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  • 1
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    Commensal-dendritic-cell interaction specifies a unique protective skin immune signature (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-30
    Description: The skin represents the primary interface between the host and the environment. This organ is also home to trillions of microorganisms that play an important role in tissue homeostasis and local immunity. Skin microbial communities are highly diverse and can be remodelled over time or in response to environmental challenges. How, in the context of this complexity, individual commensal microorganisms may differentially modulate skin immunity and the consequences of these responses for tissue physiology remains unclear. Here we show that defined commensals dominantly affect skin immunity and identify the cellular mediators involved in this specification. In particular, colonization with Staphylococcus epidermidis induces IL-17A(+) CD8(+) T cells that home to the epidermis, enhance innate barrier immunity and limit pathogen invasion. Commensal-specific T-cell responses result from the coordinated action of skin-resident dendritic cell subsets and are not associated with inflammation, revealing that tissue-resident cells are poised to sense and respond to alterations in microbial communities. This interaction may represent an evolutionary means by which the skin immune system uses fluctuating commensal signals to calibrate barrier immunity and provide heterologous protection against invasive pathogens. These findings reveal that the skin immune landscape is a highly dynamic environment that can be rapidly and specifically remodelled by encounters with defined commensals, findings that have profound implications for our understanding of tissue-specific immunity and pathologies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667810/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667810/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naik, Shruti -- Bouladoux, Nicolas -- Linehan, Jonathan L -- Han, Seong-Ji -- Harrison, Oliver J -- Wilhelm, Christoph -- Conlan, Sean -- Himmelfarb, Sarah -- Byrd, Allyson L -- Deming, Clayton -- Quinones, Mariam -- Brenchley, Jason M -- Kong, Heidi H -- Tussiwand, Roxanne -- Murphy, Kenneth M -- Merad, Miriam -- Segre, Julia A -- Belkaid, Yasmine -- R01 CA173861/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA190400/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI095611/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 2;520(7545):104-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14052. Epub 2015 Jan 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda 20892, USA [2] Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda 20892, USA [2] Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [3] Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Bioinformatics and Computational Bioscience Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda 20892, USA [2] Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Interleukin-17/immunology ; Langerhans Cells/cytology/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Primates ; Skin/cytology/*immunology/*microbiology ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Evolution of the snake body form reveals homoplasy in amniote Hox gene function (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-30
    Description: Hox genes regulate regionalization of the axial skeleton in vertebrates, and changes in their expression have been proposed to be a fundamental mechanism driving the evolution of new body forms. The origin of the snake-like body form, with its deregionalized pre-cloacal axial skeleton, has been explained as either homogenization of Hox gene expression domains, or retention of standard vertebrate Hox domains with alteration of downstream expression that suppresses development of distinct regions. Both models assume a highly regionalized ancestor, but the extent of deregionalization of the primaxial domain (vertebrae, dorsal ribs) of the skeleton in snake-like body forms has never been analysed. Here we combine geometric morphometrics and maximum-likelihood analysis to show that the pre-cloacal primaxial domain of elongate, limb-reduced lizards and snakes is not deregionalized compared with limbed taxa, and that the phylogenetic structure of primaxial morphology in reptiles does not support a loss of regionalization in the evolution of snakes. We demonstrate that morphometric regional boundaries correspond to mapped gene expression domains in snakes, suggesting that their primaxial domain is patterned by a normally functional Hox code. Comparison of primaxial osteology in fossil and modern amniotes with Hox gene distributions within Amniota indicates that a functional, sequentially expressed Hox code patterned a subtle morphological gradient along the anterior-posterior axis in stem members of amniote clades and extant lizards, including snakes. The highly regionalized skeletons of extant archosaurs and mammals result from independent evolution in the Hox code and do not represent ancestral conditions for clades with snake-like body forms. The developmental origin of snakes is best explained by decoupling of the primaxial and abaxial domains and by increases in somite number, not by changes in the function of primaxial Hox genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Head, Jason J -- Polly, P David -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 2;520(7545):86-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14042. Epub 2015 Jan 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Nebraska State Museum of Natural History, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0340, USA. ; Departments of Geological Sciences, Biology and Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-1405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloaca ; Developmental Biology ; Extremities/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Genes, Homeobox/*genetics ; Lizards/anatomy & histology ; Models, Biological ; *Phylogeny ; Sacrum ; Snakes/*anatomy & histology/*genetics ; Spine/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Meikin is a conserved regulator of meiosis-I-specific kinetochore function (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: The kinetochore is the crucial apparatus regulating chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Particularly in meiosis I, unlike in mitosis, sister kinetochores are captured by microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole (mono-orientation) and centromeric cohesion mediated by cohesin is protected in the following anaphase. Although meiotic kinetochore factors have been identified only in budding and fission yeasts, these molecules and their functions are thought to have diverged earlier. Therefore, a conserved mechanism for meiotic kinetochore regulation remains elusive. Here we have identified in mouse a meiosis-specific kinetochore factor that we termed MEIKIN, which functions in meiosis I but not in meiosis II or mitosis. MEIKIN plays a crucial role in both mono-orientation and centromeric cohesion protection, partly by stabilizing the localization of the cohesin protector shugoshin. These functions are mediated mainly by the activity of Polo-like kinase PLK1, which is enriched to kinetochores in a MEIKIN-dependent manner. Our integrative analysis indicates that the long-awaited key regulator of meiotic kinetochore function is Meikin, which is conserved from yeasts to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Jihye -- Ishiguro, Kei-ichiro -- Nambu, Aya -- Akiyoshi, Bungo -- Yokobayashi, Shihori -- Kagami, Ayano -- Ishiguro, Tadashi -- Pendas, Alberto M -- Takeda, Naoki -- Sakakibara, Yogo -- Kitajima, Tomoya S -- Tanno, Yuji -- Sakuno, Takeshi -- Watanabe, Yoshinori -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):466-71. doi: 10.1038/nature14097. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1Yayoi, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. ; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer (CSIC-USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain. ; Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811 Japan. ; Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; *Conserved Sequence ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility/genetics/metabolism ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Lineage-negative progenitors mobilize to regenerate lung epithelium after major injury (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Broadly, tissue regeneration is achieved in two ways: by proliferation of common differentiated cells and/or by deployment of specialized stem/progenitor cells. Which of these pathways applies is both organ- and injury-specific. Current models in the lung posit that epithelial repair can be attributed to cells expressing mature lineage markers. By contrast, here we define the regenerative role of previously uncharacterized, rare lineage-negative epithelial stem/progenitor (LNEP) cells present within normal distal lung. Quiescent LNEPs activate a DeltaNp63 (a p63 splice variant) and cytokeratin 5 remodelling program after influenza or bleomycin injury in mice. Activated cells proliferate and migrate widely to occupy heavily injured areas depleted of mature lineages, at which point they differentiate towards mature epithelium. Lineage tracing revealed scant contribution of pre-existing mature epithelial cells in such repair, whereas orthotopic transplantation of LNEPs, isolated by a definitive surface profile identified through single-cell sequencing, directly demonstrated the proliferative capacity and multipotency of this population. LNEPs require Notch signalling to activate the DeltaNp63 and cytokeratin 5 program, and subsequent Notch blockade promotes an alveolar cell fate. Persistent Notch signalling after injury led to parenchymal 'micro-honeycombing' (alveolar cysts), indicative of failed regeneration. Lungs from patients with fibrosis show analogous honeycomb cysts with evidence of hyperactive Notch signalling. Our findings indicate that distinct stem/progenitor cell pools repopulate injured tissue depending on the extent of the injury, and the outcomes of regeneration or fibrosis may depend in part on the dynamics of LNEP Notch signalling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312207/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312207/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaughan, Andrew E -- Brumwell, Alexis N -- Xi, Ying -- Gotts, Jeffrey E -- Brownfield, Doug G -- Treutlein, Barbara -- Tan, Kevin -- Tan, Victor -- Liu, Feng Chun -- Looney, Mark R -- Matthay, Michael A -- Rock, Jason R -- Chapman, Harold A -- F32 HL117600-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL44712/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL099995/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL099999/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL111054/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):621-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14112. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California 94143, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bleomycin ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Separation ; Cysts/metabolism/pathology ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/metabolism/*pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Keratin-5/metabolism ; Lung/*cytology/*pathology/physiology ; Lung Injury/chemically induced/*pathology/virology ; Male ; Mice ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology/virology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Re-Epithelialization ; Receptors, Notch/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Despite three decades of successful, predominantly phenotype-driven discovery of the genetic causes of monogenic disorders, up to half of children with severe developmental disorders of probable genetic origin remain without a genetic diagnosis. Particularly challenging are those disorders rare enough to have eluded recognition as a discrete clinical entity, those with highly variable clinical manifestations, and those that are difficult to distinguish from other, very similar, disorders. Here we demonstrate the power of using an unbiased genotype-driven approach to identify subsets of patients with similar disorders. By studying 1,133 children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders, and their parents, using a combination of exome sequencing and array-based detection of chromosomal rearrangements, we discovered 12 novel genes associated with developmental disorders. These newly implicated genes increase by 10% (from 28% to 31%) the proportion of children that could be diagnosed. Clustering of missense mutations in six of these newly implicated genes suggests that normal development is being perturbed by an activating or dominant-negative mechanism. Our findings demonstrate the value of adopting a comprehensive strategy, both genome-wide and nationwide, to elucidate the underlying causes of rare genetic disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study -- 098395/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 100140/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- CZD/16/6/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- WT098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):223-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14135. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics ; Chromosome Aberrations ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Developmental Disabilities/*diagnosis/*genetics ; Dynamin I/genetics ; Exome/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Dominant/genetics ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Great Britain ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mutation, Missense/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Parents ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/genetics ; Protein Phosphatase 2/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics ; Rare Diseases/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transposases/genetics ; Zebrafish/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Cell division: Hold on and let go (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tachibana-Konwalski, Kikue -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):441-2. doi: 10.1038/nature14087. Epub 2014 Dec 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/*metabolism ; *Conserved Sequence ; Female ; Humans ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Male ; *Meiosis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Mechanosensory interactions drive collective behaviour in Drosophila (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Collective behaviour enhances environmental sensing and decision-making in groups of animals. Experimental and theoretical investigations of schooling fish, flocking birds and human crowds have demonstrated that simple interactions between individuals can explain emergent group dynamics. These findings indicate the existence of neural circuits that support distributed behaviours, but the molecular and cellular identities of relevant sensory pathways are unknown. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster exhibits collective responses to an aversive odour: individual flies weakly avoid the stimulus, but groups show enhanced escape reactions. Using high-resolution behavioural tracking, computational simulations, genetic perturbations, neural silencing and optogenetic activation we demonstrate that this collective odour avoidance arises from cascades of appendage touch interactions between pairs of flies. Inter-fly touch sensing and collective behaviour require the activity of distal leg mechanosensory sensilla neurons and the mechanosensory channel NOMPC. Remarkably, through these inter-fly encounters, wild-type flies can elicit avoidance behaviour in mutant animals that cannot sense the odour--a basic form of communication. Our data highlight the unexpected importance of social context in the sensory responses of a solitary species and open the door to a neural-circuit-level understanding of collective behaviour in animal groups.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359906/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359906/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramdya, Pavan -- Lichocki, Pawel -- Cruchet, Steeve -- Frisch, Lukas -- Tse, Winnie -- Floreano, Dario -- Benton, Richard -- 205202/European Research Council/International -- 615094/European Research Council/International -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):233-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14024. Epub 2014 Dec 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland [2] Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. ; 1] Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland [2] Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. ; Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. ; Master's Program in Microengineering, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland. ; Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Computer Simulation ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Escape Reaction/*physiology ; Extremities/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Mass Behavior ; Mechanoreceptors/cytology/*physiology ; Mechanotransduction, Cellular ; Odors/*analysis ; Optogenetics ; Sensilla/cytology/*physiology ; Touch/physiology ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels/metabolism
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote beiging of white adipose tissue and limit obesity (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Obesity is an increasingly prevalent disease regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Emerging studies indicate that immune cells, including monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes, regulate metabolic homeostasis and are dysregulated in obesity. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) can regulate adaptive immunity and eosinophil and alternatively activated macrophage responses, and were recently identified in murine white adipose tissue (WAT) where they may act to limit the development of obesity. However, ILC2s have not been identified in human adipose tissue, and the mechanisms by which ILC2s regulate metabolic homeostasis remain unknown. Here we identify ILC2s in human WAT and demonstrate that decreased ILC2 responses in WAT are a conserved characteristic of obesity in humans and mice. Interleukin (IL)-33 was found to be critical for the maintenance of ILC2s in WAT and in limiting adiposity in mice by increasing caloric expenditure. This was associated with recruitment of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)(+) beige adipocytes in WAT, a process known as beiging or browning that regulates caloric expenditure. IL-33-induced beiging was dependent on ILC2s, and IL-33 treatment or transfer of IL-33-elicited ILC2s was sufficient to drive beiging independently of the adaptive immune system, eosinophils or IL-4 receptor signalling. We found that ILC2s produce methionine-enkephalin peptides that can act directly on adipocytes to upregulate Ucp1 expression in vitro and that promote beiging in vivo. Collectively, these studies indicate that, in addition to responding to infection or tissue damage, ILC2s can regulate adipose function and metabolic homeostasis in part via production of enkephalin peptides that elicit beiging.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447235/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447235/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brestoff, Jonathan R -- Kim, Brian S -- Saenz, Steven A -- Stine, Rachel R -- Monticelli, Laurel A -- Sonnenberg, Gregory F -- Thome, Joseph J -- Farber, Donna L -- Lutfy, Kabirullah -- Seale, Patrick -- Artis, David -- 2-P30 CA016520/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- AI061570/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI074878/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI095466/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI095608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI097333/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI102942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD007288/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2OD007288/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5 OD012116/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5OD012116/OD/NIH HHS/ -- F30 AI112023/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F30-AI112023/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F31 AG047003/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F31AG047003/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K08 AR065577/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- KL2-RR024132/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI106697/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01AI06697/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AR057217/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK019525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30-DK050306/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI061570/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074878/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI095466/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI097333/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI102942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI060516/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32-AI007532/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32-AI060516/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI095608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 12;519(7542):242-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14115. Epub 2014 Dec 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/cytology/drug effects ; Adipose Tissue, White/*cytology/*immunology ; Animals ; Energy Metabolism/immunology ; Enkephalin, Methionine/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Eosinophils/immunology/metabolism ; Female ; Homeostasis/drug effects ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Interleukins/immunology/pharmacology ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Obesity/*immunology/pathology ; Receptors, Interleukin-4/immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    A human tRNA synthetase is a potent PARP1-activating effector target for resveratrol (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Resveratrol is reported to extend lifespan and provide cardio-neuro-protective, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects by initiating a stress response that induces survival genes. Because human tyrosyl transfer-RNA (tRNA) synthetase (TyrRS) translocates to the nucleus under stress conditions, we considered the possibility that the tyrosine-like phenolic ring of resveratrol might fit into the active site pocket to effect a nuclear role. Here we present a 2.1 A co-crystal structure of resveratrol bound to the active site of TyrRS. Resveratrol nullifies the catalytic activity and redirects TyrRS to a nuclear function, stimulating NAD(+)-dependent auto-poly-ADP-ribosylation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). Downstream activation of key stress signalling pathways are causally connected to TyrRS-PARP1-NAD(+) collaboration. This collaboration is also demonstrated in the mouse, and is specifically blocked in vivo by a resveratrol-displacing tyrosyl adenylate analogue. In contrast to functionally diverse tRNA synthetase catalytic nulls created by alternative splicing events that ablate active sites, here a non-spliced TyrRS catalytic null reveals a new PARP1- and NAD(+)-dependent dimension to the physiological mechanism of resveratrol.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368482/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368482/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sajish, Mathew -- Schimmel, Paul -- CA92577/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA092577/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):370-3. doi: 10.1038/nature14028. Epub 2014 Dec 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; 1] The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] The Scripps Florida Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Biocatalysis/drug effects ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Nucleus/enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Molecular ; Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sirtuin 1/metabolism ; Sirtuins/metabolism ; Stilbenes/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Runners-up (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- Service, Robert F -- Gibbons, Ann -- Vogel, Gretchen -- Underwood, Emily -- Hand, Eric -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1444-9. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1444. Epub 2014 Dec 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomedical Research/*trends ; Humans ; Mice
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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