ALBERT

Note: Front Cover; Advances in Geophysics, Volume 35; Copyright Page; Contents; Chapter 1. Seismological Constraints on the Velocity Structure and Fate of Subducting Lithospheric Slabs: 25 Years of Progress; 1. Introduction; 2. General Characterization of Slab and Wedge Structures; 3. Travel Time Pattern Constraints on Slab Velocity Structure; 4. Tomographical Imaging of Slab Velocity Structure; 5. Slab Boundaries: Converted and Reflected Phases; 6. Focusing, Multipathing, and Diffraction Effects of Slab Structure; 7. Future Directions in Slab Imaging and Summary; References; Index;.

Note: Contents: CHAPTER 1 ROLE OF PROBABILITY METHODS IN POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING ; CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTS AND THEOREMS OF PROBABILITY ; CHAPTER 3 RANDOM VARIABLES ; CHAPTER 4 FUNCTIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLES ; CHAPTER 5 STOCHASTIC PROCESSES ; CHAPTER 6 DECISION ANALYSIS ; CHAPTER 7 RELIABILITY ; CHAPTER 8 PROBABILISTIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ; CHAPTER 9 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION, AND REPLACEMENT ; CHAPTER 10 PROBABILISTIC LOAD-FLOW STUDIES ; CHAPTER 11 PROBABILISTIC SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ; CHAPTER 12 PROBABILISTIC POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ; CHAPTER 13 MONTE CARLO SIMULATION ; CHAPTER 14 ELEMENTS OF ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING

Note: Contents: XVth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Paris, 19-20 October 1989. Recommendation XV-1. Comprehensive measures for the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems. - Opening statement by the President of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) / R. M. Laws. - Presentation by the President of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) / R. M. Laws. - Report on the XIth Antarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting by the SCAR observer / W. N. Bonner. - Interim Report of the XIth Antarctic Treaty Special Consultative Meeting.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Einleitung. - Transliteration. - DDR-Wissenschaftler in der Antarktis. - 1. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 5. SAE (1959-61). - 2. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 6. SAE (1960-62). - 3. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 7. SAE (1961-63). - 4. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 8. SAE (1962-64). - 5. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 10. SAE (1964-66). - 6. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 13. SAE (1967-69). - 7. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 14. SAE (1968-70). - 8. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 17. SAE (1971-73). - 9. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 19. SAE (1973-75). - 10. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 20. SAE (1974-76). - 11. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 21. SAE (1975-77). - 12. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 22. SAE (1976-78). - 13. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 23. SAE (1977-79). - 14. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 24. SAE (1978-80). - 15. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 25. SAE (1979-81). - 16. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 26. SAE (1980-82). - 17. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 27. SAE (1981-83). - 18. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 28. SAE (1982-84). - 19. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 29. SAE (1983-85). - 20. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 30. SAE (1984-86). - 21. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 31. SAE (1985-87). - 22. DDR-Antarktis-Expeditionsgruppe bei der 32. SAE (1986-88). - DDR-Gastforscher bei der 33. SAE (1987-1989). - 1. Antarktis-Expedition der DDR 1987-1989. - 2. Antarktis-Expedition der DDR 1988-1990. - DDR-Gastforscher bei der 34. SAE (1988-1990). - Zeitplan. - Postwertzeichen, Poststempel und philatelistische Drucksachen. - Briefmarken zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Ganzsachen zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Sonderstempel zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Sonderbriefumschläge zum Thema DDR-Antarktisforschung. - Postgebühren. - Nichtpostalische Zusatzstempel. - Verzeichnis der Antarktisstationen. - Abkürzungsverzeichnis. - Literatur- und Quellennachweis.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. Background. - 2.1. Polar research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - 2.2. Previous research at "Georg von Neumayer". - 3. Reasons for a replacement station. - 4. Plans for the removal of "Georg von Neumayer". - 5. The new research station "Neumayer". - 5.1. Building operation. - 5.1.1. Planned construction site and operational phase. - 5.1.2. Supply vessel, building machinery and fuel. - 5.1.3. Building camp and waste management. - 5.2. Description of the new station. - 5.2.1. Station design. - 5.2.2. Energy generation and fuel storage. - 5.2.3. Waste management. - 5.2.4. Alternative energy. - 6. Description of the environment. - 6.1. Regional characteristics. - 6.2. Characteristics of Atka Bay. - 6.2.1. Physical conditions. - 6.2.2. Biological conditions. - 7. Consideration of potential environmental impacts. - 7.1. Building operation. - 7.2. Future operation of the station. - 8. Conclusion. - 9. References.

Note: Beiträge teilweise Deutsch, teilweise Englisch, teilweise Spanisch

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 3. Forschungsarbeiten - Expeditionen 3.1 Antarktisexpedition X/2-8 3.2 Arktisexpedition IX 3.3 Antarktisexpedition Xl 3.4 Landexpedition Sibirien 4. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Sektionen 4.1 Biologie I (Zoologie) 4.2 Biologie II (Botanik und Mikrobiologie) 4.3 Chemie 4.4 Geologie 4.5 Geophysik 4.6 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre I 4.7 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre II 4.8 Meeresphysik und Meßwesen 4.9 Forschungsstelle Potsdam 5. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Die Entwicklung von Kaltwasser-Makroalgen Die Biodiversität des antarktischen Benthos Weddellrobben - Tieftaucher in der Hochantarktis Die weltweit verbreitete Planktonalge Phaeocystis: Untersuchungen zu physiologischen und molekularen Unterschieden Die Entwicklung von Algen- und Bakteriengemeinschaften im Meereis Zooplanktonkot in der Arktis: Nahrungsgrundlage im Pelagial oder Transportvehikel bei der Sedimentation? Stimuliert ein globaler Anstieg des Kohlendioxids die marine Primärproduktion? Die Beziehung zwischen Huminstoffen und Aminosäuren in polaren Gewässern Die Ozonverteilung in der Atmosphäre über dem Atlantik Pinatubo-Aerosole und polare stratosphärische Wolken Spurengas-Messungen in der arktischen Stratosphäre während der Polarnacht Die mittleren vertikalen Ozonverteilungen über Arktis und Antarktis Eisbewegung und Subglazialtopographie im Umfeld der Schirmacheroase, Ostantarktis Umweltgeschichte der kontinentalen Ostantarktis - aufgezeichnet in Seesedimenten Das antarktische Meereis und seine Verbreitung in geologischer Vorzeit-Rekonstruktion und Modellierung Kalt- und Warmzeiten im Südatlantik anhand benthischer Foraminiferen Terrigener Sedimenteintrag im östlichen Arktischen Ozean Mineralbildung in Sedimenten und Böden der Permafrostzone Seismische Untersuchungen im eurasischen Becken (Arktischer Ozean) Untersuchungen zum Massenhaushalt des Inlandeises in Nordostgrönland Wassermassenbildung im Storfjord - ein Modell arktischer Schelfgebiete Atmosphärische Rollenkonvektion in der Framstraße ERS-l Radaraufnahmen des antarktischen Meereises Der Einfluß von Algen auf die physikalischen Prozesse im Meereis: ein Modell Die Bestimmung der Zirkulation im Weltmeer aus hydrographischen Daten Auswirkungen der Tiefenwasserproduktion auf die Zirkulation des Nordatlantik Infrarot-Zeilenkamera zur verbesserten Meereisfernerkundung LlDAR-Gerät zur Beobachtung fluoreszierender Stoffe im Meer Untersuchung der durch das Ozonloch verursachten UV-B Belastung auf Produktion und Artenzusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons 6. Logistik 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Rechenzentrum 8. Personeller Ausbau und Haushaltsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt Anhang I Personal II Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III Publikationen des Instituts IV Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter V Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten VI "Polarstern"-Expeditionen , Contents 1. Introductory Overview 2. International and National Cooperation 3. Research Projects - Expeditions 3.1 ANT X/2-8 3.2 ARK IX 3.3 ANT XI 3.4 Land Expedition to Siberia 4. Scienlific Work of the Sections 4.1 Biology I (Zoology, Ecophysiology and Macroalgae Ecology) 4.2 Biology II (Botany and Microbiology) 4.3 Chemistry 4.4. Geology 4.5 Geophysics and Glaciology 4.6 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere I 4.7 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere II 4.8 Marine Physics and Instrumentation 4.9 Potsdam Research Unit 5. Selected Research Topics The Evolution of cold-water macroalgae Antarctic Benthos Biodiversity Weddell Seals - deep divers in the High Antarctic The Cosmopolitan Planktonic Alga Phaeocystis: investigations into physiological and molecular differences Development of algal and bacterial communities in sea ice Zooplankton Faeces in Arctic Waters: Food for the Pelagic System or Transport Vehicle for Sedimenting Matter? Does the Global C02 Increase Stimulate Marine Primary Production? Relationship between Humic Substances and Amino Acids in Polar Waters The Ozone Distribution in the Atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean Pinatubo Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds.. Measurement of Trace Gases in the Arctic Stratosphere during the Polar Night The Mean Vertical Distributions of Ozone above the Arctic and Antarctic Ice Movement and Sub-glacial Topography in the Vicinity of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctic The Environmental History of the Continental East Antarctic as Recorded in Lake Sediments The Antarctic Sea Ice and its Extent in Geologically Prehistoric Times - Reconstruction and Modelling Benthic Foraminifera- Indicators of Glacial and Interglacial Climate in the South Atlantic Ocean Terrigenous Sediment Supply to the Eastern Arctic Ocean Mineral Formation in the Sediments and Soils of the Permafrost Zone Seismic Investigations in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean) Investigations into the Mass Balance of the Inland Ice in Northeast Greenland Water Mass Formation in the Storfjord - a Model of Arctic Shelf Regions Atmospheric Roll-Convection in the Fram Strait ERS-1 Radar Images of the Antarctic Sea Ice The Influence of Algae on the Physical Processes in Sea Ice: a Model Estimation of the Global Ocean Circulation from Hydrographic Measurements Influence of Deep Water Production on the North Atlantic General Circulation Infrared Line Scanner for Improved Remote Sensing of Sea Ice The LIDAR Instrument for Observation of Fluorescent Matter in the Ocean lnvestigation of the UV-B Impact on Phytoplankton Production and Species Composition 6. Logistics 6.1 Polar Stations 6.2 Research Vessels "Polarsten" and "Victor Hensen" 6.3 Polar Aircraft and Helicopters 6.4 General Logistics 7. Central Services 7.1 Press and Public Relations 7.2 Library 7.3 Computer Centre 8. Personnel Expansion and Budget Development 8.1 Personnel 8.2 Budget Annex I. Personnel II. Scientific Events Ill. Publications of the Institute IV. Publications by Members of Staff V. Completed Theses and Dissertations VI. "Polarstern" Expeditions

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Radar equipment General operation Antennas Waveforms and phase polarity Antenna directivity Field procedures and data processing Field procedures Data recording Data processing Site location Results Pegasus runway Access road from Williams Field to Pegasus runway Williams Field Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Airborne profile of a portion of the access road Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Data sources and analysis Air temperature records Air temperature curves Air temperature record analysis Discharge records Results Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Effects of discharge Salmon River ice control Conclusions Literature cited Abstract

Note: Preface Introduction Magmatic and hydrothermal processes in ore-bearing systems Judith L. Hannah and Holly J. Stein Theoretical and Experimental Studies Theoretical contraints on the chemistry of the magmatic aqueous phase Philip A. Candela Partitioning of F and Cl between magmatic hydrothermal fluids and highly evolved granitic magma James D. Webster and John R. Holloway Internal differentiation of rare-element pegmatites; A synthesis of recent research David London Fluorine-rich Granite-Rhyolite Systems The petrogenetic and metallogenetic significance of topaz granite from the southwest England orefield D.A.C. Manning and P. I. Hill The role of fluorine in the petrogenesis of magmatic segregations in the SL Francois volcano-plutonic terrane, southeastern Missouri P. I. Nabelek and C. Russ-Nabelek Melt inclusions in the quartz phenocrysts of rhyolites from Topaz and Keg Mountains, Thomas Range, Utah Christine Payette and Robert F. Martin Rare-metal enriched peralumininous rhyolites in a continental arc, Sierra Bianca area, Trans-Pecos Texas; Chemical modification by vapor-phase crystallization Jonathan G. Price, Jeffrey N. Rubin, Christopher D. Henry, Thomas L. Pinkston, Steven W. Tweedy, and David W. Koppenaal Tin and Tungsten-bearing Granitoids Comparative petrologic evolution of the Sn and W granites of the Fairbanks-Circle area, interior Alaska R. J. Newberry, L. E. Bums, S. E. Swanson, and T. E. Smith Mineralogical variation as a guide to the petrogenesis of the tin granites and related skarns, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Samuel E. Swanson, Rainer J. Newberry, Gary A. Coulter, and Thomas M. Dyehouse Geochemistry of highly fractionated I- and S-type granites from the tin-tungsten province of western Tasmania W. N. Sawka, M. T. Heizler, R. W. Kistler, and B. W. Chappell Genesis and fluid evolution of the East Kemptville greisen-hosted tin mine, southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada Jean M. Richardson, Keith Bell, David H. Watkinson, and John Blenkinsop Mica chemistry as an indicator of oxygen and halogen fugacities in the CanTung and other W-related granitoids in the North American Cordillera W. T. van Middelaar and J. D. Keith The Black Pearl mine, Arizona; Wolframite veins and stockscheider pegmatite related to an albitic stock Christopher Schmitz and Donald M. Burt Tin-bearing Rhyolites, Black Range, New Mexico Genesis of the rhyolite-hosted tin occurrences in the Black Range, New Mexico, as indicated by stable isotope studies Robert O. Rye, John L. Lufkin, and Michael D. Wasserman Eruptive fountains of silicic magma and their possible effects on the tin content of fountain-fed lavas, Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico Wendell A. Duffield Origin of Taylor Creek rhyolite magma, Black Range, New Mexico, based on Nd-Sr isotope studies Cadi Reece, Joaquin Ruiz, Wendell A. Duffield, and P. Jonathan Patchett Other Pre-Tertiary Granitoid Examples Petrogenesis of the Proterozoic rapakivi granites of Finland Ilmari Haapala and O. Tapani Rämö The Topsails igneous suite, western Newfoundland; Fractionation and magma mixing in an "orogenic" A-type granite suite Joseph B. Whalen and Kenneth L. Currie Anorogenic, bimodal emplacement of anorthositic, charnockitic, and related rocks in the Adirondack Mountains, New York James McLelland and Philip Whitney Geochemistry and metallogeny of Arizona peraluminous granitoids with reference to Appalachian and European occurrences Anne L. Shaw and John M. Guilbert Index

Note: Masterarbeit, Queen's University (Kingston, Ont.), 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Study 1.2 Site Description 1.2.1 Climate 1.2.2 Geology 1.2.3 Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Queen Elizabeth Islands 1.2.4 Origin of Colour Lake 1.2.5 Lake and Basin Morphometry and Morphology CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General Arctic Limnology 2.1.1 Thermal Regimes and Circulation 2.1.2 Biological Limnology 2.2 Sedimentation in Arctic Lakes 2.2.1 Sedimentary Processes 2.2.2 Deposits 2.3 Phycology and Paleophycology of High Arctic Lakes CHAPTER 3: METHODS 3.1 Basin Factors 3.1.1 Weather 3.1.2 Stream Sampling 3.1.3 Snowmelt, Depth of Ground Thaw, and Soil parameters 3.1.4 Measurement of Mass Wasting 3.2 General Limnology 3.3 Sediment Sampling and Analysis 3.3.1 Sediment Collection 3.3.2 Sediment Analysis 3.3.3 Microfossil Analysis 3.3.3.1 Diatoms and Chrysophytes 3.3.3.2 Chironomids CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Basin Factors 4.1.1 Weather 4.1.2 Stream Discharge and Water Quality 4.1.3 Snow, Active Layer Thickness, and Soil Parameters 4.1.4 Mass Wasting 4.1.4.1 Gelifluction survey 4.1.4.2 Mudflows and other Observations 4. 2 Limnology 4.2.1 General Limnology - 1987 4.2.1.1 Lake Temperature 4.2.1.2 Lake Chemistry 4.2.1.3 Water Stage 4.2.1.4 Suspended Sediment 4.2.1.5 Algae 4.2.2 General Limnology - 1988 4.3 Sedimentology 4.3.1 Surficial Sediments 4.3.1.1 Structure and Grain Size 4.3.1.2 Organic Matter 4.3.1.3 Microfossils 4.3.2 Long Cores 4.3.2.1 Structure and Grain Size 4.3.2.2 Organic Matter 4.3.2.3 Dating 4.3.2.4 Microfossils CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Basin Factors 5.1.1 Inflows 5.1.2 Mass Wasting 5.1.2.1 Rates of Soil Movement 5.1.2.2 Gelifluction as a Sediment Source 5.2 Limnology 5.3 Sedimentology 5.3.1 Recent Sedimentary Environment 5.3.2 Late Holocene Sedimentary Environment 5.3.2.1 Signal from Alluvial Fan River 5.3.2.2 Signal from Gelifluction 5.3.2.3 Signal from Lake Ice Cover 5.2.3.4 General Sedimentology 5.2.3.5 Paleophycology 5.3.3 Modelling Colour Lake Sedimentology . CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX A: CORRECTION OF TALL BURIED STAKES APPENDIX B: TEST OF EFFECT OF IGNITION BEFORE SEDIGRAPHING APPENDIX C: DIATOM SPECIES LIST APPENDIX D: SEDIMENT VOLUME IN A SMALL MUDFLOW APPENDIX E: ICE RECORD VITA

Note: Bachelorarbeit, Wilfrid Laurier University, 1993 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Water Balance 2.3 Nutrient Inputs 2.4 Models Chapter 3 Study Site and Site Characteristics 3.1 Study Site Location 3.2 Geology 3.3 Surface Cover 3.4 Permafrost Depth 3.5 Lake Formation 3.6 Lake Characteristics 3.7 Lake Sub Basin Characteristics 3.8 Climate 3.9 Precipitation and Melt 3.10 Evaporation Chapter 4 Methods 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical Sampling 4.2.1 Water Level 4.2.2 Stream Discharge 4.2.3 Precipitation 4.2.4. Radiation 4.2.5 Evaporation 4.2.6 Groundwater 4.3 Chemical Sampling 4.3.1 Total Phosphorus 4.4 Biological Sampling 4.4.1 Chlorophyll a 4.5 Water Balance 4.6 Nutrient Inputs 4.7 Models 4.7.1 Predicting Total Phosphorus Concentrations 4.7.2 Chlorophyll a Chapter 5 Results 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Water Balance 5.2.1 Lake Storage 5.2.2 Stream Discharge 5.2.3 Precipitation 5.2.4 Radiation 5.2.5 Evaporation 5.2.6 Groundwater 5.3 Nutrient Inputs 5.4 Models 5.4.1 Predicting Total Phosphorus Concentrations 5.4.2 Chlorophyll a Chapter 6 Discussion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water Balance 6.3 Nutrient Inputs 6.4 Models Chapter 7 Further Study Appendices Appendix 1 Lake Storage Appendix 2 Discharge Data Appendix 3 Precipitation Appendix 4 Radiation Appendix 5 Evaporation Appendix 6 Nutrient Data Appendix 7 Chlorophyll a Bibliography , Englisch

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgements List of figures List of tables List of plates preamble CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 1.3 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 1.3.1 Bedrock geology 1.3.2 Glacial history 1.3.2 Surficial geology 1.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND PARALLEL STUDIES 1.5 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 1.5.1 Introduction 1.5.2 Water sampling methods 1.5.3 Piezometer methods 1.5.4 Measuring hydraulic conductivity 1.S.S Surface flow monitoring 1.5.6 Seepage meters 1.5.7 Coring and porewater squeezing 1.5.8 Frost table probing 1.5.9 Geological mapping 1.5.10 Weather records 1.5.11 Depth sounding 1.6 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 1.6.1 Sample collection, filtration, and alkalinity 1.6.2 Analytical methods 1.6.3 Quality of chemical analyses 1.6.4 Grain-size distributions and organic matter contents in till 1.6.5 Core logging and porewater squeezing 1.6.6 SEM examination of mineral weathering CHAPTER 2: HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY synopsis 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 2.3 FIELD AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.3.1 Field methods 2.3.2 Analytical methods 2.4 SETTING 2.5 HYDROLOGY 2.5.1 Surface hydrology 2.5.2 Groundwater hydrology 2.5.2.1 Thawing of the active layer 2.5.2.2 Structure and composition of the active layer till 2.5.2.3 Groundwater flow 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY abstract 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 STUDY AREA 3.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.4 VEGETATION AND ACTIVE LAYER PROPERTIES 3.5 STABLE ISOTOPE DATA 3.6 WATER CHEMISTRY 3.7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 4: ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION synopsis 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 STUDY AREA 4.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 4.3.1 Materials and field methods 4.3.2 Analytkal methods 4.4 THEORY 4.4.1 Theoretical development 4.4.2 Basis of this approach 4.5 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 4.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5: WATER BALANCE AND GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONS abstract 5.l INTRODUCTION 5.2 SETTING 5.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 5.4 HYDROLOGY 5.5 WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS 5.6 GEOCHEMISTRY 5.7 DISCUSSION 5.8 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH References LIST OF APPENDICES A. Part A: Stable isotope analyses of water samples Part B: Tritium analyses Part C: Field geochemical measurements Part D: Major ion analyses of water samples B. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING FROM PIEZOMETERS C. RELIABILITY OF Eh MEASUREMENTS D. PIEZOMETER DESIGNS/INSTALLATION PROCEDURES Part A: 1988 Part B: 1989 E. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TESTING/DATA F. SURFACE FLOW MEASUREMENTS Part 1: Weir Part 2: Stream gauging G. SEEPAGE METER METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS H. CORING AND SQUEEZING METHODS I. CORE AND SOIL PIT DESCRIPTIONS J. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS TO ADDRESS WATER QUALITY Part A: Duplicates, blanks, and comparative analyses Part B: Filtration experiment Part C: Dissolved organic carbon Part D: Carbon-13 K. CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSES OF POREWATERS EXTRACTED FROM CORES L. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TILL M. WATER BALANCE THEORY

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction Oil - Catalyst for change The Haul Road - Highway to the Arctic Origins: The geologic setting Glaciers shape the land Glaciation and wildlife distribution Permafrost and the periglacial environment The Dalton Highway road log Glossary Selected references

Note: Zugl.: Stockholm, Univ., Diss., 1991

Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [255] - 276. - Includes index

Note: Text teilw. jap.

Note: Table of Contents: 1. Data description. - Origin. - Changes in Operational Analysis Systems. - Geopotential grid processing. - Temperature, wind and wave flux calculations. - 2. Statistical calculations. - 3. References. - 4. Results. - Monthly average meridional cross sections. - Means and variances of zonal mean winds, temperatures and wave fluxes, plus stationary and transient wave statistics. - Hemispheric polar projections for January, April, July and October. - Mean geopotential height, temperature, wind speed and daily geopotential variance maps for 700, 500, 300, 100, 50, 10 and 1 mb. - Ensemble average latitude-time diagrams. - Zonal mean winds and temperatures, and stationary and transient eddy geopotential height, temperature and wave flux quantities. - Ensemble average height-time diagrams. - Zonal mean winds and temperatures, and stationary and transient eddy geopotential heights and temperatures. - Latitude-time and height-time diagrams of zonal winds and rms geopotential, height wave amplitudes for individual years 1979-1990. - Tables of monthly mean temperatures and zonal winds.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Why Learn UNIX?. - How to Use This Book. - A Word About UNIX Versions. - Conventions Used in This Handbook. - Chapter 1 Introduction to the UNIX Operating System. - Logging In to UNIX. - UNIX Commands. - The UNIX File System. - Files and Filenames. - The File System's Structure. - Simple Commands for Working with Files. - Simple Commands for Working with Directories. - Wildcards. - File Access Permission. - Standard Input and Output. - Pipes. - Controlling Execution. - Stopping Programs. - Foreground and Background. - Running a Job at a Later Time. - Shell Programs. - Command Line Arguments. - Shell Variables. - Loops. - Conditionals. - Shell Customization. - Environment Variables. - Shell Variables. - Aliases. - Other Basic Tools. - Standard UNIX Documentation. - Online Help. - Chapter 2 Creating a FORTRAN Program with vi. - Invoking vi. - Retrieving Backup Versions. - Modes. - Text Mode. - Command Mode. - Moving Within a File. - Adding and Deleting Text. - Search Operations. - Moving Blocks of Text-Named Buffers. - Saving and Exiting. - Editing and Inserting Other Files. - Executing UNIX Commands from vi. - Other Features. - Options. - Pattern Matching. - Chapter 3 Compiling and Linking FORTRAN Programs. - FORTRAN Compilation. - Libraries. - Output Files. - make and the Compiler. - Compilation Options. - The Preprocessor. - Preprocessor Statements. - File Inclusion. - Conditional Compilation. - Comments. - Summary of Preprocessor Statements. - Assembling a FORTRAN Program. - Invoking the Assembler. - Linking FORTRAN Programs. - Invoking Id. - Linker Options. - Error Messages. - Creating Libraries. - Chapter 4 FORTRAN Working Environment. - FORTRAN I/O. - Default Filenames. - FORTRAN I/O Initialization. - Simple Character I/O. - File System Information. - Tape I/O. - UNIX System Calls and Functions. - Command Line Arguments. - Accessing the Environment. - Timing. - Mathematical Routines. - Executing UNIX Commands. - System Error Handling. - Installing Local Programs. - Chapter 5 Debugging FORTRAN Programs. - Source-level Debugging with dbx. - Compilation for dbx. - Starting dbx. - Basic dbx Commands. - Current File and Current Function. - Definitions and Conventions. - Advanced Features. - Debugging at the Assembly Level with adb. - Invoking adb. - adb Commands. - Executing a Program Under adb. - Working with Subroutines and Functions. - Working with Common Blocks. - Modifying Values. - Some Hints. - Chapter 6 Automatic Compilation with make. - Creating a makefile. - Dependencies. - Abbreviations and Macros. - Search Directories. - Default Compilation Rules. - Invoking make. - Convenient Flags. - make and RCS. - A Note on Source Files. - Error Messages. - Some Final Notes. - Chapter 7 Source Management with RCS. - Revision Trees. - Basic Operations. - RCS Directories and Files. - The Revision Log. - Identification Strings. - Strict Access. - More About Checking In. - New and Old Generations. - Other Features. - States. - Names. - Changing a File's Description. - Access Lists. - Chapter 8 Program Timing and Profiling. - Simple Timings. - Introduction to Profiling. - Preparing a Program for Profiling. - Name Handling. - Generating a Profile with gprof. - Interpreting a Profile from gprof. - The Flat Profile. - The Call Graph Profile. - Profiling with prof. - Appendix A Extensions and Oddities: UNIX Compatibility Issues. - UNIX FORTRAN Compilers. - UNIX Extensions. - Data Types. - Constants. - Tab Formatting. - File Inclusion. - I/O Extensions. - Intrinsic Functions. - Extensions to Avoid. - Quirks. - Save Status and Zero Initialization. - Common Block Padding. - Argument Matching. - Capitalization. - Listings. - Miscellaneous. - Appendix B Programs Mixing FORTRAN and C. - Calling C Procedures from FORTRAN. - Naming. - Arguments to Procedures. - Appendix C Data Representations. - Data Representations. - Storage Layout. - Integer Representation. - Logicals. - Floating-Point Numbers. - Single Precision (REAL, REAL*4). - Double Precision. - COMPLEX. - Error Conditions. - Appendix D UNIX Error Numbers and Signals. - General UNIX Error Numbers. - FORTRAN-Specific Error Numbers. - Signals. - Index.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: List of figures. - List of plates. - List of tables. - Acknowledgements. - Preface. - Itinerary for Canadian portion of tour. - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. - Physiography and geology. - Quaternary geology. - Northern Yukon Territory and Mackenzie Delta. - Cordilleran Ice Sheet. - Montane glaciers of the southern Ogilvie Ranges. - Correlation and chronology. - Laurentide Glaciation. - Climate. - The Mackenzie Basin. - Northern Yukon. - Soils. - Distribution in the permafrost regions of Canada. - Distribution in Northwestern Canada. - Spil properties. - Patterned Ground Morphology. - Soil Texture and Rate of Decomposition. - Moisture and Ice Ccontent. - Soil Temperatures. - Micromorphology. - Cryoturbation. - Permafrost. - Distribution. - Thickness. - Active layer. - Ground ice. - Permafrost and climate change. - Vegetation. - Agriculture. - Overview. - Yukon. - Northwest Territories. - Forest resources. - Mining and exploration. - Overview. - Yukon. - Northwest Territories. - DESCRIPTION OF SOIL STOPS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. - Site 1, KM 4: Permafrost soil developed on organic terrain. - Organic soils in the Mackenzie Valley. - Mesic organic cryosol (Polygonal peat plateau). - Micromorphology. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Snow Depth, Active Layer Depth and Subsidence. - Site 2, KM 36: Permafrost soil developed on earth hummocks. - Orthic turbic cryosol, Peaty phase. - Micromorphology. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Snow Depth, Active Layer Thickness and Subsidence. - Site 3: Soil and permafrost development on recent alluvium. - Ecology of the Mackenzie Delta. - Mackenzie Delta ecosystems, Bonbardier Channel. - Site 4: Mackenzie River. - Site 5, KM 30: Richardson Mountains and glacial limit. - Site 6, KM 14: AUFEIS, or icing on James Creek. - Site 7, KM 5: Solifluction Site. - Site 8, KM 0: Continental divide, NWT/Yukon border. - Site 9, KM 425: Pediments and foothills, Richardson Transect. - Micromorphology. - Site 10, KM 403: Arctic circle. - Site 11, KM 400.5: Nonsorted circles (mudboils). - Origin of mudboils. - Orthic turbic cryosol associated with strongly cryoturbated materials. - Micromorphology. - Site 12, KM 366: Eagle plain monitoring site, Dempster Highway. - Soil Temperature and Moisture. - Micromorphology. - Site 13, KM 322: Forest fire site. - Site 14, KM 259: Peel River and Ogilvie Mountains Overview. - Site 15, KM 174: Sulphur Springs. - Site 16, KM 160-180: Tors on limestone ridges. - Site 17, KM 155: Calcareous soil on mid-pleistocene drift. - Brunisolic turbic cryosol. - Micromorphology. - Site 18, KM 115.5: Open-system Pingo. - Site 19, KM 96.5: Ice-wedge Polygons. - Site 20, KM 80: Frost mounds. - Site 21, KM 80: McConnell glacial limit. - Site 22, KM 77: Nonsorted circle site. - Micromorphology. - Site 23, KM 74: Tombstone Mountain Lookout. - Site 24: Midnight Dome Lookout. - Site 25: Agriculture on permafrost-affected soil. - Site 25a: The cleared soil. - Micromorphology. - Site 25b: The forested soil. - Micromorphology. - The impact of disturbance on soil physical properties. - Site 26: Placer gold mining in the Klondike District. - Site 27: Paleosols as indicators of past climate. - Wounded moose paleosol developed on Pre-Reid gravel. - Micromorphology. - Site 28: The effect of aspect on soil development. - Site 28a: Orthic dystric Brunisol (Southeast Aspect). - Micromorphology. - Site 28b: Regosolic Turbic cryosol (Northwest Aspect). - Site 29, KM 4: Sunnydale View. - Site 30, KM 53: Unglaciated Terrain - Tors and cryoplanation terraces. - Site 31, KM 102: Solifluction lobes and soil stripes. - Site 32, KM 107: Soils associated with sorted nets. - Orthic turbic cryosol. - References. - Appendices. - Appendix 1: The Canadian sysetm of soil classification. - Appendix 2: Methods. - Appendix 3: Glossary of micromorphological terms. - Appendix 4: Scientific and common names of plant species.

Note: Univ., Diplomarbeit--Bochum, 1992

Note: Univ., Diplomarbeit--Bochum, 1992

Note: CONTENTS: STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY. - The Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary in Russian Eurasia / Kirill V. Simakov. - Base Olenekian and Base Anisian Sequence Boundaries Produced by Triassic Circumpolar 'Synchronous' Transgressions / Atle Mørk, Alexander Y. Egorov, and Ashton F. Embry. - Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Franz Josef Land Archipelago, Arctic Russia - A Literature Review / Ashton F. Embry. - The Continental Triassic Biostratigraphy of the Timan-North Urals Region from Tetrapod Data / Igor V. Novikov. - Climatic Fluctuations and Other Events in the Mesozoic for the Siberian Arctic / Viktor A. Zakharov. - Lower Triassic Vertebrates from the North of Central Siberia / Michael A. Shishkin. - The Use of Parallel Bizonal Scales for Refined Correlation in the Jurassic of the Boreal Realm / Boris L. Nikitenko and Boris N. Shurygin. - Lower Toarcian Black Shales and Pliensbachian-Toarcian Crisis of the Biota of Siberian Paleoseas / Boris L. Nikitenko and Boris N. Shurygin. - Earliest Tertiary Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Arctic Ocean / Louie Marincovich, Jr. - Comparative Geology of Northern Chukotka and the Northern Canadian Cordillera / Yuri M. Bychkov and M. E. Gorodinsky. - Paleokarst in the Katakturuk Dolomite (Proterzoic), Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska / James G. Clough and Mark S. Robinson. - Pre-Mississippian Rocks in the Clarence and Malcolm Rivers Area, Alaska, and the Yukon Territory / John S. Kelley, Chester T. Wrucke, and Larry S. Lane. - Correlation of Pre-Carboniferous Carbonate Successions of Northern Alaska / Julie A. Dumoulin and Anita G. Harris. - Depositional Record of a Major Tectonic Transition in Northern Alaska: Middle Devonian to Mississippian Rift-Basin Margin Deposits, Upper Kongakut River Region, Eastern Brooks Range, Alaska / Arlene V. Anderson, Wesley K Wallace, and Charles G. Mull. - Deep-Water Facies of the Lisburne Group, West-Central Brooks Range, Alaska / Julie A. Dumoulin, Anita G. Harris, and Jeanine M. Schmidt. - Conodont Biostratigraphy and Biofacies of the Wahoo Limestone (Carboniferous), Eastern Sadlerochit Mountains, Brooks Range, Alaska / Andrea P. Krumhardt, Anita G. Harris, and Keith F. Watts. - Maastrichtian/Danian(?) Ostracode Assemblages from Northern Alaska: Paleoenvironments and Paleobiogeographic Relations / Elisabeth M. Brouwers and Patrick De Deckker. - Geological and Geochemical Analysis of the Aurora Well, Offshore of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area / Arthur C. Banet. - Correlation Study of Selected Exploration Wells from the North Slope and Beaufort Sea, Alaska / Susan M. Banet and James Scherr. - Correlation of the Pennsylvanian-Lower Cretaceous Succession Between Northwest Alaska and Southwest Sverdrup Basin: Implications for Hanna Trough Statigraphy / Ashton F. Embry, Michael B. Mickey, Hideyo Haga, and John H. Wall. - Stratigraphic and Seismic Analyses of Offshore Yakataga Formation Sections, Northeast Gulf of Alaska / Sarah D. Zellers and Martin B. Lagoe. - Statigraphy and Correlation of the Neoproterozoic Shaler Supergroup, Amundsen Basin, Northwestern Canada / Robert H. Rainbird. - Lower Paleozoic T-R Sequence Stratigraphy, Central Canadian Arctic / Tim A. de Freitas, Ulrich Mayr, and J. Christopher Harrison. - Silurian Foredeep and Accretionary Prism in Northern Ellesmere Island: Implications for the Nature of the Ellesmerian Orogeny / Marcia G. Bjørnerud and D. C. Bradley. - Uppermost Albian-Campanian Palynological Biostratigraphy of Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Islands (Canadian Arctic) / L. Koldo Núñez-Betelu, R. A. MacRae, L. V. Hills, and G.K Muecke. - STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS. - Triangle Zone Model for the Salt-Based Foldbelt in Canada's Arctic Islands / J. Christopher Harrison. - Subsidence Analysis and Tectonic Modeling of the Sverdrup Basin / Randell A. Stephenson, J. Boerstoel, A. F. Embry, and B. D. Rickerts. - Development of a Glaciated Arctic Continental Margin: Exemplified by the Western Margin of Svalbard / Espen S. Andersen, Anders Solheim, and Anders Elverhøi. - Basin Inversion and Thin-Skinned Deformation Associated with the Tertiary Transpressional West Spitsbergen Orogen / Arild Andresen, Steffen C. Burgh, and Pål Haremo. - The Geology of Franz Josef Land Archipelago, Russian Federation / Vitaly D. Dibner. - Triassic Marginal Basins of Northern and Eastern Europe and Evidence for Global Sea-Level Fluctuations / Vladlen R. Lozovsky. - Rift-and-Graben Systems of the Eurasian-Arctic Continental Margin / Edward V. Shipilov and E. V. Senin. - Accretionary History of Northeast Asia / Leonid N. Parfenov. - Paleomagnetism and the Kolyma Structural Loop / David B. Stone, Stephen G. Crumley, and Leonid M. Parfenov. - Major Tectonic Interpretation and Constraints for the New Siberian Islands Region, Russian Arctic / Mikhael K. Kos'ko. - Geology of Wrangel Island Between Chukchi and East Siberian Seas, Northeastern Russia - Excerpts from Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 461 / Mikhael K. Kos'ko, Michael P. Cecile, Victor G. Ganelin, Nikolai V. Khandoshkoy, and Boris G. Lopatin. - Precambrian Rocks in the Anadyr-Koryak Region / Oleg N. Ivanov. - Deep Structure of Mafic - Ultramafic Complexes in the Anadyr - Koryak Region / Yuri Ya. Vashchilov. - Accreted Mesozoic Oceanic Complexes of Koryak Superterrane, Northeastern Russia / Vladimir N. Grigoriev, Kirill A . Krylov, and Sergey D. Sokolov. - Reconnaissance Paleomagnetism of the Olyutorsky Superterrane, NE Russia / Alexander Heiphetz, William Harbert, and Leonid Savostin. - Preliminary Reconniassance Paleomagnetism of Some Late Mesozoic Ophiolites, Kuyul Region, Northern Kayak Superterrane, Russia / Alexander Heiphetz, William Harbert, and Paul Layer. - The Gankuvayam Section, Kuyul Ophiolitic Terrane, as a Type Ophiolitic Section on the Arctic Margin of the Russian Far East / Ivan V. Panchenko. - Tectono-Magmatic Environments Within Continent-to-Ocean Transition Zone of the Northwestern Pacific / Oleg N. Ivanov. - Stratigraphy, Structure, and Origin of the Franklinian, Northeast Chukchi Basin, Arctic Alaska Plate / Kirk W. Sherwood. - Early Tertiary Wrench Faulting in the North Chukchi Basin, Chukchi Sea, Alaska / Richard T. Lothamer. - Apatite Fission-Track Evidence of Episodic Early Cretaceous to Late Tertiary Cooling and Uplift Events, Central Brooks Range, Alaska / John M. Murphy, Paul B. O'Sullivan, and Andrew J. W. Gleadow. - The Cenozoic Structural Evolution of the Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska / Catherine L. Hanks, Wesley K. Wallace, and Paul O'Sullivan. - Timing of Tertiary Episodes of Cooling in Response to Uplift and Erosion, Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska / Paul B. O'Sullivan. - GEOPHYSICS OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS. - A New Crustal Model of the Lincoln Sea Polar Margin / Malcolm Argyle, David A. Forsyth, Andrew V. Okulitch, and Del Huston. - A New Plate Kinematic Model of Canada Basin Evolution / Larry S. Lane. - The Age of the Amerasia Basin / Ashton F. Embry and James Dixon. - Implications for Canada Basin Development from the Crustal Structure of the Southern Beaufort Sea-MacKenzie Delta Area / Randell A. Stephenson, K. C. Coflin, L. S. Lane, and J. R. Dietrich. - A Preliminary Analysis of Potential Field Data in the Southern Chukchi Sea / Bruce M. Hennan and Susan A. Zerwick. - Seismicity of the Amerasian Arctic Shelf and its Relationship to Tectonic Features / Kazuya Fujita and Boris M. Koz'min. - Generalized Rheological Model of the Lithosphere and Plate Tectonics / Vladimir P. Pan and Y. P. Zmiyensky. - The Arctic Geodynamic System: Its Boundaries, Deep Geology and Structural Evolution / Igor S. Gramberg and Y. E. Pogrebitsky. - QUATERNARY AND MARINE GEOLOGY. - The Quaternary Deposits of the Barents Sea and Valdai Glaciation of the Eurasian Arctic Shelf / Lev R. Merklin, N. N. Dunaev, O. V. Levchenko, and Yu. A. Pavlidis. - Deep Ice Scour and Mass Wasting Features on the Northern Svalbard Insular Shelf and Slope / Norman Z. Cherkis, M. D. Max, A. Midthassel, K. Crane,

Note: 1. Peierls Framework for Analysis of Dislocation Nucleation from a Crack Tip2. Advances in Characterization of Elastic-Plastic Crack-Tip Fields -- 3. Constraint and Stress State Effects in Ductile Fracture -- 4. Void Growth in Plastic Solids -- 5. Crack Blunting and Void Growth Models for Ductile Fracture -- 6. Global and Local Approaches of Fracture - Transferability of Laboratory Test Results to Components -- 7. Growth of Cracks By Intergranular Cavitation in Creep -- 8. Cracking and Fatigue in Fiber-Reinforced Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites -- 9. Metal Fatigue - A New Perspective -- 10. Reflections on Contributions to Deformation and Fracture..

Note: Contents: Introduction. - 1 Atmosphere: Origin, Composition, and Structure. - Understanding the Atmosphere. - Evolution of the Atmosphere. - Probing the Atmosphere. - Temperature Profile of the Atmosphere. - The Ionosphere and the Aurora. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Martian Atmosphere. - Special Topic: The Ionosphere and Radio Transmission. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 2 Radiation. - Electromagnetic Radiation. - Radiation Laws. - Input of Solar Radiation. - Solar Radiation and the Atmosphere. - The Ozone Shield. - Solar Radiation and the Earth's Surface. - Solar Radiation Budget. - Infrared Response and the Greenhouse Effect. - Radiation Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Why Is the Sky Blue?. - Special Topic: The Hazards of Sunbathing. - Weather Fact: Greenhouse Effect on Mars and Venus. - Mathematical Note: Blackbody Radiation Laws. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 3 Heat and Temperature. - Distinguishing Heat and Temperature. - Temperature Scales. - Temperature Measurement. - Heat Units. - Transport of Heat. - Specific Heat. - Heating and Cooling Degree-days. - Windchill. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Temperature and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Temperature and Crop Yields. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 4 Heat Imbalances and Weather. - Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere Versus Earth's Surface. - Heat Imbalance: Variation by Latitude. - Weather: Response to Heat Imbalances. - Variation of Air Temperature. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Unique Thermal Properties of Water. - Special Topic: Solar Power. - Weather Fact: Why Mountaintops Are Cold. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions . - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 5 Air Pressure. - Defining Air Pressure. - Pressure Balance. - Variation with Altitude. - Horizontal Variations. - Highs and Lows. - Air Pressure Measurement. - Pressure Units. - The Gas Law. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Human Response to Changes in Air Pressure. - Special Topic: Altimetry. - Mathematical Note: The Gas Law. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 6 Humidity and Stability. - The Hydrologic Cycle. - How Humid Is It?. - The Saturation Concept. - Relative Humidity. - Humidification. - Humidity Measurement. - Achieving Saturation. - Atmospheric Stability. - Lifting Processes. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Humidity and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Clouds by Mixing. - Weather Fact: The Rainiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Energy Conservation and the Dry Adiabatic Process. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 7 Dew, Frost, Fog, and Clouds. - Low-Level Saturation Processes. - Cloud Development. - Classification of Clouds. - Unusual Clouds. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Freeze Prevention. - Special Topic: Jack Frost and Autumn Color. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 8 Precipitation, Weather Modification, and Atmospheric Optics. - Precipitation Processes. - Forms of Precipitation. - Precipitation Measurement. - Weather Modification. - Atmospheric Optics. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: When Is It Too Cold or Too Warm to Snow?. - Special Topic: Mirages. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 9 The Wind. - The Forces. - Joining Forces. - Continuity of Wind. - Scales of Weather Systems. - Wind Pressure. - Wind Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Power. - Special Topic: Wind Gusts, Wind Shear, and Atmospheric Stability. - Weather Fact: The Windiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Geostrophic and Gradient Winds. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 10 Planetary-Scale Circulation. - Idealized Circulation Pattern. - Pressure Systems and Wind Belts. - Upper-Air Westerlies. - El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The ENSO Event of 1982-83. - Mathematical Note: The Polar Front and the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 11 Air Masses, Fronts, Cyclones, and Anticyclones by Patrìda M. Pauley. - Air Masses. - Frontal Weather. - Midlatitude Cyclones. - Anticyclones. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Case of the Missing Storm. - Mathematical Note: Vorticity. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 12 Local and Regional Circulation Systems. - Monsoons. - Land and Sea (or Lake) Breezes. - Lake-Effect Snows. - Heat Island Circulation. - Katabatic Winds. - Chinook Winds. - Desert Winds. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Conclusion. - Special Topic: Monsoon Failure and Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 13 Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Life Cycle. - Thunderstorm Genesis. - Geographical Distribution. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Hazards. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Lightning Safety. - Special Topic: Hail Suppression. - Weather Fact: The Rumble of Thunder. - Key Terms. - Summary Statement. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 14 Tornadoes. - Tornado Characteristics. - Distribution of Tornadoes. - Hazards of Tornadoes. - The F-Scale. - The Tornado-Thunderstorm Connection. - Tornado Look-Alikes. - Weather Radar. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Profilers. - Weather Fact: Tornado Oddities. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 15 Hurricanes. - Hurricane Characteristics. - Distribution of Hurricanes. - Hazards of Hurricanes. - Life Cycle of Tropical Storms. - Hurricane Threat to the Southeast. - Hurricane Modification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Atlantic Hurricanes and West African Rainfall. - Weather Fact: Naming Hurricanes. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 16 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - World Meteorological Organization. - Acquisition of Weather Data. - Meteorology by Satallite. - Data Depiction on Weather Maps. - Weather Prediction. - Communication and Dissemination. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Weather Proverbs: Fact or Fiction?. - Special Topic: Aviation Weather Hazards. - Mathematical Note: Some Orbital Characteristics of Weather Satellites. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 17 Air Pollution Meteorology. - Air Pollutants. - Air Pollution Episodes. - Air Pollution's Impact on Weather. - The Ozone Shield. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Principal Air Pollutants. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 18 World Climates. - Describing Climate. - Climate Controls. - Global Patterns of Climate. - Climate Classification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: 1816, The Year Without a Summer?. - Special Topic: Agroclimatic Compensation: The Be

Note: 1 INTRODUCTION 9 --- 1.1 General Remarks 11 --- 1.2 Remote Sensing and Forest Damage 11 --- 1.3 Aerial and terrestrial Inventory 13 --- 2 COLOUR-INFRARED FILM 15 --- 2.1 General characteristics of films 17 --- 2.1.1 Film structure and dimensions 17 --- 2.1.2 Image structure characteristics 17 --- 2.1.3 Sensitometric characteristics 17 --- 2.1.4 Other characteristics 19 --- 2.2 Film material 19 --- 2.2.1 Characteristics of KODAK Aerochrome II Infrared 2443 (second edition) 19 --- 2.2.1.1 Properties 19 --- 2.2.1.2 Film handling and processing for small format cameras 21 --- 2.2.1.3 Control and standardisation of colour quality 21 --- 2.2.2 Characteristics of KODAK Aerochrome II Infrared Special Order 134 22 --- 2.2.3 Characteristics of other CIR- film material 22 --- 2.3 General recommendations 22 --- 2.3.1 Storage of unexposed films 22 --- 2.3.2 Processing of exposed film 23 --- 2.3.3 Clearance 23 --- 2.3.4 Storage of the aerial photographs and organisation of a library 23 --- 3 FLIGHT PARAMETERS 25 --- 3.1 Preliminary remarks 27 --- 3.2 Equipment and Material 27 --- 3.2.1 The aircraft 27 --- 3.2.2 The camera 27 --- 3.3 Pre-flight planning and flight conditions 29 --- 3.4 Call for tenders and the contract for the aerial photography 31 --- 4 INVENTORY CONCEPT 35 --- 4.1 Preliminary remarks 37 --- 4.2 Selection criteria foran inventory concept 37 --- 4.3 Systematics for forest damage inventories 38 --- 4.4 Inventory concepts for inventories on a regional or countrywide scale 38 --- 4.4.1 One-stage sampling 39 --- 4.4.2 Multistage Sampling 39 --- 4.4.2.1 Sample Level: Aerial photography 39 --- 4.4.2.2 Sample Level: Aerial photographs to be evaluated 41 --- 4.4.2.3 Sample Level: Sample points to be selected 42 --- 4.4.2.4 Sample Level: Selection of trees 43 --- 4.5 Inventories for forest districts or local areas 44 --- 4.5.1 One-stage sampling 44 --- 4.5.2 Two-stage sampling 46 --- 4.6 Assessment and monitoring of permanent test sites and specific stands 47 --- 4.6.1 General remarks 47 --- 4.6.2 Inventory concept 47 --- 4.6.3 How to find the test site in aerial photographs 47 --- 4.6.4 General evaluation techniques 48 --- 4.6.5 Application of terrestrial photographs 49 --- 4.6.6 The application of remote sensing to the intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems (Level 2 Programme) 50 --- 4.6.6.1 Description of each option 50 --- 4.6.6.2 Repetition 53 --- 4.6.6.3 Output 53 --- 4.6.6.4 Critical review of aerial photography versus terrestrial survey 54 --- 5 PHOTOINTERPRETATION 57 --- 5.1 Interpretation of CIR aerial photographs for the assessment of forest conditions 59 --- 5.1.1 Preliminary-remark 59 --- 5.1.2. Requirements 59 --- 5.1.3 Applicability 60 --- 5.1.4 Construction of Interpretation Keys 60 --- 5.1.5 Main criteria of classification 60 --- 5.1.5.1 Crown thinning characteristics 60 --- 5.1.5.2 Chlorosis characteristics 61 --- 5.1.5.3 Special characteristics 61 --- 5.1.6 Verification and adjustment 62 --- 5.1.7 Glossary 62 --- 5.2 Interpretation Keys for the assessment of crown condition of European tree species 65 --- 5.2.1 Interpretation Key for Norway Spruce (Picea abies) 65 --- 5.2.2 Interpretation Key for Beech (Fagus sylvatica) 77 --- 5.2.3 Interpretation Key for Oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petrea) 85 --- 5.2.4 Interpretation Key for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) 93 --- 5.2.5 Interpretation Key for Silver Fir (Abies alba) 103 --- 5.2.6 Interpretation Key for Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) 111 --- 5.2.7 Interpretation Key for European Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 117 --- 5.2.8 Interpretation Key for Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) 123 --- 5.2.9 Interpretation Key for Machia 129 --- 5.2.10 Interpretation Key for Umbrella Pine (Pinus pinea) 135 --- 5.2.11 Interpretation Key for Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) 141 --- 5.2.12 Interpretation Key for Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) 147 --- 5.2.13 Interpretation Key for Black Pine (Pinus nigra, var.austriaca) 153 --- 5.2.14 Interpretation Key for Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) 157 --- 5.2.15 Interpretation Key for Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) 163 --- 5.2.16 Interpretation Key for European Larch (Larix decidua) 169 --- 5.2.17 Interpretation Key for Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 175 --- 5.3 Interpretation Key for stand damage levels in medium scaled CIR- aerial photographs. 181 --- 5.4 Interpretation key for determining the natural age class of forest stands 185 --- 5.5 Compilation of additional Interpretation Keys 193 --- 5.6 Requirement profile for aerial photograph - interpreters and their training 194 --- 5.7 Preparation of interpretation work 195 --- 5.8 Conduction of interpretation work 196 --- 5.8.1 Perception and interpretation of aerial photographs 196 --- 5.8.2 Control check of the interpretation 197 --- 5.9 Visual interpretation versus densitometric measurement 198 --- 5.10 Interpretation instruments 198 --- 6 STATISTICS 201 --- 6.1 Statistical analysis 203 --- 6.1.1 Selection of single trees 203 --- 6.1.2 Selection of trees on sample plots 204 --- 6.1.3 Confidence intervals for more than 2 classes 204 --- 6.1.4 Sample size for estimating proportions 205 --- 6.2 Estimation of changes over time 206 --- 6.2.1 Overlap of confidence intervals 206 --- 6.2.2 Proportion of plots or trees without any change 207 --- 6.2.3 Change matrices 207 --- 6.2.4 Coefficients of agreement 208 --- 6.3 Spatial statistics 210 --- 6.4 Statistical software 210 --- 7 Bibliography 211

Note: Contents: Primulaceae. - 1. Primula L. - 2. Androsace L. - 3. Glaux L. - 4. Lysimachia L. - Plumbaginaceae. - 1. Goniolimon Boiss. - 2. Limonium Mill. - Oleaceae. - 1. Fraxinus L. - Loganiaceae. - Buddleja L. - Gentianaceae. - 1. Centaurium Hill. - 2. Gentiana L. - 3. Nymphoides Seguier. - Apocynaceae. - 1. Apocynum L. - 2. Poacynum Baill. - Asclepiadaceae. - 1. Periploca L. - 2. Cynanchum L. - Convolvulaceae. - 1. Convovulus L. - 2. Calystegia R. Br. - 3. Cuscuta L. - Hydrophyllaceae. - 1. Phacelia Juss. - Boraginaceae. - 1. Rindera Pall. - 2. Heliotropium L. - 3. Messerschmidia L. ex Hebenstr. - 4. Symphytum L. - 5. Rochelia Reichb. - 6. Asperugo L. - 7. Gastrocotyle Bge. - 8. Nonea Medic. - 9. Lycopsis L. - 10. Heterocarpum DC. - 11. Cynoglossum L. - 12. Lappula V. Wolf. - 13. Stenosolenium Turcz. - 14. Trigonotis Stev. - 15. Lepechiniella M. Pop. - 16. Arnebia Forsk. - 17. Onosma L. - 18. Lithospermum L. - 19. Echium L. - Verbenaceae. - 1. Caryopteris Bge. - Labiatae. - 1. Amethystea L. - 2. Scutellaria L. - 3. Marrubium L. - 4. Lagopsis Bge. ex Benth. - 5. Schizonepeta (Benth.) Briq. - 6. Lallemantia Fisch. et Mey. - 7. Dracocephalum L. - 8. Nepeta L. - 9. Eremostachys Bge. - 10. Phlomis L. - 11. Leonurus L. - 12. Panzeria Moench. - 13. Lagochilus Bge. - 14. Stachys L. - 15. Charmaesphacos Schrenk. - 16. Salvia L. - 17. Clinopodium L. - 18. Ziziphora L. - 19. Hyssopus L. - 20. Thymus L. - 21. Mentha L. - 22. Lycopus L. - 23. Elsholtzia Willd. - 24. Plectranthus L'Her. - Solanaceae. - 1. Lycium L. - 2. Solanum L. - 3. Hyoscyamus L. - 4. Datura L. - Scrophulariaceae. - 1. Veronicastrum Heist. ex Farbic. - 2. Veronica L. - 3. Linaria Mill. - 4. Limosella L. - 5. Leptorhabdos Schrenk. - 6. Scrophularia L. - 7. Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey. - 8. Dodartia L. - 9. Omphalothrix Maxim. - 10. Euphrasia L. - 11. Odontites Ludw. - 12. Pedicularis L. - 13. Cymbaria L. - 14. Siphonostegia Benth. - Bignoniaceae. - 1. Incarvillea Juss. - Orobanchiaceae. - 1. Orobanche L. - 2. Cistanche Hoffmg. et Link. - Lentibulariaceae. - 1. Utricularia L. - Plantaginaceae. - 1. Plantago L. - Rubiaceae. - 1. Microphysa Schrenk. - 2. Galium L. - 3. Rubia L. - 4. Leptodermis Wall. - Caprifoliaceae. - 1. Lonicera L. - 2. Viburnum L. - 3. Sambucus L. - Valerianaeceae. - 1. Patrinia Juss. - Dipsaceae. - 1. Scabiosa L. - Campanulaceae. - 1. Adenophora Fisch. - 2. Lobelia L. - Compositae. - I. Eupatorieae. - 1. Eupatorium L. - II. Asterae Cass. - 2. Heteropappus Less. - 3. Aster L. - 4. Asterothamnus Novopokr. - 5. Galatella Cass. - 6. Linosyris Cass. - 7. Arctogeron DC. - 8. Tripolium Nees. - 9. Brachyactis Ledeb. - 10. Erigeron L. - 11. Conyza L. - III. Heliantheae. - 12. Xanthium L. - 13. Siegesbeckia L. - 14. Bidens L. - IV. Anthemideae. - 15. Achillea l. - 16. Tripleuospermum Sch. Bip. - 17. Tanacetum L. - 18. Hippolytia Poljak. - 19. Cancrinia Kar. et Kir. - 20. Brachanthemum DC. - 21. Dendranthema (DC,) Des. Moul. - 22. Stilpnolepis Krasch. - 23. Ajania Poljak. - 24. Filifolium Kitam. - 25. Kaschgaria Poljak. - 26. Elachanthemum Ling et Y. R. Ling. - 27. Neopallasia Poljak. - 28. Artemisia L. - V. Senecioneae. - 29. Senecio L. - 30. Ligularia Cass. - VI. Inuleae. - 31. Karelinia Less. - 32. Filago L. - 33. Leontopodium R. Brown. - 34. Gnaphalium L. - 35. Helichrysum Mill. - 36. Inula L. - 37. Pulicaria Gaertn. - VII. Echinopsideae. - 38. Echinops L. - VIII. Cynareae. - 39. Carlina L. - 40. Tugarinovia Iljin. - 41. Arctium L. - 42. Acroptilon Cass. - 43. Cousinia Cass. - 44. Olgaea Iljin. - 45. Ancathia DC. - 46. Carduus L. - 47. Cirsium Mill. emend. Scop. - 48. Silybum Adans. - 49. Oligochaeta C. Koch. - 50. Saussurea DC. - 51. Pilostemon Iljin. - 52. Jurinea Cass. - 53. Onopordum L. - 54. Russowia C. Winkl. - 55. Plagiobasis Schrenk. - 56. Serratula L. - 57. Schischkinia Iljin. - 58. Chartolepis Cass. - 59. Stemmacantha Cass. - 60. Amberboa (Pers.) Less. - 61. Hyalea (DC.) Jaub. et Spach. - 62. Centaurea L. - 63. Carthamus L. - IX. Cichorieae. - 64. Cichorium L. - 65. Garhadiolus Jaub. et Spach. - 66. Koelpinia Pall. - 67. Heteracia Fisch. et Mev. - 68. Achyrophorus Adans. - 69. Picris L. - 70. Epilasia (Bge.) Benth. et Hook. - 71. Scorzonera L. - 72. Tragopogon L. - 73. Taraxacum Wigg. - 74. Paramicrophynchus Kirp. - 75. Sonchus L. - 76. Cephalorrhynchus Boiss. - 77. Lactuca L. - 78. Chondrilla L. - 79. Hexinia H. L. Yang, gen. nov. in Addenda. - 80. Hieracium L. - 81. Crepis L. - 82. Ixeris Cass. - 83. Youngia Cass. - Addenda Diagnoses Taxorum Novarum. , Titel und Text in chines. Schr. , Nomenclature also in Latin.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - Legend. - Chapter 1. Basic Directions of Snow and Ice Thermal Physics Study. - 1. Analysis of traditional theoretical and experimental methods. - 2. New methodological point of view on the thermal physics of snow-ice masses. - 3. Conditions of initial data. - 4. Complex heat transfer within the system "space-atmosphere-earth surface". - 5. Optical and thermophysical properties of snow and ice. - Chapter 2. General Statement of the Problem of Radiative Thermophysics. - 1. Absorption and scattering of light in optical-heterogeneous media. - 2. Optical phenomenological models and parameters of radiation transfer in light-scattering media (LSM). - 3. Distribution of absorbed radiation flux in the unlimited layer of LSM. - 4. Optical models and snow and ice characteristics as LSM ones. - 5. Influence of boundary conditions upon thermal regime of lightscattering snow-ice layer. - 6. Statements of basic problems of radiative thermal physics of snow and ice. - Chapter 3. Thermal Regime of Snow-Ice Cover. - 1. Estimation of heat processes characteristics of snow-ice covers. - 2. Oscillating external sources. - 3. Radiative-conductive mechanism of snow and ice heating. - 4. Thermal regime of combined snow-ice layers. - 5. Melting in snow-ice media under conditions of radiative heat transfer. - 6. Thermo-radiative heating and balance of the upper part of active layer of antarctic snow-ice covers. - Chapter 4. The Model of Metamorphic Evolution of Snow and Ice. - 1. Influence of radiation fluxes upon icy crystals of snow cover. - 2. Mechanism of sublimation under forming of snow cover. - 3. Phenomenological picture of sublimation in snow medium. - 4. The model of radiative-thermal regime under sublimation. - 5. Thermal regime of snow and ice under conditions of evaporation and condensation. - 6. On nature of snow and ice metamorphism. - Chapter 5. Radiative Thermophysics of Snow-Ice Masses in Practical utilization. - 1. Heat regime of snow-ice cover under thermoregulative film. - 2. Influence upon surface melting of glaciers. - 3. Antarctic experiments on artificial increase of ablation. - 4. Artificial increase of ablation control. - 5. Ecological aspects of artificial increase of ablation. - 6. Cooling in polar regions. - Chapter 6. Thermophysics of Antarctic Lakes. - 1. Natural conditions of oases. - 2. Types of antarctic lakes. - 3. One-dimensional heat problem. - 4. Simplification of the model. - 5. Thermal regime of fresh and saline lakes. - 6. Phenomenon of fresh-saline stratified lakes. - 7. Stationary model including mass transfer. - 8. Thermal regime of fresh-saline lake Vanda. - Chapter 7. Space Glaciology. - 1. Ice in Solar system. - 2. Radiative thermophysics of ice under cosmic conditions. - 3. Ice of cometary nuclei. - 4. Heat-balance models of 'radiative thermophysics of cometary nuclei. - Conclusion. - References. - Index. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - 1.0 Introduction. - 2.0 Geo-referenced data base. - 3.0 Polar stereographic elevation grid. - 4.0 Goid grid. - Tables. - Appendix. - References.

Note: Text in Englisch und Arabisch

Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 91 - 31 March 92). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 92 - 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 93). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Objective Background Strength measurement techniques Triaxial compression Direct shear Shear annulus device CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Discussion Comparison of methods Influence of soil conditions Traction prediction Conclusions References Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Traction test methods Saab friction tester Uniroyal-Goodrich traction tester CRREL Instrumented Vehicle Surfaces tested Reporting results and terminology Factors influencing traction Results Traction curves for each surface Traction coefficients Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Vehicle instrumentation and samples of graphic output Appendix B: Comparison of measured traction coefficients with published andpredicted values Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of the study Control of river ice formation Control methods Controlled ice-cover formation for the upper Ohio River Numerical simulation of ice-cover formation Flow profile Water temperature variation Frazil ice growth Ice-cover progression Thermal growth of ice cover Numerical results Illustration of simulated ice-:over formation Ice-cover formation in the Hannibal and Montgomery pools Generalized results Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Expression for coefficients Appendix B: Listing of computer program

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Experimental equipment and methods Gas gun Snow target assembly Data acquisition Experimental procedure Measured data Stress histories Snow characterization Data analysis Recommendations Experimental methods Experimental needs Summary Literature cited Appendix A : Stress-time data plots Appendix B: Tabulated stress-time data Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical formulation Limiting cases of the governing equations Nondimensionalization scheme Numerical solutions and comparison to experiments Unconstrained Coulomb flow model with constant bed friction Unconstrained Coulomb flow with boundary drag term Conclusions and remarks Literature cited Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Executive summary Introduction Regional divisions Zone A - rock and ice roads Zone B - local ice Zone C - traverse Zone D - ice edge Zone E - remote field site Zone F - inland station Current transportation needs in Antarctica Future transportation needs Transportation analysis Personnel transport Cargo transport Summary of analysis Recommendations for changes to U.S. vehicle fleet Conclusions and summary of findings Literature cited Appendix A: Age distribution of NSF surface vehicles Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction EM 31 Sounding concepts Previous EMI studies Beaufort Sea field trials EM 31 Conductivity reading versus sea ice thickness General comments Literature cited Abstract

Note: Contents Preface Nomenclature Introduction Field surveys Methods and paraphernalia Results Sloping bottom effects and critical angle phenomena Deconvolution and thin layers Well-separated echoes Thin ice layers Thin layers of water Observations Literature cited Abstract

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS ECOLOGY 1 Sea ice: its formation, distribution and properties 2 Ice-associated ecosystems 3 Ice diatoms 4 Techniques for sampling sea-ice algae 5 The Antarctic planktonic ecosystem 6 Some aspects of the large-scale physical oceanography of the Arctic Ocean influencing biological oceanography 7 Arctic planktonic ecosystems 8 Arctic plankton diatoms: dominant species, biogeography 9 The paleontological significance of fossil diatoms from the high-latitude oceans TAXONOMY 10 Key to diatom families and glossary 11 Family Thalassiosiraceae Section 1: the genera Skeletonema, Pororsira, Bacterosira, and Detonula and the genus Thalassiosira from the Arctic Section 2: the genus Thalassiosira from the Antarctic 12 Family Leptocylindraceae: the genus Corethron 13 Family Coscinodiscaceae: the genus Stellarima 14 Family Hemidiscaceae: the genera Actinocyclus and Azpeitia 15 Family Rhizosoleniaceae: the genera Rhizosolenia and Proboscia 16 Family Biddulphiaceae: the genus Eucampia 17 Family Diatomaceae: the genera Thalassiothrix and Trichotoxon 18 Family Naviculaceae: Arctic species of the genera Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Haslea, Navicula, Pinnularia, Pleurosigma, Stauroneis and Stenoneis 19 Family Naviculaceae: the genera Plagiotropis, Manguinea, Membraneis, and Banquisia 20 Family Naviculaceae: the genus Pseudogomphonema 21 Family Auriculaceae and Bacillariaceae: the genera Auricula, Hantzschia, and Nitzschia 22 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Pseudonitzschia 23 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Nitzschiella 24 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Fragilariopsis BIBLlOGRAPHY

Note: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Note: Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Habil.-Schr.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Appendix 4: Geological map of the Suomenniemi complex 〈1: 100000〉 , Zugl.: Helsinki, Univ., Diss., 1991

Note: Masterarbeit, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, 1992 , Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 introduction 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Literature review 1.3.1 Overland flow 1.3.2 Overland flow from partial areas 1.3.3 Subsurface stormflow 1.3.4 The variable source area subsurface stormtlow concept 1.3.5 Groundwater and the capillary fringe effect 1.3.6 Preferential flow 1.3.6.1 Macropore flow 1.3.6.2 Unstable flow 1.4 Summary of uncertainties in the vadose zone Chapter 2 Methodology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Harp 4-21 basin: site description 2.2.1 Basin topography 2.2.2 Bedrock and surficial geology 2.2.3 Vegetation 2.2.4 General hydrology 2.3 Basin instrumentatio 2.3.1 Stream 2.3.2 Phreatic zone 2.3.3 Vadose zone 2.3.3.1 Soil moisture 2.3.3.2 Preferential flowpaths 2.4 Hillslope transect instrumentation 2.4.1 The hillslope transect 2.4.2 Time domain reflectometry 2.4.3 Vadose water extraction 2.5 Sampling techniques, frequency and chemical analyses 2.5.1 Precipitation 2.5.2 Stream 2.5.3 Phreatic zone 2.5.4 Vadose zone 2.5.4.1 Soil moisture measurement and analysis of the TDR trace 2.5.4.2 Vadose water sampling 2.5.5 Chemical analysis Chapter 3 Results and Discussion: Antecedent Moisture Conditions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Runoff events ~ampled during the May 1990 - April 1991 field season 3.3 Assessment of antecedent moisture conditions in the Harp 4-21 basin 3.3.1 Seasonal basin yield 3.3.2 Seasonal depth to water-table 3.3.3 Tensiometric data 3.3.4 Soil moisture conditions in the hillslope transect (Time Domain Reflectometry) 3.3.4.1 Soil water content/depth to water-table relationship 3.3.4.2 Estimation of the capillary fringe thickness and the temporal variation of basin area in which it extends to the ground surface 3.4 Assessment of the origin of water in the vadose zone of near-stream and lower slope areas which experience significant water-table responses during runoff generating events 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Near-stream 07 piezometer nest 3.4.3 Lower slope TD4 mini-piezometer nest Chapter 4 Preferential flowpathways: Results and discussion 4.1. Discharge contributions to streamflow during runoff events 4.2. Assessment of the origin of water emmitted from the soil pipes during runoff events Chapter 5 Conclusions References Appendix I Appendix II Appendix Ill Appendix IV Appendix V , Englisch

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / Ming-ko Woo and Denis J. Gregor No Great Change: A Commentary on 50 Years of Watching Arctic Science / F. Kenneth Hare Arctic Climate in the Future / David Etkin and Tom Agnew Ice and Snow in the Arctic and Global Change / Peter Adams Snow, Sea· Ice and Climate: A Study of Scales / Ellsworth F. LeDrew and David G. Barber Past Climate Changes as Deduced from Canadian Ice Cores / Roy M. Koerner Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Chemical Composition of the Arctic Troposphere / Leonard A. Barrie Organic Micropollutants in Arctic Snow and Pim / Denis J. Gregor Climatic Change and the Permafrost Landscape / Antoni G. Lewkowicz Arctic Streamflow / Ming-ko Woo Ecology and Palaeocology of the Northern Treeline / Glen M. MacDonald and K. Gajewski Climate Change and its Effects on Canadian Arctic Plant Communities / Sylvia A. Edlund Environmental Change and Prehistory in Arctic Canada / Patricia D. Sutherland Concluding Remarks / George D. Hobson Glossary