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  • Chemical Engineering  (3,294)
  • 1990-1994  (3,294)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyspirodilactam: A new family of high temperature polymers (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 6-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new class of materials based on a spirodilactam structure has been recently synthesized as part of research into new polymeric materials. Not only is the spirodilactam structure novel, but it was not even the intended product in the synthesis as originally designed. The polymerization process discovered by the reaction of 4-ketopimelic acid or its corresponding spirodilactone with primary amines opened a new field of polysprodilactam chemistry. This paper describes the chemistry leading to the discovery of spirodilactam-based polymers and initial applications in the area of thermoplastics and thermosets. Most recent developments to be covered include aromatic spirodilactams and isomeric spirodilactams.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High temperature thermosets based on the cocuring of a novel spirodilactam bisallylether and bismaleimide (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spirodilactam bisallylether is a new high temperature performance monomer. It melts at 154°C, and is thermally inactive in forming a homopolymer. However, it reacts readily with a bismaleimide via “ene” reaction. Therefore, it could be used as a comonomer and an effective toughening modifier for bismaleimide. The properties of the blends of spirodilactam bisallylether and 4,4'-bismaleimidodiphenyl-methane were studied. The cocured resins have high glass transition temperature, 〉 300°C. By adding 30 to 40 mole % of the bisallylether, the compact tension toughness of the bismaleimide was improved to 0.7 MPa-m1/2. Therefore, the resins have a combination of high glass transition temperature and toughness. They also showed good flexural properties. Despite the high water absorption, 5 to 7%, the resins retained high hot/wet flexural properties because of the high glass transition.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibilization of immiscible blends with a mutually miscible third polymer (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four immiscible blend systems, styrene-maleic anhydride/styrene-acrylonitrile (SMA/SAN). styrene-maleic anhydride/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (SMA/ABS), poly(vinylidene fluoride)/SAN (PVF2/SAN), and PVF2/ABS, were investigated. The effect of adding up to about 10 wt% of a third polymer that is miscible with each blend component, poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), was determined. In every case, the addition of PMMA led to the improvement of properties such as tensile strength, tensile elongation, and notched impact strength. Furthermore, the addition of PMMA resulted in finer, more uniform dispersions of the primary blend components. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of interfacial activity of the common phase component, PMMA.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A thermoanalytical study on solid-state cure of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the solid-state cure process of poly(phenylene sulfide)(PPS) resin. Virgin PPS resin in an open sample pan was cured in DSC cell. Either air or oxygen was used as a curing atmosphere. Cure temperatures were in the range of 200 and 250 °C, which are below the melting point of PPS resin. Cure temperature as well as atmospheric condition influenced the cure behavior of PPS in the solid state. Both the rate and the amount of cure increased with increasing cure temperature. On the other hand, the time to reach the maximum cure rate was independent of cure temperature. Changing the atmosphere from air to oxygen increased both the cure rate and the amount of cure. The size effect of PPS particles on the cure reaction was also discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anisotropy of slow crack growth in polyethylene pipes (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Slow crack growth was measured in the perpendicular and parallel directions relative to the extrusion direction of the pipe. For five pipes from different manufacturers, the anisotropy factor, the lifetime to fracture in the perpendicular direction divided by lifetime in the parallel direction, varied from 1.2 to 4.7 for complete fracture and 1.4 to 4.0 for crack initiation. The degree of molecular orientation was determined by measuring the shrinkage that occured when a pipe specimen was heated near its melting point. The amount of shrinkage correlated with the anisotropy factor for slow crack growth. The shape change after shrinkage was related to the flow pattern of the resin during extrusion and the cooling rate after extrusion.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelasticity of some engineering plastics analyzed with the modified stress-optical rulePart 7 of the series “Birefringence of Amorphous Polymers.” (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The complex Young's modulus, E*(ω), and the complex strain-optical coefficient, O*(ω), of poly(ether sulfone) (PES), polysulfone (PSF), and polyethermide (PEI), were measured over the frequency range 1 to 130 Hz. The data were analyzed with a modified stress-optical rule: The Young's modulus was decomposed into two complex functions, EG*(ω) and ER*(ω); the modified stress-optical coefficient, CR and CG, associated with the rubber (R) and glass (G) components, respectively, were determined. The results for six polymers, including polystyrene, poly(α-methyl styrene), and bisphenol A polycarbonate were compared with each other. One of the coefficients, CR, equivalent to the stress-optical coefficient in melts, mainly depended on the way in which phenyl groups were connected to the chain. The other, CG, was in the range of 20 to 40 Brewsters, and did not strongly depend on the details of polymer structure. The component function, EG*(ω), which was located in the glassy region and originated from the high glassy modulus, was almost the same in shape when plotted against ω with double logarithmic scales. The R component, ER*(ω), located at the long time end of the glass-to-rubber transition zone, was slightly sensitive to the molecular structure of polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340210
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A closer look at the MWD-viscosity transform (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: While there is abundant evidence that the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of a linear polymer has an influence on the shape of the viscosity function, the ability to convert the viscosity function to an MWD has been questioned. Using strictly numerical techniques, we have shown that the viscosity function can be transformed to the MWD, but always with some distortion. However, distinct bimodality can be qualitatively preserved through both the MWD-viscosity and viscocity-MWD transforms.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340213
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for the unfoamed skin on microcellular foams (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In microcellular plastics, an unfoamed skin that is integral with the foamed core can be created by allowing the nucleating gas to diffuse from the surfaces of a gas saturated specimen prior to foaming. In this paper, a semi-empirical model is proposed that predicts the skin thickness variation in microcellular foams as a function of gas desorption time. The model shows good agreement with experimental results on the polycarbonate-carbon dioxide system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinematics and deformation characteristics as a mixing measure in the screw extrusion process (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 174-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The present paper proposes “Deformation Characteristics” (DC) as a new deformation measure of screw extrusion processes, based on the Green deformation tensor. In contrast to previous strain measures heuristically proposed by Mohr, et al., Mckelvey, and Pinto and Tadmor, the new DC can naturally incorporate the demixing phenomena and systematically take into account the three-dimensional circulatory flow with the screw flight effect. Therefore, DC can be regarded as an improved strain measure. “Weighted Average Deformation characteristics” (WADC) is also proposed to indicate the overall deformation characteristics as a quantitative measure to the “goodness of mixing” of the extrusion process. The present paper includes discussion on delicate differences between DC and several other strain measures in case of the two-dimensional velocity approximation, and on the application of DC into a general three-dimensional velocity field obtained by a quasi-three-dimensional finite element analysis of extrusion processes. In determining WADC in the three-dimensional application, the residence time distribution function, including the three-dimensional circulatory flow effect, is used.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340303
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of non-isothermal flow in modular co-rotating twin screw extrusion (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Non-isothermal flow is simulated in the screw and kneading disc elements in a modular co-rotating twin screw extruder. Methods of calculating mean temperature rises for individual elements are discussed and results are presented. The implications of non-isothermal operation for scale-up is discussed. A method is then described for making calculations in a modular co-rotating machine, that contains many different elements. Example calculations are given showing the tendency of larger machines to buildup greater temperatures when viscous heating is included.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760340309
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