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  • Chemical Engineering
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1965-1969  (2,367)
  • 1920-1924  (118)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxyluminescence of polymers III. Effects of oxidation and structure; Mechanisms involved (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 246-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of polypropylene oxyluminescence show the luminous intensity to be dependent upon the degre of oxidation. The length of the low intensity level portion of the luninescence curve, or pseudo induction period, was found to be a measure of the useful stabilizer life, and the intensity of this portion indicative of the effectiveness of stabilization. The effect of peroxide decomposers was studied and results indicate that peroxide reactions are major producers of luminescence. Analysis of the accepted modes of polymer oxidation, in view of our luminescence findings, indicate that the rate of luminescence buildup should depend upon ease of R. formation and the luminous intensity should be dependent on peroxy radical concentration. The effect of tertiary-carbon content on luminescence was also investigated, and luminous intensity was found to be dependent upon the amount of polymer branching. Model Compounds having slight structural variations were examined and were found to produce different intensity-time curves during oxidation, which may be attributed to ease of formation of a reactive site and subsequent peroxy radical reactions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of thiazole polymers for thermally stable plastics (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sixteen polymers containing thiazole and aromatic rings in the polymer chain were prepared and investigated for the production of fibers and films that would be useful up to about 500°C. None of these polymers was completely satisfactory. Some of the polymers gave tough fibers and films, but they had relatively low melting points (〈300°C). Other polymers did not melt below 500°C, but they did not have good fiber and film forming properties because of their low molecular weights. Fibers and films of one of the polymers (polytetramethylenephenylenethiazole) were prepared, and their physical properties, hydrolytic stabilites under acid and alkaline conditions, and resistence to ultraviolet and gamma radiations were determined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050409
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of thermal degradation of certain polyether-polyurethansThis paper represents one phase of research performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contact NAS7-100 (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 36-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is an account of some studies of the mechanism of degradation of an uncrosslinked polyurethan prepared from poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) and 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) at temperatures up to 320°C in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Fractionation of polymers before and after degradation provides information about the mechanism of degradation since the molecular weight distributions obtained are dependent on the mode and sites of bond scission. A recent publication describes the column elution method of fractionation developed for undergraded and slightly degraded PPG-TDI. PPO-TDI gives essentially most probable molecular weight distributions at an initial intrinsic viscosity [η] of ∼ 0.68 dl/g and also after degradation to [η] ∼ 0.24 dl/g. This invariancy of the distribution strongly suggests a randon scission process. Other types of degradation, e.g., free-radical unzipping initiated at the chain ends, could also give invariant most probable distributions. However, such depolymerizations would be accompanied by much larger extents of volatilization than were observed for these polymers (〈5% volatilization).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of moisture on glycidyl reactions with carboxylic acid anhydrides (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Moisture present in epoxy anhyride composites may hydrolyze the anhydride and cause major changes in the mechanical and chemical properties of the final composite. Heat distortion data and infrared spectroscopy are used to analyze the changes caused by the presence of the moisture. As the concentraton of water is increased, there is a decrease in the heat distortion or gass transition temperature. The decrease is due to a change in the crosslinking network and is caused by the reduction of the functonality of the epoxy group for acid as compared to the anhydride. Where rigid specifications must be met it is essential that the moisture level in the fillers, resins, etc. be kept constant.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060112
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060201
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and oxidative effects in polyethylenes above 200°C (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is considerable literature on the behavior of polyethylene below 200°C and above 400°C. This paper presents results on both high and low density polyethylene between 2000 and 400°C, a range of practical import for various fabrication and processing steps. Practical exposure times may be short and the experimental procedures were designed to give meaningful results for times as low as 1 min. The principal effects are chain-session and oxidation. Session was isolated by applying an atmosphere of pure nitrogen and proved uite shlow at 300°C but rapid at 400°C. The course of scission and produces discoloration, odor, and rising carbonyl content. A brief discussion is given of the role of diffusion in oxidation.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of silane coupling agents in improving the properties of filled or reinforced thermoplastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The application of silane coupling action produces significant improvements in physical properties in various thermpolastic resin systems. Both glass-reinforced thermoplastics and the more conventional filled thermoplastic resin systems were studied. An order of specificity between resin and coupling agent exists for thermoplastic resins similar to that of thermosets. The interaction with thermosets is considered copolymerization, wereas that with thermoplastics is not yet clearly defined. The silanes are incorporated by pre-treatment (best for glass reinforcement) or by addition during normal compounding. Fillers are added for a specific result, often with sacrifice of physical strength. Data presented show that silane addition upgrades filled thermoplastics to the level of clear resins and sometimes above. The effect of silanes on electrical properties of filled thermoplastics are also reported.
    Additional Material: 20 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060203
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photometric method for measuring crazing in transparent plastic materials (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An optical method has been developed to provide quantitative results useful for characterizing the crazing of transparent plastics. The procedure consists of the detection of discontinuities in a beam of light that scans the specimen in a direction perpendicular to the line of crazing. The light is transmitted to a photomultiplier that is connected with an amplifying system and a recorder that provides a diagram of the light energy modulated by the lines of crazing. The specimen is scanner both before and after subjecting it to a treatment that causes crazing, and the crazing index is considered to be the difference between the area below the two curves.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060207
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact behavior of rigid PVC compounds (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many rigid PVC compounds show a sharp transition from tough to brittle fracture with decreasing temperature in impact testing, and this temperature becomes a criterion of compound quality in addition to the impact strength observed at specific temperatures. This BT (brittle fracture) has been investigated individuall in commercial and experimental elastomer modified rigid PVC compounds. Factors affecting the BT include speciman thickness, composition and processing conditions. Apparently the discontinuity in impact behavior is a sudden manifestation of a gradual change, resulting in a near ten-fold decrease in notched impact strength without any obvious change in properties. The BT provides a continuous scale for comparing impact properties of compounds, and is thus more versatile and sensitive than impact tests run at a single temperature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060214
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamentals of melt rheology, heat generation, and heat transfer as applied to polymer processing (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 158-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of polymer melts is normally laminar, but pseudoplastic in character. That is, flow rate increases in proportion to a power higher then 1, usually between 1.5 and 4, of the applied pressure difference. Viscosities are extremely high - more then a mollion times that of water - so considerable heat is generated in the flowing melt by viscous dissipation of flow energy. This mode of heat generation is put to good practial use in the screw extruder, a device that converts plastic pellets into hot melt for shaping into pipe, sheets, coatings and molded products. Equations are given for computing flow rates and viscous dissipation rates. Heating (except by viscous working) and cooling of polymers are slow processes because all these materials are poor heat conducts nad their extreme viscosities make convection impracticable. The princliples of heat transfer are reviewed, and the solutions are given for some transient-conduction problems frequenlty encountered in processing. Equations are given for judging the operation of extruders.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060213
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