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  • Articles  (600)
  • Mice  (600)
  • 1990-1994  (600)
  • Medicine  (600)
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  • Articles  (600)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multisensory control of escape in the cockroach Penplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Antennae ; Toads ; Mice ; Mantids ; Spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Interactions of cockroaches with 4 different predator species were recorded by videography. Some predators, especially spiders, struck from relatively short distances and usually contacted a cockroach prior to initiation of escape (Table 1, Fig. 3). This touch frequently occurred on an antenna. Cockroaches turned away from the side on which an antenna was touched. 2. We then measured the success of escape from predators for cockroaches with either cerci or antennae ablated. Only antennal removal caused a significant decrease in the success of escape from spiders (Fig. 5). 3. With controlled stimuli, cockroaches responded reliably to abrupt touch of antennae, legs or body (Fig. 6). Responses resembled wind-elicited escape: they consisted of a short latency turn (away from the stimulus) followed by running (Figs. 7, 8). However, lesions show that touchevoked escape does not depend on the giant interneuron system (Table 2). 4. Following section of one cervical connective, cockroaches continued to respond to touching either antenna, but often turned inappropriately toward, rather than away from, stimuli applied to the antenna contralateral to the severed connective (Table 3, Fig. 10). 5. For certain types of predators touch may be a primary cue by which cockroaches detect predatory attack. Descending somatosensory pathways for escape are distinct from the GI system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in murine lymphocytes induced by aflatoxin B1 (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Lymphocytes ; Mice ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This investigation sought to determine whether splenic lymphocytes obtained from Balb/C mice exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) showed any ultrastructural changes which could account for the immunodysfunction attributable to aflatoxins. Lymphocytes obtained from Balb/C mice administered aflatoxin B1 in olive oil daily for three weeks were studied using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The lymphocytes demonstrated ultrastructural changes primarily in the mitochondria where marked internal dissociation of the cristae was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. All other cellular organelles were unaffected. No significant alterations in external structure were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The findings of this study indicate that AFB1 administration does not affect the surface topography of lymphocytes, but AFB1, by causing extensive mitochondrial damage, may affect the way in which these cells function. This could be a possible explanation for the immunodysfunction associated with AFB1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103973
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Un vivo depletion of murine CD8 positive T cells impairs survival during infection with a highly virulent strain ofCryptococcus neoformans (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Host defense ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Mice ; Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cell-mediated immunity plays an important but incompletely understood role in host defense againstCryptococcus neoformans. Because of their multiple capacities as cytokine-secreting cells, cytotoxic cells, and antigen-specific suppressor cells, CD8 positive T lymphocytes could potentially either enhance or impair host defense againstC. neoformans. To determine whether CD8 T cells enhance or inhibit host defence during an infection with a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans, we examined the effect of in vivo CD8 cell depletion on suNival and on the number of organisms in mice infected by either the intratracheal or intravenous routes. Adequacy of depletion was confirmed both phenotypically and functionally. Regardless of the route of infection, we found that survival of mice depleted of CD8 T cells was significantly reduced compared to undepleted mice. Surprisingly, however, CD8 depletion did not alter organism burden measured by quantitative CFU assay in mice infected by either route. These data demonstrate that CD8 positive T cells participate in the immune response to a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans. By contrast to minimally virulent isolates that do not cause a life threatening infection, the immune response to a highly virulent isolate does not alter the burden of organisms, but does enhance host defense as it is necessary for the optimal survival of infected mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103969
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  • 4
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    Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Activation of the serine-threonine kinase p34cdc2 at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle leads to cell death that resembles apoptosis. Premature activation of p34cdc2 was shown to be required for apoptosis induced by a lymphocyte granule protease. The kinase was rapidly activated and tyrosine dephosphorylated at the initiation of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation and nuclear collapse could be prevented by blocking p34cdc2 activity with excess peptide substrate, or by inactivating p34cdc2 in a temperature-sensitive mutant. Premature p34cdc2 activation may be a general mechanism by which cells induced to undergo apoptosis initiate the disruption of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, L -- Nishioka, W K -- Th'ng, J -- Bradbury, E M -- Litchfield, D W -- Greenberg, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonucleases/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Induction ; Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Phosphorylation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Induction of cellular senescence in immortalized cells by human chromosome 1 (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-09
    Description: The control of cellular senescence by specific human chromosomes was examined in interspecies cell hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and an immortal, Syrian hamster cell line. Most such hybrids exhibited a limited life span comparable to that of the human fibroblasts, indicating that cellular senescence is dominant in these hybrids. Karyotypic analyses of the hybrid clones that did not senesce revealed that all these clones had lost both copies of human chromosome 1, whereas all other human chromosomes were observed in at least some of the immortal hybrids. The application of selective pressure for retention of human chromosome 1 to the cell hybrids resulted in an increased percentage of hybrids that senesced. Further, the introduction of a single copy of human chromosome 1 to the hamster cells by microcell fusion caused typical signs of cellular senescence. Transfer of chromosome 11 had no effect on the growth of the cells. These findings indicate that human chromosome 1 may participate in the control of cellular senescence and further support a genetic basis for cellular senescence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugawara, O -- Oshimura, M -- Koi, M -- Annab, L A -- Barrett, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 9;247(4943):707-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2300822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Clone Cells ; Cricetinae ; Diploidy ; Fibroblasts/*cytology ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells/*cytology ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics ; Karyotyping ; Mice ; Ploidies ; Transfection ; Translocation, Genetic ; X Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    T cell reactivity to MHC molecules: immunity versus tolerance (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-15
    Description: The specificity of mature CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes is controlled by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, respectively. The MHC class specificity of T cells is stringent in many assays, but is less evident when cells are supplemented with exogenous lymphokines. The repertoire of T cells is shaped through contact with MHC molecules in the thymus and involves a complex process of positive selection and negative selection (tolerance). Tolerance of immature T cells to MHC molecules can reflect either clonal deletion or anergy and results from intrathymic contact with several cell types, including epithelial cells and cells with antigen-presenting function. Unlike immature T cells, mature T cells are relatively resistant to tolerance induction. In certain situations partial unresponsiveness of mature T cells can be achieved by exposing T cells to foreign MHC molecules expressed on atypical antigen-presenting cells. Tolerance is rarely complete, however, and the precise requirements for tolerizing mature T cells are still unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprent, J -- Gao, E K -- Webb, S R -- AI21487/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA25803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA38355/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 15;248(4961):1357-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1694041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Clone Cells/immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; *Immunity ; Interleukin-2/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-01-05
    Description: The high degree of tubulin heterogeneity in neurons is controlled mainly at the posttranslational level. Several variants of alpha-tubulin can be posttranslationally labeled after incubation of cells with [3H]acetate or [3H]glutamate. Peptides carrying the radioactive moiety were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis, Edman degradation sequencing, and mass spectrometric analysis of these peptides led to the characterization of a posttranslational modification consisting of the successive addition of glutamyl units on the gamma-carboxyl group of a glutamate residue (Glu445). This modification, localized within a region of alpha-tubulin that is important in the interactions of tubulin with microtubule-associated proteins and calcium, could play a role in regulating microtubule dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edde, B -- Rossier, J -- Le Caer, J P -- Desbruyeres, E -- Gros, F -- Denoulet, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):83-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, College de France, Paris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1967194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/analysis ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glutamates/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/analysis ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Tubulin/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role of the thymus in inducing self tolerance (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-15
    Description: During development in the thymus, T cells are rendered tolerant to self antigens. It is now apparent that thymocytes bearing self-reactive T cell receptors can be tolerized by processes that result in physical elimination (clonal deletion) or functional inactivation (clonal anergy). As these mechanisms have important clinical implications for transplantation and autoimmunity, current investigations are focused on understanding the cellular and molecular interactions that generate these forms of tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramsdell, F -- Fowlkes, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 15;248(4961):1342-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1972593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Surface/immunology ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Chickens ; Chimera ; Clone Cells/*immunology ; H-2 Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Thymus Gland/*immunology ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    The dominant W42 spotting phenotype results from a missense mutation in the c-kit receptor kinase (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-01-12
    Description: The murine white spotting locus (W) is allelic with the proto-oncogene c-kit, which encodes a transmembrane tyrosine protein kinase receptor for an unknown ligand. Mutations at the W locus affect various aspects of hematopoiesis and the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells and melanoblasts during development to varying degrees of severity. The W42 mutation has a particularly severe effect in both the homozygous and the heterozygous states. The molecular basis of the W42 mutation was determined. The c-kit protein products in homozygous mutant mast cells were expressed normally but displayed a defective tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. Nucleotide sequence analysis of mutant complementary DNAs revealed a missense mutation that replaces aspartic acid with asparagine at position 790 in the c-kit protein product. Aspartic acid-790 is a conserved residue in all protein kinases. These results provide an explanation for the dominant nature of the W42 mutation and provide insight into the mechanism of c-kit-mediated signal transduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tan, J C -- Nocka, K -- Ray, P -- Traktman, P -- Besmer, P -- P01-CA-16599/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA-32926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 12;247(4939):209-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1688471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Homozygote ; Liver/analysis/cytology/embryology ; Mast Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; *Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; RNA/analysis ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Use of prior vaccinations for the development of new vaccines (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-07-27
    Description: There is currently a need for vaccine development to improve the immunogenicity of protective epitopes, which themselves are often poorly immunogenic. Although the immunogenicity of these epitopes can be enhanced by linking them to highly immunogenic carriers, such carriers derived from current vaccines have not proven to be generally effective. One reason may be related to epitope-specific suppression, in which prior vaccination with a protein can inhibit the antibody response to new epitopes linked to the protein. To circumvent such inhibition, a peptide from tetanus toxoid was identified that, when linked to a B cell epitope and injected into tetanus toxoid-primed recipients, retained sequences for carrier but not suppressor function. The antibody response to the B cell epitope was enhanced. This may be a general method for taking advantage of previous vaccinations in the development of new vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etlinger, H M -- Gillessen, D -- Lahm, H W -- Matile, H -- Schonfeld, H J -- Trzeciak, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 27;249(4967):423-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Central Research Unit F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1696030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Epitopes/*immunology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Tetanus Toxoid/*immunology ; *Vaccination ; Vaccines/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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