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  • GEOPHYSICS  (2.227)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (2.155)
  • 1975-1979  (4.382)
  • 1
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-02-28
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 2
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    Mathematical modelling of undrained clay behavior (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: The proposed general analytical model describes the anisotropic, elastoplastic, path-dependent, stress-strain properties of inviscid saturated clays under undrained conditions. Model parameters are determined by using results from strain-controlled simple shear tests on a saturated clay. The model's accuracy is evaluated by applying it to predict the results of other tests on the same clay, including monotonic and cyclic loading. The model explains the very anisotropic shear strength behavior observed for weak marine clays.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 95-102
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  • 3
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays, and galactic structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: Observations of cosmic and gamma radiation by SAS-2 satellite are summarized and analyzed to determine processes responsible for producing observed galactic radiation. In addition to the production of gamma rays in discrete galactic objects such as pulsars, there are three main mechanisms by which high-energy (greater than 100 MeV) radiation is produced by high-energy interactions involving cosmic rays in interstellar space. These processes, which produce what may be called diffuse galactic gamma-rays, are: (1) the decay of pi mesons produced by interactions of cosmic ray nucleons with interstellar gas nuclei; (2) the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by cosmic ray electrons interacting in the Coulomb fields of nuclei of interstellar gas atoms; and (3) Compton interactions between cosmic ray electrons and low-energy photons in interstellar space.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 315-346
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  • 4
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: Gamma ray astronomy is now beginning to provide a new look at the galactic structure and the distribution of cosmic rays, both electrons and nucleons, within the galaxy. The observations are consistent with a galactic spiral-arm model in which the cosmic rays are linearly coupled to the interstellar gas on the scale of the spiral arms. The agreement between the predictions of the model and the observations for regions of the plane where both 21-cm and 2.6-mm CO surveys exist emphasizes the need to extend these observations to include the entire plane. Future gamma-ray observations with more sensitivity and better angular resolutions, combined with these radio surveys, should shed new light on the distribution of cosmic rays, the nature of the galaxy, and the location and intensity of the spiral arms.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 301-314
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  • 5
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    Galactic distribution of pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: The density distributions of pulsars in luminosity, period, Z-distance, and galactocentric distance were derived, using a uniform sample of pulsars detected during a 408-MHz pulsar survey at Jodrell Bank. There are indications of a fine-scale structure in the spatial distributions and evidence that there is a general correlation with other galactic populations and the overall spiral structure. The electron layer in our galaxy is shown to be wider than the pulsar layer and uniform on a large scale. The number of pulsars in the galaxy has been estimated and used to derive the pulsar birthrate.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 265-282
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  • 6
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: Thermal radiation associated with the explosion of supernovae is investigated. High temperature is required to produce copious gamma radiation of this sort. It appears that type 11 supernovae do not release much of their energy as gamma ray continuum radiation.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 257-264
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  • 7
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    Remarks on the overall distribution of hydrogen in the galactic disk (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: The degree of saturation characterizing low altitude emission observations of H(I) and the optical depth corrections to the derived column and volume densities are discussed. The amount of fine-scale velocity and spatial structure diluted by the instrumental limitations of the presently available surveys are described. The general problem of detailed mapping of H(I) in the galaxy is explored. Comparison is made between the distribution of H(I) and that of CO and several other galactic tracers. Atomic hydrogen is unique in its distribution, instead of being typical of many Population I constituents. As defined by atomic hydrogen, the galactic disk has a diameter fully twice as large as that defined by the ionized and molecular states of hydrogen, as well as by other molecules, supernova remnants, pulsars, gamma-radiation, synchroton radiation, and the youngest stars. It is also less confined to the galactic equator than most of the other constituents. The degree of small scale structure apparent in the molecular observations is much greater than that in the H(I) observations.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 163-188
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  • 8
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    Gamma ray pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: Data from the SAS-2 high-energy gamma-ray experiment reveal the existence of four pulsars emitting photons above 35 MeV. An attempt is made to explain the gamma-ray emission from these pulsars in terms of an electron-photon cascade that develops in the magnetosphere of the pulsar. Although there is very little material above the surface of the pulsar, the very intense magnetic fields (10 to the 12th power gauss) correspond to many radiation lengths which cause electrons to emit photons by magnetic bremsstrahlung and which cause these photons to pair-produce. The cascade develops until the mean photon energy drops below the pair-production threshold which is in the gamma-ray range; at this stage, the photons break out from the source.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 109-118
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  • 9
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    Radiation mechanisms and magnetospheric structure of pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-08-09
    Beschreibung: Considerations made in developing a model of pulsars are explored. Observational data seems to support the argument that pulsar magnetospheres may contain large masses of plasma. The cascade process resulting from pair creation enables one to interpret the X-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars as synchrotron radiation. On the other hand, the optical radiation from the Crab pulsar is best understood as coherent curvature radiation. Radio emission is interpreted as curvature radiation produced by charge bunches moving along magnetic-field lines. Certain tests of this model are proposed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 99-108
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  • 10
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 11
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    The long term variability of HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Investigation of blue-sensitive photographs of HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1 reveal no (+ or - 0.06 mag) long-term changes in brightness since the beginning of the century nor any abrupt intensity changes similar to what was observed at X-ray and radio frequencies. From the double sinusoidal fluctuation with 5.6 day period, an attempt is made to derive a more precise value for the orbital period, but problems are encountered and discussed. There exists evidence that the amplitude of the orbital fluctuations is increasing slowly with time.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 513-520
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  • 12
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 13
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 14
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 15
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 16
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 17
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 18
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 19
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 20
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 21
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 22
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 23
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-05-22
    Beschreibung: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 24
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    The interacting binary SCO X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Spectroscopic observations of Sco X-1 show conclusively that the emission lines vary in radial velocity with a period of .787 sup d + or - .006 and a full range of approximately 120 km/s. The period is identical to that found by Gottleib et al (1975) from photometric data; light minimum occurs when the emission line region is at superior conjunction. The observations indicate that the emission lines originate in an accretion disk surrounding a neutron star which is orbiting about a normal, although somewhat evolved companion. The light variation is due to a heating effect on the non degenerate star, viewed at a small inclination angle.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 683-690
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  • 25
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    Evidence for a 17d periodicity from Cyg X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Data which indicate a periodicity of 17d from Cyg X-3 are reviewed. The data are taken from the Ariel 5 satellite All-Sky Monitor and the Sky Survey Experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: X-ray Binaries; p 245-253
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  • 26
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    Her X-1 spectral evidence for a strong magnetic field (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: The steep high energy cutoff observed in the spectrum for Her X-1 is analyzed in terms of the severely modified Thomson scattering that dominates the radiative transfer in a highly magnetized plasma near the surface of a neutron star. The data are shown to indicate a field of about 10 to the 13th power G near the magnetic poles and the stopping of accreting matter by nuclear collisions in the neighboring plasma.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: X-ray Binaries; p 113-118
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  • 27
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    Soft X-rays from Her X-1 during the off phase (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Weak 0.28-keV radiation was observed from Her X-1 5 days before turn-on in the 35 day cycle. The observations were made from an Aerobee rocket. The 0.28-keV intensity is about 1/25 that observed during the on phase. Some evidence for X-rays above 1 keV is also present, and it is possible that the spectrum is different only in intensity from the spectrum in the on phase. The radiation may be X-rays from the vicinity of the neutron star, scattered by ionized material in the inner accretion disk, or may be thermal radiation from the inner accretion disk, or both.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 127-139
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  • 28
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    An X-ray determination of the orbital elements of 3U 0900-40 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: The orbital elements of the 3U 0900-40 binary system were determined by measuring the variations in the arrival times of the 283-second X-ray pulses. The best-fit values of the system parameters and their 95% confidence limits are listed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 661-667
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  • 29
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    Mass determination for the X-ray binary system Vela X-1 (equals 3U 0900-40) (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: From a radial velocity study of lines of He I and the heavier ions of HD 77581 (=Vela X-1), orbital elements for this X-ray binary system are derived. Together with the orbital elements given by Rappaport and McClintock from X-ray pulsar results, this enables determination of masses for both the X-ray and the early type supergiant component.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 643-657
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  • 30
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    The 'other' galactic X-ray sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: There is a standard model for X-ray sources comprising a binary system containing a compact star and powered by mass accretion. It can be argued that the majority and perhaps all the galactic X-ray sources are of this kind. Three kinds of sources which may be qualitatively different from these are discussed: namely, low luminosity sources such as 3U0352 + 30, the sources associated with the globular clusters, and the transient X-ray sources.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 669-676
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  • 31
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    The broad emission features in 'wake' in HD 153919 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: It is shown that the broad emission features in the spectrum of HD 153919 are associated with the X-ray secondary and not significantly with the primary star. When the primary is at maximum velocity towards us, the HeI line lambda 4471 develops a blue shifted secondary component with a velocity of -470 km/sec relative to the primary.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 569-574
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  • 32
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    Effects of radiation pressure on the equipotential surfaces in X-ray binaries (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Equipotential surfaces incorporating the effect of radiation pressure were computed for the X-ray binaries Cen X-3, Cyg X-1 = HDE 226868, Vela XR-1 = 3U 0900-40 = HD 77581, and 3U 1700-37 = HD 153919. The topology of the equipotential surfaces is significantly affected by radiation pressure. In particular, the so-called critical Roche (Jacobian) lobes, the traditional figure 8's, do not exist. The effects of these results on modeling X-ray binaries are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: X-ray Binaries; p 499-511
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  • 33
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    Absorption dips at low X-ray energies in Cygnus X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Absorbing material in Cygnus X-1 jitters near the line joining the two stars, out of the orbital plane is described. Three looks with the Copernicus satellite at Cygnus X-1 have produced four examples of absorption dips (decreases in the 2 to 7 keV flux from Cygnus X-1 with an increase of spectral hardness consistent with photoelectric absorption).
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 425-427
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  • 34
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    The May 1975 transient radio event in Cyg X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-18
    Beschreibung: Radio observations of Cyg X-1 (HDE 226868) taken during the period May-June 1975 at 2,695 and 8,085 MHz are presented and discussed in the context of both the previous four years of data at these frequencies and subsequent data for September-October 1975. The data show that the radio event was a transient one with a time scale of the order of a few to several weeks, and that the observed radio decay was qualitatively similar to the observed decay of the enhanced X-ray state.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 495-497
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  • 35
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    Ion production in the D region (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Ionization processes for the D region are reviewed. Levels of ionization range from the fairly steady rates produced through galactic cosmic rays to the large rates generated during solar flares and associated geomagnetic storms. The normal quiescent daytime D region is ionized by solar UV radiation available because of certain windows and solar X-rays, although this later source is generally weak. Cosmic rays are important roughly below 65 km. At night, stellar X-ray sources may be important along with precipitating electrons at high latitudes from the quiet magnetosphere. Solar flares can result in ionization rates due to X-rays, electrons, or nuclei which are greatly enhanced over quiet conditions. Typical ionization production rates from these various sources are illustrated.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 599-616
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  • 36
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    D region predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Present knowledge of D region phenomena is briefly reviewed and the status of current methods of predicting their effects on radio propagation considered. The ELF, VLF and LF navigational and timing systems depend on the stability of the lower part of the D layer where these waves are reflected, whereas MF and HF waves are absorbed as they penetrate the region, in most cases mainly in the upper part of the layer. Possible methods of improving predictions, warnings, and real time operations are considered with particular stress on those which can be implemented in the near future.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 573-598
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  • 37
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    Morphology and phenomenology of the high-latitude E and F regions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Results obtained at high latitude observatories on the behavior of E and F region ionization are presented including a bibliography. Behavior of E and F region ionization during day and night for quiet and disturbed conditions in the auroral and polar regions is described. Daily, seasonal and sunspot variations are also outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 543-561
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  • 38
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    Report of the mid- and low-latitude E and F Region Working Group (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The formation and variation of the ionosphere is addressed with regard to the ability to understand, specify, and predict the low and mid latitude E and F regions. A brief survey of prediction methods and techniques is given for long and short term variability in the E and F regions. It is indicated that the usefulness of theoretical models to predict electron density distribution in the low and mid latitude ionospheric E and F regions is limited by the ability to predict the parameters which enter the relevant equations; i.e., neutral atmospheric constituents, neutral and charged particle temperatures, neutral wind, electric fields, and ionizing sources such as solar (E sub uv) radiation and energetic particles. It is recommended that areas for research include improving knowledge of the input parameters and how they respond to changing solar and geophysical conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 562-572
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  • 39
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    On the approach to forecasting polar ionospheric conditions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The major properties of polar ionospheric main anomalous events are summarized. The monitoring of large scale features of the ionization distribution that are the projections of large scale structural characteristics of magnetospheric plasma on the upper ionosphere is suggested as a basic principle of polar ionospheric condition forecasting. It is concluded that the processes of the magnetosphere/ionosphere interaction appear to play a predominant role in the creation of the polar ionosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 528-542
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  • 40
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    High-latitude E and F region ionospheric predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The physical processes and morphology of the high latitude E and F layers are discussed. The existence and adequacy of models, and features to be included are examined, as well as reliability of ionospheric predictions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 513-527
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  • 41
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    Long term magnetospheric particle variations (1 day T infinity), appendix 2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Effects of solar variations on energetic particle propagation are discussed, as well as prediction techniques for such particles within the magnetosphere. Magnetic field models, magnetic energy stored in the tail, magnetic monitoring measurements in the geostationary orbit and at certain ground based stations are important elements concerning improving such techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 441-445
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  • 42
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    Ionospheric modeling at Air Force Global Weather Central (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The four Dimensional Ionospheric Model (4-D) is described. The 4-D integrates a wide variety of ionospheric data types into a consistent ionospheric specification. At each observing location, the 4-D reduces an entire electron density profile to four weighting coefficients. These weighting coefficients are interconnected in time and space by spectral analysis techniques. The resultant field of spectral coefficients can be used to reconstruct an electron density profile at any latitude, longitude and time.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 367-377
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  • 43
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    Geophysical forecasting at AFGWC (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Methods for forecasting the state of the space environment, Sun, interplanetary field, magnetosphere, and ionosphere are discussed. Areas requiring scientific advancements to support the increasing operational requirements of systems that use or are affected by the environment above 50 km are identified.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 350-366
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  • 44
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    A weekly ionospheric index (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The monthly and weekly T indices are discussed. Some possibilities for improving the reliability of the weekly T index are considered, including extending its applicability to daily variations of the global ionosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 279-287
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  • 45
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    A review of the operation of the IUWDS Regional Warning Centre at the Ionospheric Prediction Service, Sydney (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The operation of the Sydney Regional Warning Centre is reviewed. Routine data reports are issued daily, while disturbance warnings (short-term forecasts) are issued as necessary. An outline of the methods used in forecasting solar activity and geomagnetic disturbances is given.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 229-238
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  • 46
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    A disturbance forecaster's view of the September 1977 events (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The solar-geophysical events of 1977 September 7-26 are presented. A variety of disturbance forecasting problems, viz, disc transit of a center of activity with high microwave flux but relatively low meter-wave flux, flares in this region near east limb, central meridian, and west limb with major radio events, and the presence of two coronal holes, were observed. The Sydney daily GEOSYD message and IPS Disturbance Warnings issued during this period are related to the solar geophysical data available, at the time, about these events.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 239-248
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  • 47
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    Forecasting ionospheric and geomagnetic conditions at the IAG forecasting center (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A description of the Moscow Regional Warning Center activity in the field of geomagnetic and ionospheric forecasting is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 104-117
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  • 48
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    A simplified indexing of F-region geophysical noise at low latitudes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A simple method of deriving an F-region index that can warn the prediction users at low latitudes as to the specific months when they have to be more careful in using the long term predictions is described.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 134-139
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  • 49
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    A method of predictions geomagnetic activity based on a coronal model of relations between solar and geomagnetic activities (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A method developed to predict both disturbed and quiet geomagnetic periods is described. The method uses solar situations along the CM with the key role of filaments, giving indirect evidence of types of directly unobservable coronal structures above them. The time lag, not to be interpreted in terms of propagation speed, between the CM activity and the commencement of the geomagnetic response is about one to two days. Solar phenomena serve as indicators within approximately 10 deg of the CM and up to the zone of high latitude filaments.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 44-60
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  • 50
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 51
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 52
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    The communications industry's requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Of interest to the communications industry are the amplitude, waveshape, duration and frequency of lightning-originated voltage surges and transients on the communications network, including the distribution system and AC power supply circuits. The cloud-to-ground lightning discharge and its characteristics are thought to be most meaningful. Of specific interest are peak current, waveshape, number of flashes, strokes per flash, and zone of influence. Accurate and meaningful lightning data at the local level (telephone district office) is necessary for a decision on the appropriate protection level. In addition to lightning, the protection engineer must consider other factors such as: AC induction, switching surges, ground potential rise, soil resistivity, bonding and grounding techniques, shielding and isolation, and exposure of the telephone loop.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 115-125
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  • 53
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    The state of technology in electromagnetic (RF) sensors (for lightning detection) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A brief overview of the radio-frequency sensors which were applied to the detection, isolation, and/or identification of the transient electromagnetic energy (sferics) radiated from one or more lightning discharges in the atmosphere is presented. Radio frequency (RF) characteristics of lightning discharges, general RF sensor (antenna) characteristics, sensors and systems previously used for sferic detection, electromagnetic pulse sensors are discussed. References containing extensive bibliographies concerning lightning are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 88-109
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  • 54
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    Lightning hazards overview: Aviation requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A ten-year history of USAF lightning incidents is presented along with a discussion of the problems posed by lightning to current aircraft, and the hazards it constitutes to the electrical and electronic subsystems of new technology aircraft. Lightning technical protection technical needs, both engineering and operational, include: (1) in-flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) tech base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from general aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) pilot reports on lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 126-135
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  • 55
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    State of technology in optical systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The use of silicon photodiode sensors and locator systems for lightning experiments is discussed. Tables are presented on: (1) satellite optical lightning experiments (silicon detectors); (2) reticon photodiode linear arrays; and (3) locator systems (grey code and reticon). An illustration of a grey code locator system for a low altitude satellite is also given.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 81-87
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  • 56
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    A review of satellite lightning experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Over the past five years a series of satellite optical experiments were conducted to investigate terrestrial lightning. These experiments were designed to gather statistical information about the optical waveform of lightning, measure occurrence rates, demonstrate the feasibility of detecting lightning from space platforms, and study possible applications for satellite lightning sensors. These experiments are reviewed. Some of the results are presented, and some ideas for future satellite systems are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 61-80
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  • 57
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    Areas where solar-terrestrial coupling may influence or be influenced by the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The nature of the wave interactions, particularly those induced by transient solar and geomagnetic phenomena is discussed. Solar activity which includes modulations of galactic cosmic ray flux reaching Earth is discussed. Coupling processes involving charged particles and atmospheric electric structure are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 219-249
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  • 58
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    Energy and mass transport in the thermosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Examples illustrating the effects of large scale energy and mass transport in the thermosphere discussed include: (1) The seasonal variations reveal temperature, composition, and ionospheric anomalies involving energy exchange between the thermosphere and mesosphere. (2) The midnight temperature maximum in the thermosphere is interpreted as a signature of tidal waves emanating from the mesosphere and momentum coupling associated with ion drag. (3) The ionospheric storm in the F region illustrates the intricate effects of large scale atmospheric winds driven by magnetospheric energization processes. (4) Atmospheric signatures of Joule heating and electric field momentum coupling are markedly different.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 169-202
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  • 59
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    Middle atmosphere electrodynamics: Report of the Workshop on the Role of the Electrodynamics of the Middle Atmosphere on Solar Terrestrial Coupling (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The middle atmosphere (MA), which is defined as the region bounded below by the tropopause near 10 km and above by the mesopause near 90 to 100 km, is regarded as a passive medium through which electric fields and currents are transmitted from sources above and below. A scientific background is given for: sources of MA electric fields; MA conductivity and currents; and MA plasma characteristics. Recommendations are given for research in MA electrodynamics in the following areas: (1) MA electrodynamical parameters; (2) models and supportive laboratory measurements; and (3) investigation of specific problems in the coupled systems.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 1-25
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  • 60
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    The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere is used to obtain vertical profiles and maps of temperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid for the region of the stratosphere bounded by the upper troposphere and the lower mesosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 71-104
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  • 61
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    Microwave radiometer measurement of water vapor path delay: Data reduction techniques (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Data reduction techniques are developed to compensate for water vapor path delay, a limiting error source in geodetic measurements made with very long baseline interferometry and in radio ranging to spacecraft. It is shown that water vapor path delay is proportional to a linear combination of saturation-corrected sky brightness temperatures, measured on and off the water vapor line. The effects of emission from liquid water droplets in clouds as well as most of the oxygen emission are removed by the off-line channel. Sky brightness temperatures are saturation-corrected or 'linearized' using estimates of effective sky temperatures made from surface temperature. Tipping curves are used to remove instrumental error. Coefficients are found by two methods: from a regression analysis of measured brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay, and from a regression analysis of theoretical brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay. In each case the coefficients are adjusted for differing climatic conditions by measurements of surface temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Regression solutions are constrained to remove liquid water contributions and to give the correct slope for radiometer versus radiosonde path delay.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 22-30
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  • 62
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    The galactic distribution (in radius and Z) of interstellar molecular hydrogen (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Observations of the galactic longitude and latitude distributions of gamma = 2.6 mm CO emission are presented. Analysis of this spectral line data yields the large scale distribution of molecular clouds in the galactic disk and their z-distribution out of the disk. Strong maxima in the number of molecular clouds occur in the galactic nucleus and at galactic radii 4-8 kpc. The peak at 4-8 kpc correlates well with a region of enhanced 100 Mev gamma ray emissivity. This correlation strongly supports the conclusion that the gamma rays are produced as a result of cosmic ray interactions in molecular H2 clouds rather than HI. One important implication of this is that the interstellar magnetic field lines to which cosmic rays are confined must therefore not be excluded from these dense clouds. The width of the cloud layer perpendicular to galactic plane between half density points is 105 + or - 15 pc near the 5.5 kpc peak. The total mass of molecular gas in the interior of the galaxy exceeds that of atomic hydrogen.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 163-176
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  • 63
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    Current status of understanding quasi-permanent fields associated with earthquakes (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The basic concepts relating to displacement fields associated with earthquakes are described. Factors discussed include: understanding the geologic and tectonic setting, the discovery of fault creep, and an extended range of possible models of strain buildup. Problems in tectonic modeling reviewed relate to understanding (1) frictional heat generation on faults, (2) the character of stress and strain on faults below the depth of earthquakes, and (3) the predictability of major earthquakes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocea; 103-110
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    The geoid: Definition and determination (1975)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The principles and problems relative to the determination of the geoid are outlined. Factors discussed include: gravity data requirements for a precise geoid; mean sea level; and satellite altimetry. It is indicated that geoid undulations can be determined on a global basis to plus or minus 3 m. Application of geoid information to oceanography and the determination of sea surface topography considered.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 69-77
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  • 65
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    OGO 3 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The OGO 3 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to these experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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  • 66
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    OGO 2 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The OGO 2 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with a bibliography of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 7 p
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    Precise determination of the distances of galaxies (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The use of the Space Telescope in the determination of the distances of galaxies is examined. The Space Telescope can check the local extragalactic distance scale to within 10-15 percent. The determination of relative distances of cosmic standard candles, viz. brightest M-supergiants and SNe I in E galaxies, is discussed. The M-supergiants map the velocity field out to v sub o approx. 3000 km s(-1) thus providing a firm basis for the determination of H sub o (global) from local distances, and the possibility to derive precise distances of all nearby field galaxies from their recession velocities. Photometry of the SNe I out to z = 0.5 leads to a direct determination of q sub o via the Hubble diagram, and the form of their light curves offers a fundamental test on the nature of redshifts. Other calculations are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 263-293
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    Forecasts of geomagnetic activity by Ottawa Magnetic Observatory: Their reliabilty and application (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A 27 day forecast of geomagnetic activity based on the forecasts from two locations is presented. To evaluate the reliability of the forecasts, the predicted activity was compared with the actual geomagnetic activity at five geomagnetic observatories located in different magnetic zones: Ottawa (57.0N, 351.5E); Meanook (61.8N, 301.0E); Fort Churchill (68.8N, 322.5E); Cambridge Bay (76.7N, 294.0E); and Resolute Bay (83.1N, 287.7E). Results indicate that the percentage of correct predictions varies with the geomagnetic latitude of the observatory used for comparison. The percentage is on the average highest for lower latitude stations and lowest for the northern stations. The number of incorrect predictions ranges from 4.7% for Ottawa to 8.4% for Churchill.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 398-405
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  • 69
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    Prediction limits for foF2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Some of the factors limiting the prediction of foF2 are investigated using median and hourly foF2 values recorded at stations in the Australian ionosonde network. Different time and spatial scales together with different levels of solar and geomagnetic activity are considered. All data used in the analysis are displayed in a series of scatter diagrams which provide an overall view of the accuracy limits for foF2 predictions.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 259-278
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  • 70
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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  • 71
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    The geographical distribution of lightning: Forestry and range requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: In an attempt to reduce the response time of the initial attack forces to lightning-caused fire, a lightning detection system that effectively locates accurate directions to lightning discharges to over 200 miles from the detection equipment was developed. The system was first tested in Alaska in 1975. Since that time, further development and operational testing led to the implementation of wide area networks. For the 1979 fire season an eight station network in Alaska is to be implemented that will cover virtually all of the lightning-caused fire areas in the state. In the western United States, an eighteen station network that will cover approximately 85% of eleven states is to be implemented. For the first time, large scale ground discharge lightning distribution information is to be available.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 110-114
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  • 72
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    Lightning properties and associated emissions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A brief overview of the lightning observables and environment is provided. A selective review is presented of those properties of lightning which might be useful as space observables.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 25-60
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  • 73
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    Ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Difficulties in making in situ and laboratory measurements of the ion composition of the middle atmosphere are related. An approach is presented which extends theoretical and laboratory results for both negative and positive ions from the D-region down to the stratosphere. In each case, the extension of data from the D-region 'down' to the higher pressure stratosphere is primarily a matter of inquiring into the role of the minor constituents whose absolute concentrations become large enough to allow them to become involved in the ion chemistry.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 71-88
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  • 74
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    Solar-terrestrial coupling through atmospheric electricity (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: There are a number of measurements of electrical variations that suggest a solar-terrestrial influence on the global atmospheric electrical circuit. The measurements show variations associated with solar flares, solar magnetic sector boundary crossings, geomagnetic activity, aurorae, differences between ground current and potential gradients at high and low latitudes, and solar cycle variations. The evidence for each variation is examined. Both the experimental evidence and the calculations made with a global model of atmospheric electricity indicate that there is solar-terrestrial coupling through atmospheric electricity which operates by altering the global electric current and field distribution. A global redistribution of currents and fields can be caused by large-scale changes in electrical conductivity, by alteration of the columnar resistance between thunderstorm cloud tops and the ionosphere, or by both. If the columnar resistance is altered above thunderstorms, more current will flow in the global circuit, changing the ionospheric potential and basic circuit variables such as current density and electric fields. The observed variations of currents and fields during solar-induced disturbances are generally less than 50% of mean values near the earth's surface.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 89-139
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  • 75
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    Direct energy inputs to the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: As a working definition of the extent of the middle atmosphere (MA), the height range from 30 to 100 km was adopted. The neutral and ionic composition and the dynamics within this height range are, for the most part, poorly understood. From available information, the importance of various particle and photon energy sources, including their variability, for ionization of the neutral atmosphere in this height range is assessed. The following topics are discussed: (1) penetration of the MA by particle and electromagnetic energy; (2) ionization sources for the MA; (3) galactic cosmic rays; (4) solar H Ly alpha, other EUV, and X-rays; (5) magnetospheric electrons and bremsstrahlung X-rays; and (6) solar cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 43-70
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  • 76
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    The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Thermal emission and solar resonance fluorescence from the atmospheric limb are reported. Global measurements are made of radiation from the molecular species. The gas correlation spectroscopy technique based on the use of gas cells to select emission from chosen spectral lines or from particular parts of spectral lines is used. The source function and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium between 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission bands were investigated. The zonal wind velocity component along the line of sight is measured.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 139-174
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  • 77
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    The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The radiation budget of the earth on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous measurement of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth reflected (shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation was determined. Both fixed wide angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude, and scanned narrow-angle sampling of the radiance components, dependent on angle are used to determine outgoing radiation. Measurements of radiation are obtained in 22 different optical channels.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 33-58
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    Infrared astronomy and high energy astrophysics (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Observations of the diffuse far infrared flux from the galactic plane as well as far infrared measurements of the properties of dense molecular clouds, when combined with recent high-energy gamma ray measurements and radio observations of carbon monoxide, can yield new information about the total mass of molecular clouds, the large scale structure of the inner galaxy, and the density of cosmic rays. These observations are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 222-238
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  • 79
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    OGO 6 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The OGO 6 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 9 p
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  • 80
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    OGO 5 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The OGO 5 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 10 p
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  • 81
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    Geodynamics experiment MA-128 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Geodynamics Experiment was performed to assess the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as Applications Technology Satellite 6. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for this experiment. The first area is the center of the African continent, and the second area is the Indian Ocean depression centered at latitude 5 N and longitude 75 E. Preliminary results show that the detectability objective of the experiment has been achieved in both areas as well as in several additional anomalous areas around the globe. Gravity anomalies of the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges of ocean trenches, and of the Diamantina depth are specific examples.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 82
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    Overview of the OGO program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The objectives and background, approach and mission profiles are discussed along with the configuration, and accomplishments of the program. The results of experiments for OGO 1,2,3, and 4 are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 27 p
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  • 83
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    Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The present understanding of magnetosphere ionosphere interactions is described, and present and future predictive capabilities are assessed. Ionospheric features directly coupled to the magnetosphere to a significant degree are considered, with emphasis given to those phenomena of major interest to forecasters and users.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 476-493
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    Energetic solar particle behaviour in the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The behavior of energetic solar flare particles in the magnetosphere is discussed. In the absence of magnetospheric motion, the problem of particle transport can be treated as simple propagation of charged particles in a stationary magnetic field configuration using, for instance, trajectory calculations in model fields. This single particle approach is the basis for the determination of intensity and anisotropy structures over the polar caps and in the geomagnetic tail from different interplanetary conditions. Particle transport on closed field lines is in addition strongly affected by resonant interaction processes as pitch angle scattering and radial diffusion.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 446-463
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    Short term magnetospheric particle variations (1 minute T 1 day), appendix 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A schematic representation of the generation and propagation processes for energetic particles of concern in solar terrestrial predictions is given. Particle precipitation at low, mid, and high altitudes is discussed with emphasis on prediction techniques. Methods given for testing of such techniques include traditional collaborations, enhanced collaborations, simulated prediction schemes, and field tests.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 433-440
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    The prediction of AE, ap, and Dst at time lags between 0 and 30 hours (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The magnetic activity indexes AE, ap, and Dst are correlated with approximately 35,000 hours of interplanetary plasma and magnetic field measurements acquired near the Earth (assembled by NASA/NSSDC into a composite data sat). Lag times between the indexes and solar wind parameters ranged from 0 to 30 hours. Correlations at lags less than 6 hours yield results in agreement with previous studies. At greater lags, the correlation coefficients between the solar wind parameters and AE and ap approach these parameters' autocorrelation (persistence) values. For Dst the correlation with solar wind parameters is lower than that with AE and ap in the 3 to 4 hour lag range whereas the autocorrelation of Dst is significantly higher over the entire 0 to 30 hour lag range. The implications of these differences between AE, ap, and Dst are discussed in terms of persistence of solar wind structure.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 399-414
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    Requirements for predictions and real-time monitoring for the study of travelling interplanetary phenomena (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Physical processes within quiescent as well as disturbed flows of solar wind plasma, energetic particles, and magnetic and electric fields from the Sun are considered. Specifically, travelling interplanetary phenomena to be studied during the years of the solar maximum of solar cycle 21 are covered. It is noted that predictions, while needed for long range, logistical planning, is secondary to the requirements of synoptic real time monitoring over a wide range of particle energies and spectral bandwidths.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 340-345
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  • 88
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    Dosimetry in the manned space program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Dosimetric results of the various U.S. manned spaceflight programs are presented along with a description of the instrumentation, trapped radiation environments, and spacecraft shielding models. Analytical dose calculations are included and composed with actual measurements. Future requirements of the solar-terrestrial data user who will support manned spaceflight operations during the space shuttle era are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 121-132
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  • 89
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    Predictability of upper-atmospheric density and composition (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Empirical models of upper-atmospheric density and composition are employed in a number of areas, ranging from basic research in atmospheric and ionospheric physics to practical applications in satellite ephemeris prediction. Such models are based on various kinds of data sets and have varying levels of complexity, strengths, and weaknesses. The characteristics of several of the widely used models are described and studies in which the predictions of these models were compared with observational data are reviewed. The relative advantages and limitations of the models in current use are discussed as well as ways in which the models might be improved.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 71-88
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    Low energy magnetospheric plasma interactions with space systems: The role of predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The present status of low energy magnetospheric plasma interactions with space systems is reviewed. The role of predictions in meeting user needs in assessing the impact of such interactions is described. In light of the perceived needs of the user community and of the current status of modeling and prediction efforts, it is suggested that for most user needs more detailed statistical models of the low energy environment are required. In order to meet current prediction requirements, real-time in situ measurements are proposed as a near-term solution.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 36-70
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    Modeling the Earth's radiation belts. A review of quantitative data based electron and proton models (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The evolution of quantitative models of the trapped radiation belts is traced to show how the knowledge of the various features has developed, or been clarified, by performing the required analysis and synthesis. The Starfish electron injection introduced problems in the time behavior of the inner zone, but this residue decayed away, and a good model of this depletion now exists. The outer zone electrons were handled statistically by a log normal distribution such that above 5 Earth radii there are no long term changes over the solar cycle. The transition region between the two zones presents the most difficulty, therefore the behavior of individual substorms as well as long term changes must be studied. The latest corrections to the electron environment based on new data are outlined. The proton models have evolved to the point where the solar cycle effect at low altitudes is included. Trends for new models are discussed; the feasibility of predicting substorm injections and solar wind high-speed streams make the modeling of individual events a topical activity.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 21-35
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  • 92
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    Ultraviolet observations of local gas (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: From satellite measurements of ultraviolet spectra of stars, an average density of approximately 1.1/cu cm for hydrogen atoms, in both atomic and molecular form, is estimated for regions of space along the galactic plane within about 1 kpc of the sun. About 20% of the atoms are bound in molecular form although this figure is uncertain since the ultraviolet measurements avoid the very dense interstellar clouds. Discrete values for this percentage are observed to vary markedly; regions with less than average density seem to have fractional abundances of H2 several orders of magnitude lower than average. A ratio of CO/H is observed for regions in front of stars observed by the Copernicus satellite.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 239-263
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    Remarks on the overall distribution of hydrogen in the galactic disk (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Several current problems concerning the overall distribution of hydrogen in the galaxy are discussed in general terms. These problems include the degree of saturation characterizing low-latitude emission observations of HI, and the optical-depth corrections to the derived column and volume densities; the amount of fine-scale velocity and spatial structure diluted by the instrumental limitations of the presently available surveys; and the general problem of detailed mapping of the HI in the galaxy. Comparison is made between the distribution of HI and that of CO and several other galactic tracers. The galactic disk as defined by atomic hydrogen has a diameter fully twice as large as that defined by the ionized and molecular states of hydrogen, as well as by other molecules, supernova remnants, pulsars, gamma radiation, synchroton radiation, and the youngest stars. It is also less confined to the galactic equator than most of the other constituents. The degree of small-scale structure apparent in the molecular observations is much greater than in the HI observations. Parameters describing the small-scale structure were determined using Monte Carlo techniques to simulate the observations.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 177-205
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    Density wave theory (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The prospect that density waves and galactic shock waves are present on the large-scale in disk-shaped galaxies has received support in recent years from both theoretical and observational studies. Large-scale galactic shock waves in the interstellar gas are suggested to play an important, governing role in star formation, molecule formation, and the degree of development of spiral structure. Through the dynamics of the interstellar gas and the galactic shock wave phenomenon, a new insight into the physical basis underlying the morphological classification system of galaxies is suggested.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 128-162
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    OGO 4 (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The OGO 4 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    Spacecraft and experiment characteristics with literature references (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The OGO 1 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    The problems of cosmology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Three examples that illustrate the expected role of the Space Telescope in cosmological investigations are described addressing the distribution of globular star clusters, universe expansion, and other classical cosmological problems.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 295-312
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  • 98
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    The central regions of active galaxies and quasars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Theories describing the central regions of nonthermal extragalactic sources (radio galaxies, Seyfert nuclei, quasars, etc.) are examined in the light of the experimental possibilities afforded by the Space Telescope. In particular, the theory which proposes the accretion of stars or gas onto a black hole as the explanation of the central engine is discussed. Planned observations directed towards the problem of the mass, size, and structure of the central engine, and the phenomenological questions regarding the general environment of the central engine are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 197-214
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Luminosity functions and evolution of globular clusters (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The stellar dynamics of globular clusters are addressed in terms of luminosity functions, chemical topics, and dynamical topics
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 139-150
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  • 100
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    Predictions of the Space Environment Services Center (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The types of users of the Space Environment Services Center are identified. All the data collected by the Center are listed and a short description of each primary index or activity summary is given. Each type of regularly produced forecast is described, along with the methods used to produce each prediction.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 322-349
    Format: text
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