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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: The Arctic is greatly impacted by climate change. The increase in air temperature drives the thawing of permafrost and an increase in coastal erosion and river discharge. This leads to a greater input of sediment and organic matter into coastal waters, which substantially impacts the ecosystems by reducing light transmission through the water column and altering the biogeochemistry, but also the subsistence economy of local people, and changes in climate because of the transformation of organic matter into greenhouse gases. Yet, the quantification of suspended sediment in Arctic coastal and nearshore waters remains unsatisfactory due to the absence of dedicated algorithms to resolve the high loads occurring in the close vicinity of the shoreline. In this study we present the Arctic Nearshore Turbidity Algorithm (ANTA), the first reflectance-turbidity relationship specifically targeted towards Arctic nearshore waters that is tuned with in-situ measurements from the nearshore waters of Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk in the western Canadian Arctic. A semi-empirical model was calibrated for several relevant sensors in ocean color remote sensing, including MODIS, Sentinel 3 (OLCI), Landsat 8 (OLI), and Sentinel 2 (MSI), as well as the older Landsat sensors TM and ETM+. The ANTA performed better with Landsat 8 than with Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 3. The application of the ANTA to Sentinel 2 imagery that matches in-situ turbidity samples taken in Adventfjorden, Svalbard, shows transferability to nearshore areas beyond Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Streams are ecosystems closely dependent to their adjacent ecotones, representing important water recharge sources for drainage networks and playing a central role in global nutrient cycling. The primary source of energy in streams comes from allochthonous material originating from riparian vegetation, which becomes available through processing performed by aquatic organisms. Modifications in the composition of the adjacent vegetation, which can be natural or due to land use and occupation, may alter the ecosystem functioning. Despite their critical role in preserving biodiversity, riparian ecosystems face continuous alteration or even removal. Anthropogenic activities, such as excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in rural areas, and catchment imperviousness in urban areas, for example, negatively affect water quality, leading to contamination and disruptions in the food chain. Studies predominantly focus on densely forested riparian zones, composed mainly of trees, but natural riparian zones with herbaceous or shrubby vegetation have effects less explored when compared to woody vegetation. These include differences in channel stability and morphology, because woody vegetation is more suitable for stabilization of stream banks than herbaceous vegetation. These differences are particularly relevant for organisms like aquatic insects, that play a fundamental role in energy transfer to higher trophic levels and are widely used as bioindicators, given their sensitivity to environmental changes. Metrics such as richness and abundance are commonly used to estimate levels of biodiversity, but for a comprehensive understanding of the role of such species in ecosystem functioning, it is essential to also consider functional diversity. In this context, the following aspects were assessed: i) the effect of sub-basin riparian vegetation stratum (tree x shrub) on the composition and beta-diversity of aquatic insects in tropical streams and ii) the relationship between different levels of anthropogenic intensification and taxonomic and functional indices of aquatic insects, as well as their relationship with environmental variables. The study concluded that functional diversity was more sensitive than taxonomic diversity to changes related to land use and cover in riparian vegetation. Vegetation stratum (tree and shrub) significantly altered total functional diversity, while anthropogenic intensification significantly reduced all functional indices analysed and only one taxonomic index. The results obtained and analysed contributed to an analytical understanding of the functioning of tropical aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the study provides valuable parameters and insights for future predictions and mitigation strategies in environments affected by human activities.
    Description: Riachos são ecossistemas estritamente dependentes dos seus ecótonos adjacentes, representando importantes fontes de recarga de água para redes de drenagem e desempenhando um papel central no ciclo global de nutrientes. A principal fonte de energia dos riachos é proveniente do material alóctone da vegetação ripária, que se torna disponível através do processamento pelos organismos aquáticos. Modificações na composição da vegetação adjacente, que podem ser naturais ou decorrentes do uso e cobertura da terra, podem alterar as funções ecossistêmicas. Apesar do seu papel fundamental na preservação da biodiversidade, os riachos são continuamente alterados ou até mesmo removidos. As atividades antrópicas, como o uso excessivo de pesticidas e fertilizantes nas zonas rurais, e a impermeabilização do solo em áreas urbanas, por exemplo, possuem um impacto negativo na qualidade da água, levando à contaminação e a perturbações na cadeia alimentar. Os estudos são predominantemente realizados nas zonas ripárias altamente florestadas, compostas principalmente por árvores de grande porte, mas as zonas ripárias naturais com vegetação herbácea ou arbustiva têm efeitos menos explorados quando comparadas com a vegetação arbórea. Entre os efeitos, incluem diferenças na estabilidade e morfologia do canal, porque a vegetação arbórea é mais adequada para a estabilização das margens do que a vegetação herbácea. Estas diferenças são particularmente relevantes para organismos como os insetos aquáticos, que desempenham um papel fundamental na transferência de energia para níveis tróficos superiores e são amplamente utilizados como bioindicadores, dada a sua sensibilidade às alterações ambientais. Métricas como riqueza e abundância são comumente utilizadas para estimar níveis de biodiversidade, mas para uma compreensão abrangente do papel dessas espécies no funcionamento do ecossistema, é essencial considerar também a diversidade funcional. Neste contexto, avaliou-se os seguintes aspectos: i) o efeito do estrato de vegetação ripária (arbóreo x arbustivo) da sub-bacia sobre a composição e diversidade beta de insetos aquáticos em riachos tropicais e ii) a relação entre a intensificação antrópica e as variáveis ambientais com índices taxonômicos e funcionais de insetos aquáticos. O estudo constatou que a diversidade funcional foi mais sensível às mudanças relacionadas com o uso e cobertura da terra na vegetação ripária. O estrato da vegetação (arbóreo e arbustivo) alterou significativamente a diversidade funcional total, enquanto a intensificação antrópica reduziu significativamente todos os índices funcionais analisados e apenas um taxonômico. Os resultados obtidos e analisados contribuíram para uma compreensão analítica do funcionamento dos ecossistemas aquáticos tropicais, destacando os efeitos do uso e cobertura da terra na diversidade funcional dos insetos aquáticos, em dois hotspots da biodiversidade. Outrossim, o estudo indica parâmetros e informações valiosas para futuras previsões e estratégias de mitigação em ambientes afetados por atividades humanas.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Insetos aquáticos de água doce ; Ecologia de riachos ; Diversidade funcional e taxonômica ; Bioindicadores ambientais ; Uso e cobertura da terra ; Vegetação ripária ; Ações naturais e antrópicas ; ASFA_2015::F::Freshwater ecology ; ASFA_2015::I::Insects (aquatic) ; ASFA_2015::S::Streams ; ASFA_2015::E::Ecology ; ASFA_2015::B::Biodiversity ; ASFA_2015::B::Bioindicators ; ASFA_2015::L::Land use ; ASFA_2015::R::Riparian vegetation ; ASFA_2015::H::Human impact
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 79pp.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Das Deutsche Iglauer Bergrecht liegt in drei Varianten vor, die von Adolf Zycha entsprechend mit I, II und III bezeichnet wurden. Es entstand im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert. Die Abschriften Adolf Zychas beruhen auf Originalakten aus dem Ratsarchiv Freiberg und dem Stadtarchiv Iglau. In ihm wurden analog zu den Iglauer Bergrechten A und B die rechtlichen Regelungen für den Bergbau im Königreich Böhmen und der Markgrafschaft Mähren niedergeschriebenen. In der Variante II wurden zwei Paragrafen hinzugefügt und in der Variante III vierzehn Paragrafen. Elf Paragrafen der Variante III beinhalten Stadtrecht.
    Description: source
    Keywords: Böhmen ; Mähren ; Iglau/Jihlava ; Freiberg ; Silberbergbau ; Bergrecht
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 24
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The Dome Fuji (DF) region in Antarctica is a potential site for an ice core with a record of over 1 Myr. Here, we combine large-scale internal airborne radar stratigraphy with a 1-D model to estimate the age of basal ice in the DF region. The radar data used in the study were collected in a survey during the 2016-2017 Antarctic season. We transfer the latest age-depth scales from the DF ice core to isochrones traced in radargrams in the surrounding 500 km × 550 km region. At each point of the survey the 1-D model uses the ages of isochrones to construct the age-depth scale at depths where dated isochrones do not exist, the surface accumulation rate and the basal thermal condition, including melt rate and the thickness of stagnant ice. Our resulting age distribution and age density suggest that several promising sites with ice older than 1.5 Myr in the DF region might exist. The deduced melt rates and presence of stagnant ice provide more constraints for locating sites with a cold base. The accumulation rates range from 0.015 to 0.038 m a-1 ice equivalent. Based on sensitivity studies we find that the number and depth of picked isochrones and the timescale of the ice core severely affect the model results. Our study demonstrates that constraints from deep radar isochrones and a trustworthy timescale could improve the model estimation to find old ice in the DF region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 5
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    Copernicus Publications
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere, Copernicus Publications, 17(11), pp. 4903-4916, ISSN: 1994-0416
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Reliable in situ surface mass balance (SMB) estimates in polar regions are scarce due to limited spatial and temporal data availability. This study aims at deriving automated and continuous specific SMB time series for fast-moving parts of ice sheets and shelves (flow velocityg10a-1) by developing a combined global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reflectometry and refractometry (GNSS-RR) method. In situ snow density, snow water equivalent (SWE), and snow deposition or erosion are estimated simultaneously as an average over an area of several square meters and independently on weather conditions. The combined GNSS-RR method is validated and investigated regarding its applicability to a moving, high-latitude ice shelf. A combined GNSS-RR system was therefore installed in November 2021 on the Ekström ice shelf (flow velocityĝ€¯≈ĝ€¯150a-1) in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The reflected and refracted GNSS observations from the site are post-processed to obtain snow accumulation (deposition and erosion), SWE, and snow density estimates with a 15ĝ€¯min temporal resolution. The results of the first 16 months of data show a high level of agreement with manual and automated reference observations from the same site. Snow accumulation, SWE, and density are derived with uncertainties of around 9ĝ€¯cm, 40m-2ĝ€¯a-1, and 72m-3, respectively. This pilot study forms the basis for extending observational networks with GNSS-RR capabilities, particularly in polar regions. Regional climate models, local snow modeling, and extensive remote sensing data products will profit from calibration and validation based on such in situ time series, especially if many such sensors will be deployed over larger regional scales.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: In order to complement the picture of the atmospheric water cycle in the Southern Ocean, we have continuously monitored water vapor isotopes since January 2020 on Amsterdam Island in the Indian Ocean. We present here the first 2-year long water vapor isotopic record at this site. We show that the water vapor isotopic composition largely follows the water vapor mixing ratio, as expected in marine boundary layers. However, we detect 11 periods of a few days where there is a strong loss of correlation between water vapor δ18O and water vapor mixing ratio as well as abrupt negative excursions of water vapor δ18O. These excursions often occur toward the end of precipitation events. Six of these events show a decrease in gaseous elemental mercury, suggesting subsidence of air from a higher altitude. Our study aims to further explore the mechanism driving these negative excursions in water vapor δ18O. We used two different models to provide a data–model comparison over this 2-year period. While the European Centre Hamburg model (ECHAM6-wiso) at 0.9° was able to reproduce most of the sharp negative water vapor δ18O excursions, hence validating the physics process and isotopic implementation in this model, the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom model (LMDZ-iso) at 2° (3°) resolution was only able to reproduce seven (one) of the negative excursions, highlighting the possible influence of the model resolution for the study of such abrupt isotopic events. Based on our detailed model–data comparison, we conclude that the most plausible explanations for such isotopic excursions are rain–vapor interactions associated with subsidence at the rear of a precipitation event.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: In a context of global warming and sea level rise acceleration, it is key to estimate the evolution of the atmo- spheric hydrological cycle and temperature in polar regions, which directly influence the surface mass balance of the Arc- tic and Antarctic ice sheets. Direct observations are available from satellite data for the last 40 years and a few weather data since the 1950s in Antarctica. One of the best ways to access longer records is to use climate proxies in firn or ice cores. The water isotopic composition in these cores is widely used to reconstruct past temperature variations. We need to progress in our understanding of the influence of the atmospheric hydrological cycle on the water isotopic composition of ice cores. First, we present a 2-year-long time series of vapor and precipitation isotopic composition mea- surement at Dumont d’Urville Station, in Adélie Land. We characterize diurnal variations of meteorological parameters (temperature, atmospheric water mixing ratio (hereafter hu- midity) and δ18O) for the different seasons and determine the evolution of key relationships (δ18O versus temperature or humidity) throughout the year: we find that the temper- ature vs. δ18O relationship is dependent on synoptic events dynamics in winter contrary to summer. Then, this data set is used to evaluate the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM6-wiso (model version with embedded water stable isotopes) in a coastal region of Adélie Land where local con- ditions are controlled by strong katabatic winds which directly impact the isotopic signal. We show that a combina- tion of continental (79 %) and oceanic (21 %) grid cells leads model outputs (temperature, humidity and δ18O) to nicely fit the observations, at different timescales (i.e., seasonal to syn- optic). Therefore we demonstrate the added value of long- term water vapor isotopic composition records for model evaluation. Then, as a clear link is found between the isotopic compo- sition of water vapor and precipitation, we assess how iso- topic models can help interpret short firn cores. In fact, a virtual firn core built from ECHAM-wiso outputs explains much more of the variability observed in S1C1 isotopic record than a virtual firn core built from temperature only. Yet, deposition and post-deposition effects strongly affect the firn isotopic signal and probably account for most of the re- maining misfits between archived firn signal and virtual firn core based on atmospheric modeling.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is due to larger rainfall rate alone, an extension of the summer monsoon season or a combination of the two. Due to different orbital config- uration, the boreal summer of the LIG was warmer but shorter than the PI, potentially influencing the summer monsoon duration. In this study, we employ a newly developed isotope-enabled climate model, AWI-ESM-wiso to investigate the intensity and length of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) for both LIG and PI time periods. Our model results indicate that, despite an intensification in summer insolation and an enhanced hydro-logical cycle, WASM season in the LIG is 9 days shorter compared to the PI. During the LIG, increased insolation in late spring and early summer strengthens the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its associated sub-systems, facilitating a faster accumulation of potential instability and an earlier WASM onset. However, a substantial earlier withdrawal of the WASM is also detected, driven by an earlier southward shift of insolation maximum. More- over, our findings are further supported by models participating in the 4th phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Improving our understanding of the controls on Antarctic precipitation is critical for gaining insights into past and future polar and global environmental changes. Here we develop innovative water tracing diagnostics in the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM6. These tracers provide new detailed information on moisture source locations and properties of Antarctic precipitation. In the preindustrial simulation, annual mean Antarctic precipitation originating from the open ocean has a source latitude range of 49–35◦ S, a source sea surface temperature range of 9.8– 16.3 ◦ C, a source 2 m relative humidity range of 75.6 %– 83.3%, and a source 10m wind velocity (vel10) range of 10.1 to 11.3ms−1. These results are consistent with estimates from existing literature. Central Antarctic precipitation is sourced from more equator-ward (distant) sources via elevated transport pathways compared to coastal Antarctic precipitation. This has been attributed to a moist isentropic framework; i.e. poleward vapour transport tends to follow constant equivalent potential temperature. However, we find notable deviations from this tendency especially in the lower troposphere, likely due to radiative cooling. Heavy precipitation is sourced by longer-range moisture transport: it comes from 2.9◦ (300 km, averaged over Antarctica) more equator-ward (distant) sources compared to the rest of precipitation. Precipitation during negative phases of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) also comes from more equator-ward moisture sources (by 2.4◦, averaged over Antarctica) compared to precipitation during positive SAM phases, likely due to amplified planetary waves during negative SAM phases. Moreover, source vel10 of annual mean precipitation is on average 2.1 m s−1 higher than annual mean vel10 at moisture source locations from which the precipitation originates. This shows that the evaporation of moisture driving Antarctic precipitation occurs under windier conditions than average. We quantified this dynamic control of Southern Ocean surface wind on moisture availability for Antarctic precipitation. Overall, the innovative water tracing diagnostics enhance our under- standing of the controlling factors of Antarctic precipitation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
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    Copernicus Publications
    In:  EPIC3Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus Publications, 17(8), pp. 3559-3578, ISSN: 1991-959X
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Abstract. This article describes a modular ensemble-based data assimilation (DA) system which is developed for an integrated surface–subsurface hydrological model. The software environment for DA is the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (PDAF), which provides various assimilation algorithms like the ensemble Kalman filters, non-linear filters, 3D-Var and combinations among them. The integrated surface–subsurface hydrological model is HydroGeoSphere (HGS), a physically based modelling software for the simulation of surface and variably saturated subsurface flow, as well as heat and mass transport. The coupling and capabilities of the modular DA system are described and demonstrated using an idealised model of a geologically heterogeneous alluvial river–aquifer system with drinking water production via riverbank filtration. To demonstrate its modularity and adaptability, both single and multivariate assimilations of hydraulic head and soil moisture observations are demonstrated in combination with individual and joint updating of multiple simulated states (i.e. hydraulic heads and water saturation) and model parameters (i.e. hydraulic conductivity). With the integrated model and this modular DA framework, we have essentially developed the hydrologically and DA-wise robust toolbox for developing the basic model for operational management of coupled surface water–groundwater resources. 〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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