of ethylene and propylene. The cooling thermograms of block copolymers have been demonstrated to have two exotherms in all cases where the block ethylene content exceeded 10%; the propylene limit was not fixed. Mixed homopolymers do not exhibit two freezing exotherms. The total heat of fusion of the polymer has been found to be a usable measure of chain randomness and block nature. The conditions for observation of single and multiple transitions have been extended.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090912
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    Network characterization of silicone rubber vulcanizates. Part I. solvent, temperature, and specimen shape effects on effective crosslink density determinations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3049-3060 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effective crosslink densities were determined for four silica-filled silicone rubber vulcanizates which represent different degrees of crosslinking. The determinations were made from compression-deflection measurements of rubber specimens at an equilibrium swelling condition. Nine solvents representing a wide range of dilatant strengths were investigated at four equilibrium temperatures (8, 23, 41, and 60°C.) for their effect on the crosslinking determinations. Specimen shape effects were also investigated. Explicit equations of state were derived empirically and were found to be similar to the well-known Mooney-Rivlin equation in which two independent parameters are required for the definition of a dilated rubber network.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090911
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