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  • Articles  (28,482)
  • 1995-1999  (28,482)
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  • Articles  (28,482)
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  • 1
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    Evidence for crystalline water and ammonia ices on Pluto's satellite charon (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Observations have resolved the satellite Charon from its parent planet Pluto, giving separate spectra of the two objects from 1.0 to 2.5 micrometers. The spectrum of Charon is found to be different from that of Pluto, with water ice in crystalline form covering most of the surface of the satellite. In addition, an absorption feature in Charon's spectrum suggests the presence of ammonia ices. Ammonia ice-water ice mixtures have been proposed as the cause of flowlike features observed on the surfaces of many icy satellites. The existence of such ices on Charon may indicate geological activity in the satellite's past.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, M E -- Calvin, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):107-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ammonia ; Crystallization ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Pluto ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Structural basis of Smad2 recognition by the Smad anchor for receptor activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: The Smad proteins mediate transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling from the transmembrane serine-threonine receptor kinases to the nucleus. The Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptors for phosphorylation. The crystal structure of a Smad2 MH2 domain in complex with the Smad-binding domain (SBD) of SARA has been determined at 2.2 angstrom resolution. SARA SBD, in an extended conformation comprising a rigid coil, an alpha helix, and a beta strand, interacts with the beta sheet and the three-helix bundle of Smad2. Recognition between the SARA rigid coil and the Smad2 beta sheet is essential for specificity, whereas interactions between the SARA beta strand and the Smad2 three-helix bundle contribute significantly to binding affinity. Comparison of the structures between Smad2 and a comediator Smad suggests a model for how receptor-regulated Smads are recognized by the type I receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, G -- Chen, Y G -- Ozdamar, B -- Gyuricza, C A -- Chong, P A -- Wrana, J L -- Massague, J -- Shi, Y -- CA85171/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):92-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activin Receptors, Type I ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Smad2 Protein ; Trans-Activators/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    A short Fe-Fe distance in peroxodiferric ferritin: control of Fe substrate versus cofactor decay? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: The reaction of oxygen with protein diiron sites is important in bioorganic syntheses and biomineralization. An unusually short Fe-Fe distance of 2.53 angstroms was found in the diiron (mu-1,2 peroxodiferric) intermediate that forms in the early steps of ferritin biomineralization. This distance suggests the presence of a unique triply bridged structure. The Fe-Fe distances in the mu-1, 2 peroxodiferric complexes that were characterized previously are much longer (3.1 to 4.0 angstroms). The 2.53 angstrom Fe-Fe distance requires a small Fe-O-O angle (approximately 106 degrees to 107 degrees). This geometry should favor decay of the peroxodiferric complex by the release of H2O2 and mu-oxo or mu-hydroxo diferric biomineral precursors rather than by oxidation of the organic substrate. Geometrical differences may thus explain how diiron sites can function either as a substrate (in ferritin biomineralization) or as a cofactor (in O2 activation).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hwang, J -- Krebs, C -- Huynh, B H -- Edmondson, D E -- Theil, E C -- Penner-Hahn, J E -- GM-45205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-47295/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-58778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):122-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Ferric Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ferritins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ferrous Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism ; Fourier Analysis ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Spectroscopy, Mossbauer ; Spectrum Analysis ; Thermodynamics ; X-Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Equilibrium regained: from nonequilibrium chaos to statistical mechanics (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Far-from-equilibrium, spatially extended chaotic systems have generally eluded analytical solution, leading researchers to consider theories based on a statistical rather than a detailed knowledge of the microscopic length scales. Building on the recent discovery of a separation of length scales between macroscopic behavior and microscopic chaos, a simple far-from-equilibrium spatially extended chaotic system has been studied computationally at intermediate, coarse-grained scales. Equilibrium properties such as Gibbs distributions and detailed balance are recovered at these scales, which suggests that the macroscopic behavior of some far-from-equilibrium systems might be understood in terms of equilibrium statistical mechanics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Egolf, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):101-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Nonlinear Studies (MS B258), Theoretical Division and Condensed Matter and Thermal Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. egolf@cnls.lanl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Mathematics ; *Mechanics ; *Nonlinear Dynamics ; Statistics as Topic ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The changing morphology and increasing deceleration of supernova 1993J in M81 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Twenty consecutive Very Long Baseline Interferometry images of supernova 1993J from the time of explosion to the present show the dynamic evolution of the expanding radio shell of an exploded star. High-precision astrometry reveals that the supernova expands isotropically from its explosion center. Systematic changes in the images may reflect a pattern of anisotropies and inhomogeneities in the material left over from the progenitor star. As the shock front sweeps up the material in the surrounding medium, it is increasingly decelerated and influenced by the material. After 5 years, the supernova has slowed to half of its original expansion velocity and may have entered the early stages of the adiabatic phase common in much older supernova remnants in the Milky Way Galaxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bartel -- Bietenholz -- Rupen -- Beasley -- Graham -- Altunin VI -- Venturi -- Umana -- Cannon -- Conway -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):112-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801, USA. Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cali.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Tbx5 and the retinotectum projection (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Dorsal and ventral aspects of the eye are distinct from the early stages of development. The developing eye cup grows dorsally, and the choroidal fissure is formed on its ventral side. Retinal axons from the dorsal and ventral retina project to the ventral and dorsal tectum, respectively. Misexpression of the Tbx5 gene induced dorsalization of the ventral side of the eye and altered projections of retinal ganglion cell axons. Thus, Tbx5 is involved in eye morphogenesis and is a topographic determinant of the visual projections between retina and tectum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koshiba-Takeuchi, K -- Takeuchi, J K -- Matsumoto, K -- Momose, T -- Uno, K -- Hoepker, V -- Ogura, K -- Takahashi, N -- Nakamura, H -- Yasuda, K -- Ogura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):134-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan 630-0101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Avian Proteins ; Axons/*ultrastructure ; Body Patterning ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Chick Embryo ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Electroporation ; Ephrin-B1 ; Ephrin-B2 ; Eye/*embryology ; Gene Expression ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Morphogenesis ; PAX2 Transcription Factor ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/embryology/metabolism ; Retina/*embryology/metabolism ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/ultrastructure ; Superior Colliculi/*embryology ; T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transfection ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    The baryon halo of the milky way: A fossil record of its formation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Astronomers believe that the baryon (stellar) halo of the Milky Way retains a fossil imprint of how it was formed. But a vast literature shows that the struggle to interpret the observations within a consistent framework continues. The evidence indicates that the halo has built up through a process of accretion and merging over billions of years, which is still going on at a low level. Future satellite missions to derive three-dimensional space motions and heavy element (metal) abundances for a billion stars will disentangle the existing web and elucidate how galaxies like our own came into existence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bland-Hawthorn -- Freeman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):79-84.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia. Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories, Private Bag, Weston Creek ACT 2611, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    DNA topoisomerase IIbeta and neural development (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: DNA topoisomerase IIbeta is shown to have an unsuspected and critical role in neural development. Neurogenesis was normal in IIbeta mutant mice, but motor axons failed to contact skeletal muscles, and sensory axons failed to enter the spinal cord. Despite an absence of innervation, clusters of acetylcholine receptors were concentrated in the central region of skeletal muscles, thereby revealing patterning mechanisms that are autonomous to skeletal muscle. The defects in motor axon growth in IIbeta mutant mice resulted in a breathing impairment and death of the pups shortly after birth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, X -- Li, W -- Prescott, E D -- Burden, S J -- Wang, J C -- NS10537/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS27963/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS36193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS036193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS036193-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041311/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS041311-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Skirball Institute of Molecular Medicine, New York University Medical School, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Lineage ; Cues ; DNA Repair ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Diaphragm/chemistry/embryology/innervation ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Gene Targeting ; Intercostal Muscles/innervation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Neurons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Muscle, Skeletal/embryology/*innervation ; Neuromuscular Junction/*embryology/growth & development ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology/ultrastructure ; Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure ; Receptors, Cholinergic/analysis ; Skin/innervation ; Spinal Cord/embryology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 9
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    Modulation of brain reward circuitry by leptin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, suppresses food intake and promotes weight loss. To assess the action of this hormone on brain reward circuitry, changes in the rewarding effect of lateral hypothalamic stimulation were measured after leptin administration. At five stimulation sites near the fornix, the effectiveness of the rewarding electrical stimulation was enhanced by chronic food restriction and attenuated by intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin. In contrast, the rewarding effect of stimulating neighboring sites was insensitive to chronic food restriction and was enhanced by leptin in three of four cases. These opposing effects of leptin may mirror complementary changes in the rewarding effects of feeding and of competing behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fulton, S -- Woodside, B -- Shizgal, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):125-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Energy Metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Deprivation/*physiology ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects/*physiology ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Leptin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropeptides/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Reward ; Self Stimulation/physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    The dark halo of the milky Way (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Most of the matter in the Milky Way is invisible to astronomers. Precise numbers are elusive, but it appears that the dark component is 20 times as massive as the visible disk of stars and gas. This dark matter is distributed in space differently than the stars, forming a vast, diffuse halo, more spherical than disklike, which occupies more than 1000 times the volume of the disk of stars. The composition of this dark halo is unknown, but it may comprise a mixture of ancient, degenerate dwarf stars and exotic, hypothetical elementary particles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alcock -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):74-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Mail Code L-051, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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