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  • Chemical Engineering  (1,448)
  • Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,448)
  • 1965-1969  (1,448)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,448)
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  • 1
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1196-1202 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, gas-liquid concurrent flow in packed beds was investigated with the use of an air-water system and 2-, 4-, and 6-in. diameter columns packed with tabular alumina particles of 0.025 and 0.027 ft. diameters. Total pressure drop, column operating pressure, and liquid saturation were measured as functions of gas flow rate, fluid temperatures, and flow direction at several constant liquid flow rates for each column.Correlation of the frictional pressure loss was achieved in terms of a defined two-phase friction factor and a second correlating parameter which is a function of the liquid and gas Reynolds numbers. A viscosity correction factor was required to extend the friction factor correlation to include liquid viscosities widely divergent from that of water.The liquid saturation data for both upward and downward flow were correlated in terms of the ratio of mass flow rates of the respective phases.
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  • 2
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the synthesis of nonlinear feedforward controllers for chemical reactors. In most of the theoretical development and application of feedforward control only linear systems have been considered. There are, however, no inherent linear limitations in feedforward control. Since chemical reactors are usually nonlinear, the effectiveness of control should be improved by including nonlinearities in the design of feedforward controllers. This is particularly true for batch reactors because of the large changes in variables during a batch cycle. Continuous stirred-tank reactors are studied with single and consecutive reactions of first and higher order. Effectiveness of linear and nonlinear feedforward controllers is compared for disturbances of various magnitude and direction. Feedforward control of batch and tubular reactors is also discussed.
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  • 3
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of standing waves of controlled amplitude and frequency on the steady state rate of mass transfer through thin horizontal liquid layers is studied experimentally. The variables studied are the film thickness, the amplitude and frequency of the waves, and the spacing between the probes generating the waves. A bulk motion of complicated pattern known as drift is caused by the finite amplitude of the waves. The rate of mass transfer in the absence of imposed vibration is two to three times greater than that expected by molecular diffusion alone. Vibration increases the rate up to an order of magnitude or more, depending on the hydrodynamic conditions. The data at low frequencies are correlated by an expression of the form (i-io)/idiff = KAf3/4h1/2L-1/2.
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  • 4
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method has been developed for controlling deterministic systems described by linear or linearized dynamics. The discrete problem has been treated in detail. Step-by-step optimal controls for a quadratic performance index have been derived. The method accommodates upper and lower limits on the components of the control vector.A small binary distillation unit was considered as a typical application of the method. The control vector was made up of feed rate, reflux ratio, and reboiler heat load. Control to a desired state and about a load upset was effected.Calculations are performed quite rapidly and only grow significantly with an increase in the dimension of the control vector. Extension to much larger distillation units with the same controls thus seems practical.
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 311-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previous paper introduced the pair-type-probability (PTP) function for use in molecular corresponding states theory. The present paper develops the predictive equations of Scatchard and Hildebrand and the correlation equations of Wohl from particular pair and triplet weighting functions for clusters of two and three molecules in a liquid mixture. The cluster-weighting idea therefore unifies the major prediction and correlation schemes now in engineering use.
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are four points of flexibility in present molecular formulations of the corresponding states idea. At these points the procedure followed or the numerical values can be tailored to achieve better agreement between predicted and experimental properties without violation of physical principles. These flexibilities are the exponent values used in the pair-potential function, the averaging procedure used to obtain an effective mixture pair-potential function, the combination rule for unlike-pair parameters, and the selection of a reference substance. The first two flexibilities are used in this paper to show that the conformal-parameter equations can correlate excess free energy and activity coefficient data of highly nonideal liquid mixtures. A pair-type-probability function is introduced in the averaging procedure used to obtain a mixture pair-potential function. Any macroscopic or molecular property may be used in this weighting function to improve mixture-property prediction.
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  • 7
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 316-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The observation that large bubbles entrained in accelerating viscoelastic fluids may suddenly stop and remain stationary for long periods of time, although imbedded in a region of high fluid velocities, is noted and described. An analysis of this phenomenon, termed the Uebler effect, shows that it may be expected to occur with all particulate matter provided that the continuum field fluid is accelerating sufficiently rapidly to generate high stresses as a result of fluid stretching, and provided these stresses change sufficiently rapidly in the direction of the velocity vector in the flow field.
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For a number of polymerization models, we have developed equations that enable one to follow in time the moments of the polymer size distribution and the conversion. The exact and approximate solutions for the leading moments of the size distribution are presented for polymerization with initiation, propagation, and termination by combination. Approximate solutions for polymerizations with the additions of termination by disproportionation, chain transfer to monomer, and chain transfer to solvent show how these reactions decrease the average polymer size. From a simple model that exhibits autoacceleration a concomitant increase in the average polymer size also occurs.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The extraction of lanthanum and barium from single falling drops of the uranium-chromium eutectic into magnesium was studied at 1,000°C. Because of the short contact times involved, the data best fit the stagnant diffusion model for lanthanum. For barium, the fraction extracted was governed by external resistance of the magnesium phase. Drop velocities were adequately represented by the Hu-Kintner correlation.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 260-265 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The external velocity field associated with the fall of a single drop through a quiescent liquid phase is discussed. The field responsible for the transfer of vorticity from the point of generation to the disperse phase is assumed to be almost identical with the field that transfers mass from the drop interface. The stream surfaces associated with this field are made visible by means of dye trails. Since the field is not amenable to mathematical formulation, and since many reports appear in the literature concerning correlations between measurable flow parameters and the physical properties of the system, the field configurations relative to mass transfer mechanisms are considered qualitatively. The delineation of the flow patterns behind the drop gives some indication of the manner in which the external flow contributes to the transfer coefficients.
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an investigation of the equations of motion to find the conditions under which these equations admit exact viscometric solutions for certain unsteady torsional flows of incompressible simple fluids. In general, for the cone and plane and the parallel disk geometries, curvilineal solutions do not exist for arbitrary members of the class of simple fluids; however, if the inertia terms can be neglected in the equations of motion, curvilineal solutions can be found for the complete class of simple fluids.
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a theoretical study of the stability of chemical reaction on the external surface of a single spherical particle in stagnant surroundings. The analysis, which invokes methods of linear stability theory, yields necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of a steady state solution to small disturbances for the cases of very small and very large solid thermal conductivity. It is shown that heat losses from the solid surface may lead to transient behavior which is characteristically different from that for adiabatic surfaces, and that the unsteady state is strongly affected by the thermal capacity of the solid material. A numerical example is employed to illustrate the possible significance of unstable situations.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparison of the kinetic and diffusional models for solid-gas reactions occurring in a spherical particle is presented. The similarities and differences of the unreacted-core shrinking model and the homogeneous model are examined in light of the rate-controlling factors. In view of the similarity of the two models, it is shown that erroneous conclusions in regard to the mechanism and the activation energies may be drawn from an analysis of the experimental data. A more versatile model is presented in order to augment the two models so that wider varieties of solid-gas reaction systems may be treated. The concept of effectiveness factors in solid-gas reactions is introduced, and the influence of diffusion is ascertained.
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 356-356 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 523-525 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 370-526 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper, an analogy was presented which related the rise velocity of bubbles in liquids of infinite extent to the velocity of surface waves over infinitly deep liquids. In the present paper, a corresponding analogy is found which relates bubble velocities in bounded liquids to wave velocities over liquids of finite depth.
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 392-397 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In gas-metal permeation, diffusion is normally considered to be the rate-controlling step. In addition, the diffusivity is usually taken to be independent of concentration. Under these conditions, the time lag (a characteristic of the system which depends on the time required to achieve steady state flow) is found to be (and theoretically should be) independent of the gas pressure applied to the inlet surface of the metal membrane. Furthermore, the time lag can then be directly related to the diffusivity of the system.In this paper, data on the hydrogen type 321 stainless steel system are presented which show a pronounced effect of pressure on measured values of the time lag. Taken alone, these data can be explained either by a concentration-dependent diffusivity or by resistance to flow at the metal surface. From steady state data it is shown that surface resistance is the better explanation. A model of the permeation process is presented which is consistent with the time lag data, and an estimate is made of the diffusivity of hydrogen in type 321 stainless steel.The variables studied were hydrogen pressure at the entrance surface of the membrane (0.1 to 30.0 atm.), temperature (300° to 800°C.), and membrane wall thickness (0.0252 to 0.2475 cm.).
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A packed bed model has been adopted to develop a general correlation applicable to the flow of Newtonian fluids through all types of woven metal screens. Both of the main theoretical approaches to studying pressure drop in packed systems have been used by visualizing the screen as a collection of submerged objects with surface area to unit volume ratio a for laminar flow, and as a bundle of tubes of diameter D for turbulent flow. In the usual manner viscous and inertial energy losses are added to give an expression for the total pressure loss. Rearrangement of the general equation to the form of a friction factor yields a unique definition of the Reynolds number for screens NRe = ρu/μa2D. Procedures are described for collection of pressure drop-velocity data for the flow of nitrogen and helium through plain square, full twill, fourdrinier, plain dutch, and twilled dutch weaves. The data are used to derive a viscous resistance coefficient α = 8.61 and an inertial resistance coefficient β = 0.52. The validity of the correlation equation is tested by using additional data from the literature. The correlation successfully predicts pressure drop for a Reynolds number range of 0.1 to 1,000, void fractions from 0.35 to 0.76, screen pore diameters from 5 to 550 μ, mesh sizes from 30 to 2,400 wires/in., and surface area to unit volume ratios from 1,200 to 29,000 ft.-1.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 352-352 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 357-357 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 363-363 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 395-396 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 372-379 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pool nucleate boiling heat transfer curves for pure nitrogen, oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride have been measured on a horizontal, flat, circular, platinum plated disk for saturation pressures ranging from 1 atm. or less to the immediate vicinity of the critical pressure for each liquid. The results have been compared with various suggested nucleate boiling correlations, and the correlations of McNelly, of Kutateladze, and of Borishanskiy-Minchenko are found to be roughly equally successful and all distinctly superior to those of Rohsenow, of Gilmour, and of Forster and his collaborators for these liquids. For oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride, boiling hysteresis of a type not previously reported was observed at intermediate and high saturation pressures on this surface.
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 388-391 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The movement of solids associated with the rise of a single gas bubble in an incipiently fluidized bed has been determined. The bulk volume, measured at the porosity of incipient fluidization, of tracer solid which is transported across the original interface between undyed glass spheres in the upper region and dyed glass spheres (tracer solid) in the lower region, is approximately 30% of the bubble volume. The measurements relate to bubble volumes from 14 to 200 ml. in a glass column, 4 in. diam. Solids used were glass spheres of diameter 380 μ. The profile created when a bubble rises through a layer of fluidized tracer solids into the fluidized solids above the tracer layer has been approximately determined. The distance by which the solids were displaced upward, due to the passage of the bubble, was found to be greater than would have been the case if the behavior were that of a sphere in an inviscid liquid.
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 411-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The profile of a growing droplet was determined with a pressure balance which was similar to that derived by Laplace for the static droplet. An additional term was added to the balance to account for the pressure on the interface due to the motion of the fluid within the droplet. The entire pressure balance was then combined with differential equations describing the geometry of the droplet. Computed profiles compared favorably with those obtained experimentally.An additional result was the definition of a parameter, f, indicating the importance of internal fluid motion on the shape of the profile. A method of estimating this parameter without solving the equations was developed.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 426-434 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Bench-scale size fluidization system was constructed for the purpose of conducting experiments to determine density and pressure fluctuations in gas fluidized beds. Density fluctuations and bubble sizes were measured with a photocell device and β-ray absorption. Pressure fluctuations were determined with a conductivity cell. The frequency distributions of the density and pressure fluctuations and bubble sizes were determined as functions of several variables. They could be described by dimensionless coefficients and X2-distributions with different degrees of freedom. Such variables as distance from the gas distribution plate, bed height, particle size, gas flow rate, and internal screens were considered.
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dialysis of binary aqueous solutions of several sugars through a cellophane membrane was studied in a stirred batch dialyzer. Sherwood numbers describing mass transfer resistance in the fluid adjacent to the membrane were determined as a function of the corresponding Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. The results establish a reproducible environment for membrane testing in which a known controllable and small interfacial resistance is placed in series with that of the membrane. The results are also shown to support, for this geometry, the postulation of a third power relationship between eddy diffusivity and dimensionless distance from the phase boundary as well as the Sherwood-Ryan nondimensionalization of this distance.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 458-467 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is developed for predicting rates of gas absorption into laminar rippling films in terms of the surface velocities. The description is an extension of the surface-stretch model of mass transfer (1) and is therefore useful for cases of high Peclet number. The description can be used with any of the presently known hydrodynamic models of rippling films and with any future models which may be developed, provided they satisfy two relatively nonrestrictive conditions: (1) the ripples are of a two dimensional nature, being of constant thickness in the direction normal to their direction of propagation, and having no velocity components in this transverse direction; and (2) the ripples propagate at constant celerity and with constant shape. It can be used for both traveling and standing waves and can be extended to describe the effects of high net-mass transfer rates and combined diffusion and chemical reaction.
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  • 33
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 473-479 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data and a mathematical model for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane on a platinum-on-alumina catalyst in the presence of excess hydrogen are presented. Differential rate data were obtained by using a fixed bed flow reactor over a temperature range of 400° to 500°C., and a pressure range of 21.3 to 41.8 atm. at modified Reynold's numbers of 20 to 65. Cyclohexane concentration was varied from 16 to 25 mole %. In the development of the basic model, complete transport control of the overall reaction rate with equilibrium at the fluid external surface interface is assumed. The average deviation between experimentally determined and basic model calculated rates was 5.65%.Modification of the model by replacing the equilibrium assumption by a crude surface rate expression resulted in a reduction in average deviation to 4.3% and the maximum deviation was reduced from 22 to 12%.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 490-496 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite difference method combined with the quasilinearization technique is used to solve the nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. This method does not have the stability problem connected with the marching integration techniques. A scheme which can be used to reduce the rapid access memory requirements of digital computers is also proposed. The steady state equations resulting from mass and energy balances in a tubular reactor with axial diffusion are solved by this method. With very poor initial approximations, only three to seven iterations are needed to obtain the correct answer.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 438-442 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a high-pressure process, feed streams are continually pressurized and product streams are continually depressurized. A flow work exchanger offers an efficient and economical scheme for simultaneously pressurizing a fluid stream and depressurizing a substantially equivalent volume of another fluid stream. Its applicability is however limited to fluids under condensed state. A flow work exchanger uses a displacement vessel to form a closed loop with a processing system. The displacement vessel is alternately filled by a low-pressure feed and a high-pressure product, both pressurized and depressurized, respectively, by substantially nonflow processes. The pressurized feed is pushed into the processing system by the high-pressure product stream and the depressurized product stream is pushed out of the displacement vessel by the low-pressure feed stream. The application of a flow work exchanger is illustrated by means of several high-pressure processes and the direct and indirect advantages obtainable are described.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and average holdup and drop size distribution as function of flow rates were measured for kerosene drops and water in a countercurrent, 15-cm. I.D., 160-cm. long, spray column. The range of flow rates was 5 to 40 liters/min. of kerosene and 0 to 50 liters/min. of water. At the same pairs of flow rates of the dispersed and the continuous phases in spray columns, three modes of drop packings can be obtained. These are termed, in order of increasing average holdup and increasing regularity of flow patterns, dispersed, restrained, and dense packings. For dispersed packing, at low flow rates of the two phases, the holdup and the drop size are constant along the column. At high flow rates the drop size increases from bottom to top of the column and the holdup increases from top to bottom of the column. The range of flow rates for the operation of a spray column is extended by the use of a conical entry section (Elgin design) at the bottom of the column, by the formation of an equilibrium region in the conical section.The average holdup increases with increased flow rates of both phases for dispersed and restrained packings, and with decreased flow rates of both phases for dense packing.The best definitions of flooding in a spray column are either the point of maximum average specific area of the drops, which corresponds to the onset of coalescence in the column, or the start of rejection of drops from the column proper.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 449-452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: An analytic solution of the Nernst-Planck equations is derived which applies to a selective resin when film diffusion controls. The selectivity has a marked effect on the rate of exchange for a wide range of diffusivities. The unit-selectivity solution of Schlögl and Helfferich is included as a special case of the more general solution.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 453-456 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Experimental results are presented which indicate that the application of a fixed intensity of ultrasonic waves to a water-tetrachloride solution containing dissolved air provides yields of chlorine varying from zero to maximum simply as a function of the liquid height in the capillary above the transducer. The difference in heights of the liquid between zero and maximum yields is found to be equal to one-quarter the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in the liquid. A mathematical model to explain this phenomenon is presented.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 457-465 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of methane from a helium stream by adsorption on Columbia SXC activated carbon was studied experimentally and theoretically. A mathematical model for the process was developed and the governing differential equations were solved numerically. The model incorporates heat and mass transfer resistances within and around the adsorption particle. Wall effects and moderate heat loss to the surroundings are also included. The required heat and mass transfer correlations were obtained from the literature. Simple expressions were developed to determine the relative resistances for heat and mass transfer within and around the adsorption particles.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 465-475 
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    Notes: Frequency response methods were used to compare dynamic models for gas mixing and first-order reaction in a fluidized-bed reactor and for the experimental determination of interphase transfer characteristics. Theoretical predictions of frequency response characteristics were derived for two models based on the two-phase theory of fluidization. Experimental frequency response for a 1-ft. high bed were correlated better by a model based on perfect mixing in the dense phase than by a model based on plug flow in the dense phase. Excellent correlation was also obtained by a simple empirical model.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 650-650 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 658-659 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 661-662 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 666-667 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 671-673 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 673-673 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968) 
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    Notes: Various modifications of the Prandtl mixing-length model for turbulent momentum transport in pipes and between parallel plane walls are discussed. The most complete modification, due to Gill and Scher, is improved by replacing one of their two empirical constants by a theoretically calculable parameter. The new theory is compared with experimental data from the literature and found to reproduce frictional resistance data accurately for all values of the Reynolds number. It is somewhat in error for velocity profiles at high Reynolds numbers, but accurately reproduces velocity profile data in the transition region. The new theory represents the first accurate semi-theoretical calculation of frictional resistance coefficients for all regimes of flow (laminar, transitional, and turbulent) for both pipes and parallel plane ducts, and of velocity profiles in the transitional flow regime in either geometry.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 703-708 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of oxygen absorption by blood flowing through a small oxygen-permeable fiber in steady state laminar flow is presented. The rigidity and geometry of the fibers eliminate unpredictable shunting and distention, permitting a more detailed analysis of blood-membrane factors than has previously been undertaken. The mathematical analysis treats the blood as a homogeneous, non-Newtonian fluid with a reversible nonlinear oxygen sink (erythrocytes). The differential equations are solved numerically and the results of the parametric analysis are presented. The parameters that have a major influence on residence time necessary to obtain a specified oxygen content are the Grashof number, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and wall Nusselt number, γ: γ = DLαL/DMαM In [1 + tm/R] where D = diffusion coefficient, α = Bunsen solubility coefficient, subscript L = liquid in tube, subscript M = tube material, R = inner radius of tube, tm = tube wall thickness.Comparison of the experimental results to the model indicate that mixing due to the heterogeneous nature of blood is minimal and that the major limitation in oxygen absorption is the blood film. Means of reducing this resistance are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 866-869 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A study was made to evaluate pulses as a forcing function on a 24-plate distillation column. Pulses of two shapes, rectangular and displaced cosines, and of different widths were used as inputs to the reflux return line from the condenser to the column. The effect of the disturbance was a change in the liquid return rate which correspond to the shape and size of the pulse. The output responses of the system were temperatures measured at different times and at different plates in the column.Bode diagrams were plotted from the experimentally determined data. From these plots, it was determined that the system could be approximated by linear first-order equatons. The time constants for the linear system were determined both by direct sinusoidal forcing and by pulse forcing. Pulse data were considered acceptable when the values of the time constant and the phase angle determined by the pulse compared favorably with those determined by steady state sinusoidal forcing.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 903-908 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Free convective effects on forced convective mass transfer in the Stokes flow region were studied experimentally by using a single drop in a liquid-liquid system.Liquids used to form the drops were methyl acetate or 2-ethoxyethyl acetate with distilled water as the continuous medium. Spherical drops were formed on the capillary tip of a 0.58 cm. O.D. capillary glass tube centered in a 2.5 cm. O.D. pyrex tubular flow cell.Results are presented graphically as NSh vs. NPe, NSh vs. NRe, and NSh/NRa1/4 vs. NPe to show the variation of mass transfer with flow rate and free convection. The range of variables was 10 ≤ NPe ≤35,000; 0.1 ≤ NRe ≤ 30; 578 ≤ NSc ≤ 1,149; and 12.3 ≤ NGr ≤ 75.7.Satisfactory comparisons were also made with other investigators' findings.Results substantiate that at low flow rates (Reynolds number 〈 10, Peclet number 〈 1,000) free convective effects either reinforce or interfere with mass transfer. This interference takes place until flow becomes high enough to overcome interfering effects of free convection.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 934-939 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: If the transient equations of a plug flow tubular reactor are transformed into a set of corresponding ordinary differential equations, stability information for the former may be obtained graphically from knowledge about the transients of the latter. The analysis presented in this paper combines this simplification with the definitions and theorems of Weiss and Infante to propose a method of direct computation whereby transient bounds may be found for this important class of distributed-parameter chemical reactor systems.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 813-813 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 540-545 
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    Notes: Methods are presented for the determination of the transient values of the vaporization efficiencies from the knowledge of various combinations of the transient values of operating variables. For the case where the temperature and the composition of the liquid phase for each plate are known, a direct solution for the vaporization efficiencies is presented. Also, a method is presented for the determination of the mixing parameters of a generalized plate model on the basis of known transient values of certain operating variables.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 545-550 
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    Notes: Irreversible, first-order, simultaneous heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions in an isothermal tubular reactor under laminar flow conditions are studied. Accurate values of the eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and radial concentration profiles are found for the dilute system. Criteria are given as to when the homogeneous reaction may be neglected with respect to the heterogeneous reaction and vice versa. It is found that for a certain range of the rate parameters well-known limiting solutions apply. Outside this range, the new solutions must be used.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 155-156 
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 18-24 
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    Notes: Effects of pore diffusion in the catalytic oxidation of ethylene on copper oxide-alumina have been studied by varying the catalyst size and maintaining constant the ratio of the tube to the pellet diameter. Hydrocarbon analysis was determined with a flame ionization detector; infrared analyzers were used to determine carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations. Other reaction products were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Curvature of the Arrhenius plots and increase in reaction order with temperature indicated a transition region between kinetic control at lower temperatures and pore diffusion control at higher temperatures. A calculation procedure which was developed to predict the conversion considering pore diffusion effects provided satisfactorily agreement between calculated and experimental results.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 35-39 
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    Notes: The rate of attrition of a catalyst sample, of a single particle size, can be expressed by a simple function of initial diameter and time. The initial rate is a function of initial diameter, whereas the decrease in attrition rate of a catalyst of a given size as it ages depends only on time.The attrition equation for a single size of particles is introduced into the particle size distribution function and, through mathematical analyses, yields a relationship for the attrition of a full size-range catalyst. The form of this relationship, which includes terms for attritability and severity of attrition conditions, is verified by laboratory and commercial attrition data on two full-range catalysts. The size distribution of an attrited sample is not expressible in simple analytical form, but is readily obtained by numerical analysis.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 94-100 
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    Notes: Process design computations are represented by directed graphs whose edges correspond to streams of information flow between computational units. Algorithm I-R extends existing algorithms for finding the minimal sized blocks of units between which no recycle exists. Algorithm II-R orders the sequence of unit computations within a block to minimize the number of recycle parameters. Algorithm III-R uses the concept of indexing to order computations which evade algorithm II-R. This work is directed toward the evolution of efficient programs for computer-aided process design.
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    Notes: The permeation of carbon dioxide through polyethylene membranes has been studied at pressures up to 54.4 atm. and at temperatures above and below the critical temperature of the gas (31.0°C.). The permeability coefficient is independent of pressure at the highest experimental temperature (61.0°C.), but becomes increasingly pressure-dependent as the temperature is lowered. The principle of corresponding states can be used to correlate the solubility of both gases and vapors in polyethylene over a wide range of temperatures. This principle can also be invoked to obtain an upper limit for the penetrant pressure above which the permeability coefficient becomes pressure-dependent. The effect of pressure on the permeability, solubility, and diffusivity of gases and vapors in polyethylene is discussed in some detail.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 946-955 
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    Notes: This paper presents the cause of instabilities which arise during the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. By using the numerical integration routines presently available, one actually approximates the differential equation by a difference equation. If the difference equation is of a higher order than the original differential equation, the approximate solution contains extraneous solutions which are not at all related to the true solution. It is the behavior of these extraneous solutions that one is usually concerned with in a stability analysis.Also presented is a procedure for obtaining a bound on the largest allowable integration step size for a class of chemical engineering problems. A detailed explanation of the procedure is illustrated for unsteady state distillation calculations.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 966-969 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 977-979 
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 986-988 
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 3-3 
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 146-149 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 593-599 
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    Notes: Liquid and gas phase compositions for the system helium-methane have been measured at 15° intervals from 95° to 185°K. up to 200 atm. pressure. Data for these seven isotherms were taken in a gas phase recirculation apparatus with chromatographic analysis. In most regions the phase compositions obtained are thought to be within ± 3% of the mole fraction of the minor component. The maximum deviation from the enhancement factor curve at the lowest concentration levels was 16%. These data are in excellent agreement with most of the very recent data but are in poor agreement with the older data for this system.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 607-607 
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 214-219 
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    Notes: Differently shaped bubbles were observed growing during nucleate boiling of water at atomspheric pressure. The surface temperature beneath the bubbles was measured simultaneously with a fast response surface thermocouple. The evaporation from the base necessary to account for the observed cooling was calculated. A comparison of the ratio of vapor volume formed at the base to the total volume of the bubble shows a dependency on bubble shape. The ratio is smallest for spherical bubbles, largest for hemispherical and intermediate for oblate bubbles.
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    Notes: Solubilities and diffusivities of various gases (helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon, krypton, and monochlorodifluoromethane) in molten or thermally softened polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, and polymethylmethacrylate) have been correlated with structural characteristics, temperature, and pressure. Temperature dependence of both Henry's Law constants and diffusivities were of the Arrhenius equation form. No appreciable effect of pressure was found for either Henry's Law constants or diffusivities up to 300 atm. Earlier correlations for Henry's Law constants in solid polymer systems were found to be inapplicable for molten and thermally softened polymers. New correlations were developed individually for the latter systems. The correlating factor used was the gas Lennard-Jones force constant. Existing correlations for diffusivities were also found not to apply to molten and thermally softened systems. New correlations were again developed on an individual polymer basis. These related diffusivity to gas Lennard-Jones collision diameter or molecular diameter. Generalized correlations were also developed that held for a number of polymers. These were for both Henry's Law constants and diffusivities.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 614-615 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 303-305 
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969) 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 626-626 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 626-831 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 627-627 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 826-827 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 828-829 
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 829-830 
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 628-636 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A theoretical investigation has been made of the effect of a moving interface upon gas-liquid mass transfer, where the control of the mass transfer is entirely within the gas phase and where the control is distributed between the two phases. An analytical model is proposed for laminar interphase mass transfer in infinite media. Computer solutions have been obtained for gas-liquid mass transfer in confined phases. A cocurrent moving interface increases mass transfer confficients over what they would be for the same flow rate without interfacial motion.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 644-649 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accompanied by a bried theoretical consideration, the results of an experimental study of the streaming potential fluctuations in turbulent pipe flows of distilled water are presented. The dependence of the streaming potential fluctuations on turbulent velocity fluctuations and other parameters as indicated by the theory is determined from the experimental data. Information on the characteristics of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the viscous sublayer near a pipe wall have been inferred from the data.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 637-644 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A horizontal, rectangular channel of high aspect ratio has been built for the study of interphase mass transfer in stratified, laminar gas-liquid flow. Cases were examined where the resistance to mass transfer is confined to the gas phase and where the control is distributed between phases. Measurements of the rate of evaporation of ethanol into oxygen and carbon dioxide confirmed that cocurrent interface motion enhances gas phase-controlled mass transfer coefficients substantially. On the other hand countercurrent motion of the interface decreases the coefficient. Agreement with basic convective diffusion theory was found for the evaporation of ethyl ether into helium and carbon dioxide from dilute solutions in ethanol, cases where the mass transfer control is distributed between the phases. Experiments with aqueous solutions were hampered by the accumulation of surfactants at the interface. A diaphragm cell technique was used to measure diffusivities of 0.87 × 10-5 sq.cm./sec. for ethyl ether at high dilution in ethanol and 0.96 × 10-5 sq.cm./sec. for ethyl ether at high dilution in water at 25°C.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 276-281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a numerical procedure for optimizing a large set of interconnected systems with respect to a given index of performance. The method automatically constructs the vector differential equation of the complete system from (a) the vector differential equations describing the behavior of the components of the system and (b) the manner of their interconnection. A hill-climbing method is then used to select optimum values of the system's parameters to maximize a given index of performance. An example of the procedure applied to a high order system is included.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 442-449 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An absolute rate theory based on a plausible model of the activated state, was developed for the interfacial kinetics of crystal growth from the melt. Except for liquid metals the theory predicts the growth rates of pure materials within about an order of magnitude. A microinterferometric technique was employed to observe liquid compositions near the faces of crystals growing from binary melts. For the simple eutectic system composed of salol and thymol, the theory represents the composition and temperature dependence of the growth rate.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 308-311 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 327-333 
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    Notes: The laminar boundary layers on a moving continuous flat surface in non-Newtonian fluids characterized by the power law model are investigated using exact and approximate methods. Both pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids are considered. Numerical solutions of the boundary-layer equations are obtained for values of the parameter n in the power law model ranging from 0.1 to 2.0. An integral solution of the momentum equation, which can be used to obtain values of the dimensionless shearing stress that are in good agreement with the exact values, is developed. An integral solution to the energy equation is also presented.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 357-362 
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    Notes: Forced convection heat transfer from vertical cylinders normal to an air-water spray flow stream was measured over an air velocity range from 60 to 140 ft./sec. and a water spray density range from 0.03 to 0.50 lb.m/(min.) (sq. in.). Local heat transfer coefficients were determined at 15 deg. intervals around the circumference of both a 1.5 and a 1.0 in. diam. cylinder. It was found that the addition of 0.426 lb.m/(min.) (sq. in.) of water spray to a 133 ft./sec. air stream raised the stagnation point heat transfer coefficient from 45 to 1,650 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.) (°F.). Similar intensification was found for other angles around the cylinder circumference; however, the magnitude decreased with increasing distance from the stagnation point. Local heat transfer coefficients were normalized with respect to their corresponding stognation point values and plotted parametrically as a function of angle and air velocity. These profiles showed that the normalized heat transfer coefficients decreased with increasing air velocity at angles other than the stagnation point. Average cylinder heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the air-water data and two correlations were obtained relating these coefficients to the air and the water spray Reynolds number.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 387-392 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: A study was made of the radiolytic oxidation of cyclohexane in aqueous solution by using cobalt 60 gamma radiation. In the presence of dissolved oxygen gas the reaction proceeds irreversibly with the formation of a number of oxidation products. Those identified were cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and hydrogen peroxide. Trace quantities of carbon dioxide were also detected in the liquid phase. Using a constant dose rate of 15 × 104 rad./hr. in all runs, radiation yields were G(C6H11OH) = 0.49, and G(C6H10O) = 1.08. When molecular oxygen was excluded from the system, neither cyclohexanol nor cyclohexanone was formed on irradiation. A simplified kinetic model based on competition by the various solutes in the system for a single primary radical species produced by radiolysis of the solvent molecules is developed. Results generated using the mathematical model are compared with the experimental data. Excellent agreement between the observed and computed trends is noted at radiation doses up to 50 × 104 rad.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 414-418 
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    Notes: The optimal unsteady control of a jacketed tubular reactor with and without heat generation due to chemical reaction in response to a step disturbance in the feed stream concentration is computed. More rigorous control action was found to be necessary for the case with heat generation than without heat generation. Convergence of the method was also investigated with fixed and free final time.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 434-441 
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    Notes: An analysis is performed of the strongly coupled heat and mass transfer processes which result from sublimation of mass from the walls of a duct into a flowing gas, the latent heat being provided solely by convective transfer from the gas. The flow is assumed to be laminar and hydrodynamically developed. Results are given for the streamward variations of the bulk and wall temperatures and mass fractions, of the heat and mass transfer rates, and of the local heat transfer coefficient. Representative temperature and mass fraction profiles are also presented. Entrance lengths characterizing the near approach to fully developed conditions are tabulated. Comparisons are made of the present results (based on a parabolic velocity profile) with those based on a slug flow velocity profile. A subsidiary analysis using the Lévěque model is also performed and the results compared with those of the principal solution.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 689-696 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments on mass transfer for fully developed flow in a pipe show that the eddy diffusivity for mass close to the wall is described by the functionality \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\varepsilon} {\nu} = g({y^+}) $$\end{document}The best interpretation of presently available data in a pipe and in an annulus is given by the following, more explicit relation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\varepsilon} {\nu} = 0.00032y^{+ 4} $$\end{document}The evidence for this latter relation is not as conclusive as one would like. Accurate measurements of concentration profiles close to a wall are needed.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 697-702 
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    Notes: Single bubbles of carbon dioxide were formed in a fixed position surrounded by a thin conical film of water flowing at average film Reynolds numbers in the range of 40 to 300. Measurements of interphase mass transfer at 32°C. and various bubble pressures agreed with predicted values only for the smallest bubbles. For larger bubbles, mixing perpendicular to the bubble interface was enhanced by waves, believed to be generated by the unstable interface. A comparison of interphase transfer coefficients between this investigation and previous work indicated that the bubbles at the lowest flow rates qualitatively fell in line with other measurements, but that the highest water flow rates gave distinctly higher coefficients.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 709-717 
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    Notes: A horizontal thermal diffusion column is described in which the inefficiencies caused by the forgotten effect and parasitic remixing are avoided. Experimental results obtained on the separation of water-ethyl alcohol mixtures are presented along with a phenomenological theory for the performance of the column.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 702-708 
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    Notes: Measurements of laminar dispersion in a capillary have been used to determine the molecular diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and helium dissolved in water over the temperature range of 10° to 55°C. Literature correlations did not predict realistic values of the diffusivities for the hydrogen - water and helium - water binaries. A statistical analysis of the experimental diffusion coefficients indicated that they could be related to the absolute temperature by a semiempirical correlation, which may be considered an extension of the well-known Wilke-Chang correlation. This relation was based on the absolute reaction rate model of liquids.
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    Notes: The P-V-T-x phase relations of helium - n-butane system were measured in the region of low helium content (up to 10.4 mole % helium). The system exhibits the gas-gas equilibrium originally predicted by Kamerlingh-Onnes and Keesom. The term gas-gas equilibrium is applied because the critical temperatures of the mixtures are higher than the critical temperature of either component. This behavior is quite unlike that observed in most binary systems, in which the critical temperature of the mixtures lie between those of the pure compounds. As a consequence of the shape of the critical locus curve, the system exhibits isothermal retrograde condensation of the second kind.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 712-715 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The liquid that moves along the duct walls in the annular regime observed in gas-liquid flows often consists of a series of flow surges (roll waves) moving over a thin liquid film (base film). At a given gas velocity there is a critical flow rate of the liquid below which roll waves are not present. Measurements of the height and wall stress are presented to support the notion that the conditions in the base film are close to those which exist at the critical liquid flow rate.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 727-733 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are reported for heat transfer from water to melting ice spheres and for mass transfer in the case of dissolving spheres of pivalic acid suspended in water agitated in a stirred vessel. The transport coefficients are found to depend on agitator power input but not on agitator design, in agreement with the Kolmogoroff theory. These experimental results are used with others in the literature to develop a correlation involving Nusselt and Prandtl or Schmidt numbers together with a dimensionless group involving agitation power. The correlation is essentially independent of solid-liquid density ratio in the range 0.8 to 1.25, and in this range the gravity group also appears to be unimportant.
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