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  • Articles  (13)
  • agriculture  (13)
  • 1990-1994  (13)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (13)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reconsidering the green revolution: Diversity and stability in cradle areas of crop domestication (1992)
    Springer
    Human ecology 20 (1992), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; development ; diversity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reconsiders two widely held hypotheses about the effects of the green revolution, that it led to biological simplification and instability. The hypothesis of biological simplification (genetic erosion) is tested with evidence from Andean agriculture, where farmers maintain a significant degree of crop diversity even as they adopt modern crop varieties. The hypothesis of increased instability is tested with evidence from Asia where wheat and rice yields show no general pattern of increased instability. Neither of these hypotheses is confirmed. The conventional wisdom about the green revolution should be reconsidered with emphasis on resilience and variation in modernizing farming systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889077
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological dimensions of Appalachian agricultural diversity, 1880–1910 (1990)
    Springer
    Human ecology 18 (1990), S. 105-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; forest farming ; social history ; Appalachia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This research uses aggregate statistical sources to describe agricultural diversity in a 31 county area of Appalachian Kentucky over the period 1880–1910. In particular, it considers the distribution and duration of forest farming in this region. It examines the causes of agricultural diversity by testing a series of hypotheses conceptually based in ecological theory. For 1880, counties differed in the degree to which they had the characteristics expected for forest farming. This variation was geographically patterned. While there was still geographical variation in county agricultural characteristics in 1910, sufficient change had occurred so that none of the counties continued to closely conform to the pattern expected for forest farming. Variation and change in county agricultural characteristics were found to be related to population density and growth, soil quality, the presence of railroads, and the development of commercial coal mining.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889074
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land use change in the Amazon estuary: Patterns of caboclo settlement and landscape management (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 249-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: land use ; land cover ; Amazon ; estuary ; flooded forest ; aÇai ; palms ; agriculture ; pastures ; swidden ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; succession ; remote sensing ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Landsat TM scenes for 1985 and 1991 are used to produce a georeferenced map of land cover and land use for an area of the Amazon estuary inhabited by three populations of caboclos with distinct patterns of land use. This information is combined in a geographic information system with ethnographic and survey research carried out over the past 5 years to develop representative spectral “signatures” which permit measurement and differentiation of land uses and the detection of change even between small areas of managed floodplain forest and unmanaged forest, and between three distinct age/growth classes of secondary succession following deforestation. Implementation of these procedures permit the scaling up or down of research at different resolutions. Three distinct patterns of land use are examined with differential impact on the environment. Mechanized agriculture at one site has eliminated virtually all the mature upland forest and is now dominated by secondary successional vegetation. The more traditional system of diversified land use at the next site shows a subtle cycling of flooded forest to managed palm forest through time in response to the price of palm fruit and cycling in the use of fallow land. A third site, based on palm fruit extractivism, shows minimal changes in land cover due to persistent specialization on management of flooded forest extraction. There is little evidence that the community with the greatest impact on forest cover is any better off economically than the two communities which have minimal impact on the landscape. This study suggests how a balance between use and conservation in Amazonia may be achieved in floodplain and estuarine areas, and the effectiveness of monitoring these types of land cover from satellite platforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168853
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abatement of agricultural pollution and economic incentives: The case of intensive livestock farming in France (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution control ; nitrogen taxation ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Amongst possible economic incentives to encourage reduced nitrate contamination of water, this paper emphasizes a nitrogen tax as a possible solution. This finding is based on models estimated from panel data for 100 intensive livestock farms. For each farm a threshold is established (nitrogen units which can be spread per hectare without damage) above which there is an excess of nitrogen. The 100 farms can consequently be classified into two subsamples. The demand for nitrogen is derived for each sub-sample using the dual approach. Both categories are pooled together and a tobit model is estimated. This is used to derive total nitogen demand if all farms were under the threshold. A mineral nitrogen tax would lead to a reduced nitrate concentration in water supplies, because of a more efficient use of organic nitrogen together with a reduction in the use of mineral nitrogen in crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313163
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 7 (1994), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: press ; agriculture ; ethics ; newspapers ; farm magazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02349035
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring sustainability (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 1 (1994), S. 21-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: agriculture ; economic index ; statistical tests ; total factor productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An agricultural system is sustainable if productive output is maintained economically over time when assessed in relation to environmental concern. This paper considers ways of statistically evaluating measures of sustainability illustrated by reference to extensive data from the Classical Experiments at Rothamsted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714195
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethical issues concerning potential global climate change on food production (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 5 (1992), S. 113-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: climate change ; food ; agriculture ; ethics ; technologies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the CO2 global warming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are expected to alter food production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce food production in North America. However, in Africa, the projected slight rise in rainfall is encouraging, especially since Africa already suffers from severe shortages of rainfall. For all regions, a reduction in fossil fuel burning is vital. Adoption of sound ecological resource management, especially soil and water conservation and the prevention of deforestation, is important. Together, these steps will benefit agriculture, the environment, farmers, and society as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966356
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of education on the attitudes of college students toward biotechnology (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 75-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; education ; agriculture ; socio-economic issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An interdisciplinary course was designed as an introduction to the applications of, and the socio-economic issues associated with, biotechnology. College students enrolled in the course were surveyed prior to the first formal lecture, and again upon completion of the course. Assessment was made of the impact of the educational materials on the attitudes and perceptions of the students toward the applications of biotechnology to agriculture. Data were collected for the first three semesters in which the course was offered. Answers to survey questions were analyzed on a before and after basis. It was found that students were very accepting of biotechnology prior to taking the course, despite a generally low level of exposure to this type of technology. The course was effective in increasing the knowledge base of the students, but not as effective in allaying their perceptions of risks associated with biotechnology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965616
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic principles of agroecology and sustainable agriculture (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agroecosystems ; agriculture ; ecology ; sustainability ; biodiversity ; competition ; succession ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the final analysis, sustainable agriculture must derive from applied ecology, especially the principle of the regulation of the abundance and distribution of species (and, secondarily, their activities) in space and time. Interspecific competition in natural ecosystems has its counterparts in agriculture, designed to divert greater amounts of energy, nutrients, and water into crops. Whereas natural ecosystems select for a diversity of species in communities, recent agriculture has minimized diversity in favour of vulnerable monocultures. Such systems show intrinsically less stability and resilience to perturbations. Some kinds of crop rotation resemble ecological succession in that one crop prepares the land for successive crop production. Such rotations enhance soil organic processes such as decomposition and material cycling, build a nutrient capital to sustain later crop growth, and reduce the intensity of pest buildup. Species in natural communities occur at discrete points along the r-K continuum of reproductive maturity. Clearing forested land for agriculture, rotational burning practices, and replacing perennial grassland communities by cereal monocultures moves the agricultural community towards the r extreme. Plant breeders select for varieties which yield at an earlier age and lower plant biomass, effectively moving a variety towards the r type. Features of more natural landscapes, such as hedgerows, may act as physical and biological adjuncts to agricultural production. They should exist as networks in agricultural lands to be most effective. Soil is of major importance in agroecosystems, and maintaining, deliberately, its vitality and resilience to agricultural perturbations is the very basis of sustainable land use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965612
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research implications of the 1988 Canadian prairie provinces drought (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 109-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Drought ; agriculture ; hydrology ; monitoring ; research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1988 drought conditions, which prevailed over the southern portion of the Canadian prairie provinces, resulted in severe impacts on agriculture, water resources, forestry, and waterfowl production. In this paper, the climatological aspects of the drought are reviewed and the impacts of the drought are described. In addition, a number of the environmental factors that may have aggravated the drought's impacts are discussed. Processes contributing to the 1988 drought are considered in terms of their scales, relative importance and possible effects. It was evident from the information needs of government agencies and private businesses which had to cope with the effects of the 1988 drought, that studies are needed to effectively monitor drought and adjust to its impacts. In this paper, these needs are discussed; several specific hypotheses concerning drought-related processes are advanced and a framework for addressing the scientific aspects of droughts on the Canadian prairies is proposed. It is anticipated that many of these identified research needs and opportunities are applicable to other drought-prone areas of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124619
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of agricultural discharge on striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 123-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: striped bass ; opossum shrimp ; agriculture ; toxicity ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has declined approximately 80% since the mid-1970s. This decline has been attributed to factors such as water diversions, pollution and reduced abundance of food organisms. One source of potential pollutants is agricultural return water. The Colusa Basin Drain discharges water from over 150 000 acres and can account for over 20% of the flow of the Sacramento River. Because discharge occurs at the same time striped bass are spawning, early developmental stages could be adversely affected. Toxicity studies conducted over a 3 year period consistently demonstrated acute toxicity to striped bass larvae and to opossum shrimp (Neomysis mercedis), an important food organism for juvenile striped bass. Acute toxicity was also demonstrated with striped bass embryos. In addition, a model based on pesticide use more effectively predicted striped bass recruitment during the period of decline than did a model based on historically important river flows and delta diversions. These studies indicate that agricultural return water should not be disregarded when considering potential causes of the decline of striped bass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143410
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental and social implications of waste in U.S. agriculture and food sectors (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 3 (1990), S. 5-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agriculture ; waste ; environment ; economic ; social ; costs ; erosion ; pesticides ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Because the agriculture/food sectors appear to be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agricultural-chemical technologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors are estimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste and environmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02014477
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