ALBERT

Description: lm Zusammenhang mit den hydrographischen Untersuchungen in der Irminger See, welche im Juni 1955 auf dem Fischerei-Forschungsschiff "Anton Dohrn" ausgeführt wurden und deren Ergebnisse in der vorhergehenden Arbeit: Schichtung und Zirkulation in der Irminger See im Juni 1955 von G. Dietrich (1957) niedergelegt sind, wurden auch Untersuchungen über die Verteilung chemischer Faktoren in den verschiedenen Wassermassen angestellt. Das Gebiet der lrminger See ist gerade in dieser Beziehung von besonderem Interesse, weil, wie wir im einzelnen durch die Untersuchungen von G. Böhnecke, E. Hentschel und H. Wattenberg (1930) und G. Böhnecke, B. Føyn und H. Wattenberg (1931) wissen, hier die verschiedenen Wassermassen der Golfstrom-Ausläufer, des nordatlantischen Wassers und des Ostgrönlandstromes aufeinandertreffen und sich in einer großen Anzahl größerer und kleinerer Wirbel mitinander vermischen. Diese bewirken ihrerseits durch mit ihnen gekoppelten Hebungs- und Senkungsbewegungen eine recht verwickelte Verschiebung der Wassermassen in vertikaler Richtung. Die große Ausdehnung des befahrenen Gebietes im Verlauf der etwa 5 wöchigen Untersuchungsdauer gestattete nur, den chemischen Untersuchungen ein ganz weitmaschiges Stationsnetz zugrunde zu legen. Von den insgesamt durchgeführten 140 hydrographischen Stationen konnten daher nur 50 Stationen mit den vollen Tiefenserien chemisch bearbeitet werden. Bei der Wahl der Stationen wurde so verfahren, daß der Untersuchungsraum einigermaßen gleichmäßig durch Meßpunkte aufgeteilt wurde (Abb . 17). Auf Feinheiten im Chemismus der Wasserkörper mußte daher von vornherein verzichtet werden. Das Hauptgewicht liegt vielmehr auf der großräurnigen Verteilung und dem chemischen Aufbau der verschiedenen Wasserkörper im Untersuchungsgebiet. Untersucht wurden: der Phosphat-Gehalt, der Gehalt an gelöstem Sauerstoff sowie die Fluoreszenz und die optische Trübung in mit dem Wasserschöpfer in verschiedenen Tiefen dem Meere entnommenen Wasserproben. Der Phosphat-Gehalt wurde nach der in der Meereskunde seit langem üblichen kolorimetrischen Methode nach G. Denigès {1920) mittels Ammoniummolybdat-Schwefelsaure und Zinnchlorür (K. Kalle, 1934) an 25 ccm messenden Proben mittels des elektrischen Kolorimeters "Elko II" der Fa. C. Zeiß bestimmt. Zur Sauerstoff-Bestimmung diente die gleichfalls seit langem übliche Winkler'sche Methode an 50 ccm Meerwasserproben (K. Kalle, 1939). Die Fluoreszenzstärke wurde an 1 ccm Meerwasserproben nach der vom Verfasser entwickelten Methode (K. Kalle, 1951) mittels des Zeiß'schen Pulfrichphotometer gemessen, während für die optische Trübung der mit dem Farbfilter "S 72" (720 mμ) an 5 cm dicken Wasserschichten gewonnene Extinktionswert diente. Für diesen Zweck wurde wiederum das "Elko II"-Gerät benutzt, weil die Messung mit diesem Gerat nur 20 ccm Wasser benötigt und die Meßgenauigkeit trotz der verhältnismäßig geringen Schichtdicke extrem genau durchführbar ist (Fehlergröße = ± 0,000 2 E)1). Die Meßwerte für den Phosphat- und den Sauerstoff-Gehalt werden zusammen mit den zugehörigen Temperatur- und Salzgehaltswerten im Bulletin Hydrographique 1955 (Kopenhagen) erscheinen. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Fluoreszenzstärke und die optische Trübung sind in Zahlentafel 1 niedergelegt. An je drei Vertikalschnitten durch das Untersuchungsgebiet (A, B, C) (Abb. 1-12), deren Lage aus Abb. 17 hervorgeht, sowie an je 4 Horizontal-Schnitten in den Tiefen-Niveaus von O m, 200 m, 500 m und 1000 m (Abb. 13-16 und 18-28) soll versucht werden, die Verteilung der chemischen Faktoren im Untersuchungsgebiet in großen Zügen deutlich zu machen.

Description: In May 1938 I had the opportunity to observe seven living Aplysia depilans in the Zoological Station Naples. Notes on the size and colour were made and different methods of preservation were tried.\nAs one often wonders how much of the original colour pattern has been preserved in museum specimens of Aplysia, it seems important to give the result of the comparison of the living specimens as studied in 1938 and the same specimens after 18 years of preservation, in 1956. The best way of preservation appears to be killing in diluted alcohol as specimen nr. V shows.

Description: The following account of the non-marine Mollusca of the Island of Sumatra, the second largest of the Greater Sunda Islands (surface 440.000 km2) is based on the following collections: 1. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, including the material collected by Prof. Max Weber, Dr. L. P. de Bussy, Jhr. Dr. F. C. van Heurn, Prof. J. C. van der Meer Mohr, Dr. E. Jacobson, and many others. 2. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. 3. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor (Java). 4. Naturhistorisches Museum, Basle (Switzerland). 5. Zoologisches Museum, Z\xc3\xbcrich (Switzerland). 6. Mus\xc3\xa9um d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (Switzerland). 7. Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main (Germany). 8. Mr. J. P. van Niel, who lived in Sumatra from 1951 to 1956 and made great efforts to collect molluscs in his leisure time. This material has been presented to the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. 9. Various private cabinet owners in the Netherlands and one in Switzerland who received their material from relations overseas.\nIn the list of localities these collections will be referred to by the following symbols: ZMA Zoological Museum, Amsterdam RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden MBo Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor MBa Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel MZh Zoologisches Museum, Z\xc3\xbcrich MGv Museum d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Geneva SMF Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt Nl Mr. J. P. van Niel Br Mr. A. C. van Bruggen, Leiden Bt Mr. L. J. M. Butot, Haarlem By Dr. P. Bohny, Basle Dr Mr. J. Drijver, Wageningen Ls Dr. F. E. Loosjes, Wageningen Nb Mr. W. H. Neuteboom, Heemskerk Sl Mr. L. van der Slik, Rotterdam Vm Mr. L. A. W. C. Venmans, Moergestel

Description: Am 5. August 1956 traf von Dr. H. Kern auf dem Schiffswege aus Djakarta eine erwachsene Netzschlange, Python reticulatus Schn., von 6.40 m L\xc3\xa4nge im Tierpark Berlin ein. In ihre Kiste hatte man f\xc3\xbcr den etwa vier Wochen dauernden Schiffstransport ein lebendes Huhn (gro\xc3\x9fer Malaiischer K\xc3\xa4mpfer) hineingesetzt, das unterwegs gefressen wurde. Reste davon \xe2\x80\x94 darunter ein Fu\xc3\x9f \xe2\x80\x94 wurden dann unvollkommen verdaut wieder erbrochen. Nach der Ankunft in Berlin brachten wir die Riesenschlange zun\xc3\xa4chst provisorisch in einem kleinen Terrarium unter. Dort nahm sie zwei mittelgro\xc3\x9fe Meerschweinchen zu sich. Mittlerweile war ein gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ferer Beh\xc3\xa4lter f\xc3\xbcr das Tier fertiggestellt worden, in den die inzwischen durch die W\xc3\xa4rme der Schlangenfarm munterer gewordene Schlange umgesetzt wurde. Hier verweigerte die Schlange in der Folge jede weitere Nahrung. Es zeigte sich nunmehr \xe2\x80\x94 4 m distal von der Schnauzenspitze \xe2\x80\x94 eine abgetreppte Verschiebung (Abb. 1) der Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule, die auf einen Bruch des R\xc3\xbcckgrates schlie\xc3\x9fen lie\xc3\x9f. Die Schlange magerte in den folgenden Wochen erheblich ab, und der Bruch trat endlich so stark in Erscheinung, da\xc3\x9f der Python nicht mehr ausgestellt werden konnte. W\xc3\xa4hrend die Schlange in der ersten Zeit noch sehr aggressiv war und der vor dem Bruch liegende K\xc3\xb6rperteil immer noch hoch aufgerichtet wurde, ergriff in zunehmendem Ma\xc3\x9fe immer gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fere Apathie das Tier, bis es schlie\xc3\x9flich v\xc3\xb6llig teilnahmslos herumlag. Innerhalb von vier Monaten erfolgten drei H\xc3\xa4utungen. Hinter dem Bruch schwoll der v\xc3\xb6llig gel\xc3\xa4hmte K\xc3\xb6rperabschnitt bis zum After stark an (Abb. 2). Der Schwanz blieb von der Schwellung unber\xc3\xbchrt. Der K\xc3\xb6rperumfang vor dem Bruch betrug 35 cm, hinter ihm 56 cm. Die Haut des aufgetriebenen K\xc3\xb6rperteiles war sehr m\xc3\xbcrbe und n\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9fte an verschiedenen Stellen. Am 30. November 1956 starb die Netzschlange. Der angeschwollene Teil ging nach dem Tode der Schlange sofort in F\xc3\xa4ulnis \xc3\xbcber. Im Enddarm fand sich eine riesige Menge von Harns\xc3\xa4urekristallen gespeichert, obwohl w\xc3\xa4hrend der Krankheit des Tieres wiederholt gro\xc3\x9fe Portionen von Kot manuell aus der Kloake geholt worden waren.\nDr. G. BEUTEL (Berlin-Lichtenberg) \xc3\xbcbernahm freundlicherweise das R\xc3\xb6ntgen und die entsprechende Deutung. Es stellte sich \xe2\x80\x94 wie vermutet \xe2\x80\x94 tats\xc3\xa4chlich ein Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulenbruch heraus. Der betreffende Wirbel ist stark destruiert. Hier macht die Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule einen nach rechts gerichteten Knick (Abb. 4), und beim Seitenbild erkennt man au\xc3\x9ferdem eine Versetzung der beiden Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulenabschnitte in dorsoventraler Richtung um fast die volle Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulendicke (Abb. 5). Wolkige Schattenbildungen an diesem Abschnitt d\xc3\xbcrften Callus sein. Auf der Seitenaufnahme sieht man weiterhin multiple alte und frische Rippenfrakturen, von denen die letzteren durch kr\xc3\xa4ftigen Callus bereits \xc3\xbcberbr\xc3\xbcckt werden. In H\xc3\xb6he des destruierten Wirbels sind links mehrere Rippen zu sehen, die z.T. etwas aufgetrieben sind und zentrale Aufhellungen mit exzentrischer Verd\xc3\xbcnnung der Compacta aufweisen. Hierbei d\xc3\xbcrfte es sich um Enchondrome handeln. Soweit die Tatsachen und die Befunde.

Description: In 1853 BLEEKER (I, p. 489 and 490) described two species, both from the bay of Batavia, as Julis (Halichoeres) cyanopleura and Julis (Halichoeres) pyrrhogrammatoides. He pointed out that these two species are closely related, the first to Julis poecilopterus SCHL., the second to Julis pyrrhogramma SCHL., both from Japan. Lastnamed species differ from the javanese species, besides by slightly different colourmarkings, by having 14 rays in the dorsal and the anal, against 11 rays in both fins of the javanese species. BLEEKER says that but for the difference in the number of dorsal and anal rays, which is considerable, at least for this genus, he would be temped to consider the javanese species as climatic variations (\xe2\x80\x9cklimaatvarieteiten\xe2\x80\x9d) of the japanese ones. He also draws attention to the great resemblance of these four species inter se, as they are all characterised by having 4 canines anteriorly in each jaw, and the outer pair in the upper jaw greatly curved backwards.\nWhen at a later date (2, p. 100) he found that the pharyngealia inferiora of H. cyanopleura and H. pyrrhogrammatoides differ from those of the other members of the genus Halichoeres by being concave posteriorly, he created a new genus Leptojulis with L. cyanopleura as the type. It is curious that in the discussion of this new genus in the Atlas Ichthyologique (3, p. 128) BLEEKER says: \xe2\x80\x9cJe ne connais du genre Leptojulis que les deux esp\xc3\xa8ces de mon cabinet, qui toutes les deux habitent la mer de Batavia\xe2\x80\x9d, and that no mention is made of the two japanese species, which formerly he considered to be so very closely related to them. We can guess why he did so, for some years later (4, p. 251) he gave an elaborate description of Julis poecilopterus and pyrrhogramma. The inferior pharyngeals are described as being not concave behind and agreeing in all respects with those of other species of Halichoeres, in which genus he now places the two species. Again, no mention is made of his species of Leptojulis, but the japanese species are now compared with Halichoeres bicolor and hyrtli, which have the same disposition of bands on the body, but differ in the number of canines and in the number of dorsal and anal rays.

Description: 1. The term cline is proposed as an auxiliary taxonomic term, to denote graded spatial variation within a population. 2. This is in no way intended to replace the current methods of taxonomic specification by named areal groups. It may, however, supplement them usefully (a) by stressing continuity as against discontinuity, (b) by effecting synthesis in relating the characters of separate groups to general trends, (c) by obviating the need for assigning names to groups which are only slightly distinct. 3. Clines may be of two rather distinct types: a) compound or inter-group clines, connecting the means of characters of distinct groups (subspecies of a polytypic species, species of an Artenkreis). (b) internal clines, within a whole interbreeding group or any section of it. 4. Clines may concern size, colour, pattern, physiological resistance, the ratio between two or more distinct varieties, etc. 5. Some clines are adaptively correlated, either directly or indirectly, with corresponding environmental gradients or with other environmental factors such as colour of background. Others appear to be correlated with migration from a centre of distribution, still others with the production and subsequent migration of a mutant with positive selective value. Another type not adaptively correlated with environment is that of intermediacy between two distinct subsubspecific types across an interbreeding zone. 6. This last type of cline may be called a genocline. Other main types are geoclines, over large geographical areas, and ecoclines through a range of ecological habitats. 7. Some clines are related to development, in that the greater development of a character is related to greater intensity of rate-genes which determine it. 8. Quantitative figures for a few size geoclines in birds give changes varying from 0.5\xc2\xb0 to 2\xc2\xb0 N. lat. per 1 % change in size of part affected. 9. The principle of harmoniously stabilized gene-complexes, deduced by R. A. FISHER and others and empirically established by TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY, will account for the extension of the range of particular genecombinations beyond the areas for which they were initially selected, and the restriction of intermediates to narrow zones between the ranges of the favoured stabilized combinations. 10. Owing to this principle, the existence of sufficient environmental diversity between different regions of a population\xe2\x80\x99s range will establish partial biological discontinuities, the population being broken up into relatively uniform subspecies covering larger areas and separated by interbreeding zones which are kept narrow by selection. 11. Even in the event of subsequent range-change, the intergrading zones will remain narrow. 12. The production of partial discontinuities will be facilitated by the existence (a) of regions of relatively rapid environmental change, (b) of regions of relatively low population density (partial isolation). 13. The tendency to produce a regular internal cline will thus be overridden, and replaced by a stepped cline. It is theoretically probable that the subspecific groups in such cases will show internal clines of slight slope provided that environmental conditions differ sufficiently across the subspecific range. 14. Geographical and physiological (ecological) isolation will also tend to introduce discontinuities into regular clines. The resultant discontinuous intergroup cline will tend to be steeper than the original continuous internal cline, while the internal clines within the various isolated groups will tend to be less steep.

Description: Toen ik als praeparator aan de Musea van het Genootschap werd aangesteld en mijn intrede deed in den mooien Artistuin met zijn hoog opgaand geboomte, had ik, als niet-Amsterdammer, nooit gedacht in dien tuin, gelegen in het centrum eener groote stad, zooveel vogelsoorten in wilden staat te kunnen waarnemen. Het bleek mij al spoedig, dat niet alleen in de voli\xc3\xa8res van de Diergaarde op ornithologisch gebied veel te beleven viel, maar dat ook wat daarbuiten in den vrijen staat voor een scherp toeziend oog op te merken was, niet verwaarloosd moest worden. Van dien tijd af ben ik dan ook begonnen notities te maken van alle waarnemingen, die in den loop der jaren gemaakt konden worden.\nIn totaal heb ik van 75 soorten aanteekening gemaakt.

Description: The Scottish National Zoological Park at Edinburgh has been notably successful in keeping and breeding penguins. It is happy in possessing as a friend and benefactor, Mr Theodore E. Salvesen, head of the firm of Christian Salvesen & Co., Leith, to whose interest and generosity it owes the great number of penguins it has possessed. Of the seventeen known species of penguins, seven are represented in the Park, the king (Aptenodytes patagonica Miller), gentu (Pygoscelis papua Forster), ringed (Pygoscelis antarctica Forster), macaroni (Catarrhactes chrysolophus Brandt), Magellan (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster), Peruvian (Spheniscus humboldti Meyen) and black-footed (Spheniscus demersus L.). The collection has risen as high in number as 180 individuals, but at present numbers only about 70. The first penguins received in the Park were three king penguins which arrived from South Georgia in January 1914. One of these three was fully adult and was therefore not less than two years old at the time of its arrival. I am happy to say that it is still alive. It is a female and was the mother of the first chick hatched in the Park. The other two which came at that time were in the brown nestling plumage and were probably, therefore, just about a year old when they arrived. One of these young ones, a male, was, after it had moulted, much courted by the adult, but in spite of the attention paid to it by the adult female in the years 1915, 1916 and 1917, it showed little inclination to respond and was, I concluded, not sexually mature at that time. In 1918 the female laid an egg which was not fertile. On the 1st of September 1919 another egg was laid. This egg was incubated by the parents, both birds taking turns with the egg though the greater part of the work of incubation seemed to fall upon the male. The king penguin makes no nest, but holds its single egg on the feet and covers it with the skin and feathers of the lower part of the abdomen. There is nothing in the way of a pouch for brooding the egg and the egg is held between the two feet placed close together and the lower part of the body. The penguin is able to move about in an awkward shuffling manner with the egg held on its feet, and so firmly can it be held that the bird can even climb a rock, or fall from a rock, without losing its grip of the egg. On the 26th of October the egg was found to be chipped, and on the second day after that the young penguin emerged. The king penguin chick, when newly hatched, shows traces, especially on the head, of a natal coat of white down-like feathers. This disappears within two or three days and the growth begins of a brown nestling coat. This seems to suggest that the king penguin chicks were at one time clothed in a white nestling coat like that of the emperor penguin, but that either a movement to more northerly breeding grounds, or a change to a less glacial climate of the established breeding ground, induced a corresponding change in the colour of the nestling coat. The chick is, like the young of all penguins, fed on pre-digested fish which it takes from the throat of the parent bird. It has been noted that for a day or two before the egg hatches the adult bird is disinclined to feed, perhaps so that there may be a supply of fully digested food available for the very small chick when it first appears. The parent birds soon, however, begin to feed more greedily again. The food regurgitated is at first quite liquid, but in a few days quite large pieces of fish are brought back. The chick has a warbling flute-like call which it utters when it wishes to feed. The growth of the chick is fairly rapid, though not so rapid as in the case of the smaller penguins. By the time the chick was eight weeks old it had attained so large a size and was making such demands upon the parents for food that they seemed to be growing weak, so the experiment was made of giving the chick its own allowance of fish, small herring and whiting being used for the purpose. The chick took very readily to the change and was soon taking its 14 to 20 herrings a day. This enabled the parent birds to recover condition, but one wonders how wild king penguins manage to endure the strain of finding sufficient food, not only for themselves but for the chick, as they must do, until it is about a year old. In due course this chick was reared and it went into its first moult in April 1920, about six months after it was hatched. In the following year, 1920, two pairs of king penguins laid eggs but neither egg hatched. The same thing happened the next year. More adults had been received from South Georgia and in 1922 three eggs were laid and two hatched, but each of the chicks died when it was just three days old. The year 1923 brought a similar experience. I was puzzled to understand why these chicks died so quickly and I reviewed the circumstances and compared them with those attending the hatching and rearing of the first chick. I could perceive no difference in conditions or treatment except one, that while the first successful egg had been laid and incubated in the late autumn, when the weather was bleak and wet, subsequent eggs had been laid in June and the chicks hatched in August when the weather was hot and dry. In order to compensate for this difference I arranged, in 1924, a fine spray in the penguins\xe2\x80\x99 enclosure which kept a portion of rock always wet. When the first egg was laid in June 1924, this spray was turned on and the incubating birds kept pretty much within its range. A second egg also was laid in 1924 and both these eggs hatched and the chicks were reared. I concluded, therefore, that the spray had solved the problem and since then I have a spray in each of the penguin enclosures and keep the spray going whenever the weather is hot. One of the 1924 chicks is still alive although the other, and that of 1919, are both dead. Meantime, in 1925, the male of the original pair had died and there was no fertile egg in 1926, but in the years 1927 to 1932 inclusive, a chick was hatched each year and several of them, but not all were reared. In 1932, a consignment of 16 adult penguins was received from South Georgia and these I have kept in a separate enclosure so that they form a second colony. They also have bred successfully and in all twenty two king penguin chicks have been hatched and reared in the Park. Four of them are being reared at the present time. As many as nine king penguins were incubating eggs at one time in the Park last August, but only four of the eggs hatched. So much for the king penguins.