ALBERT

Description: Voorjaar 1949 ontving ik een kleine collectie levende vissen uit Suriname (Nederlands Guiana), door een zeeman verzameld in een poel nabij Paramaribo. Helaas is de juiste vindplaats niet nader aangegeven, dan enige kilometers ten zuiden van de hoofdstad.\nOnmiddellijk na ontvangst werden de vissen, die hier het onderwerp van bespreking zijn, in een groot gezelschapsaquarium (150 X 60 X 50 cm. hoog) ondergebracht, dat reeds werd bevolkt door verscheidene Nannostomini, Hasemania marginata, Rivulus cylindraceus, Acanthophthalmus kuhli, Dermogenus pusillus en Nannacara anomala en N. taenia.

Description: De hier besproken soorten zijn alle nieuw voor de Nederlandse fauna in zoverre, dat zij niet vermeld staan in de Catalogus Aranearum van VAN HASSELT. De collectie van deze araneoloog bevindt zich in het Rijksmuseum voor Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden en wordt daar momenteel gerevideerd, waarna een nieuwe naamlijst van Nederlandse spinnen zal worden samengesteld. In deze bijdrage wordt geen poging gedaan de twijfelachtige synoniemie van de Catalogus op te helderen, hetgeen zeker nog menige nieuwe soort voor ons land zal opleveren. Zij is slechts een tussentijds resultaat van het bewerken van de eigen collectie en van materiaal, dat mij van verschillende zijden ter bewerking werd toevertrouwd.\nDe gebruikte systematische indeling en de soortnamen zijn in hoofdzaak die uit de Katalog der Araneae Bd. I van ROEWER, waarbij echter enkele correcties op grond van nieuwere onderzoekingen werden aangebracht. Ook ben ik er toe overgegaan de namen van CLERCK te gebruiken.

Description: Weinig onderzoekingen hebben in zo wijde kring bekendheid verworven als die van onze landgenoot JAN SWAMMERDAM, die in zijn ,Ephemeri vita\xe2\x80\x99 (1675) en later in de ,Bybel der Natuur of Historie der insekten\xe2\x80\x99 (1737) de ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis beschreef van het beroemd geworden Oever-aas, Palingenia longicauda (Oliv.), de grootste palaearctische Ephemeride.\nDit allermerkwaardigst insect, dat \xe2\x80\x94 het zij terloops opgemerkt \xe2\x80\x94 reeds in 1634 door de Amsterdamse medicus AUGERIUS CLUTIUS was beschreven en afgebeeld \xc2\xb9), moet destijds in ons land alom de aandacht hebben getrokken wegens zijn massaal optreden gedurende een aantal warme dagen omstreeks het midden van de maand Juni. In Nederland echter is dit grote haft vermoedelijk reeds tegen het eind van de vorige eeuw uitgestorven. Thans leeft het nog in het stroomgebied der grote rivieren van Midden- en Oost-Europa (Oder, Weichsel en Wolga).

Description: Lower-Villafranchian landmammals lived in the South of the Netherlands when the coastline of the North Sea retired in northern direction during the Plio-Pleistocene transition period. In the province of Zealand their black remains have been fished out of the waters of the Scheldt in the depth of which littoral Poederlian deposits (Amstelian deposits are missing there in Zealand) occur and are eroded by the currents. Also borings in the provinces of Limburg and Guelderland have yielded black fossils of this fauna of which the following species could be stated in the Netherlands: Eucladoceros falconeri (Dawk.), Odobenus huxleyi (Lank.), Alachtherium spec., Anancus arvernensis (Croiz. et Job.), Archidiskodon planifrons (Falc. & Caut.), Gazella schreuderae Hooijer and Mustela erminea L. This Lower-Villafranchian fauna occurs also in the Red Crag of East-Anglia, in Pi\xc3\xa9mont (Villafranca) and in Auvergne (Perrier, etc.).\nThis fauna lived in the south of the Netherlands in the forests and along the coast of the North Sea which then was a deep quiet bay covering a strip of East-Anglia, te larger portion of the Netherlands and a small portion of Belgium along the Belgian-Dutch frontier from the North Sea coast to the east in the direction of the Meuse near Venlo. South of this coast-line a broad communication between England and the continent caused the identity of their mammals in that period.

Description: It is for me a pleasure to contribute the following descriptions of chosen rarities to the Jubilary Volume in honour of the highly esteemed Prof. Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT and Prof. Dr. J. E. W. IHLE, of the University of Amsterdam.\nI wish to express my gratitude to Dr. J. WILCKE, Wageningen, and to Mr. W. F. BREURKEN, Amsterdam, for the execution of the drawings.

Description: The most recent comprehensive treatment of this Indo-Pacific genus \xc2\xb9) is that of TESCH (1918, p. 78-82). Here seven species are recognised with the reservation that M. eydouxi H. Milne Edwards and M. thukuhar (Owen) are possibly not distinct.\nIn 1936 (TWEEDIE 1936, p. 49) I questioned the validity of the character used to separate M. latifrons (White) and M. maculatus H. M.-E., the relation of carapace length and breadth, and placed maculatus in the synonymy of latifrons.

Description: If you ask the layman: \xe2\x80\x9cWhat is a museum?\xe2\x80\x9d, he will answer. \xe2\x80\x9cA museum is a display of objects, that have an aesthetic value or scientific interest; the scope of a museum is to improve the taste of the visitor, is to give him, by visual means, aesthetic or intellectual enjoyment, to satisfy his curiosity, to show him the true and real things (a classic sculpture, an Indian weapon or a deepsea fish) instead of a documentary film, a radio report, or the descriptions and pictures in his books and magazines.\xe2\x80\x9d If an architect is in charge of designing a museum, he will see to it that the wallcases and the free-standing objects receive the right light and that the public and the conditioned air can circulate freely. He will design an entrance hall, an exhibition gallery, a director\xe2\x80\x99s room, and, perhaps, in the basement or on the top-floor a store-room for articles not on display \xc2\xb9).

Description: Our knowledge concerning the periodical movements in animals called migrations is chiefly based on observations on birds. By and by, however, a number of facts concerning migration in other animal groups have been assembled and it seems worth while to compare them with those known for birds. There is the more reason to do so here, because the victim of this jubilee is interested in birds and fishes alike. Though I shall not restrict myself to these two groups they will take more place than the rest.\nIn the following I shall deal with North to South and South to North migrations chiefly. In the hope to succeed and make my ideas comprehensible to those who are not specially acquainted with this particular field I shall begin with a very short description of the migration of some animals in the sea, which may be used as a starting point for the comparison which follows next. These animals are the cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis L.), two species of fish: the anchovy ( Stolephorus encrasicholus (L.)) and the tunny ( Thunnus thynnus (L.)) and, finally, a mammal: the humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski), one of the whales.

Description: After having collected the plankton samples in the Java Sea on which I have reported in Treubia XVII, 1939, I thought it desirable to gather similar samples from a more oceanic area of the East Indian seas, in order to be able to make a comparison between the two collections and to try to find out the characteristic differences between the two regions. It seemed to me interesting to choose in the first place Sunda Strait for this purpose, as it connects the shallow Java Sea with the deep Indian Ocean and, therefore, might offer all degrees of transition from the plankton of the former to that of the latter. The next year, then, in 1933, I made a cruise in Sunda Strait in the months of April-May, the transition months between the (wet) west monsoon and the (dry) east monsoon. The stations visited may be seen from the accompanying chart. The depth increases considerably in the direction Java Sea \xe2\x80\x94〉 Indian Ocean but is everywhere sufficient to allow the making of vertical hauls with the plankton net from 50 meters depth to the surface. For the sake of convenience, therefore, all the hauls in Sunda Strait have been made in this way. This was not possible the year before as at several stations in the Java Sea the depth is insufficient. The same net was used as the foregoing year: width of the mouth 1 1/3 m, length 4 m, Swiss plankton gauze nr. 3.\nIn the Sailor\'s Guide for the East-Indian Archipelago we read : ""This diurnal tidal stream (seil, in the Java Sea) is weakened towards the NE and strengthened towards the SW in the first place by a current to the SW starting from Bangka-Strait, which runs along the SE-coast of Sumatra and through Sunda Strait at the rate of more than 0.5 Mile per hour.

Description: Toen in 1881 door G. JANSE de Catalogus der Bibliotheek van het Koninklijk Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra werd samengesteld, werden daarin opgenomen onder: N\xc2\xb0 1202 Linnaei. C. Facsimile-reproductie van het vorige, (d.i. Systema Naturae sive Regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species. Lugduni Batavorum. 1735. 7 bladen fol\xc2\xb0, max.) (Berlijn.) 12 bl. fol\xc2\xb0. max. N\xc2\xb0 1203 Linnaei C. Methodus juxta quam Physiologus accurate et f\xc3\xa9liciter concinnare potest Historiam cujuscunque Naturalis Subjecti sequentt. hisce Paragraphis comprehensa. I. Nomina. II. Theoria. III. Genus. IV. Species. V. Attributa. VI. Usus. VII. literaria. Lugduni Batavorum. 1736. 1 bl. fol\xc2\xb0 max. Facsimile-reproductie van de oorspronkelijke uitgave. Berlijn.

Description: 1. In Macroscelides (Elephantulus?) rozeti Duv., a North-African form, the pregnant uterus shows 3 swellings (sometimes this number is reduced to 1 or 2). The South-African form Elephantulus myurus Jamesoni, examined by prof. VAN DER HORST (Johannesburg) always shows two swellings, one in each half of the uterus horns. 2. The tuba is connected with a periovarial sac. 3. The eggs in the ampulla are naked and not surrounded by the zona pellucida. This causes sometimes the segmented cells to be set free. 4. The four-celled stage shows a tetrahedral arrangement. 5. In the uterus horn the unilaminar blastula is formed by the absorption of water. 6. In a stage of 120 cells the blastula-wall separates amoeboid cells into the interior forming a loose reticulum. Afterwards these cells concentrate at one side of the germinal vesicle and form the embryonic knot. 7. This organ separates an entodermal cell-layer at its base. 8. At the mesometrical side the germinal vesicle adheres to the uterine wall which is syncytial at this spot. 9. After the adhering of the germinal vesicle the mucosa uteri becomes very thick and the muscularis very thin. The small number of blood vessels in the mucosa is very remarkable. 10. There is a marked increase of the number and extent of the uterine glands. The image resembles that of the secretory phase in man. 11. In the following stage (N. 45) the trophoblast has become very thick and has penetrated into the mucosa uteri. The embryonic knot shows a large archamniotic cavity. 12. In N. 6 the embryonic region shows 7 \xc3\xa0 8 somites. A distinct pharynx is present. In the mid- and hindgut a large connection of enteron and yolk sac is present. Cloaca with allantoic evagination, a large, mesodermal, allantoic rudiment is present. The yolk sac forms about two thirds of the blastocyst, the remaining third part is formed by the exocoel and the amniotic cavity. A proamnion is present. Enlarged uterine glands surround the whole uterine cavity. A large ectoplacenta shows a toadstool-form and penetrates into the uterine wall forming a disc of foeto-maternal symplasma. Heart rudiment rather well developed. 13. N. 8. The embryo shows \xc2\xb1 25 somites. Allantois well developed, adhering to the ectoplacenta. The greater part of the blastocyst is formed by the exocoel. Three visceral pouches are present, the mouth plate is lacerated. The neural tube is completely closed. 14. In N. 1 30-35 somites and 12 nephric tubules are present. Rudiment of anterior extremity, 3-4 aortic arches. 15. In N. 3 the yolk sac is much smaller and its walls are shriveled. A yolk stalk may be seen but the connection between the lumina of gut and yolk sac has disappeared. The allantois surrounds the amniotic cavity and fills up the main part of the blastocyst. It shows four lobes. The ectoplacenta shows a thick layer of labyrinthic tissue at the embryonic side. The embryo is strongly coiled and possesses a distinct torsion. The kidney is well developed (with Malpighian corpuscula). Posterior extremities are present. In the anterior ones the rudiment of the skeleton may be noticed. 16. In the stages N. 45 and N. 1 a distinct mesoplacentarium consisting of numerous lamellae with bloodvessels is present at the mesometrical side of the uterine wall. As in the aguti (BECHER) this phenomenon may be in relation with the jumping propulsion.

Description: Depuis longtemps certain aspect larvaire de nombreuses formes p\xc3\xa9lagiques faisant partie du plancton permanent a retenu l\xe2\x80\x99attention des naturalistes et a conduit quelques-uns d\xe2\x80\x99entre eux \xc3\xa0 consid\xc3\xa9rer cette faune comme primitive. Si cette conclusion s\xe2\x80\x99est par la suite av\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9e inexacte et si l\xe2\x80\x99origine littorale de types planctoniques m\xc3\xaame les plus sp\xc3\xa9cialis\xc3\xa9s, comme les Siphonophores par exemple (W. GARSTANG, 1946), a pu \xc3\xaatre mise en \xc3\xa9vidence, il n\xe2\x80\x99en reste pas moins que cet aspect larvaire, qui avait frapp\xc3\xa9 les premiers observateurs, demeure dans bien des cas \xc3\xa9vident.\nSans doute, beaucoup de larves d\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa9ces benthiques m\xc3\xa8nent aussi, durant un temps plus ou moins long, une existence p\xc3\xa9lagique; et le fait que les constituants de ce plancton temporaire et du plancton permanent fr\xc3\xa9quentent ainsi un m\xc3\xaame milieu, qui a ses exigences propres, peut rendre compte de certains traits d\xe2\x80\x99organisation communs aux uns et aux autres. Mais il y a plus, et nous savons bien que la ressemblance entre Appendiculaires et larves d\xe2\x80\x99Ascidies n\xe2\x80\x99est pas seulement superficielle; que le Dactylactis Benedeni Gravier (1904) est bien une larve sexu\xc3\xa9e de C\xc3\xa9rianthe; que l\xe2\x80\x99 Amphioxides n\xe2\x80\x99est qu\xe2\x80\x99un Amphioxus continuant ind\xc3\xa9finiment sa vie en haute mer (R. GOLDSCHMIDT, 1933); que les Grimothea, dont les essaims innombrables colorent en rouge, par place, la surface des Mers du Sud, ne sont que des larves de Munida qui peuvent, sous certaines conditions, arriver en cet \xc3\xa9tat \xc3\xa0 maturit\xc3\xa9 (MATTHEWS, 1932); que ces Gobiid\xc3\xa9s, transparents comme le cristal, appartenant aux genres Aphya et Crystallogobius, issus, comme tous les membres de leur famille, d\xe2\x80\x99oeufs fix\xc3\xa9s sur les fonds littoraux, prolongent leur existence p\xc3\xa9lagique jusqu\xe2\x80\x99au moment o\xc3\xb9 ils reviennent \xc3\xa0 la c\xc3\xb4te pondre \xc3\xa0 leur tour et mourir. Sans parler des cas encore incompl\xc3\xa8tement \xc3\xa9lucid\xc3\xa9s des grands Glaucotho\xc3\xa9s, larves de Pagures (THOMPSON, 1943) et des Eryoneicus, larves de Polycheles (BOAS, 1939), que d\xe2\x80\x99exemples encore \xc3\xa0 citer d\xe2\x80\x99organismes planctoniques auxquels on peut, \xc3\xa0 bon droit, reconna\xc3\xaetre pour origine des larves de formes littorales n\xe2\x80\x99ayant pas accompli sur le fond la m\xc3\xa9tamorphose qui leur eut assur\xc3\xa9, comme \xc3\xa0 leurs cong\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa8res, la persistance de la vie benthique. La connaissance des facteurs susceptibles de retarder cette m\xc3\xa9tamorphose est donc de premi\xc3\xa8re importance si l\xe2\x80\x99on veut comprendre les processus qui ont pu conduire \xc3\xa0 un tel r\xc3\xa9sultat.

Description: De eisen die de practijk stelt zijn voor de toegepaste wetenschap de stimulans, welke de vragen die de werkhypothese suggereert voor de zuivere wetenschap zijn. Is aan die eisen voldaan dan loopt het onderzoek dood \xe2\x80\x94 tenzij de practijk aan het resultaat der onderzoekingen nieuwe eisen ontleent: naar analogie van een nieuwe hypothese steunend op feiten die men, geleid door een oudere hypothese, al eerder had opgespoord. Ik wil hiervan een voorbeeld geven: zowel van het doodlopen ener reeks onderzoekingen, als van haar resuscitatie.\nHet eerste stuk van mijn voorbeeld is bekend. Ik zal daar slechts zoveel van in herinnering brengen als voor het tweede stuk nodig is.

Description: 1. A review is given of some phenomena concerning pregnancy and parturition of the Cetacea, depending on data in literature and on observations made in Antarctic Blue and Fin Whales on board the f.f. \xe2\x80\x9cWillem Barendsz\xe2\x80\x9d (1946\xe2\x80\x941947). 2. In Mystacoceti the frequency of twins appears to be less than in man and the big domestic animals. The majority of twins is born by females that are longer than the average female in the period of greatest sexual activity. This does not mean, however, that just as in man most twins are born at an elder age than that corresponding with the maximum of sexual activity. It may also be possible that, just as in the big domestic animals, the ages correspond, but that twins are mostly produced by the physically stronger developed females. 3. In Odontoceti the left ovary shows a very distinct morphological and functional prevalence. The foetus is exclusively found in the left uterine cornu. In Mystacoceti there is a prevalence of about 60 % of the right ovary and the right uterine cornu with regard to ovulation and pregnancy. The above described phenomena have also been observed in other uniparous Mammals, whereas in multiparous Mammals no distinct prevalence of a special side has been found. Transference of an ovum from the ovary of one side to the cornu of the other has been observed twice in Cetacea. 4. In Mystacoceti the number of cephalic presentations of the foetus very distinctly increases during the last months of pregnancy, just as in man and the big domestic animals. There is a great possibility that, just as the other uniparous Mammals, which give birth to comparatively large infants, in Mystacoceti a very high percentage of the young is born in cephalic presentation. In Odontoceti, on the contrary, a great number of foetuses is apparently delivered in tail-presentation. With regard to their shape and dimensions, such a birth in tail-presentation must be considered as an unfavourable event. An attempt has been made to explain these facts with the aid of the peristaltic uterine contractions. If these contractions act in the same way as in other Mammals, it might be expected that most of the Cetacea should be born in tailpresentation. So it is highly possible that in Mystacoceti some other factors are responsible for the high percentage of cephalic presentations. 5. In Cetacea the relative length of the umbilical cord (in % of the length of the foetus) decreases markedly during the second part of pregnancy. At birth its length is about 40 % of the total length of the calf and 57 % of its snout-anus length. As compared with other Mammals the cord of the Cetacea is rather short and this fact may have some influence on the way in which the connection between mother and calf is broken. This may occur by rupture of the cord immediately after birth as in Ungulates. On the other hand it appears to be also possible that, just as in Primates, Carnivores and Chiropteres, the placenta and the cord stick to the baby for some time after birth. 6. Some congenital anomalies of foetal Cetacea are described. Abortus probably may occur during chasing of the big whales or when they are struck by the harpoon. A case of fibromyoma uteri is described in an old female Blue Whale that showed an abnormal lactation. Probably the fibromyoma had caused an abortus some months ago, this abortus causing the lactation.

Description: Hoewel ik in het voorjaar van 1948 slechts korte tijd op Cura\xc3\xa7ao en Bonaire verbleef, deed ik hier naast waarnemingen, die een bevestiging zijn van die van RUTTEN (1931), ook een aantal aanvullende observaties. Ik wil deze gaarne publiceren in de feestbundel ter ere van Prof. Dr. J. E. W. IHLE en Prof. Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT, met wie ik gedurende vele jaren op verschillend gebied zo aangenaam samengewerkt heb.\nOver de vogels der Benedenwindse Eilanden is nog slechts weinig geschreven. Eigenlijk bestaat er slechts \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n goed artikel en wel dat van RUTTEN (1931), die hierin niet alleen oude mededelingen van HARTERT en van CORY verwerkte, maar ook tal van nieuwe, eigen waarnemingen, deels van veldornithologische aard, mededeelde. De lijst van DE JONG (1948) is min of meer een uittreksel van die van RUTTEN \xc2\xb9) en bevat slechts enkele eigen aanvullende gegevens.

Description: Opinions are divided in relation to what generical name has priority, Heliacus or Torinia. In proof of this I will quote, leaving aside those of many others, the opinions of two authorities.\nThiele [1918, p. 80 (114)] writes: "Bez\xc3\xbcglich des Namens Torinia bemerkt Iredale, dass ihm Heliacus Orbigny, weil \xc3\xa4lter, vorzuziehen sei; es mag sein, dass dieser Name ein wenig \xc3\xa4lter ist \xe2\x80\x94 nach Hermannsen von 1841, nach Iredale 1842, es scheint also die Zeit des Erscheinens nicht ganz festzustehen \xe2\x80\x94, w\xc3\xa4hrend Torinia von Gray 1842 auf die Beschaffenheit des Deckels hin begr\xc3\xbcndet worden ist".\nThe opinion of Tomlin (1928, p. 333), however, is quite different: "Gray in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, \xce\xa1\xc2\xb7 151, gives his own genus Torinia precedence, quoting it as of 1840 and 1842. These two references are to different editions of the \'Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum\', and are fully explained by Iredale in Proc. Malac. Soc. (London), X, pp. 294-309.\nThe 1840 usage of Torinia is a nomen nudum; the 1842 edition gives a short comparative account of operculum only, quoted on p. 308. It hardly seems a sufficient diagnosis on which to found a genus, and the reasons for rejection given by Iredale on p. 301 may well be applied to this case at any rate".\nAs I mentioned already in a previous paper (1940, p. 223), I follow in this catalogue Thiele\'s "Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde", in relation to the generic names and also as far as concerns the classification, but it is not my intention to state thereby hat I always completely agree with the opinions of his author.\nI wish to express here my heartiest thanks to the gentlemen who helped

Description: Au cours de l\'ann\xc3\xa9e 1935, le Directeur du Mus\xc3\xa9e de Prague a eu l\'amabilit\xc3\xa9 de m\'envoyer en communication les 3 syntypes de Synaptura lipophthalma Janos ; de son c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9, M. Hardenberg, Directeur du Laboratoire oc\xc3\xa9anographique de Batavia (Laboratorium voor het Onderzoek der Zee), m\'a fait le don g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9reux de 3 paratypes de son Typhlachirus caecus. C\'est avec joie que je saisis l\'occasion qui m\'est offerte ici de remercier ces deux savants de leur extr\xc3\xa8me courtoisie, gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 laquelle j\'ai pu examiner \xc3\xa0 loisir et comparer directement entre eux tous ces sp\xc3\xa9cimens.\nSommaire.\nI. \xe2\x80\x94 Revision du genre Typhla- Les \xc3\xa9piotiques......34\nchirus.........3 Le parasph\xc3\xa9no\xc3\xafde.....35\nRemarques .......21 Les prootiques......36\nII. \xe2\x80\x94 Esp\xc3\xa8ce dont il reste \xc3\xa0 pr\xc3\xa9ciser Les opisthotiques.....36\nla position syst\xc3\xa9matique . .22 Les pt\xc3\xa9rotiques......36\nIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Contribution \xc3\xa0 la morphologie Les sph\xc3\xa9notiques.....37\nanatomique de Typhlachirus L\'acrinioste.......37\nlipophthalmus......23 Les pari\xc3\xa9taux......38\nRemarques critiques relatives Les frontaux ......38\n\xc3\xa0 la nomenclature ost\xc3\xa9ologique Le parethmo\xc3\xafde nadiral . . 40 des T\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9ost\xc3\xa9ens .....23 Le parethmo\xc3\xafde z\xc3\xa9nithal . . 42 A. \xe2\x80\x94 L\'organe nasal z\xc3\xa9nithal ... 23 Le dermethmo\xc3\xafde.....42\nB. \xe2\x80\x94 Le clidoste.......24 Le vomer........43\nC. \xe2\x80\x94 Le neurocr\xc3\xa2ne......27 D. \xe2\x80\x94 Le rhachis abdominal .... 43\nCaract\xc3\xa8res g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9raux .... 27 E. \xe2\x80\x94 L\'appareil digestif.....48\nLe basinioste ......32 F. \xe2\x80\x94 L\'appareil excr\xc3\xa9teur et l\'organe

Description: The increased importance which the European red mite (Paratetranychus pilosus (Can. et Fanz.)) (= Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)) has assumed in recent years has led to an intensive study of its biology and natural history.\nIn the course of these investigations many workers, and in particular those in Nova Scotia (vide Lord, 1949), have become convinced that this pest can be controlled, on apple trees at least, by natural means and that some of the most active agents in its eradication are the representatives of that group of predaceous mites which Vitzthum (1941) placed in the subfamily Phytoseiinae Ber\'lese, 1916 1). As the late Dr. A. C. Oudemans of Arnhem included many if not most of these species in the genus Typhlodromus as he conceived it, this paper is in essence a revision of that genus.\nPresumably because of their small size and limited distribution, which is largely contingent upon readily available populations of their hosts, little attention has been paid to these predators from either the ecological or taxonomic point of view. A cursory survey of the literature pertaining to the predaceous relationship which exists between the Phytoseiinae herein to be discussed and the tetranychid mites may serve as an appraisal of this economically significant group of mites. Koch (1839) in describing what now appears to be a typhlodromid, viz., Gamasus vepallidus, made no reference to its possible predaceous habits. Scheuten (1857) thought that the eriophyids which he found associated in numbers with his Typhlodromus pyri were its offspring. Berlese (1882-1898), however, had a better understanding of these relationships and was able to state in his redescription of G. vepallidus as Seius (Seiulus) vepallidus (K.) that it was a predator of small acari as well as being a mycophage. His countryman, Ribaga (1902), writing of the

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction............... 3\nSystematic survey of the Limacidae of the central and western Canary Islands 5 Biogeographical notes on the Limacidae of the Canary Islands . . . . 21 Alphabetical list of the persons who collected or observed Limacidae in the Canary Islands.............. 31\nLiterature............... 32\nINTRODUCTION\nIn the spring of 1947 I was so fortunate as to join for some 9 weeks the Danish Zoological Expedition to the Canary Islands. During my stay I collected materials for the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, paying special attention to the land- and freshwater Mollusca. This paper contains the first results of the examination of the Mollusca collected.\nMy Danish friends Dr. Gunnar Thorson and Dr. Helge Vols\xc3\xb8e generously put at my disposal the non-marine Mollusca they collected during their stay in the Canaries. When the material has been worked up, duplicates will be deposited in the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen.\nI am indebted to several persons who helped me in various ways in the investigations here published. Prof. Dr. N. Hj. Odhner (Stockholm) very kindly put at my disposal a MS list of all the Mollusca of the Canary Islands and their distribution, which he had compiled for private use. Mr. Hugh Watson (Cambridge) never failed to help me by examining or lending specimens, and in detailed letters gave me the benefit of his great experience.\nDuring my stay in Paris in March 1950 Dr. G. Ranson and Dr. A. Franc put at my disposal for examination the Canarian slugs present in the Mus\xc3\xa9um

Description: Neuwiedia (sect. Euneuwiedia) Griffithii Rehb.f. Xenia Orch. II (1874), 215; Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXV (1890), 235, 241, t. XLVIII, fig. 2\xe2\x80\x949; in Orch. Rev. II (1894), 276; IV (1896), 329; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. VI (1890), 176; in Bot. Mag. CXXI (1895), t. 7425; Krzl. Orch. I (1897), 4; Pfitz. in Pflanzenr. IV. 50 (1903), 5; Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII (1896), 416; Mat. Fl. Mal. Penins. I (1907), 231; Fl. Mal. Penins. IV (1924), 296.\nPlanta in genere parva. Caulis erectus, rigidus, teres, dilute viridis, c. 14 cm longus, 0.63 cm diam., c. 10-folius. Folia erecto-patentia, recurva, lanceolata, sensim longe et acutissime acuminata, basi acuta sensim in petioluin contracta, plicaita, nervis c. 7 subtus prominentibus, nervis tenuioribus alternantibus, papyracea, utrinque nitidule viridia, c. 18.5\xe2\x80\x94 22 cm longa, 4\xe2\x80\x945 cm lata, summa minora; petiolus latus, canaliculatus, 3-costatus, cum vagina tubulosa antice basi excepta rumpente c. 5.5\xe2\x80\x946.5 cm longus. Inflorescentia erecta, foliis multo brevior, subdense multiflora, cylindrica, pedunculo hirtello, atroviridi, c. 4 cm longo, nonnullis vaginulis in bracteas vergentibus donato, rachide angulato-cylindrica, patentissime hirtella, atroviridi, c. 6.5 cm longa. Bracteae patentes, incurvulae, e basi ovata sensim longe subulato-acuminatae, anguste obtusae, basi rachidem semiamplectentes, praesertim basi concavae, dorso et margine hirtellae, 3-nerviae, virides, ad c. 1.4 cm longae, superiores minores. Flores quaquaversi, parvuli, patentes, nutantes, sepalis dorso patentissime superne patenter strigillosis petalisque conniventibus, concavis, tenuibus, albis, pallide flavescenti-apiculatis. Sepalum dorsale ellipticum, apiculo tereti strigilloso, valde concavum, totum c. 0.83 cm longum, apiculo 0.05 cm, 0.4 cm latum. Sepala lateralia oblique ovato-elliptiea, apice cucullatoobtusa cum apiculo recto tereti-subulato strigilloso 0.08 cm longo, concava, costa media dorso convexo-incrassata, tota c. 0.87 cm longa, 0.375 cm lata. Petala late elliptico-obovata, obtusa, apice vix cucullata, basi margine antico vix unguiculato-contraeta, concava, costa media dorso valde incrassata strigosaque apice in apiculum brevem producta in praefloratione inter sepala prominente, c. 0.8 cm longa, 0.525 cm lata. Labellum a gynostemio subrectangule patens et recurvulum, supra basin obtusangule incurvum, stigma paululum superans, valde concavum, explanatum cuneato-angulato-obovatum, apice cucullato-obtusissimum, ungue cuneato excepto leviter crispulum et erosulum, basi intus valde convexoincrassatum, costa media dorso valde prominente et strigosa apice in apiculum incurvulum teretem hirtellum producta, fere 0.8 cm longum, mucrone 0.05 cm longo, 0.6 cm latum. Gynostemium totum c. 0.62 cm, usque ad apicem antherarum 0.4 cm longum. Stamina 3, glabra, inferne cum stylo in columnam rotundato-trigonam supra subtusque 2-sulcatum, c. 0.13 cm longam connata, superne divergentia, filamenti dorsalis pars libera a dorso compressa, oblonga, vix flavescenti-alba, c. 0.1 cm longa; filainentorum lateralium pars libera dorsali similis, 0.13 cm longa; antherae conniventes, fere basifixae, introrsae, praesertim dorsalis valde incurvae, cordatae, apicem versus paululum angustatae, late obtusae, lobis basilaribus obtusis, dorso valde convexae cum sulco levi longitudinali, crassae, vix flaveseenti-albae, dorsalis fere c. 2 cm longa, 0.14 cm lata, laterales bene 0.2 cm longae, 0.175 cm latae. Stylus undatus, teres, leviter clavatus, apice (stigmate) obtusus et papillosus, albus, basi dilute. sulphureus, totus c. 0.6 cm, parte libera 0.525 cm longus. Ovarium pedieellatum curvulum, rotundato-trigonum, patentissime strigillosum, pedicello apicem versus incrassato, pallide viridi, c. 0.33 cm longo, ovario trigono-ellipsoideo, viridi, c. 0.4 cm longo, fere 0.3 cm diam., apice in rostrum apice obliquum pallide viride dorso c. 0.275 cm longum contractum.

Description: In Blumea V (1943), 316, I published a list of the Orchidaceae collected by Dr van Steenis in Atjeh. In this list a certain number of specimens were purposely omitted, on account of the fact that flowers had been preserved in alcohol, which material, however, was apparently not extant in Leiden. Under these conditions I have worked up the herbarium so far as possible from the dried specimens only.\nPeristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lndl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835), 299; etc.

Description: The present paper is an extension of my revision of the Malaysian species of the genus Dillenia L. (Wormia Rottb. included) inserted in the revision of the Dilleniaceae in the Flora Malesiana ser. I, vol. 4, part 3, pp. 141\xe2\x80\x94174, published in December 1951. A critical revision of the whole genus has never been published before; the unfortunate result of this has been that the delimitation of Dillenia and Wormia, usually as distinct genera, has been based on different characters by various authors. The extension of the revision for the Flora Malesiana so as to include the extra-malaysian species enabled me to study a number of species, the knowledge of which certainly confirmed me in my idea that the characters on which Dillenia and Wormia had been separated before are certainly not the primary characters, to be used in the taxonomic treatment of the genus.\nAll specimens and literature mentioned in this work have been examined by me, unless indicated otherwise; excepted are the specimens of the U.S. National Herbarium., of which I have only examined those collections, of which no duplicates were available from other herbaria. Particulars, not to be taken from the herbarium specimens themselves, such as habit, height, diameter, colour, etc., have been taken from the collectors\xe2\x80\x99 notes and, as far as reliable, from the literature, and are inserted in the descriptions; if there are contradictory data, they are discussed under the Notes.

Description: Exbucklandia R. W. Brown ( Bucklandia R. Br. non Pr. ex Sternb., Symingtonia Steen.) In an article on \xe2\x80\x9cAlterations in some fossil and living floras\xe2\x80\x9d (J. Wash. Ac. Sc. 36: 348. Oct. 1946) R. W. Brown proposed the new generic name Exbucklandia for the Hamamelidaceous genus Bucklandia R. Br., non Pr. ex Sternb., while describing a new fossil species from the United States. He also transferred B. populnea to the new genus. Unfortunately I had overlooked this publication when proposing Symingtonia to replace Bucklandia R. Br. (Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 443\xe2\x80\x94444. 1952). Exbucklandia will have to be accepted for it in future. The Indo-Chinese species B. tonkinensis Lecomte should be referred to as Exbucklandia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Steen. comb. nov. I have to thank Dr E. H. Walker for pointing my attention to R. W. Brown\xe2\x80\x99s paper.

Description: This charming and handy book printed on excellent paper, with its numerous clear pictures of well-known Malayan plants, reminds one in many ways of Merrill\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cPlant Life of the Pacific World\xe2\x80\x9d (MacMillan 1946, New York), which has perhaps served Prof. Holttum as an example. Its size being only slightly smaller than Merrill\xe2\x80\x99s book and the area covered being very considerably smaller, its descriptions of plants are naturally more detailed; the more so as only a choice has been made, in which the special interests of the author \xe2\x80\x94 ferns, orchids, gingers \xe2\x80\x94 are evident though not predominant.\nThe plants described are not regionally arranged. The 17 chapters are rather headed by names of life-forms, striking organs, and special habitats. As is pointed out in the Preface, the book is \xe2\x80\x9cintended primarily for the Malayan resident who wishes to begin a study of Malayan plants\xe2\x80\x9d. In this purpose the book will doubtless prove to be a success: the reader is gradually taught quite a bit of botany of various fields, morphology, anatomy, ecology, hybridisation, etc. These are demonstrated at plants which are within easy reach of the ordinary layman for which it is destined. Short opening and concluding chapters deal with general features of tropical plants and with the Malayan forest. Since the author is a well-known expert and the Malayan flora as here described is a very good example of any flora between, say, Calcutta and Fiji, it may well be useful to residents of many other countries as well.

Description: In one of his papers on Malaysian Orchids R. Schleehter (1911) expresses his surprise that the flora of Celebes, though promising so much from a phytogeographical point of view, is very little known in comparison with that of the Philippines and Java and even with that of Borneo. In 1926 E. D. Merrill repeated this assumption with little less emphasis, and it is, indeed, still holding good even nowadays. I am not able to tell the reason why Celebes has been so much neglected in this respect, though it has been given ample attention by zoogeographers.\nYet, botanical exploration has been carried out ever since the French scientific world cruises of the \xe2\x80\x9cAstrolabe\xe2\x80\x9d (1828) and the \xe2\x80\x9cAstrolabe\xe2\x80\x9d and the \xe2\x80\x9cZelee\xe2\x80\x9d (1839). The more important collections have been enumerated in the \xe2\x80\x9cAppendix\xe2\x80\x9d to the present paper and among these the most outstanding ones are those made by the Neth. \xe2\x80\x93 Indian Forestry Service and by such individual collectors as Forsten (1840, N), Zollinger (1847, SW and Salajar), Teysmann and De Vriese (1860, N), Teysmann (1877, SW and Salajar), Warburg (1888, SW), Koorders (1894\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9995, N), P. and F. Sarasin (1893\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9996 and 1902\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9903, all parts), Elbert (1909, SE), Schleehter (1910, N), Van Vuuren (1912\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9914, SW, C, SE), Docters van Leeuwen (1913, Salajar, etc.), Kaudern (1917\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9920, SE, C, E, N), Bunnemeyer (1921, SW), Lam (1926, Talaud), Kjellberg (1929\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9930, SW, SE), Eyma (1938, C, E) and Monod de Froideville (1937\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9939, SW, C, SE).

Description: The first result of this survey of the wide genera which have endemic species in New Caledonia is certainly to confirm the impression that there is indeed a noteworthy geographical association between Madagascar and that island, even if it is only a particular aspect of a more general relationship between Madagascar and Australasia as a whole.\nBut the survey gives prominence also to another point, namely the unexpectedly small part that tropical Africa plays in the distribution of the genera reviewed. It almost seems as if there is some factor of exclusion affecting that great region, and there is no indication of any corresponding degree of relation between tropical Africa and New Caledonia such as has been detected between the latter and Madagascar.

Description: Trees with leaves crowded at tip of thick branchlets; stipules subulate or narrowly deltoid, caducous; leaves, obovate or obovate-oblong, tertiary nerves ascending near the midrib, transverse near the margins of the leaf; flowers crowded at tips of branchlets, forming a pseudo-terminal, many-florous inflorescence; calyx with two whorls of two lobes each; corolla exsert, tube solid, pubescent without at apex, petals 8, imbricate; stamens 9\xe2\x80\x9440, inserted in one or two rows in the throat; style subulate, exsert, glabrous; ovary glabrous, 3\xe2\x80\x948-celled, cells 1-ovuled, ovules attached at the apex of the central axis; sometimes an indistinct annular disc present; fruit large, often edible, crowned by the persistent style; fruit usually 1-seeded; seed ovoid with large to very large scar and apical hilum; testa thick, crustaceous; albumen none or membranous, if present especially around the radicle; cotyledons fleshy; radicle inferior, not exsert \xe2\x80\x94 11 species distributed from the Moluccas to the Samoa and Tonga Islands.\nThe last revision of this genus was given by Lam in 1942. After a small but important publication of White (J. Arn. Arb. 31, 1, 1950, 104) and the investigation of some new collections it seemed appropriate to give a concise revision of this genus in preparation for the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d. Some new species are described and of some old ones more details are given. The publications of Lam are abbreviated as follows: 1925 = The Sapotaceae, etc. of the Dutch East Indies, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 7, 1925, 112. Lam 1927 = Further studies etc., Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 381. Lam 1932 = Sapotaceae, in Nova Guinea 14, 4, 1932, 554. Lam 1942 = A tentative list of wild Pacific Sap. etc., Blumea 5, I, 1942, 36.

Description: A study has been made of the Indo-Malaysian species of Cnestis. The mutual length ratio of sepals and petals, \xe2\x80\x94 brevi- and aequipetaly \xe2\x80\x94, is the main differentiating character for the species; there are no transitions. The areas of distribution overlap in the Malay Peninsula (fig. 1); brevipetalous types are known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes, aequipetalous types from Burma, Siam, Indo-China and the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Fruits are of two different shapes: beaked in aequipetalae of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, and Indo-China, pear-shaped in remaining aequipetalae and in brevipetalae. Leaves tend to be longer and jugae more numerous in brevipetalae than in aequipetalae.\nOther characters do not have so clear a separating value, such as texture and indumentum of leaflets, indumentum of inflorescence, texture and indumentum of petals, length of stamens, type and length of pistils, length ratio of stamens and pistils. However, even on the strength of these characters there is some reason to distinguish both groups mentioned above. As to the indumentum of petals there is a remarkable cline in a decreasing sense from the Philippines to continental Asia, the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula and back to the east through the brevipetalae of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes.\nBrevi- and aequipetalae have been considered to represent two species, viz Cnestis platantha Griff. and Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merrill. The latter one has been divided into two subspecies, viz subsp. palala with beaked fruits and subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas with pear-shaped fruits. For their area of distribution see fig. 1.\nIn many respects some plants of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, Indo-China (and the Malay Peninsula) are different from the remaining aequipetalae, but not in a uniform way as to the various characters. Although there are some arguments for a further taxonomic subdivision, we did not think it advisable to introduce such a division at present. Our classification differs from the division as given by Schellenberg (1938). This was caused by the material on one hand, being more heterogeneous than Schellenberg described it, and, on the other hand, by the fact that some of the diagnostic characters used by him, in our opinion were not fit for use as such. Therefore a revision of Schellenberg\xe2\x80\x99s system of the genus Cnestis seems desirable.

Description: In January 1949 Professor H. J. Lam, director of the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, on his way to the 7th Pacific Science Congress in New Zealand, spending some time in Fiji, was shown by Mr B. E. V. Parham, Department of Agriculture, Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, a slender tree, cultivated in the Agricultural Experimental Garden Naduruloulou. The tree was unidentified and of unknown origin. Some flowering material was collected and at our request Mr Parham was good enough to send some ripe fruits in liquid for an investigation I was entrusted with.\nAdditional material was studied from the herbaria at Brisbane, Kew, Leiden, Melbourne and Paris. It is my pleasant duty to tender my best thanks to the directors of these institutes for the loan of this valuable material, among which the type.

Description: With reference to and in continuation of our elaborate announcement in Blumea VI, nr. 2, 1950, p. 544\xe2\x80\x94545, it is a pleasure to report now the publication of Vol. I, entitled: Malaysian plant collectors and collections, being a cyclopaedia of botanical exploration in Malaysia and a guide to the concerned literature up to the year 1950 by Mrs. M. J. van Steenis\xe2\x80\x94Kruseman (CLII + 639 pp., 3 maps and about 220 illustrations).\nThe General Part (roman page numbers) comprises introductory paragraphs (aim of work, interesting data and hints on labeling, lists of illustrations and literature of use to collectors and investigators, terminology of altitudinal zones, and the use of vernacular names) as well as chapters on the technique of botanical exploration and collecting, on the phytogeographical delimitation and subdivision of Malaysia, on the collections made in the area concerned (arranged both chronologically and geographically, with 1 map), statistics of collections and desiderata for further exploration with 2 maps), sources consulted for the data mentioned (literature and herbaria), and samples of handwritings of 70 collectors and botanists.

Description: In Madro\xc3\xb1o (1936) Herre has lamented the disappearance of lichen species through the disastrous interference of man. Unavoidably, the advance of civilised modern life is linked with destruction of the vegetation. This applies all the more as the endangered area is more densely populated and it certainly applies most alarmingly to the lichen flora of the Netherlands. Here, every way-side tree felled is an irreparable loss to the epiphytic lichen communities, every acre of heath burnt or turned into arable land is a blow to our stock of terrestrial lichen species, whereas the use of dry fertilisers and the spraying of orchards are very effective in killing any lichen in the neighbourhood that otherwise might have survived. A comparison of the material preserved in the older collections with what can be found nowadays, clearly shows what has gone lost. It is sad to think that an ever increasing number of species are on their way to total extermination.\nHowever, from a thorough investigation of the epiphytic communities of cryptogams latterly started by Mr J. J. Barkman, it becomes apparent that at least to some extent the losses may be compensated by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked or not recognised. It is on such and other finds that I intend to report from time to time.

Description: The names Blumea intermedia Koster (syn. Bl. acutata DC. var. \xc3\x9f) and Blumea floresiana (Schultz-Bip.) Boerl. must be kept upright. Blumea humifusa (Miq.) Clarke var. monochasialis Koster has to be changed into Blumea tenella DC. var. monochasialis (Koster) Koster, for Blumea humifusa (Miq.) Clarke is a synonym of Blumea tenella DC.\nBlumea lacera (Burm.) DC. var. burmanni DC. is not a clearly distinguishable variety.\nBlumea runcinata DC. is a synonym of Blumea lacera (Burm.) DC.\nBlumea fasciculata DC. is a synonym of Blumea sessiliflora Decaisne, which is not a synonym of the closely related Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz (syn. Bl. glomerata DC. and Bl. leptoclada DC.). Blumea chinensis (L.) DC. as well as Blumea semivestita DC. are a mixture of Blumea riparia (Bl.) DC. and Blumea bullata Koster.

Description: Though the new names published in Thunberg\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cFlorida\xe2\x80\x9d have been entered in the Index Kewensis, few botanists have tried to verify the status and synonymy of the new species proposed in this 2-thesis booklet. Thunberg\xe2\x80\x99s names were entered in Juel\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cPlantae Thunbergianae\xe2\x80\x9d (1918, 412 pp.).\nThe diagnoses are generally too short and vague to allow a definite opinion. Only Schott, Mueller Arg., and F. E. Wimmer have examined material of resp. the Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Campanulaceae.

Description: As early as 1939 I started a study of Papuan Nothofagus, and since 1948 I was entrusted with the elaboration of all the material my colleagues could lay hands on. This work was repeatedly interrupted on account of official duties. Pending the full account of the work in the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum I regret that it seems necessary to safeguard my conclusions as soon as possible.

Description: The International Association of Wood Anatomists in the early years of its existence has undertaken to standardize the nomenclature used in describing woods. Later the classes of dimensions have been added thereinto.\nIn the same way it should be possible now to standardize one or two identification methods.\nUniversal schemes in the first place will fit for this purpose. In the introduction it is explained which requirements should be fulfilled in such schemes.\nThe advantages and drawbacks of an English and a Dutch identification method are compared mutually. It is suggested, that a procedure according to the Hollerith system will allow of a synthesis of both methods mentioned, thus combining advantages and eliminating their drawbacks. The restriction in the applicability of the Hollerith scheme is determined by the fact, that complicated devices are necessary the costs of which can only be justified, if they are constantly employed at full capacity. Thus the method can only be used in a central office. It will especially yield good results if a close international collaboration is established.\nA standardized codification and centralized multiplication and distribution of cards are indispensable requirements for realising this purpose. A short general survey is given of the Universal Decimal Classification and it is explained according to which principles wood species have been included in this scheme. The decimal codes of the U.D.C. can be used for indicating botanical and geographical data in the Hollerith identification. In this way, the great advantage is achieved, that a literature card index on wood species can be compiled with the same figure combinations. In doing so these figures get a wider field of application than when independant classifications are made for identification and documentation purposes.

Description: On the 13th of October 1940 I found in the vicinity of a wool- and skinwork in Tilburg (The Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant) a sterile grasstuft, striking me by its peculiar habit. I transplanted it into my garden in Dordrecht and there it was flowering for the first time in June 1941, and in July it was collected to be dried. On the 4th of July 1941 I gathered one more fructifying specimen at the same locality in Tilburg. Doubtless the plant was a Deschampsia and my provisory identification was D. media R. et Sch.. Sending the material with this name to Dr P. Jansen in Amsterdam I got his reply: \xe2\x80\x9dCertainly not D. media. It is a species, unknown to me or, more probably, a variety of D. flexuosa\xe2\x80\x9c.\nThis conclusion, however, seemed unacceptable to me. The habit of the sterile as well as the fertile plant differs strongly from that of D. flexuosa. The tuft is denser and harder, with thicker and shorter leaves. The panicle is longer, wider and more diffuse, the branchlets less flexuous, the culms are relatively short, as long as the panicle or at most 1\xc2\xbd\xe2\x80\x942 times the length of the panicle (in D. flexuosa 4\xe2\x80\x945 times). The characteristics of the flower are decisive. The lower glume is 5 mm long, the upper one 6 mm, both of them overtop the lemma and palea of the enclosed flower (in D. flexuosa the glumes are little different in length and equaling or overtopped by the flowers). The stipe of the upper flower, remaining attached to the lower one, when the spikelet falls asunder, is densily pencilshapedly hirsute and 1.5 mm long (in D. flexuosa 0.6\xe2\x80\x940.8 mm). The upper flower bears a similar stipe of a fully rudimental third flower, in other words: the rachilla is produced behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle. These properties sooner recall D. setacea than D. flexuosa, but the anthers are very small, 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.5 mm long, on much longer filaments (D. setacea has anthers, 1.5 mm long, filaments 0.5 mm, D. flexuosa: anthers 1.8 mm, filaments very short). All this: the habit, the pale green spikelets without any touch of purple, brown or blue, and the small anthers on long filaments justifies a specific differentiation of the Tilburgian wooladventive. I propose to name it, in honour of Dr J. Th. Henrard, whom I owe so much in the field of adventives in general and of Gramineae in particular: Deschampsia Henrardii nov. spec.

Description: Xyris malmei sp. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Folia ensiformia, 7\xe2\x80\x9430 cm longa, subfalcata, minute papillosa. Scapus 20\xe2\x80\x9445 cm longus, teres vel subteres, papillatus. Bracteae ovatae ad ellipticae, obtusae, emarginatae vel retusae; bracteae basales cum nervo uno completo et nervis 4 descendentibus incompletis. Sepala lateralia naviculata, cum carina glabra carinata. Petala obovata, 8\xe2\x80\x949 mm longa, ungui 7\xe2\x80\x948 mm longo. Stamina 3\xe2\x80\x944.5 mm longa, antherae basi obtuse, apice profunde incisae, thecarum apex acute bifidus. Staminodia penicillata. Ovarium obovoideum. Stylus trifidus, ramulis apice capitatis.\nTypus: Robinson & Kloss 5962, in K: Malay Peninsula, Kedah Peak, 850\xe2\x80\x94 1200 m, Dee. 1915.

Description: Koorders, Fl. v. Tjibodas 2 (1923) 32\xe2\x80\x9446; Hochreutiner in Candollea 2 (1924\xe2\x80\x941926) 336\xe2\x80\x94359; Ochse, Indische Groenten (1931) 719\xe2\x80\x94722; Backer, Onkruidfl. Java Suiker (1930) 203\xe2\x80\x94209; Aimshoff in Blumea 5 (1942\xe2\x80\x941945) 515\xe2\x80\x94517. Miss Dr G. J. Amshoff started the revision of the Javanese Urticaceae, but left the definitive preparation to me.\nUrtica dioica L. and U. urens L. have been erroneously recorded for Java (Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1\xc2\xb2, 1859, 227; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2, 1912, 126). To my knowledge no specimens were ever collected there nor elsewhere in the Malay Archipelago.

Description: Urelytrum Henrardii Chippindall sp. nov.; ab U. agropyroidei Hack., cui e descriptione affine, culmis gracilibus, foliorum laminis non hirsutis, longe attenuatis, longioribus, racemis flavido-viridibus, spicularum sessilium gluma inferiore 5-nervi, arista breviore distinguendum \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 1.\nGramen perenne caespitosum, usque ad 92 cm altum. Culmi erecti, simplices, graciles, pauci-nodes, glabri, racemos versus asperuli. Folia plerumque basalia; vaginae internodiis longiores, sublaxae, striatae, apicem versus carinatae, basales glabrae laevesque, superiores pilis patulis laxe pilosae, ore villoso-barbatae; ligulae scariosae, rotundato-obtusae, 0.8\xe2\x80\x941.25 mm longae; laminae lineares, apice tenuiter setaceae, planae vel leviter conduplicatae, usque ad 38 cm longae, 3\xe2\x80\x943.8 mm latae, marginibus scabridis, costis asperulis, pone ligulam pilis longis exceptis glabrae. Racemi ad culmi apicem solitarii, stricti, fragiles, subcylindrici, fere glabri, flavidi vel pallide flavido-virides, saltem 16 cm longi; articuli rhacheos compressi, infimo usque ad 2 cm longo, scaberuli, margine uno superne rigide ciliati, appendice membranacea inaequaliter dentata ciliolata; pedicelli articulis similes, sed appendice minore. Spiculae sessiles biflorae, anguste lanceolato-oblongae, 7.5\xe2\x80\x948.2 mm longae (callo excluso); callus crassus, rotundato-obtusus, basi barbatus. Glumae subaequales, minute punctatae; inferior spiculam aequans, coriacea, marginibus hyalinis, explanata lanceolata, subconvexa, subacuta, 5-nervis, dorso apicem versus parce spinuloso-ciliata, superne bicarnata, carinis angustissime alatis, alis spinuloso-ciliatis; superior inferiore paulo brevior, firme membranacea, marginibus hyalinis apice minute ciliolata, lanceolata, acuta, 3-nervis, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata. Anthoecium inferum \xe2\x99\x82: lemma tenuiter hyalinum, lanceolato-ovatum, 6\xe2\x80\x946.5 mm longum, 2-nerve, minute bidentatum, marginibus apicem versus minute ciliolatum; palea lemmati similis sed angustior et paulo longior; antherae 3 mm longae; lodiculae glabrae. Anthoecium superum \xe2\x99\x80: lemma lemmati anthoecii inferi simile sed 3-nerve, apice latius; palea angustior. Spiculae pedicellatae illis sessilibus absimiles, neutrae, ad glumas lemmaque redactae, sine arista 2\xe2\x80\x942.75 mm longae. Glumae coriaceae, marginibus hyalinis superne ciliolatae, minute punctatae; inferior spiculae aequilonga, lanceolata, 5-nervis, ad carinam superne angustissime alata, ala spinulosociliata, in aristam scabridam 9\xe2\x80\x9412.5 mm longam excurrente; superior inferiore paulo longior, apice integra, obtusa, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata, obscure 5-nervis. Lemma tenuiter hyalinum, parvum.

Description: In the following account the author of the present paper has endeavoured to compile all available information regarding this interesting member of the Gramineae-Zoysieae.\nAs the genus under consideration has in many cases been incorrectly described, it appeared highly desirable to amend the faults and inaccuracies committed by both the original author of the genus and various subsequent taxonomists. The results of these investigations are being put forward in the following pages.

Description: As my friend Dr J. Th. Henrard, when young, paid much attention to the adventitious species of Fumaria, I will give here an enumeration of the species found in our country. This genus has been somewhat neglected with us, mainly owing to the fact that the descriptions in our flora\xe2\x80\x99s are not exact, so that the determination was not always easy; the less so as the species are variable in several characters.\nAs I have not much space at my disposal, I will refrain from giving detailed descriptions, but the essential characters I will lay down into the key, so that a correct determination is possible. Minute descriptions are to be found in the splendid works of Mr H. W. Pugsley, which have been a great help to me.

Description: Fate has knocked at your door. It has reminded you that, as to the years of your life, you are no longer a young man, that your age will be sixty five on the day this little volume will be presented to you.\nTime and fate are inexorable powers. Sometimes the question has occurred to me, whether we have any right to speak of a \xe2\x80\x9cJubilee\xe2\x80\x9d, whether one\xe2\x80\x99s retirement from office or the attainment of high age is something to be gratulated upon, since these events are usually not exactly welcome to the person involved. Yet, I think there cannot be any doubt as to this. For, can there be ever more reason for deep satisfaction and gratitude than when a man may without self-reproach, look back upon an honest and successful life?

Description: A taxonomic study of the 6 species of Stipa that inhabit desert regions of the Puna de Atacama S. Bomani Haum., S. venusta Phil., S. obtusa [Nees et Mey.] Hitchc., S. rigidiseta [Pilg.] Hitchc., S. saltensis O. Kuntze, and the new species S. Henrardiana) indicates that they constitute a natural group which I designate Obtusae, using as type the species S. obtusa which is the one with priority. The group is characterised by setose leaves, with ligules 3 to 10 mm long, by glumes that are scarious, smooth, depressed and usually unequal, by the fusiform anthoecium with the palea as long as the lemma and by glabrous anthers. These characters reveal a close relationship with Orthachne Nees and Oryzopsis Michx. More detailed studies are necessary to decide the generic relationships.\nSome of the species studied ( S. Bomani and S. saltensis) contain cyanoglucosides in their vegetative organs and consequently are feared by the inhabitants of the Puna as being toxic to livestock.

Description: Dactyloctenium Henrardianum Bor spec. nov. quae ab omnibus aliis speciebus hujus generis inflorescentia racemosa haud digitata satis recedit.\nAn annual grass. Culms slender, 10\xe2\x80\x9430 cm tall, erect, smooth, glabrous, striate in robust specimens, terete, long-exserted from the uppermost leaf-sheath. Leaf-sheaths strongly keeled, loose, slipping from the culm, much shorter than the internode and leaf-blade, markedly striate, smooth and glabrous except for some bristles from bulbous bases sparsely arranged near the margins in the upper fourth; ligule a lacerate membrane not more than 2 mm long. Leaf-blades up to 10 cm long by 5 mm wide at the base, gradually narrowed into a fine point from the rounded base, very scabrid on the margins which also bear long bulbous-based bristles in the lower third; upper surface smooth; lower surface often with bulbous-based bristles; midrib strongly marked with 2\xe2\x80\x943 prominent parallel veins on either side.

Description: In my paper on Parmeliaceae (in Blumea, vol. 6, 1947) some remarks have been made concerning the taxa below the rank of species (p. 3\xe2\x80\x944), one of them being the statement that I was to try to hold an intermediate course between those authors accepting multitudes of varieties and forms, and others abandoning them all. In the eyes of both I may have failed.\nIn the present paper I am going to alienate myself still farther from the former group of authors in reducing varieties to forms and doing away with many other forms. Although in a way this contradicts my inclination towards a meticulous classification in my former paper, it should be borne in mind that not all genera in lichenology can be treated alike. I still believe in varieties and forms \xe2\x80\x94 considering e.g. Parmelia physodes very good illustration \xe2\x80\x94 but on the other hand I am well aware now that in following Hillmann, whom I shall always gratefully remember for his kind help during the early days of my lichenological training, I have been decidedly all too punctilious.

Description: Gynostemma hederifolia (Decne) Cogn. in D.C., Monogr. Phan. 3: 916, 1881. (\xe2\x80\x9chederaefolia\xe2\x80\x9d). \xe2\x80\x94 Sicyos hederifolius Decaisne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3: 450, 1834.\nKANGEAN Island (N. of Bali): Gua Peteng, 1 M alt.; Backer 26948 (BO), 15-III1919, \xe2\x99\x82, filaments connate up to the top, leaves far more densely puberulous than in the next specimen.

Description: On October 16th 1946 Dr J. Th. Henrard will have reached the pensionable age of sixty five years. In accordance with the legal prescriptions he is due to take leave officially as keeper of the \xe2\x80\x9dRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9c. The present director, Prof. Dr H. J. Lam, invited me to write a short biography of Dr Henrard on this occasion. Having been Henrard\xe2\x80\x99s eldest colleague till 1934 at the institution, I accepted willingly.\nJan Theodoor Henrard was born October 16th, 1881 at Maastricht, where his father, J. B. Henrard, was director of the Weight and Measures Office. There is a legend in the family that the Henrards originated from the Vend\xc3\xa9e (in France) as descendants of a Huguenot-refugee. Owing to this duties J. B. Henrard was often transferred with his family from one locality to the other; his children got their education in different towns of the country. Jan visited the elementary school at Maastricht. The secundary school he followed at Zwolle and Leeuwarden respectively. At Zwolle he made the acquaintance of two well-known Dutch florists, Lako, a teacher at the secundary school and Carmiggelt, an official at his fathers office. From them Jan gathered already an extensive knowledge of the Dutch flora. His final high school certificate he got at Sneek on August 10th, 1901 (Diploma H. B. S.).

Description: Little attention has been paid till now to the algae, transported to the Netherlands coast on drifting objects. About a century ago T. D. Vrijdag Zijnen and G. Bisschop (near Scheveningen, \xc2\xb1 1845), and L. H. Buse (between Wijk aan Zee and Zandvoort, \xc2\xb1 1840\xe2\x80\x941847) were the first to pay attention to this subject. The material collected, especially that by the first two investigators, is mentioned in the Prodromus Fl. Bat. (1853). The book of Van Goor (1923) contains a chapter on these algae, in which, however, only few new observations occur. The author is much indebted to Dr Josephine Th. Koster for her kind help, as well as to Dr S. J. v. Ooststroom. The material, collected by Vrijdag Zijnen, Bisschop and Buse is almost completely present in the collections of the \xe2\x80\x98Rijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x99 and the \xe2\x80\x98Koninklijke Ncderlandse Botanische Vereniging\xe2\x80\x99, Leiden. The material, collected during the last few years has for the greater part been brought together by the present author, and furthermore especially by K. Swennen (Den Helder), J. Stock (Amsterdam), A. Mulder (Haarlem) and P. Leenhouts (Scheveningen). This material belongs to the collection of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, but most of it is, for the time being, put under the charge of the \xe2\x80\x9cComit\xc3\xa9 ter Bestudering van de Nederlandse Mariene Flora en Fauna\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cCommittee on the Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 Marine Flora and Fauna\xe2\x80\x9d) and temporarily preserved in \xe2\x80\x9cHet Filiaal\xe2\x80\x9d, Leiden.

Description: G. kingiana (Brace) Van den Assem, Blumea VII\xc2\xb2, 1953, 373.\nVar. kingiana, l. c. 373.

Description: Dialium hydnocarpoides, sp. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Foliola (15)17\xe2\x80\x9419, elliptice oblonga, 4.5\xe2\x80\x946.5(8.5) cm longa, 2\xe2\x80\x942.5(3) cm lata, apice abrupte breviter acuminata. Sepala extus pubescentia, intus puberula. Stamina 2, raro 3. Ovarium in receptaculo plano, lato, strigoso excentrice insertum. Stylus glaber. Legumen fere globosum, leave, velutinum, c. 15 mm diam.\nTypus \xe2\x80\x94 Sumatra, Palembang, prope Lematang Ilir: FRI 185 T. 3 P. 541 (L).

Description: Peculiarities in leaf anatomy support the opinion that the name Triodia R. Br. should be confined to the Australian species. The leaves of species of Plectrachne Henr. are quite different from those of Triraphis mollis, though formerly included in this genus, but are remarkably similar to those of Triodia.

Description: A few years ago Prof. Dr W. Martin, at the time director of the Gallery of prints and drawings at Leyden, drew my attention to an oilpainting at Prof. J. N. Bakhuizen van den Brink\xe2\x80\x99s, 40 Rapenburg, Leyden. This painting (size 95 X 68 cm), which is owned by the Leyden University Fund, shows a peculiar group of flowering exotic plants, to which a few mushrooms, a snake, a lizard and some butterflies are added, and on the right side in the back-ground a view on a river or a lake. In the lower right hand corner the painting is signed Lau. Vinn. Prof. Martin concluded from this that it was one of the Haarlem painters Van der Vinne who made it. The most plausible inference seemed to look upon the senior Laurens van der Vinne (1658\xe2\x80\x941729), a well-known Dutch painter of flowers, as the maker. However, a closer investigation learnt that this was not correct.\nWhen Prof. Martin showed me the picture, I got the impression that I had seen a few of the drawings of the individual plants before. Looking through the plate collections of the \xe2\x80\x9cRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9d it appeared that this impression was right. These collections, namely, contain water-colours of the 4 species of Proteaceae figured in the painting and moreover a water-colour of the specimen of Sprekelia formosissima. All these once belonged to the Leyden professor Adriaan van Royen. The water-colour of Sprekelia formosissima is signed \xe2\x80\x9cLaurens van der Vinne Pinxcit 1736\xe2\x80\x9d. It is quite probable that this beautiful drawing, together with those of the Proteaceae, were used by Van der Vinne in composing his picture. Besides, it became evident that it was not the senior but the junior Van der Vinne who must be considered the painter, as the former died already in 1729 and the painting must have been made in 1736 or later.

Description: According to general opinion the spikelets of Oryza consist, reckoned from their base upwards, of 2 sterile glumes, called hereafter I and II, one fertile glume (valvula inferior; lemma), called hereafter III, and the palea valvula superior) to this glume, called hereafter p3. The spikelets are placed singly on the very short ultimate branchlets, called hereafter pedicels, of a more or less strongly ramose panicle; the tips of the pedicels are broadened into a shallow infra-spicular cup, either distinctly 2-lobed or not; from the bottom of the cup arises a minute knob, on which the very distinct basal callus of the spikelet is jointed. When ripe, the spikelets of the wild species fall off as a whole, disarticulating at the joint (in dried specimens often long before maturity; hence in herbarium-specimens they are frequently lacking). In many cultivated forms they remain firmly attached to their pedicels, a property of very high economic value.\nThe spikelets are strongly laterally compressed. I and II are either 1-nerved or nerveless; as a rule they are many times shorter than the spikelet, sometimes even very minute. Only in O. Ridleyi they are comparatively well-developed, reaching about half the length of the spikelet, but very narrow. III is very rigid, usually conspicuously granulate, boatshaped, keeled, either awned or not, 5-nerved, with a strong midrib; it has the ultimate lateral nerves along the margins. P3 is likewise boatshaped, shortly cuspidate or not, with a narrow, rather rounded, less often faintly keeled back, 3-nerved; it is about as long as III, awn disregarded, and has the same rigid granulate structure, excepted the narrowly incurved thinly membranaceous smooth marginal parts (hidden by III). It might be taken for a fertile glume, but this view is inadmissible because of the averted position of the lodicules. It has a rather thin mid-nerve and strong lateral nerves, separating the rigid central part from the membranaceous borders. The well-developed lodicules are glabrous; the six stamens are free; there are 2 free shortish styles with large plumose white or violet stigmas which, during anthesis, stick out from the sides of the spikelet in or below its middle. The ripe fruit is oblong or lanceolate, usually angular; it is free from glume and palea but remains firmly incarcerated between them.

Description: Combretum kostermansii Exell, sp. nov.\nFrutex scandens, ramulis primo fulvo-pilosis et tomentellis demum sparse pilosis, atro-rubris. Folia opposita breviter petiolata, petiolo 1\xe2\x80\x943 mm longo, piloso, lamina chartacea, ovata vel oblongo-ovata, basi cordata, apice acuminata, 2\xe2\x80\x947 X 1.8\xe2\x80\x943.6 cm, supra nitidula, costa media excepta pilosula fere glabra, subtus ad nervo adpresse pilosula, haud lepidota, costis lateralibus utrinsecus 3\xe2\x80\x946. Flores \xe2\x99\x82+ protogyni, 4-meri, sessiles, albi, in paniculas terminales et axillares, rhachide fulvopiloso, bracteis filiformibus 3\xe2\x80\x944 mm longis fulvo pilosis dispositi. Receptaculum inferius 1\xe2\x80\x941.5 mm longum, dense pilosum, superius cupuliforme, 1.5 X 2.5 mm, pilosulum. Calycis lobi ovato-acuminati, 1 X 0.9 mm. Petala 4, late ovata, apiculata, 2 X 1.5 mm, pilosa. Stamina 8, biseriata, filamentis 2.5 mm longis, glabris, primi inflexis, antheris 1 mm longis glabris. Discus inconspicuus. Stylus 4 mm longus, glaber. Ovuli 2.

Description: 1. (with G. H. H. ZANDVOORT) \xe2\x80\x94 Een voor Nederland nieuwe plant, Kentrophyllum lanatum DC. \xe2\x80\x94 De Levende Natuur XV, p. 376\xe2\x80\x94380, 4 fig.

Description: Most classifications of the genera of the Gramineae have been on the structure and arrangement of their spikelets, for these organs provide a far greater variety of readily distinguishing characters than do other parts of the grass plant. Nevertheless it has not always been possible to decide from morphological studies alone whether marked similarities in structure point to a close affinity or are merely examples of parallel development. The modern taxonomist, endeavouring to arrange the grass genera in as natural a sequence as possible in order to emphasise relationships and evolutionary trends, sooner or later meets with difficulties in this respect, for examples of parallelism are of common occurrence in this family. He is more fortunate, however, than his predecessors, in that his own intensive morphological studies, based on a wider range of specimens, may be supplemented by additional data gleaned from the ecological, anatomical and cytological researches of contemporary workers. Thus aided by the more complete information at his disposal, it has been possible for him to rearrange certain groups, particularly the Festuceae and Hordeeae, in which parallel development has occasionally led to unrelated genera such as Lolium, Agropyron and Nardus, being too closely associated. In the following account an attempt has been made to provide a more natural classification for about eighteen species frequently referred to the genus Lepturus R. Br. by reason of their similar spicate inflorescences.

Description: Floating aquatic herbs with dimorphic leaves, submerged ones opposite pinnatifid rootlike, apical ones in a rosette, rhomboid, dentate, with spongy often inflated petiole, arranged in leaf-mosaic; stipules 4-8, minute. Flowers bisexual, small, solitary, axillary, short-pedicelled, 4-merous, white or lilac. Petals imbricate. Disk present. Ovary half-inferior with 1 style and 2-4 persistent sepals turning often to thorns or horns. Fruit mostly 1-celled, 1-seeded, shell bone-hard; thorns after withering often set with barbs at the apex. Seed often producing 2-5 free germ-stalks.\nDistr. Several species in the Old World, but not known from Australia.

Description: Suprageneric epiphels have been entered under the family name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (tribes, e.g.).\nSupraspecific epithets have been entered under the generic name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (sections, series).

Description: We always have thoroughly detested the mentality of those scientific periodicals which deemed it proper to introduce politics into their columns. During the war we have repeatedly been offended by the unworthy attitude of the editorial staffs of certain botanical journals of \xe2\x80\x9cGreater Germany\xe2\x80\x9d who admitted \xe2\x80\x94 or possibly even deliberately furthered \xe2\x80\x94 perorations stating not only the marvellous achievements of nazi-methods and their amazing usefulness towards the particular field of science covered by the periodical in question, but the faith and the devotion of their persons towards the sacred cause of the nazi-system.\nWe have, as I say, not exactly admired this mentality in a scientific paper and we will not follow the example. However, too much has happened in the five long and hard years of bloody oppression by ruthless and barbarian enemies, both in Holland and in Indonesia, that this crucial moment in our national history could be passed without any comment even by a stolid and, allegedly, unemotional Hollander. For never more distinctly than in the past five years have we been enabled to state \xe2\x80\x94 or state again, as the case may be \xe2\x80\x94 how utterly different the Germans are from us, how fundamentally their mentality and their ideals differ from ours.

Description: The Netherlands Antilles may be divided into: (1) The Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group (or Netherlands Leeward Islands): Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba and Bonaire. (2) The St. Martin Group (or Netherlands Windward Islands): (Netherlands) St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius. The latter islands are very small, forming together only 8.1 per cent of the total area of the Netherlands Antilles, and 2.2 per cent of its population.\nThe Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group often has a desert-like aspect with a \xe2\x80\x9ctropical dry-forest\xe2\x80\x9d vegetation. Therefore on these islands the mosquito pest is nothing like so bad as it usually is in the tropics. There are few permanent breeding places, except man-made receptacles in and around the houses to store rainwater or well-water in as the Government waterworks do not always produce sufficient and adequate water. The St. Martin Group has a higher rainfall and a more abundant vegetation.\nIn the preceding pages the morphological characteristics which are of taxonomic value have been described. Keys to the mosquitoes, their classification, their geographical distribution and their biology observed in the Netherlands Antilles have been given.\nMosquitoes may be spread by automobiles, ships and airplanes on the islands. Fortunately, all airplanes from foreign airports and St. Maarten are sprayed on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and Aruba. Except this measure little was done before 1951 to control mosquitoes, except in the areas occupied by the oil companies. An anti-A\xc3\xabdes aegypti campaign was initiated on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in October 1951 and on Aruba in March 1952 (residual DDT house spraying and larviciding).\nBecause of the paucity of mosquito records of the Netherlands Antilles a rather thorough survey was made on Cura\xc3\xa7ao from 1941- 1947, while the other islands were visited only for a short time.\nAt the moment 20 species are known from the Netherlands Antilles.\nAnopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis was found on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and rarely on Aruba, and An.albimanus once on St. Maarten, but never an indigenous case of malaria has been reported from the Netherlands Antilles. The larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis were found in earth-lined breeding places, but also frequently in manmade receptacles. Nearly all these breeding places contained clear, fresh or slightly brackish water with green algae; the majority were sunlit. Though the females of An.pseudopunctipennis attacked man, they were more attracted to animals.\nCulex quinquefasciatus was a common domestic pest mosquito on all of the islands. Though it often bred in earth-lined breeding places, it was found more frequently in man-made receptacles. The water was fresh or slightly brackish and usually polluted. Wuchereriasis bancrofti prevailed at a low rate on the Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group (4.2%, of which at least 2.7% was indigenous) and at a higher rate on the St. Martin Group (10.3% of which at least 5.1% was autochthonous). Elephantiasis was very rare.\nA\xc3\xabdes aegypti was the most common domestic pest mosquito on both groups of islands. It was usually caught in clear, fresh water in man-made receptacles in or around human dwellings. The females bit in the daytime and at night. Several epidemics of yellow fever occurred in the previous century; the last one was on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in 1901. The last sporadic case occurred on Cura\xc3\xa7ao in 1914. Dengue was very common in newcomers from non-endemic areas.\nHaemagogus anastasionis was collected on Cura\xc3\xa7ao and rarely on Aruba. The larvae were mainly found in tree holes after occasional rains. All the breeding places contained dark brown rainwater with a layer of humus. The bite of the female is painful. Fortunately it has not been incriminated as a vector of jungle yellow fever. Besides, there are no wild monkeys on the Netherlands Antilles.\nWyeomyia celaenocephala was found in various species of bromeliads on the Christoffelberg on Cura\xc3\xa7ao. The females will bite fiercely in the jungle.\nUranotaenia lowii was collected from a pond on Bonaire.\nA\xc3\xabdes taeniorhynchus was mainly caught in stagnant, sunlit beach pools with clear, dark brown, brackish water on Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and once in a well on Saba. The females are severe biters.\nA\xc3\xabdes busckii was found in a tree hole on St. Eustatius.\nPsorophora cyanescens was reported from Aruba only once.\nPsorophora confinnis bred in rock holes and other earth-lined breeding places, and rarely in man-made receptacles on the Cura\xc3\xa7ao Group. The majority of the breeding places were temporary and sunlit, and contained clear or turbid rainwater. The females are fierce biters. They entered houses.\nPsorophora pygmaea was collected from a ditch on St. Maarten.\nDeinocerites cancer was mainly found in crab holes on both groups of islands. The water of the breeding places was turbid and brackish. Adults lived in the crab holes. Females did not bite the author.\nCulex erraticus was caught in clear fresh water near the airport on Cura\xc3\xa7ao.\nCulex americanus was found in various bromeliads on the St. Martin Group.\nCulex bahamensis was collected from fresh or brackish water on the St. Martin Group.\nCulex habilitator adults and larvae were found in crab holes on St. Maarten.\nCulex maracayensis was caught in earth-lined breeding places and sometimes in concrete tanks and troughs on Cura\xc3\xa7ao. The water was usually clear, shaded and fresh or slightly brackish.\nCulex nigripalpus was collected near the airport on Cura\xc3\xa7ao from a temporary ground pool with rainwater.\nMegarhinus guadeloupensis was found once in a bromeliad on Saba.

Description: While engaged on working out the beautiful pycnogonid material dredged by Dr Th. Mortensen in shallow waters near the Virgin Islands, I thought it useful to compare this dredged material with material collected between the tide marks, or just below the low tide line. So I was very glad to meet Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, who has made extensive collections of littoral marine animals during his various trips to the West Indies, and who kindly entrusted me with about 50 lots of pycnogonids which had already been sorted from his material.\nA definitive paper will be published as soon as his entire marine material has been searched for the presence of sea spiders.

Description: This paper presents the results of the examination of a fairly big collection of mollusca from the island of Mandul, north of Tarakan, East-Borneo. The material was collected by Dr. Van Holst Pellekaan while investigating the geology of Mandul in the service of the \xe2\x80\x9cBataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij\xe2\x80\x9d (Royal Dutch/Shell). It was sent to Prof. K. Martin of Leyden for closer examination, and afterwards was embodied into the collections of the Leyden Geological Museum.\nProf. Martin recorded the results of his preliminary examination, which excluded the bivalves, in a report to the \xe2\x80\x9cBataafsche\xe2\x80\x9d, dated 12th January 1917. He came to the conclusion that the fossils were of a Pliocene age.

Description: La stratification des roches cristallines (d\'\xc3\xa2ge ant\xc3\xa9st\xc3\xa9phanien) des massifs centraux des Alpes est en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s parall\xc3\xa8le \xc3\xa0 la schistosit\xc3\xa9. \xc3\x89galement les intrusions granitiques y sont plus ou moins concordantes.\nCependant les recherches sous la direction du Professeur E. Niggli de Leiden ont d\xc3\xa9montr\xc3\xa9 que le contact est du massif granitique des Sept-Laux (Massif de Belledonne s. 1.) est concordant seulement en grandes lignes avec la schistosit\xc3\xa9, tandis qu\'il est parfois nettement discordant en d\xc3\xa9tail (voir la publication dans un des num\xc3\xa9ros suivants de ce p\xc3\xa9riodique).

Description: Miopliocene marls from the island of Buton yield a large marine foraminiferal fauna and some calcareous algae. Three-hundred and thirthy-three species have been identified. Two genera, twenty-three species and four varieties are described as new.\nThe existence of mud-volcanoes in young neogene time is advocated.

Description: Le texte contient l\'explication de la carte, des profils et du tableau stratigraphique. La description lithologique fait mention d\'une dolomitisation du D\xc3\xa9vonien moyen, montant quelquefois plus haut, et de quelques poudingues dans le D\xc3\xa9vonien sup\xc3\xa9rieur. Un affleurement probablement du D\xc3\xa9vonien inf\xc3\xa9rieur dans un facies gr\xc3\xa9seux et fossilif\xc3\xa8re, est exceptionnel dans les Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es. Dans la tectonique on a essay\xc3\xa9 de faire une \xc3\xa9valuation des influences alpines et hercyniennes s\xc3\xa9par\xc3\xa9ment. Puisque le m\xc3\xa9tamorphisme de contact des granites de Foix et de Lacourt ne monte pas plus haut que le Gothlandien, leur \xc3\xa2ge reste incertain, quoique des dykes et sills acides traversent le Carbonif\xc3\xa8re. La min\xc3\xa9ralisation due au granit\xc3\xa9 ne monte nul part plus haut que le D\xc3\xa9vonien.

Description: Un des plus grands ph\xc3\xa9nom\xc3\xa8nes structuraux des Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es est sans doute la faille Nord-Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9enne qui longe la zone axiale depuis la M\xc3\xa9diterran\xc3\xa9e jusqu\'\xc3\xa0 la c\xc3\xb4te atlantique.\nElle est caract\xc3\xa9ris\xc3\xa9e par plusieurs particularit\xc3\xa9s exceptionelles, dont le m\xc3\xa9tamorphisme des terrains jurassiques et cr\xc3\xa9tac\xc3\xa9s inf., accompagn\xc3\xa9 d\'intrusions de roches basiques est le plus important.

Description: Identification of natural alkali felspars with X-ray powder photographs.\nX-ray powder analysis is becoming an important tool for the petrographer when identification problems can not be solved with the usual optical and chemical methods.\nIt is the aim of this paper to provide data to identify alkali felspars in groundmasses of extrusive rocks, perthites and other fine grained structures. Moreover the variation of the intensities and the position of spacings of the powder patterns of natural alkali felspars is compared with the variation in optical properties and chemical composition.\nTo this purpose alkali felspars of different localities, chemical composition, crystallization temperature and rate of cooling are investigated with optical methods, X-ray powder analysis and as far as possible, chemical analysis.\nThe optical examination of the alkali felspars was made with the four axes universal stage. The position of the poles of crystallographic elements and twinning axes was determined with respect to the axes of the indicatrix N\\u03b1, N\\u03b2, N\\u03b3. The co-ordinates are recorded according to Nikitin (1936). The quadrant in which each pole is situated is indicated by the sign + or \xe2\x80\x94.\nIn plate III the measurements on the potash-soda felspars are plotted in a projection normal to N\\u03b21. The interpretation normal orthoclase-Naorthoclase was made with the aid of the co-ordinates given by Nikitin (partly reproduced in table I) who did not give a chemical definition of these terms. The available chemical data in this investigation proved that thus defined normal orthoclase contained 〈 25 % Ab and Na-orthoclase 〉 25 % Ab in solid solution. Determination of refractive indices was used to distinguish anorthoclase from both \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite and potashfelspar.\nThe alkali felspars investigated were grouped according to their natural paragenesis. Crystallization temperature, rate of cooling and stability within these groups are discussed. 1. Alkali felspar phenocrists from extrusive rocks.\nLarge sanidine phenoerists (d. 5,5 m.m.) from Lagno de Pollena, Vesuvius, show a zoned structure // (010), (fig. 3).\nIn sanidine of Siebengebirge wedged in between large homogeneous crystals (d. 8\xe2\x80\x9410 m.m.) appear small zoned sanidine crystals (d. 1\xe2\x80\x943 m.m.) which show polysynthetic twinning lamellae in many directions (fig. 2). Probably this is a product of later crystallization under stress.\nAnorthoclase of Puy de D\xc3\xb4me (fig. 7), Pantelleria and Mnt. Anakie, Australia (fig. 4) show an extremely fine albite twinning which seems to be typical for anorthoclase. Refractive indices (n\\u03b3=1,529) and X-ray powder pattern (fig. 18) are characteristic and different from those of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite.\nIn trachites of Colli Euganei, Italy, phenocrists were observed (fig. 5) with a core of \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d oligiclase (26 % An, 2V=\xe2\x80\x9484\xc2\xb0) passing in a rim of anorthoclase (2V=\xe2\x80\x9460\xc2\xb0). This proves the existence of a continuous series of solid solutions between h.t. oligoclase and anorthoclase. 2. Alkali felspars from plutonic rocks and dykes.\nExamples of cryptoperthites, orthoclase- and microcline microperthites and untwinned microcline are described. 3. Alkali felspars from pegmatites.\nDifferent structures of microcline perthites are described. In fig. 15 is shown how vein albite // (001), with an irregular surface regulates the position of adjacent microcline twinning lamellae. In this case the microcline twinning lamellae seem to be younger than the vein albite. On the other hand simultaneous crystallization as suggested by Spencer (1938, p. 107) seems not impossible. The most frequent occuring type of vein albite in microcline is reproduced in fig. 23, cutting the microcline lamellae under an angle of 60\xc2\xb0 with the (010) cleavage in (001). The vein albite is consequently younger than the microcline. Therefore Andersens (1928) suggestion that this vein albite is produced by infiltration of albite solutions in oriented shrinkage cracks may explain the constant orientation of the vein albite. Spencer\xe2\x80\x99s hypothesis of the cotectic origin of vein albite can only hold for isolated examples as mentioned in the description of fig. 15. The majority of vein albite in microcline is of secondary origin.\nExamples of patch perthite produced by replacement are shown in fig. 14 and fig. 24. As examples of \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d pegmatites a cryptoperthite from Larvik, Norway, and orthoclase from Itrongay, Madagascar, are described.\nA number of crystals of the well known monoclinic \xe2\x80\x9corthoclase\xe2\x80\x9d of Baveno produced X-ray powder patterns characteristics for microcline with additional albite reflections. Optical examination showed that these crystals are strongly altered to kalinite and invaded by secondary albite (see Baveno twin of fig. 8). Other crystals showed recrystallization of fine grained microcline and albite (fig. 9). With high magnification an initial microcline twinning is observed (fig. 10).\nIt seems probable that most crystal of Baveno \xe2\x80\x9corthoclase\xe2\x80\x9d on display in mineralogical musea, on optical examination will be found to show a pseudomorphosis of orthoclase by microcline. 4. The adularia-albite paragenesis.\nIn most of the examined adularia crystals from St. Gotthard, Bristenstock and Maderanerthal locally triclinic lamellae were observed which show extinction angles of 2\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x946\xc2\xb0 with the (010) cleavage in (001). These triclinic zones are nearly always situated round inclusions (fig. 21) and may be found in the core as well along the faces of the crystals. They are to be compared with the triclinic zones found in sanidine (fig. 2). Axial angles and extinction angles are different from microcline.\nChemical analysis in weight percents of some of the alkali felspars investigated are listed in table 2 and fig. 16. The Or-Ab-An components are expressed in molecular percents.\nSiO2 values are generally too low and Al2O3 and Fe2O3 values to high. For the samples no. 4, 48, 49, 33 and 23 this may be explained by the occurrence of alteration products.\nX-ray powder photographs were obtained with an iron target, Mn filter and a 9 c.m. diameter Unicam powder camera. The diameter of the diafragma slit was 0,3 m.m.. Tube current and voltage were 18 m.A. and 40 k.V. respectively. The accuracy of the measurement of spacings was 0,02 m.m. corresponding with 1,9\xe2\x80\x99 \\u03c6. Measurements were corrected by the admixture of 10 % Nall. Intensities were estimated visually.\nExamining the powder patterns of the alkali felspars, five groups could be distinguished, classified independently of chemical composition and optical properties.\nGroup A (plate I A and II A and B).\nA similar pattern was observed for sanidine, orthoclase of plutonic rocks, dykes and pegmatites and hydrothermal adularia. Samples investigated are listed in table 8. In table 3 intensities, \\u03c6Fe- and d-values are recorded for St. Gotthard adularia and Drachenfels sanidine. Characteristic are the two strongest reflections (202) and (002) (040).\nGroup B (plate I B).\nAll microclines and untwinned microclines give a similar pattern which diff\xc3\xa9ra from the group A pattern by showing a single strong (002) (040) reflection followed by three groups of each three reflections with the same intensity (p, q and r in fig. 17). Intensities, \\u03c6Fe- and d-values are recorded in table 4. Samples investigated are listed in table 9.\nGroup C (plate I C).\nThe powder pattern data of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite are recorded in table 5. Samples investigated are listed in table 10. Additional albite reflections of orthoclase- and microcline perthites are indicated respectively with AC and BC in table 8 and 9.\nGroup D (plate II D).\nIn table 6 are recorded the intensities, \\u03c6Fe and d-values of a typical anorthoclase. The investigated samples are listed in table 11.\nGroup E (plate II C).\nIn table 7 the powder pattern properties are recorded of a ciwptoperthite with a high An-content.\nThe facts recorded in table 8\xe2\x80\x9412 show complete agreement between the classification of alkali felspars with powder patterns and the classification on optical properties. It is not possible tot distinguish between sanidine and orthoclase with the aid of powder photographs. So the optical properties seem to be more sensitive to small changes in structure.\nThe powder patterns of all felspars have the strong reflection (002) (040) in common. The powder patterns of the alkali felspars with the exeption of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite differ from those of the plagioclases by the possession of an isolated strong reflection (043) (062), (d=1, 79\xe2\x80\x941, 78, s in fig. 17 and fig. 18).\nCharacteristic for sanidine, orthoclase and adularia (group A) with a composition up to 45 % Ab is the strong reflection pair (202) and (002) (040).\nThe microclines (group B) are characterized by a single strong (002) (040) reflection followed by three groups of each three reflections of the same moderate intensity (p, q and r in fig. 17).\nThe anorthoclase powder pattern which differs distinctly from the \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite pattern is distinguished from the other alkali felspars by the presence of an isolated reflection of moderate intensity with d=3,15 (t in fig. 18).\nThe distance between the two strongest reflections (202) and (002) (040) of the powder patterns of sanidine, orthoclase from plutonic rocks, dykes, pegmatites and adularia proved to vary nearly linear with the Ab-content contained in solid solution. The distances were measured with the microscope with low magnification (X 19). In fig. 19 the variation of the distance between (202) and (002) (040) expressed in minutes (\\u03c6) is plotted against the Ab-content in molecular percents, calculated out of the chemical analyses available of homogeneous crystals of group A. The strong reflection of anorthoclase (106) seems to be doubled under the microscope. The corresponding distance does not fit in the diagram of fig. 19. A similar variation diagram for group A is plotted in fig. 20 in which the distances between the reflectons a and b (indicated in table 3) are used. The more time consuming absolute measurements of the position of certain spacings may also be used for the determination of the composition (see table 3\xe2\x80\x947 and fig. 17 and 18).\nThe Ab-component of orthoclase- and microcline perthites was easily observed in the diffraction patterns. Comparison with artificial mixtures of \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite with orthoclase and microcline are shown in plate I, D, E, F, G. Excepting a cryptoperthite of Larvik, Norway, with an exceptional high An-content (group E) the albite component of the cryptoperthites (f.i. moonstone from Ceylon) could be easily detected. As in most cases only the strongest reflections of the albite component were present, is was not possible to make ure that \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite was present 1).\nAs contrasted with the cryptoperthites the investigated anorthoclases of Puy de D\xc3\xb4me, Pantelleria, Colli Euganei and Mnt. Anakie, Australia, proved to be optical and roentgenographical homogeneous. Although no natural or artificial \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite was available for investigation it seems probable that the powder pattern of anorthoclase (plate II D, table 6, fig. 18) must be similar to that of \xe2\x80\x9chigh temperature\xe2\x80\x9d albite.\nFelspars of rhomb porphyries, Oslo district, showed a powder pattern characteristic for oligoclase in agreement with the optical investigation of Oftedahl (1948).\nInvestigation of X-ray powder photographs of the plagioclases gave similar results as obtained by Claisse (1950). Powder patterns of anorthite from efflata of Monte Somma, Vesuvius (92 % An), anorthite of Pesmeda, Tyrol (94 % An) and anorthite of Kamitsuki, Miyake-Jima, Japan (98 % An), although very similar, showed differences in spacings and intensities which can not be explained by changes in composition. Differences in crystallization temperature and rate of cooling may be responsible for these structural differences.\nX-ray powder photographs of groundmasses of trachites, rhyolites, andesites, bostonites, pantellerites and helleflints showed the presence of alkali felspars, plagioclases and quartz (cristobalite, tridymite), see table 14. Comparison powder photographs of mixtures of quartz and felspar of known concentration permitted the estimation of the quartz content of the groundmasses.\nIn plate II E a powder photograph of charnockite is reproduced. With optical methods is was impossible to determine whether the mesoperthite present consisted of orthoclase- or microcline perthite.\nComparison with diffraction patterns of quartz (II F), a mixture of 80 % l.t. albite and 20 % quartz (II G) and a mixture of 80 % microcline and 20 % quartz proved the presence of quartz and microcline perthite in the charnockite.\nIn the last part of the paper the relation orthoclase-microcline is discussed and the existing opinions reviewed.\nThe hypothesis Mallard-Michel-L\xc3\xa9vy states that orthoclase consists out of submicroscopical twinned microcline units. The starting-point of this hypothesis is the supposed general occurence of intimately intergrown orthoclase and microcline. Now observations made by M\xc3\xa4kinen (1917), Baier (1930), Gysin (1928, 1938) and the present author tend to the conclusion that untwinned and partly twinned microcline are common; intergrowths of orthoclase and microcline however are limited to contactmetamorphic phenomena as described by Wimmenauer (1950). Triclinic lamellae in sanidine and adularia are not identical with microcline.\nThe influence of stress, advocated by Brauns (1891) as the cause of microcline formation is negligible, as is demonstrated by the common occurrence of free grown microcline crystals. The general occurrence of microcline in slightly metamorphosed rocks is due to the fact that these rocks attained equilibrium in the temperature region of 750\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x94500\xc2\xb0 C. (Spencer 1937, p. 481).\nOur optical investigation shows that there is a certain variation of the optical properties of microcline. A continuous change towards the optics of orthoclase was not observed. Considering these facts, together with the arguments put forward by Spencer (1938, p. 88), the submicroscopical twinning hypothesis seems improbable.\nAccording tot the hypothesis of Barth (1934), modified by Buerger (1948) microcline is formed by ordering of the Si and Al atoms with declining temperatures.\nThe difference in spacings and intensities found in the powder pattern of microcline indicates that the microcline structure shows a small distortion compared with the orthoclase structure.\nFinally the optical anomalies of adularia are discussed. The difference between the symmetrie relations of microcline and triclinic adularia is demonstrated in fig. 21 and 22.\nThe crystal structure of adularia seems to be similar to the orthoclase structure. Locally triclinic may originate round inclusions and disturbed areas during the crystallization. The structure of these triclinic lamellae is essentially different from the microcline structure originated by the complete ordering of the Si and Al atoms.\nContrary to the opinion of K\xc3\xb6hler (1948) it is evident that alkali felspars with an orthoelase structure crystallize at relatively low temperatures (450\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x94200\xc2\xb0 C.) which is also proved hy the occurence of authigenic felspar. Considering the polymorphism of the alkali felspars, exceptional conditions during the crystallozation must explain the formation of these \xe2\x80\x9clow temperature\xe2\x80\x9d forms.

Description: The deltas of the rivers Rhine, Meuse (Dutch: Maas), and Scheldt (Dutch: Schelde; French: Escaut) are connected so intimately that it is impossible to trace exact boundaries between them. Together they form a strip of Holocene deposits (clay, sand and peat), about 50 km wide, lying between the North Sea to the west and northwest and the Pleistocene region of the Netherlands to the east and southeast. The delta of the river Scheldt is the southern part of the joint deltas of the three rivers; it is nearly identical with the present province Zealand of the Netherlands.\nSecular fluctuations of the average level of the sea in relation to the land, both positive and negative, together with sedimentation and erosion, from the earliest times onward to the present day, continuously modified the local boundaries between land and water. The changing influx of salt water and the rate of drainage of the land always deeply influenced the vegetation and the whole character of the region. Moreover, since the Roman occupation in the beginning of our era, man had an ever increasing influence on the course of the river branches and on the water level in the rivers and ditches.

Description: Les Cop\xc3\xa9podes commensaux et parasites d\xe2\x80\x99Invert\xc3\xa9br\xc3\xa9s, quoique tr\xc3\xa8s communs dans toutes les mers, sont peu connus. En v\xc3\xa9rit\xc3\xa9, on en a d\xc3\xa9crit un nombre assez grand de genres et d\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa8ces, mais les descriptions sont trop souvent superficielles, voire m\xc3\xaame erronn\xc3\xa9es.\nUn de ces genres tr\xc3\xa8s peu connu est Tococheres, \xc3\xa9tabli par le Professeur Paul Pelseneer, 1929, pour un Cop\xc3\xa9pode trouv\xc3\xa9 sur les branchies de Loripes lacteus. Bivalve r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9 dans l\xe2\x80\x99Aber de Roscoff (Bretagne). La description de Pelseneer ne donne d\xe2\x80\x99informations que sur la forme generale de la femelle, sur les antennules et sur la cinqui\xc3\xa8me paire de pattes. On ne sait absolument rien sur l\xe2\x80\x99antenne, les pi\xc3\xa8ces buccales et les 4 paires ant\xc3\xa9rieures de pattes thoraciques.

Description: During the last few years several persons have been paying attention to the animals transported by floating objects (e.g. bunches of weeds and hydroids, corks, mines, floats, etc.). A careful examination of recent finds increased the list of species known of nearly all groups of marine animals, found washed ashore on the Dutch coast, and gave a good notion of the origin of passively transported floating objects on our shores.\nThe present authors, agreeing with IJzerman (1937), Kaas & Ten Broek (1939), Bloklander & Brouwer (1946\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9947). Lucas (1950) and several others, in most cases look upon the Channel, the coast of Normandy and the South coast of England as their places of origin.

Description: The publication by ENGEL, GEERTS and VAN REGTEREN ALTENA (1940) on Alderia modesta (Loven, 1844) and Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock, 1862, in the estuaries of southwestern Holland (provinces of Zuid-Holland and Zeeland) induced us to look for these animals on other Dutch mud-flats, viz. in the Waddenzee, where they had not been collected before.\nFirst we inspected the gullies between the mud flats, which contain more than 1 metre of water at high tide and, in addition, the Zostera nana-zone, which is dry at low tide and about under 50 cm of water at high tide. Lateron we searched for algae in the brackish inland waters, which will be mentioned below. In all these localities we did not find a single Alderia modesta or Limapontia depressa.

Description: As I have pointed out before, big game animals are very scarce in Museum collections. Many treatises are based on material from Zoological gardens, changed by captivity and often from unknown origin, from collections of frontlets, skulls and other trophies, bought haphazardly during expeditions which used all their time in thoroughly collecting the more interesting small animals. As a matter of fact, the rare species are better represented than the common ones, and the more a well-known species of game-animal is hunted, the fewer the specimens in the collections of the official Musea. The same is true for our knowledge of the biology of tropical big-game. Rare species, threatened by extinction, are studied with haste and often when it is too late to collect sufficient data. So, in preparing laws and regulations concerning the subject of hunting, one is always confronted with the fact that even the most necessary information is lacking.\nBarking-deer are game which is highly esteemed by hunters in our area, because they give good sport, the heads make nice trophies and perhaps also because the meat is excellent to eat. They are not scarce yet, no expensive hunting-parties are needed for an hour or two of shooting. In fact a man working on one of the large estates in Western Indonesia, may take his gun in spare-time and bring home a good buck before supper with a bit of luck.

Description: Ever since it became apparent that terrestrial animals ranging over large continental areas generally showed a certain degree of gradual geographic variation, attention has been focused on the colour variation of the Jay, Garrulus glandarius, in Europe. Surely the Jays belong to those species of palearctic land birds in which the formation of geographical differences must be considered to be exceptionally favoured: HARTERT (1903\xe2\x80\x941922; including HARTERT & STEINBACHER 1932) recognized as many as 10 European races of the Jay by name, whereas Kleiner (1935\xe2\x80\x9438) in his monographic treatment of the species numbered as many as 9 races in the same region. In several instances of the geographic variation of the Jay the differences are exceedingly striking, e.g. between the reddish brown Jays from Ireland and the dark grey ones from northern and central Europe. Still, the intergradations are so gradual and the individual variation is so unexpectedly large, that the application of subspecific names as a method of expressing geographical variation has proved to meet with serious difficulties. The resulting confusion of names for years has stressed geographical differences being of only minor importance and has obscured others meriting a closer attention.\nHowever, it was not at all for nomenclatorial purposes that this study was started, nor in order to propose a new arrangement of the geographic races of the Jay in Europa. That, in spite of this, these topics have been dealt with in one of the following chapters of this paper must be explained from the fact that the author failed to see a possibility to avoid them. The main purpose of this study was to investigate instances of \xe2\x80\x9cclinal variation\xe2\x80\x9d, meaning the presence and the origin of geographical character gradients. \xe2\x80\x9cCharacter gradients in the frequencies or in the expression of variable characters\xe2\x80\x9d (DOBZHANSKY 1947, p. 67) occurring in continuous geographical areas have seriously attracted the attention of students of population genetics and of micro-evolution. Hence it seemed worth while to select a suitable subject for a comparison of local individual variation with geographical variation and to study the origin of the clines. This is what the author has tried to do in the course of the present study on Garrulus glandarius.

Description: The problem of the retardation of the processes of growth and differentiation is certainly as important as the processes of growth and differentiation themselves. It is striking, therefore, that whereas the analysis of growth has been carried out for a considerable period of time already, the analysis of inhibition was only commenced a few decades ago. It has to be admitted that Wiesner (1894) succeeded in demonstrating the presence of a substance retarding germination in the slime of the mistletoe (Viscum album), but this remained a solitary observation for some time.\nAbout 1920 a series of important publications appeared which deal with inhibiting substances. Oppenheimer (1922) discovered a substance of this kind in the fruit pulp of ripe tomatoes, Reinhard (1933) found one in tomato juice, K\xc3\xb6ckemann (1934) some in other pulpy fruits such as apples, pears, quinces and tomatoes, Lehmann (1937) one in the exocarp of buckwheat, Ruge (1939) some in the fruits of Helianthus annuus and Avena sativa, Fr\xc3\xb6schel (1939, 1940) one in Beta, Stolk (1952, 1953a) some in the roots of Fuchsia hybrida and Pelargonium zonale and in the roots of Allium Cepa.

Description: A revision of the material belonging to the genus Erebia Dalman in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, mainly based on the "Monograph of the genus Erebia" by B. C. S. Warren (London, 1936), induced me to describe a number of new subspecies and aberrations, and to make some remarks on forms already described.\nThe greater and most important part of the material is to be found in the Mezger collection, which is kept separate. It has always been indicated with the types, if they are to be found in that collection ; all other types are included in the general collection of Lepidoptera of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic Descriptions and remarks are following here in systematic order, according to Warren\'s system.\nErebia eriphyle (Frr.) subsp. tristis H.-S. ab. secundo-tertiopunctata nov. ab.\nThe typical eriphyle possesses two black spots on the forewing; specimens deviating in this respect were described as ab. tripunctata Hoffm. with three spots, and as ab. impunctata H\xc3\xb6fn. without black spots. One of the specimens in hand, from Reichenstein, Styria, and consequently belonging to the subsp. tristis H.-S., shows the two hindmost black spots of the ab. tripunctata Hoffm., but the foremost spot is lacking. I propose the name secundo-tertiopunctata nov. ab. for this aberration.\nHolotype: \xe2\x99\x82, Reichenstein, 15 VII 1923, in the Mezger collection.\nErebia manto (Schiff. & Dennis) subsp. osmanica Schaw. ab. subtuslutescens nov. ab., and ab. bubastis nov. ab.\nIn his excellent monograph of the genus Erebia Warren writes that the

Description: Melongena Schumacher, 1817 (= Galeodes R\xc3\xb6ding) Thiele (1931, p. 320) gives the name Galeodes (Bolten) R\xc3\xb6ding, 1798, to this genus. This name, however, was already used by Olivier in the Encyclop\xc3\xa9dic m\xc3\xa9thodique, Insectes (1791, vol. 6, p. 578) for a genus of the Solifugidae. The author gave a detailed diagnosis and, moreover, described two species of the genus. Galeodes Olivier, 1791, obtains therefore priority in respect to Galeodes R\xc3\xb6ding, 1798, and this last name must thus be dropped as a hononym. Cassidula "Humphrey" (1797, p. 32), which is sometimes used, is not valid, as according to Opinion 51 the anonymous catalogue "Museum Calonnianum" "is not to be accepted as basis for any nomenclatorial work".\nThe next name to be considered for this genus is Melongena Schumacher, 1817. This author (1817, p. 212) gives a clear diagnosis of the genus and mentions as genotype M. fasciata [= M. melongena (L.)].\nAs in my previous catalogues I have, besides the species present in our collection, as far as possible, included here all the species of Melongena that are mentioned in literature. All the specimens from one collector in a certain locality, as far as they are kept dry, bear the same letter, whilst of the material preserved in liquor the number of the jar is given. In the list of species dealt with below, I have inserted these letters or numbers, followed by a number indicating how many specimens we possess from that locality.\nAfter the locality the name of the collector is mentioned; when the locality or the name of the collector is unknown I have placed a note of interrogation. 1. Sect. Melongena s.s.\nM. corona (Gmelin)

Description: Dr. E. Jacobson spent some months on the island of Simalur, and on some of the smaller islands in its immediate neighbourhood in the course of the year 1913. He made extensive zoological collections on these islands, whose fauna was very little known up till that time. Amongst his material was a series of shells belonging to the Pleurodontid genus Amphidromus.\nThis series has been entrusted to me by Dr. Van Regieren Altena, and I am grateful to him for the chance of seeing these very interesting shells, and for the help he has given me in dealing with them. I have too to thank Mr. G. L. Wilkins for the figures.\nSimalur is the most northerly of the long chain of large islands which lie along the West coast of Sumatra. The whole chain is roughly 1000 km in length from North to South. Its several islands are separated from Sumatra, and to some extent from each other by sea-depths of 500-1000 fathoms. Simalur itself is about 90 km in length; Pulau Babi or Saranbau is a smaller island lying S.E. of Simalur. Oelau Lekon (or Lekoeen) is a still smaller island near Pulau Babi. Dr. Van Regieren Altena tells me that Oelau is a local form of the Malay word Pulau.\nLoosjes (1953) has described Pseudonenia Jacob soni, a Clausiliid, collected by Dr. Jacobson on Simalur. Apart from this I can find no record of land mollusca from the island.\nOn the other hand three species of Amphidromus have been recorded from Nias Is. which lies about 100 km South of Simalur and is rather bigger. These species were described by Fulton (1907), and a full account of the land molluscan fauna of Nias was published by Van Benthem Jutting (1934-193S).

Description: In 1935 Lee Boone in Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Marine Museum vol. 6 (pp. 160-163, pls. 41, 42) described and figured a shrimp, which she thought to belong to a new genus and species of the Palaemonid subfamily Pontoniinae, and which she named Vanderbiltia rosamondae. Boone\'s figures and description show that the specimen cannot possibly be a Pontoniid shrimp, but it proves to be impossible from these data alone to place the species anywhere in the system. In my report on the Pontoniinae of the Siboga Expedition (Holthuis, 1952, p. 22), therefore, I listed Vanderbiltia rosamondae (misspelled rosamundae by me) under the "species described as Pontoniinae, but not belonging in this subfamily\'\', and remarked that the species shows some resemblance to the Atyidae and that it might be juvenile.\nThough according to the description and figure Vanderbiltia in some characters resembles the Atyidae, in others (e.g., the shape of the chelae) it differs so much from any of the members of that family that it hardly could be placed there. The identity of Vanderbiltia rosamondae Boone, which species had not been recorded since the original publication, therefore remained a mystery that only could be solved by examination of the type specimen itself.\nIn April 1953 I had the pleasure of visiting the Vanderbilt Museum in Centerport, Long Island, New York. Mr. Woodhull B. Young, curator of the Museum, whom I am profoundly thankful for giving so much of his valuable time to show my company and myself around in the Museum, and for extending many courtesies to us, was good enough to allow me to take the type specimen of Vanderbiltia rosamondae (or Vanderbiltia mirabilis, under which name it was exhibited in the Museum) with me to Washington,

Description: Though Schlegel (1866, p. 200) as well as Hartert (1898, p. 135) pointed out that Carpophaga paulina, described by Bonaparte (1850, p. 35) and now known as Ducula aenea paulina (Bp.), originating from the Sula Archipelago (East of the East Coast of Celebes) seemed not quite similar to birds from Celebes, lack of sufficient material refrained these authors from separating Sula birds. But this was done by Siebers (1929, p. 152/3) who separated them under the name Ducula aenea sulana, on account of their smaller wing measurements and the darker (more chestnut coloured) nuchal patch. The Sula birds should be also smaller than nuchalis from the Philippines and (doubtful) pulchella from Togian 2) which, according to Siebers, should belong to the same "Formenkreis" as paulina and sulana.\nSiebers compared 8 birds from Sula (1 \xe2\x99\x82, 5 \xe2\x99\x80 and 2 sex. inc.) in which the length of the wing varied from 208 to 216 mm with 5 specimens (3 \xe2\x99\x82 and 2 \xe2\x99\x80) originating from Celebes (Paloppo and Bone) having wings varying from 218 + x to 234 mm and with 7 skins (4 \xe2\x99\x82 and 3 \xe2\x99\x80) from Muna and Buton with wing measurements diverging from 232 to 248 mm.\nBesides the 20 birds studied by Siebers I could examine 18 more skins of these pigeons, viz., 3 from the Sula Islands, 2 from Pulau Peleng (island off Northeast Coast Celebes), 4 from Bumbulan (North Celebes), I from North Celebes (exact locality unknown), 1 from Kulawi (Central Celebes), 2 from Bone (South Celebes; Siebers\' statement that Bone is situated in North Celebes must be a slip of the pen), 2 from South Celebes (exact locality unknown), 1 from Mara (Mare?, South Celebes) and 2 from Muna (island off the Southeast Coast Celebes). When comparing these 38 skins (31 specimens from the Buitenzorg Museum and 7 from

Description: When studying the European Caridea of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden and of the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam, some specimens of the genus Pandalina came at hand, which proved to belong to a new species. These specimens had already been reported upon by Hoek (1882), who considered them to be Pandalina brevirostris (Rathke). Comparison with typical specimens of Pandalina brevirostris, however, showed various constant differences, which in my opinion justify the separation of Hoek\'s specimens as a distinct species.\nIn the present paper an enumeration of the specimens of both species of Pandalina present in the above mentioned Musea is given.\nPandalina profunda nov. spec. (fig. 1a-c) Pandalus brevirostris Hoek, 1882, Niederl. Arch. Zool., suppl. vol. 1 pt. 7, p. 22,pl. 1 fig. 10 (non Pandalus brevirostris Rathke, 1843).\nPandalus brevirostris A. Milne Edwards, 1883, Rec. Fig. Crust. nouv. peu conn., pl. 26 fig. 2.\nPandalina brevirostris Schellenberg, 1928, Tierw. Deutschl., vol. 10 pt. 2, fig. 7 (non p. 16, figs. 8, 9).\nMuseum Leiden: Barents Sea; 1878-1879; Willem Barents Expedition. \xe2\x80\x94 4 specimens 24-28 mm 1).\nBergen, Norway; 1907. \xe2\x80\x94 1 ovigerous \xe2\x99\x80 25 mm.\nDescription : The rostrum is short, it reaches to the middle of the second segment of the antennular peduncle ; it is straight or directed slightly upward at the apex. The upper margin is provided with eight to ten teeth; the anterior three or four of which are immovable, the posterior teeth articulate with the carapace. The lower margin of the rostrum is provided with three

Description: In his key to the species of the genus Diploglossus, Boulenger (1885, p. 284) distinguishes between two groups of species, viz., one group in which the digits terminate in "a large compressed sheath, into which the claw may be entirely or nearly entirely retracted", while in the other group such a sheath is absent. Barbour (1910, p. 297) considers the presence or absence of an ungual sheath as a character of generic value ; he separates the species lacking such a sheath from the true Diploglossus, and revives the genus Celestus Gray for them 1). Burt & Burt (1931, pp. 241-242) also stress the importance of this character.\nIndeed the sheath is absent in Celestes occiduus (Shaw), of which Celestus striatus Gray (the type of the genus) is a synonym. Of the other species included in Celestus (Barbour, 1937, pp. 138-139) I have examined only Celestus de la sagra (Cocteau). Of the two specimens in our collection (Herp. reg. nos. 3626, 3634), one (no. 3626) is a cotype of Scincus (Diploglossus) de la sagra Cocteau (in Cocteau & Bibron, 1839, p. 180, pl. 20).\nIn both specimens the terminal scale on the upper surface of the digits forms a

Description: Among the fossil proboscidean remains collected by Mr. H. R. van Heekeren in the Tjabeng\xc3\xa8 area, Sopeng district, about 100 km Northeast of Macassar in Southwestern Celebes there are a number of very small teeth.\nThey can be referred to the species of Archidiskodon of which I originally described two specimens of M2 or M3, some molar fragments, the distal end of an ulna, and the proximal end of a tibia (Hooijer, 1949), to which could later be added a fine M3, and an M1 or M2, both completely preserved (Hooijer, 1953a).\nArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer is the smallest species of Archidiskodon known at present. Its molars are only one-half as large in linear dimensions as those of Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley), and they agree with the latter in their ridge-plate formula, configuration of the enamel figures of the worn plates, long roots, and degree of hypsodonty.\nAs will be seen from what follows, the Celebes pygmy elephantine also agrees with A. planifrons in what is considered to be the most important distinguishing character of A. planifrons, viz., the presence of premolars.\nMilk molars have been less intensively studied than molars; there are three of them, in Archidiskodon as well as in the recent species Data on DM2-4 of Archidiskodon planifrons from the Upper Siwaliks of India, of A. meridionalis (Nesti) from the Villafranchian of Europe, and of A. exoptatus Dietrich from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa are given in Fal1) A preantepenultimate milk molar (DMI) occasionally develops in the African elephant (Morrison-Scott, 1939). coner and Cautley (1845-49), Falconer (1868), Adams (1877-81), Pohlig (1888-91), Weithofer (1890), Dietrich (1942), and Osborn (1942). These

Description: Besides the rather scanty material collected before 1900 the Phyllophorin\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb5 of the Leiden and the Amsterdam Museums consist of many of Karny\'s type specimens, and a number of specimens collected in New Guinea, especially by Van Kampen and by Versteeg.\nThough various authors (Kirby, 1899; Griffini, 1908) published papers of fundamental value concerning this subfamily of the Tettigoniidae, the general survey given by Caudell (1912) was little critical, in different genera even species are placed here of which the synonymy had already been established before (cf. Karny, 1924, pp. 19, 20). A modern revision of the subfamily was given by Karny (1924).\nThough Karny based his paper on a rather large number of specimens and a great deal of literature, it appears that there exist more species. The Leiden as well as the Amsterdam collections contain some specimens which could not be identified with the help of Karny\'s keys, and which did not fit in with the descriptions of the species already known. For that reason I feel justified to describe these as new species.\nAll specimens dealt with below, Karny\'s type specimens included, were carefully compared with the descriptions to avoid misinterpretations of Karny\'s view. In a few cases, however, I cannot agree with Karny\'s views concerning certain details in the keys as well as in the descriptions and I have given some additional notes when dealing with the genera or species under consideration.\nI abstained from giving a new key as that of Karny will do for the present when my remarks are taken into account.\nSasima Bol\xc3\xadvar

Description: De Haan (1833, p. 22-23, tab. B (Eudora) tenax (mouthparts)) gives the following latin description of his subgenus Eudora: "Os quadratum. Max. 5arum articuli secundi paralleli, medio in longitudinem sulcati, apice truncati; articuli tertii dilatati, margine superiore emarginati; articuli apicales abbreviati1). Max. 3iarum laciniae externae supra medium, paulum dilatatae, apice emarginatae. Max. 2arum lobi interni in laciniis interioribus externis multo breviores. Thorax vix dimidio latior quam longior, dorso convexus. Chelae crassae, in utroque sexu inaequales, sinistra minor. Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-articulatum; in maribus angusto-parallelum; articulus tertius prioribus latior; articuli versus apicem sexti sinuato-angustiores; sextus quadratus; Septimus trigonus. In feminis oblongo-ovatum, a basi latescens; articulus sextus quinto duplo latior; septimus rotundatus. O c u l i vix tertia parte latitudinis thoracis distantes. Antennae oculorum canthis approximatae, flagello brevissimo.\nCANC. (EUDORA) TENAX Ruppell. \xe2\x80\x94 IMPRESSUS Lamarck n. 9. \xe2\x80\x94 INCISUS. n. sp. Mus. Reg. Bat." When studying the Xantho specimens of the Leiden Museum, I noticed among them in the dry collection, a \xe2\x99\x80 without mouthparts and a set of mouthparts from Mauritius, Museum Paris, both labelled Xantho (X.) impressus (Lam.) and both bearing an old label "Cancer (Eudora) impressus Lamarck, Isle de France, Mus. Gal." Now the presence of the set of mouthparts as well as the writing on the old label leave no doubt whatever to the fact that this is the specimen examined by De Haan and enumerated on page 23 of the Fauna Japonica. This specimen, however, is

Description: In literature only very scanty information is to be found about the viscera of the Boid genera Tropidophis and Trachyboa, and therefore I believed it worth while to publish some notes which I made during dissections of the following species and subspecies: Tropidophis melanurus (Schleg.), Tropidophis maculatus haetianus (Cope), Tropidophis pardalis pardalis (Gundl.) and Trachyboa gularis Ptrs. The notes are in no way exhaustive; the specimens have been preserved in alcohol for a long time, and therefore it was not possible to study all features in detail.\nAll but two genera of the Boidae have two well developed lungs. One of these two exceptions was mentioned already by Cope (1894, pp. 218, 220: Ungualia; 1900, p. 697), viz., the genus Ungalia (i.e., Tropidophis of present day nomenclature). In this genus only one lung is present, and besides1 a tracheal lung has developed. The second exception is the genus Trachyboa; the fact that in this genus too a tracheal lung and only one true lung have developed, seems to have escaped notice up till now. As will be shown below there are also other features in which Tropidophis and Trachyboa agree with one another, while they differ from the other Boidae.\nTropidophis melanurus (Schleg.) Specimens examined: 1 $, Cuba, leg. Ramon de la Sagra, Mus. Leiden reg. no. 1299. 1 # juv., Cuba, leg. Ramon de la Sagra, Mus. Leiden reg. no. 1298.\nBoth specimens were labelled "Ungalia maculata", but after due consideration I refer them to Tropidophis melanurus (Schleg.). Especially the identification of the male no. 1299 caused me some difficulties, and therefore I may give my reasons for this identification. This male has a quadrifurcate

Description: Professor I. Q. van Regteren Altena was zoo vriendelijk mij een aantal teekeningen ter beschikking te stellen, die eens aan het huis Plantijn moeten toebehoord hebben. Immers, sommige daarvan hebben gediend als voorbeeld voor houtsneden in den Herbarius von Dodonaeus van 1618, gedrukt \xe2\x80\x9et\'Antwerpen in de Plantynsche Druckerye van Balthasar Moretus" (zie Engel, in: Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 53, 1943, p. 46-55). Wanneer men de fraaie teekeningen vergelijkt met de reproducties in het Cruydtboeck, is het opvallend, dat de teekeningen losser, zwieriger en natuurlijker zijn, terwijl de houtsneden allerlei wijzigingen vertoonen, die klaarblijkelijk aangebracht werden ten einde de figuur in het formaat van het houtblok te doen passen. Toch komen beide tot in finesses overeen en, wat onze opvatting bevestigt, zij zijn elkanders spiegelbeeld. Behalve deze plantenafbeeldingen bevat de collectie nog een teekening van een vogel, Podiceps cristatus (L.), door mij beschreven en afgebeeld in Limosa, Orgaan der Club van Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen, XVI, 1-2, Juni 1943, p. 1-3, en verschillende figuren van visschen en lagere dieren.\nVoor deze dierenafbeeldingen is van belang een citaat uit: Max Rooses, Christophe Plantin, Imprimeur Anversois, 2me \xc3\xa9dition, Anvers, 1896, p. 325: \xe2\x80\x9ePlantin, qui avait retrouv\xc3\xa9 Dodoens en Hollande y renouva avec lui les liens d\'une ancienne amiti\xc3\xa9. Au moment du d\xc3\xa9c\xc3\xa8s du savant botaniste, l\'imprimeur rappelle, dans une de ses lettres, l\'affection qui les unissait et dit que Dodoens \xc3\xa0 la fin de sa vie avait commenc\xc3\xa9 une description des poissons et des oiseaux." Wij mogen er hier aan herinneren, hoe Dodoens in 1582 benoemd werd tot professor te Leiden, welke functie hij slechts korten tijd mocht ver-

Description: I. Grouping of European species of the genus Astata Latr.\nIt is not my intention to anticipate in this paper a subgeneric division of the genus Astata 1). For the purpose of such division, it would be necessary to investigate more non-European material than at present is at my disposal.\nBut at first view it seems to me that the European species may be divided into four distinct groups, which may be separated with the key given below.\nTwo of the proposed groups (the stigma-group and the tricolor-group) form part of the subgenus Dryudella Spinola, as this subgenus has generally been understood; nevertheless, the differences between these two groups, namely in the shape of the clypeus and, in the females, in the habitus, seem to justify separating them; although, investigation of allied non-European species might make it necessary to adapt or to modify the key to the groups.\nEventually, the possibility that non-European intermediate forms will make the separations untenable cannot be absolutely excluded. A decision about the taxonomic rank of the proposed groups, therefore, must be postponed.\nSpinola (1843, P- 135), erecting the genus or subgenus Dryudella ("une nouvelle coupe, qu\'on appellera genre ou sous-genre, selon les principes qu\'on aura adoptes dans la nomenclature binominale"), based the "nouvelle coupe" on the wing venation of "Dimorpha cincta Perris" and separated it from "Dimorpha" 1) "par la troisieme cubitale, lunulee comme dans les "Lyrops" 2) et par la premiere nervure recurrente, qui s\'anastomose avec la nervure transversale qui separe la premiere de la seconde cubitale". However, in these critical features, Spinola was incorrect in several respects. Even excluding stigma and its near allies from Dryudella (Spinola himself never

Description: In a paper on some birds from Sumatra in the Leiden Museum Dr. Junge (1948, pp. 314-15) lists two males of Limosa lapponica baueri Naum. taken by Mr. Van Heurn on the beach at Tandjong Tiram in the Deli district on 14 November 1921. In a short discussion on this record he refers to the fact that Vorderman (1890, p. 416) gives this species as probably occurring in Sumatra, and subsequently Robinson & Kloss (1923, p. 326) and Chasen (1935, p. 37) list it without query or comment. Dr. Junge adds that he failed to find the reference on which the later authors decided that the bird was definitely known from Sumatra. It is probable that no such reference exists and that Dr. Junge\'s paper constitutes the first authentic published record of the occurrence there of the Eastern Bartailed Godwit. The point at issue is a general one which has puzzled other workers in this field, and it would seem to be of interest to outline the situation briefly.\nRobinson & Kloss published two lists of the birds of Sumatra, the first in 1918, containing 527 birds, and the second in 1923, giving 574 birds. In a note to their first list the authors (1918, p. 284) make the following comment on their treatment of the "Charadrii formes" (= Suborder Charadrii), "In this group Vorderman records with certainty only 14 species that are found on the mud-flats of the Strait of Malacca with one or two exceptions".\nIt is clear that by mud-flats of the Strait of Malacca they mean the flats on the eastern (Malay Peninsula) side of the strait. They disallow 3 of the birds given by Vorderman, but make their own total up to 30. At that time they had apparently no reliable Sumatran records for the great majority of the 19 species which they thus added to the Sumatran list. The same procedure was followed in compiling the second list, published in 1923,

Description: Records of cave-dwelling Lepidoptera are scarce in comparison with those in other orders of Insects, e.g., Coleoptera, of which even a whole subfamily (Silphidae, Bathysciinae) is in a most remarkable way adapted to this peculiar habitat. In the group of the so-called Microlepidoptera we could find examples of some eight species only, belonging to different families.\nApparently none of them is a true cave-dweller, i. e., a permanent resident of caves and really adapted to life in total darkness.\nCrypsithyris spelaea Meyrick, 1908 (Tinaeidae) only has been regarded as an exception. This species has been described from a large cave in Moulmein, Burma, and originally was reported as "being practically bleached or colourless", but with normally developed eyes and wings (Meyrick, 1908, p. 399). Later on better material has been collected at the same locality, and this time the moth appeared to be not quite colourless (Meyrick, 1916, pp. 602-603). It remains uncertain, therefore, whether there is question of any adaptation to cave-life and whether this species can be regarded as an "obligate cavernicole,, insect, the more so as larvae of closely allied species of this genus have been found living in the open, in portable cases on lichens covering rocks.\nFurthermore we could find reference to three species of the genus Tinaea: T. antricola Meyr., 1924, and T. pyrosoma Meyr., 1924, both from Siju Caves, Assam, and T. palaechrysis Meyr., 1929, from Batu Caves, Selangor (Malaya). Of the latter was said that it "belongs to the typically unicolorous yellow group, but has probably acquired fuscous colouring as an adaptation to cave life; it may therefore be a true cave-dweller, possibly restricted to these particular caves" (Meyrick, 1929, p. 375). Afterwards, however, Dam-

Description: In seiner Behandlung der Gattung Archon Hb. im Tierreich \xe2\x80\x9eLepidoptera pars I" kommt Bryk am Schluss seiner Betrachtungen zu der Feststellung, dass sich die geographischen \xe2\x80\x9eFormen" (subspecies?) in drei Gruppen zusammenfassen lassen. Unbestreitbar sind davon der \xe2\x80\x9ebellargus-Kreis" und der Rassenkreis, der die verschiedenen subspecies aus Pontus und Armenien beheimatet. Unklar ist die dritte Gruppe, zu der Bryk A. apollinus Herbst und subsp. thracica Buresch vereinigt.\nDie Diagnosen, die Bryk f\xc3\xbcr die verschiedenen Rassen gibt, zwingen mich, da ich sein tiefes Wissen von allem und sein Feingef\xc3\xbchl f\xc3\xbcr alles, was mit Parnassxus zu tun hat, kenne, zu der Annahme, dass ihm ein zu beschr\xc3\xa4nktes oder unzuverl\xc3\xa4ssiges Material bei seiner Arbeit zu Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestanden hat. Ich weiss aus eigener Erfahrung, das gerade von Archon ungez\xc3\xa4hlte Exemplare mit falschen Fundortetiquetten im Umlauf sind, oder solche, die den Vermerk e.l. missen. Das letztere ist insofern von Bedeutung, als mir eine grosse Anzahl e.l. Archon \xe2\x80\x94 teilweise aus eigener Zucht \xe2\x80\x94 vorliegen, die die Berechtigung der Aufstellung geographischer Rassen geradezu l\xc3\xbcgenzustrafen scheinen. Das Zudhtmaterial zeigt die ganze Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsbreite der Art und erinnert beispielsweise bei syrischer Herkunft kaum noch an das typische Aussehen von subsp. bellargus Staud. Zucht von Parnassiern ergibt fast stets Tiere, die vom Typus der betreffenden Rasse abweichen, aber sie doch nicht so vollst\xc3\xa4ndig verleugnen, wie es bei der grossen Serie Material, Herkunft Beyrouth, in meiner Sammlung der Fall ist.\nWas ist aber der typische apollinus? Bryk f\xc3\xbchrt als Fundort f\xc3\xbcr den Typus \xe2\x80\x9eUmgebung von Aleppo (Insel Kurlak)" auf, gibt aber als Verbreitungsgebiet gleichzeitig \xe2\x80\x9eKleinasien, Mesopotamien" an. Der Begriff \xe2\x80\x9eKlein-

Description: In a previous paper (1952, p. 190) I reported upon a specimen from the Lucie River, Surinam, doubtlessly belonging to Boulenger\'s genus Brachychalcinus, but had to abstain from giving a definite specific identification on account of the lack of comparative material, the insufficiency of previous literature, and the obviously juvenile state of the single specimen.\nA possibility to look once more into this matter, and to amend my previous statement, was brought about by the existence of eight specimens from the same river system, and probably belonging to the same species, in the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum, and the offer to have these sent to me as a loan. For this courtesy, and for the loan of a single juvenile specimen of Brachychadcinus retrospina Boulenger, I am indebted to Dr. R. F. Inger, Assistant Curator of Fishes of the Chicago Natural History Museum.\nThe genus Brachychalcinus Boulenger (1892, p. 11) belongs to the subfamily Stethaprioninae, a subfamily allied to the Tetragonopterinae but differing by the possession of a procumbent predorsal spine. Within this subfamily, however, Brachychalcinus differs from the other, and better known genera, by the shape of this procumbent spine, described by Eigenmann & Myers (1929, p. 508) as "trigger- or hammer-shaped, its free portion forming a longer anterior and shorter posterior branch, both of which are sharply pointed". It is triangular in lateral view, with the longest side about continuous with the dorsal outline, its two further sides concave, and is attached with the lower angle. A similar spine is found just before the origin of the anal fin.\nOf this very rare South American genus, only two species hitherto have

Description: During the time that I was stationed at Port Dickson (State of Negri Sembilan) on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, a small zoological collection was made. The specimens were brought to me by the personnel of different units of the Royal Netherlands Forces, while I am also indebted to Major C. Rae, RASC, for some interesting specimens. Nearly all specimens belong to common species. However, this area has not been studied so very extensively and therefore, it seems worth while to place these species on record. Unless otherwise stated the specimens are from the strip of country along the coast road to the south of Port Dickson to about ten miles from the township. Where no unit is mentioned, the specimens have been collected by personnel of my own unit (NICA-NRX Detachment). The collection has been presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.\nBufo melanostictus Schn. 1 specimen, Major L. D. Brongersma, Herp. reg. no. 8488.\nBufo parvus Blgr. 1 \xe2\x99\x82 halfgrown, Herp. reg. no. 8486. 1 juv., among dry leaves in a rubber plantation, March 1946, Sergt.\nEveraarts, Herp. reg. no. 8487.\nI am indebted to Mr. H. W. Parker, London, for his advise that both these specimens should be referred to Bufo parvus Blgr.\nIn the male (length from snout to vent 33 mm), the cranial ridges are distinct. The supraorbital ridges are slightly divergent behind, while the short parietal ridges converge posteriorly; thus the whole of the ridge is somewhat curved. In a fullgrown Sumatran specimen these ridges are straight.

Description: Two large specimens of a hitherto unknown species of neotropical catfish have recently been found dead and washed ashore beneath the dike along the Westerscheldt near Biezelinge, Zeeland, at a mutual distance of approximately 300 meters. Both were in excellent condition and have been presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden by Mr.\nB. J. J. R. Walrecht.\nA superficial examination already disclosed the fact that the two specimens belong to the (sub)genus Selenaspis, a well known group of catfishes inhabiting the salt and brackish shores and estuaries of the northern part of the South American continent. Some of the species are known to spawn in fresh water. The present specimens must have been transported by ship.\nWhether they have been thrown overboard dead or alive remains uncertain though the first possibility seems more plausible. The damaged and fringed condition of the fins indicates a period of drifting along the shore, while the length of this period is limited by the still rather fresh condition, especially of the larger and first collected specimen. On the other hand, putrefaction seems to be slow in this group of fishes.\nOn his request, Mr. Walrecht received the information that no recent shipment of South American aquarium fishes had arrived at the aquarium of the Antwerp Zoological Garden.\nAn investigation of the stomachs of the two specimens gave the following results. In the larger specimen, no remains of food were found; in the second specimen, the stomach contained a considerable quantity of remains, viz., a part of a rib, possibly from a pig, measuring 1.8 by 5 cm; several pieces of cartilage; numerous split peas; several small remains of plants

Description: In 1776 beschreef P. L. S. M\xc3\xbcller (Syst. Nat. Suppl., p. 145) naar aanleiding van in Oost-Java verzameld materiaal de nominaatvorm dezer pitta onder de naam Turdus guajanus, terwijl de in West-Java levende ondersoort affinis als Myiothera affinis in 1821 door Horsfield (Trans. Linn. Soc.\nLondon, vol. 13, p. 154) werd beschreven op grond van in Bantam verkregen materiaal. In Cat. Birds Brit: Museum (vol. XIV, 1888, p. 445/6) vatte Sclater deze beide soorten samen onder de naam Eucichla cyanura.\nRobinson & Kloss (Treubia, vol. V, 1924, p. 279) noemden de OostJava vogels Eucichla c. cyanura en die van het Westen Eucichla cyanura affinis, welke naam ook door Bartels & Stresemann (1929) werd gebezigd. Later toonde Boden Kloss echter aan, dat de naam cyanura diende te worden gewijzigd in guajana (Journ. Mal. Br., Royal As. Soc., vol. IV, 1926, p. 161), terwijl Chasen in diens Handlist (1935) het geslacht Eucichla met Pitta vereenigde en deze brengt Pitta guajana guajana op voor OostJava en Bali en Pitta guajana affinis voor het Westen van dit eiland.\nDe oorspronkelijke beschrijving der beide ondersoorten hebben wij niet ter beschikking, maar Kuroda (Birds of the Island of Java, vol. I, 1933, p. 339) deelt ten aanzien van de nominaatvorm het volgende mede. ,,Characters: \xe2\x80\x94 Very similar to E. g. affinis of W. Java, but the blue gorget much more broader (10 mm in width in \xe2\x99\x82).\nAdult \xe2\x99\x82 (E. Java) \xe2\x80\x94 The ground-colour of underparts yellowish instead of brownish yellow as in affinis and the throat also whiter.\nAdult \xe2\x99\x80 (Bali) \xe2\x80\x94 "The ground-colour below of this female is not white as described in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIV. p. 446, but yellowish buff, and the throat is more white (HARTERT)."

Description: In zijn laatste revisie van het genus Zosterops (Journ. f\xc3\xbcr Orn., vol. 87, 1939, p. 156-164) geeft Stresemann o.a. een schematische voorstelling van de horizontale en verticale verspreiding binnen deze Archipel van de vier voornaamste groepen van dit geslacht: montana, atricapilla, palpebrosa en chloris. Tot onze verwondering wordt hierin geen montana-vorm voor WestJava opgegeven, terwijl Siebers toch reeds in 1929 vogels van Goenoeng Tjerimai besprak, en afsplitste onder de naam Zosterops montana sindorensis (Treubia, vol. 11, 1929, p. 151). Deze ondersoort werd zoowel door Chasen (Handlist of Malaysian Birds, 1935, p. 266) als door Kuroda (Birds of the Island of Java, vol. 1, 1933, p. 127) geaccepteerd. De beide auteurs van \xe2\x80\x9eDe vogels van het Tenggergebergte" (De Tropische Natuur, jrg. 29, 1940, p. 93-101), de heer en mevrouw Van Bemmel, merken daarentegen weer op dat de soort Zosterops montana in West-Java ontbreekt, hetgeen echter in hetzelfde tijdschrift op p. 140 door den heer Bartels wordt herroepen, die melding maakt van het verzamelen van deze soort op de Papandajan. De laatste durft echter aan de hand van het geringe materiaal dat hem ter beschikking staat niet te zeggen tot welk ras de Papandajan-vogels behooren.\nHet Zoologisch Museum te Buitenzorg geraakte echter in 1941 in het bezit van negen balgen van dit brilvogeltje eveneens afkomstig van de Goenoeng Papandajan en aldaar verzameld op een hoogte van circa 2500 m door den heer A. de Vos. Deze balgen wijken in enkele opzichten z\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3 belangrijk af van alle reeds bekende vormen, dat wij het alleszins verantwoord achten haar hieronder als nieuw te beschrijven.\nZosterops montana minor nov. subspec.

Description: In Juli 1931 verscheen het overzicht van de gestrande Nederlandsche Cetacea van 808 tot en met 1930 (Van Deinse, 1931). De toen bekende 211 gevallen van aanspoeling op onze kust werden soort voor soort en een voor een behandeld.\nSedert zijn nu weer ettelijke jaren verloopen, waarin jaar na jaar aanteekening werd gehouden van de exemplaren die op onze kust te land kwamen en die zeer nabij die kust of in binnenwateren werden gevangen.\nTot en met 31 Dec. 1944, zijn er nu totaal reeds 379 gevallen van stranding bekend geworden en zijn er dus 168 bijgekomen na 1930, alzoo in 14 jaar.\nGemiddeld zijn er per jaar 12 dieren gemeld. In de afgeloopen jaren zijn natuurlijk ook aanvullingen en verbeteringen bekend geworden van oudere gevallen en die hoop ik hieronder in te voegen. In oude, soms zeer oude, literatuur zijn nog strandingen gevonden, die ik in 1931 niet kende en die mij door tal van belangstellende medewerkers werden opgegeven, terwijl ik er zelf ook enkele bij vond.\nZoo is onze kennis van de Nederlandsche Cetacea sedert 1931 zeer vermeerderd, is er belangstelling voor deze orde gewekt en zijn wij inderdaad sterk vooruitgegaan, niet het minst wat betreft geborgen materiaal, oude prenten, foto\'s enz.\nWaren er, in 1931, 17 soorten bekend van onze kust, nu is dat aantal tot 20 gestegen. De 3 soorten die er bij gevoegd konden worden zijn : 1. Pseudorca crassidens (Owen), in 1935, in 2 exemplaren. 2. Eschrichtius gibbosus (Erxleben), in 1935 en 1936, resp. in 1 en 2 exemplaren. 3. Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas), in 1936, in 1 exemplaar.

Description: The sinus rhomboidalis sacralis or sinus lumbosacralis as it is named by Ariens Kappers (1920) is an interesting anatomical part of the lumbosacral region of the avian spinal medulla. It is found in birds only and neither in reptiles nor in mammals.\nFig. 1 shows the lumbosacral part of the spinal medulla of Phoenicopterus Pig. 1. Spinal medulla of Phoenicopterus, dorsal view, with sinus lumbosacralis and corpus gelatinosum. From Imhof (1905). seen from the dorsal surface and Fig. 2 represents a diagrammatic transverse section through the lumbosacral part. These figures show some peculiarities that are found in birds only. All vertebrates with hind limbs have a lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal medulla, but in birds this enlargement has become more pronounced through the presence of the lumbosacral sinus. At the dorsal surface of the medulla there is an elongated cleft, which we may call the sinus, and this cleft penetrates rather deep, deeper than the central canal. The cleft is filled up by a plug of peculiar gelatinous tissue, which protrudes in a marked degree above the surface of the medulla. This tissue is named by Terni (1924) the corpus glycogenicus because the cells contain a great mass of glycogen. Perhaps it is better to use the name corpus gelatinosum, as this name pretends nothing, and glycogen is of common occurrence in tumors and in many other tissues. Ariens Kappers (1924) has shown that this tissue is of a very complicated origin, it is partly glious, partly pial and partly arachnoidal, it contains blood vessels and it is composed of large vacuolized cells. It is remarkable that this gelatinous tissue, when transferred to 70 % alcohol collapses in a few minutes. Imhof (1905) has studied the embryonic development of the lumbosacral sinus

Description: The species mentioned in the title of the present contribution was first described on the base of two incomplete upper molars, some fragments, and two portions of limb bones (Hooijer, 1949). The two and only complete molars were described later (Hooijer, 1953a). To this has been added the description of the milk dentition and of three premolars (Hooijer, 1953c).\nThere are, however, important lacunae in our knowledge of the molar dentition to be filled. It remains as yet uncertain whether the type upper molar of 1949 represents M2 or M3, while the smaller of the complete lower molars of 1953 could be either M1 or M2. The prolonged study of the fragmentary molars in the Celebes collection has now made it possible to assemble the full set of upper and lower molars, and to determine the correct serial position of the previously described specimens. This study further showed the occasional presence of tusks in the mandible, the first time that incisive tusks have been found to occur in the lower jaw of an Archidiskodon. The problem of the descent of the archidiskodonts, and thereby of the elephantids in general, has to be reconsidered in the light of this unexpected discovery.\nI wish, again, to express my feelings of gratitude toward Prof. Dr. A. J.\nBernet Kempers, former Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the material to me for study, and to Mr. H. R. van Heekeren to whom we owe the discovery of the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Celebes.\nArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer, Zool. Med. Museum Leiden, vol. 30, no. 14, 1949, p. 206, pis. VIII-IX; Chronica Naturae, vol. 105, 1949, p. 149; The Scientific Monthly,

Description: Since 1948 Mr. H. R. van Heekeren, then prehistorian to the Archaeological Survey of the Dutch East Indies, kept up an intermittent search for fossil teeth and bones that occur in association with Palaeolithic artifacts at Beru and Sompoh, near Tjabenge (Sopeng district), about 100 km Northeast of Macassar in Southwestern Celebes. These sites are now known to yield an interesting vertebrate fauna, presumably Pleistocene in age, the first found elements of which were described a few years ago (Hooijer, 1948, 1949).\nOne of the most remarkable discoveries in the Tjabeng\xc3\xa8 area made by Mr.\nVan Heekeren is a small elephantine that I have named Archidiskodon celebensis (Hooijer, 1949). It was based on an almost complete and unworn upper molar, and on a similar but worn specimen, while parts of an ulna and a tibia were also described. I ventured to interpret these fossils as belonging to a dwarf archidiskodont elephant (standing about six feet high at the shoulder when adult), in a curious way retaining the characters of Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) from which I took the Celebes elephantine to have been derived.\nIt is a great pleasure, again, to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Dr.\nA. J. Bernet Kempers, Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the Celebes fossil vertebrates to me for study. Moreover, I wish to thank Dr. Edwin H. Colbert of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for stimulating discussions and kind advice. The proboscidean remains to be described below are the best specimens that Mr.\nVan Heekeren ever collected in Celebes in the years 1948 to and including 1950, and credit should go to him especially for his perseverance in the field without which these valuable specimens would never have been collected.

Description: A study of the collection of Dermaptera in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden has been made by the author during the years 1942 and 1943, but publication of the results had to be postponed for several years on account of various difficulties arising during and since the war.\nThese investigations yielded some interesting results, including the descriptions of several new species. It is intended to publish these descriptions in the near future after a study of the literature of the group that has appeared since 1943.\nOf the subfamily Diplatyinae the material of the Leiden Museum contains specimens of two forms that proved to belong to hitherto undescribed species. Together with other representatives of this subfamily these specimens were sent to Dr. W. D. Hincks of the Manchester Museum, for comparison with the material that formed the basis for his nearly completed revision of the group. Of the two forms referred to above, one appeared to be conspecific with a species to be described by Dr. Hincks in the near future, the other is described in the present paper, in order that notes on this species may be incorporated into the revision of the group.\nDiplatys sumatranus nov. spec. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, Air Njuruk, Dempu, Sumatra, 1400 m, VIII 1916, coll. E. Jacobson.\nThe present specimen is small and slender, of the usual general appearance in this genus (see fig. 1).\nColouration: the head and the prozona of the pronotum are castaneous; the same colour, though less dark generally, is shown by the median part of the metazona, the elytra, a band along the outer margins of the wing-scales, Fig. 1. Diplatys sumatranus nov. spec. af habitus of male, and end of abdomen in lateral