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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (2,128)
  • THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION  (1,363)
  • Deutschland
  • 1970-1974  (3,492)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Thin wing corrections for phase-change heat-transfer data. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Since no methods are available for determining the magnitude of the errors incurred when the semiinfinite slab assumption is violated, a computer program was developed to calculate the heat-transfer coefficients to both sides of a finite, one-dimensional slab subject to the boundary conditions ascribed to the phase-change coating technique. The results have been correlated in the form of correction factors to the semiinfinite slab solutions in terms of parameters normally used with the technique.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 8; Dec. 197
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  • 102
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    Criteria for electrically heated temperature probes in flames. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement techniques proposed by Gilbert and Lobdell (1953) and Rein and O'Laughlin (1967) are considered, giving attention to an apparent paradox. The criteria under which the assumptions made for the measurement techniques apply are specified. If sensors of different diameters are tested and the resultant plots of the parameter ?S' vs the wire temperature intersect below the abscissa, the considered measurement techniques are not applicable.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; Jan. 197
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  • 103
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    New half-range differential approximation for spherically-symmetric radiative transfer. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new half-range differential approximation for radiative transfer with spherical symmetry is presented. The development is motivated by the various failures of existing differential approximations in determining emissive-power distributions and heat transfer for concentric-spheres problems. The new approach represents a modification of the four-moment double spherical-harmonics method, to which it reduces in the planar limit. The difference is effected by relocating the discontinuity of the assumed directional distribution of radiation intensity. The shift takes the discontinuity from precisely on the division between radially inward and radially outward, to just within the radially-outward directional half range. The method is tested on a variety of concentric spheres problems with and without internal heat sources, reproducing all the important features of the exact results.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 9; Dec. 197
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  • 104
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    Stability of plane Poiseuille flow with heat transfer. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the influence of heat transfer on the stability of a plane Poiseuille flow iahnnl. The liquid flow is affected by the heat transfer through the variation in viscosity with temperature. Additional viscosity gradient terms are included in a modified Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and it is the presence of these terms which leads to a prediction of more unstable flows, for without the inclusion of these extra terms, the flow is stabilized. The results show that a temperature difference between the walls is always destabilizing and, in particular, a temperature difference between the walls of 100 F leads to a reduction in the critical Reynolds number from 7800 to 4600.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 105
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    Thermal radiation heat transfer. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comprehensive discussion of heat transfer by thermal radiation is presented, including the radiative behavior of materials, radiation between surfaces, and gas radiation. Among the topics considered are property prediction by electromagnetic theory, the observed properties of solid materials, radiation in the presence of other modes of energy transfer, the equations of transfer for an absorbing-emitting gas, and radiative transfer in scattering and absorbing media. Also considered are radiation exchange between black isothermal surfaces, radiation exchange in enclosures composed of diffuse gray surfaces and in enclosures having some specularly reflecting surfaces, and radiation exchange between nondiffuse nongray surfaces. The use of the Monte Carlo technique in solving radiant-exchange problems and problems of radiative transfer through absorbing-emitting media is explained.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 106
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    Transitional and turbulent heat transfer correlations for a lifting entry vehicle at Mach 10 (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Applicability of boundary layer transition and turbulent heat transfer data for lifting reentry vehicle at hypersonic speed to space shuttles
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 1 JUL. 1970; P 418-443
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  • 107
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    Use of discrete sonic jets as boundary-layer trips in hypersonic flow (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discrete sonic jets as boundary layer trips producing turbulent hypersonic flows with negligible intrinsic drag and downstream distortions
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; SEARCH(
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  • 108
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    Effect of water vapor on the combustion of flash-heated beryllium droplets (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Oxide transport and water vapor effects on flash- heated beryllium droplet combustion
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; UGREVUE(
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  • 109
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    Thermal conductivity of gases - Organic compounds at atmospheric pressure (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Thermal conductivity for organic compound gases at atmospheric pressure
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; VIGATION (
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  • 110
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    Radiant cooling (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Passive radiant cooler design involving patch cone radiative coupling calculation based on specular image technique
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; 459 (
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  • 111
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    Imperfect gas effect in real hydrogen drives (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Real hydrogen driver performance, analyzing intermolecular forces effects under high compression and heat
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 112
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    Viscosity of binary polar-gas mixtures (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Approximate formula for viscosity of binary polar gas mixtures confirmed for unlike cross sections
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; SEARCH(
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  • 113
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    Solar heating and cooling buildings (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Sunshine is available in differing amounts everywhere in the world and the easiest method of capturing it is by absorption in the form of thermal energy (heat). Therefore, it is logical to utilize it directly in the heating and cooling of buildings and avoid losses that would occur by conversion to some other form. It may be emphasized that of the total energy consumed annually in the U.S., about 25% is used for heating and cooling in buildings. It is generally agreed that of all the possible widespread uses of solar energy, this application has the highest probability of success in the near term. Although there are significant uncertainties associated with some technological and economic aspects, they do not loom as large as those associated with other potentially significant applications, such as electrical power generation. It may, however, be noted that solar electrical power generation at the building site, or at a centralized station is an excellent long term prospect. Approximately 25 experimental solar heated structures have been built in various parts of the world.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: TERRASTAR: Terrest. Appl. of Solar Technol. and Res.; 28 p
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  • 114
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    Shape of porous cooled region for surface heat flux and temperature both specified. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 16; Sept
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  • 115
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    Assessment of chemical nonequilibrium for massively ablating graphite. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several types of artificial graphite have been irradiated by laser pulses in vacuum, and the composition of the resulting vapor cloud has been determined in situ by mass spectrometric techniques in order to gain information pertaining to nonequilibrium ablation of graphitic probes entering planetary atmospheres. Results are discussed in terms of variations in concentrations of carbon species from their equilibrium values, and plotted curves illustrate the effect of nonequilibrium ablation on radiative shielding for simulated Jupiter entry conditions.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Aug. 197
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  • 116
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    Transient forced convection heat transfer from an isothermal flat plate. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis is presented for laminar transient forced-convection heat transfer from a horizontal flat plate. The presented analysis results include transient velocity and temperature profiles, boundary-layer growth rate, and heat-transfer rate with time.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; June 197
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  • 117
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    A review of film boiling at cryogenic temperatures. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Film boiling occurs in the quenching of metals, the chilling of biological species, the regenerative cooling of rockets, and the cooling down of a cryogenic fuel tank. Occasionally film boiling is also found in a nuclear reactor or in a cryomagnet. Aspects of film boiling involving an unconstrained liquid mass are considered, giving attention to the evaporation time, the Leidenfrost temperature, solid-liquid contacts, the thermal properties of the solid, effects of coating or scale, wettability, the metastable condition, and the velocity effect on drops. Developments discussed with regard to pool boiling are related to vertical surfaces, film boiling from horizontal surfaces, film boiling from a horizontal cylinder, film boiling from a sphere, and film boiling of helium. Processes of film boiling in a channel are also analyzed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 118
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    Minimum weight passive insulation requirements for hypersonic cruise vehicles. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analytical solutions are derived for two representative cases of the transient heat conduction equation to determine the minimum weight requirements for passive insulation systems of hypersonic cruise vehicles. The cases discussed are the wet wall case with the interior wall temperature held to that of the boiling point of the fuel throughout the flight, and the dry wall case where the heat transferred through the insulation is absorbed by the interior structure whose temperature is allowed to rise.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; July 197
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  • 119
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    Evolution of the heat transfer and flow in moderately short turbulent boundary layers in severe pressure gradients (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 17; Sept
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  • 120
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    Aerodynamic heat transfer to RSI tile surfaces and gap intersections (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the results of aerothermal heating tests of a simulated reusable surface insulation (RSI) tile array, performed on the sidewall of a Mach-10 hypersonic tunnel. In particular, the heating characteristics of the tile array, such as they result from heating inside the tile-expansion-space providing gaps between individual tiles, are investigated. The results include the finding that heating on the upstream face of a tile is strongly affected by the interacting longitudinal gap flow.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 121
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    Nonlinear unsteady contact heat conduction of two-layer shells in the presence of thermal radiation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is proposed for calculating the complex heat transfer of mated shells with the surrounding medium which also takes into account the temperature dependence of the contact thermal resistance between the shells. This technique can be used for thermal calculations and for calculations of the temperature stresses in two-layer space structure shells.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Studies in the Ukraine, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-15535); p 169-177
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  • 122
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    Radiative cooling of bodies of arbitrary shape and variable volume in vacuum (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On the basis of joint application of the Tolubinskii integral method and the perturbation method, the asymptotic unsteady temperature distribution is constructed for a region of arbitrary shape on the moving boundary of which there are located nonlinear heat sinks (sources), describing radiative cooling in a medium with zero temperature (in a vacuum).
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Studies in the Ukraine, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-15535); p 160-168
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  • 123
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    Heat transfer with nucleate boiling of liquids under weak mass force field conditions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The motion is examined of a vapor bubble growing and rising from a flat horizontal heater in the ideal fluid approximation and taking drag into account. Estimates are given of bubble lifetime, bubble radius at detachment, bubble detachment frequency, and time for the bubble to attain a constant rate of rise. The relations obtained for the microcharacteristics of the boiling process are used to determine the coefficients of heat transfer in developed nucleate boiling. A new form of the equations for describing heat transfer in nucleate boiling in dimensionless parameters is proposed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Studies in the Ukraine, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-15535); p 131-159
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  • 124
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    Thermocapillary convection in weightless condition (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented of studies on thermocapillary instability of a liquid in a spherical layer with free surface and convection in a rectangular channel with horizontal temperature gradient. It is shown that in vessels partly filled with a viscous incompressible fluid and under essentially weightless conditions free convection may arise due to the surface tension temperature dependence.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Studies in the Ukraine, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-15535); p 121-130
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  • 125
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    Transient cooling of solid bodies of classical form by radiation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An approximate analytic method is presented for analysis of the unsteady process of radiative cooling of solid bodies of classical form. The nonlinear heat transfer problem is solved by the cascade linearization technique with use of the iteration method. Comparison of the results obtained even in the first approximation with the available numerical solutions indicates adequate engineering accuracy of the proposed technique.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Studies in the Ukraine, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-15535); p 113-120
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  • 126
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    Thermal regime and temperature stresses in bodies during thermoradiational heating (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An approach is developed to the application of the perturbation method for the solution of problems with essential external nonlinearities, based on identification in the boundary condition of a small nonlinear complex which is considered a perturbing function. The solutions obtained in the first approximation with error of 1 to 2% in calculating the unsteady temperature fields are then used to determine the temperature stresses and deformations in solid bodies of classical form.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Studies in the Ukraine, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-15535); p 88-98
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  • 127
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    Measurements of hydrogen-helium radiation at shock-layer temperatures appropriate for Jupiter entry. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Shock waves traveling at approximately 16 km/sec into a gas mixture of 7% H2 and 93% He were used to simulate the shock-layer conditions for a representative shallow entry into the Jovian atmosphere. The absolute intensities of line and continuum radiation were measured and the radiative cooling of the shock-heated gas is shown.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 128
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    Strategy for solar heating and cooling in buildings (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The types of solar energy heating and cooling equipment for use with buildings are discussed. The steps from manufacturing to equipment installation are identified. A feasibility study for the use of solar energy was conducted. The study determined the technical, environmental, economic, sociological, political, and strategic aspects of solar heating and cooling.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: TERRASTAR: Terrest. Appl. of Solar Technol. and Res.; 159 p
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  • 129
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    Market potential for solar heating and cooling in buildings (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of solar heating and cooling for buildings as a method of conserving fossil fuels is discussed. The residential and commercial end use consumption of energy is tabulated. A survey to project the energy requirements for home and industry heating and cooling is developed. The survey indicates that there is a market potential for solar heating and cooling of buildings. A prediction of three to five billion dollars per year as the potential for solar heating and cooling is made.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: TERRASTAR: Terrest. Appl. of Solar Technol. and Res.; 13 p
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  • 130
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    Thermal shielding by subliming volume reflectors in convective and intense radiative environments. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior of dielectric materials having densely packed internal scattering centers subject to extreme convective and radiative environments is analyzed. Experiments have shown that these materials act as volume reflectors of incident radiation even when the exposed surface is being eroded by thermochemical ablation. The analysis was applied to interpret experiments of subliming Teflon models exposed to combined radiative and convective fluxes up to 1.7 kW/sq cm for several seconds. Results show that, although the exposed surface receded at an apparently steady rate, the internal temperature climbed continually, due to internal absorption of radiation and would have caused failure internally if the test duration were extended a few seconds. Thus, performance is time-limited by the internal absorption coefficient. Results were obtained for larger configurations and other materials. Typically, Teflon shells may withstand radiant fluxes up to 20 kW/sq cm for about 5 sec and fritted quartz up to 50 kW/sq cm for about 8 sec (corresponding to the Jupiter entry).
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; July 197
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  • 131
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    Effect of surface catalytic activity on stagnation heat-transfer rates. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An experiment was made to determine the effect heterogeneous catalytic surface reactions have on heat-transfer rates in highly frozen low-density stagnation-point boundary layers. Data were obtained in arc-heated facilities that were capable of producing large percentages of chemical energy frozen in a supersonic freestream. The heat-transfer rate to a silicon-dioxide surface was reduced to a minimum value of only one-third of the value obtained on relatively active nickel and platinum surfaces. This is the result of its low catalytic efficiency. Ionization energy was recovered on both the active and the inactive surfaces, indicating that this energy either was released many times faster than the recombination energy or was not controlled by the surface composition.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; May 1973
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  • 132
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    Interaction of free and forced convection in horizontal tubes in the transition regime. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experimental investigation of some new aspects of the combined free and forced convection interacting in the transition regime of a horizontal tube under uniform heat flux conditions. The results obtained include indications that thermally induced secondary flows attenuate the fluctuations in low inlet turbulence flows, while they restabilize the flow as the inlet turbulence is increased.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 57; Feb. 6
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  • 133
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    Stagnation region radiative heating with steady-state ablation during Venus entry. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 10; Feb. 197
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  • 134
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    Lateral expansion of a laser-supported detonation wave in a gas. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model satisfying the conditions in the burnt (ionized) and ambient undisturbed gases is presented for the two-dimensional case of the absorption wave resulting from the interaction of a laser beam with the plasma it generates in the gas through which the beam propagates. The flowfield of the rarefaction wave resulting from the laser-supported detonation is discussed, along with the computed shock and flow deflection angles.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; Dec. 197
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  • 135
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    Computed total radiation properties of compressed oxygen between 100 and 1000 K. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 15; Nov. 197
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  • 136
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    An experimental investigation of radiative properties of aluminum oxide particles. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The radiative properties of aluminum oxide at high temperatures were determined at various wavelengths. Absorption cross-sections of aluminum oxide particles averaged over a particle size distribution were determined by measuring the radiative emission from the particles in a flame and by determining the particle number density and size distribution from measurements of the scattering of laser light incident on the particles in this flame. From these values of average absorption cross-section, the imaginary part of the refractive index was deduced. Results indicate that the absorption cross-section and the imaginary part of the refractive index increase as the temperature increases in the range from 1920 to 2610 K, and that these properties decrease with increasing wavelength in the interval from 0.35 to 1.2 micron, indicating a nongray-body behavior.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 12; Nov. 197
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  • 137
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    Air film cooling in a nonadiabatic wall conical nozzle. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experimental data for an air-film cooled conical nozzle operating with a heated-air main stream and a water-cooled wall confirm the validity of Lieu's (1964) method for correlating film cooling data in the accelerated flow of a nonadiabatic-wall nozzle. The film cooling effectiveness modified for nonadiabatic walls by Lieu can be used to correlate film cooling under the condition that the main-stream to coolant velocity ratio at the slot is about 1. Such a ratio provides the optimum cooling effectiveness.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; July 197
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  • 138
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    The energy situation (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energy reserves from the principal energy sources other than petroleum and natural gas are summarized. It was found that energy sources are being consumed at rates which exceed the ability to replace them through new discoveries and technology improvements. The costs and implications to environment for using coal and nuclear energy are discussed. Tables are presented on energy consumption, cost of reclamation, and water power capacity.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: The Energy Dilemma and Its Impact on Air Transportation; p 1-48
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  • 139
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    An improved separability approximation for line radiative transport in nonhomogeneous media. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple modification to the constant half-width approximation of Wilson and Greif, which is an extension of the well-known Curtis-Godson method to the treatment of temperature variations along the integration path, is introduced which permits a more accurate evaluation of line radiative transport in nonhomogeneous gases. To demonstrate the method's accuracy, comparisons are made with Wilson and Greif and numerical frequency integrated results for the line equivalent width and radiative flux in a planar slab with prescribed Planck function and line half-width spatial variations. These variations are chosen to represent typical shock layer conditions. It is found that the modified procedure reduces the inaccuracies inherent in Wilson and Greif's approximation by factors ranging from 5 to 10, while retaining the latter method's ease of application.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 13; June 197
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  • 140
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    Nonlinear least squares - An aid to thermal property determination. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nonlinear least squares techniques can be used to determine effective thermal conductivity values from experimental data. Comparisons between measured and predicted conductivity values indicate that the analytically determined values can be used with confidence in performing thermal protection system analyses. A study was performed to compare the relative efficiencies of different minimizing techniques; the method of Peckham was the most efficient.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; May 1973
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  • 141
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    Analysis of sublimation-cooled coated mirrors in convective and radiative environments. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analytical solutions were obtained for the thermal response of a transpiration- or sublimation-cooled spherical mirror coating exposed to convective and radiative heating. The solutions allow unlimited spectral detail to be accounted for. Results indicate that transpiration-cooled thick coatings (1 cm) may withstand up to 10 kW/sq cm on a steady basis without excessive temperature rise for quartzlike materials with an internal absorption coefficient of 0.01 per cm. On a transient basis, fluxes up to 20 kW/sq cm can be accommodated for a second (cW laser exposure time), 4 kW/sq cm for 5 sec (planetary entry heating time), and of the order of MW/sq cm for millisecond times (short-duration laser bursts) without transpiration cooling for a material with an absorption coefficient of 0.1 per cm. Proportionately higher fluxes can be accommodated with lower absorption coefficients. Thermal stresses produced by the heat pulse are found to be high but within the strength of the materials. The regime in which meaningful solutions may be obtained is mapped in detail.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 142
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    Variational solution to the radiative equation by the use of a step function. II - Extension to nonlinear case by iteration method. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 143
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    Second virial coefficients for the polar species in steam. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The potential function parameters to fit the data obtained by Kell et al. (1968) are determined. The data of Kell et al. cover the temperature range from 150 to 450 C. Data for the temperature range from 500 to 1000 C are from Sugaware et al. (1964). These calculations have been extended to include OH-OH and OH-H2O pairwise interactions. For the latter interaction the formalism was extended to the case of unequal dipole quadrupole moments in the potential function for the interacting species.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Physical Chemistry; 76; Sept. 28
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  • 144
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    Fundamentals of spacecraft thermal design. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The papers deal with and are grouped according to four major issues. These are: surface radiation properties, including synthesis and measurement, space flight effect, and contamination effects; thermal analysis, including reentry vehicle analysis, radiant heat transfer between surfaces, and thermal contact conductance of surfaces; heat pipes, including possible applications, operating characteristics, and design, fabrication and testing of heat pipes; and thermal design, including radiative, ablative, and active cooling thermal protection of the leading edge of a space-shuttle wing, and space station environmental thermal control. Individual items were previously announced in issues 06 and 11, 1971.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 145
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    Inhibition of the ablation rate of graphite by gaseous chlorine. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the inhibiting effect of gaseous chlorine on the ablation rate of graphite. It is shown that small amounts of chlorine gas, when present in a supersonic high-temperature air environment, can inhibit the ablation rate of graphite and depress its surface temperature below that measured in pure air. The ablation inhibition performance of chlorine is presented in graphs in terms of mass loss rate and surface temperature depression as a function of chlorine concentration.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; May 1972
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  • 146
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    Silica reinforcement and char reactions in the Apollo heat shield. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Reactions of the silica reinforcement fiber and ablation char of the Apollo heat shield have been investigated by laboratory tests in an arc image furnace (at temperature levels up to 5000 R, pressures up to 0.7 atm, and heat flux similar to reentry) and by an actual reentry test. Microchemical analyses and X-ray diffraction studies have been made to determine the presence of SiC formation in the char. Experimental data and analytical predictions of thermal and density profiles have been compared for the ablation of virgin heat shield and precharred materials to determine the effects of SiC formation on ablation performance. In all analyses, general agreement was found between chemical composition and the thermal predictions for laboratory tests and reentry materials. In all ablated materials, SiC was formed in the front surface of the char. The highest SiC content found was 58% by weight and found in a high-pressure environment. The SiC formed was found to act as a heat sink in the ablation process and can lower the front surface temperature by 300 R.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; May 1972
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  • 147
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    Thermal Control of the Scientific Instrument Package in the Large Space Telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: The general thermal control system philosophy was to utilize passive control where feasible and to utilize active methods only where required for more accurate thermal control of the SIP components with narrow temperature tolerances. A thermal model of the SIP and a concept for cooling the SIP cameras are presented. The model and cooling concept have established a rationale for determining a Phase A baseline for SIP thermal control.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 203-228
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  • 148
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    Control of Nitrogen Dioxide in Stack Emission by Reaction with Ammonia (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The development of an acid base gas-phase reaction system which utilizes anhydrous ammonia as the reactant to remove nitrogen dioxide from hydrazine-nitrogen tetroxide rocket combustion exhaust is reported. This reaction reduced NO2 levels in exhaust emissions so that the resulting stack emission is completely white instead of the earlier observed typical reddish-brown coloration. Preliminary analyses indicate the importance of reaction time and ammonia concentration on removal efficiency and elimination of the health hazard to individuals with respiratory problems.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Proc. of the Ann. Conf. of NASA Clinic Directors, Environ. Health Offic. and Med. Program Advisors; p 144-171
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  • 149
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    Part B: Heat Transfer to Slush Hydrogen (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Heat transfer to slush hydrogen was measured at one atmosphere and at triple-point pressure. The data were compared with those for heat transfer to liquid hydrogen, and to classical heat transfer correlations for nucleate boiling. The slush data fit convective heat transfer correlations quite well. In general, the data show that for a given heat flux, the temperature difference between the wall and the bulk liquid is not as highly influenced by pressure as predicted by the core correlation for nucleate boiling.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Mixing and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Slush Hydrogen; p 27-50
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  • 150
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    Radiation configuration factors for annular rings and hemispherical sectors. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the application of Monte Carlo computer techniques to the study of problems in the free molecular flow regime, the analogy between radiation heat transfer with diffuse emissions and the free molecular flow field makes it possible to use the radiation configuration factors as a test on the operation of the Monte Carlo program. A source plane which was an annular ring of arbitrary radius around a sphere with the center of the disk coincident with the center of the sphere was examined. Since various indicators seemed to verify the correct operation of the program, the program was used to calculate the radiation configuration factors. The study adds a new geometry to the general literature on radiation configuration factors.
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  • 151
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    Oscillation effects upon film boiling from a sphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Heat transfer rates from a silver-plated copper sphere, 0.75 in. in diameter, were studied by high speed photography during oscillations of the sphere in saturated liquid nitrogen and Freon-11. The oscillation frequencies ranged from zero to 13 Hz, and the amplitude-to-diameter ratio varied from zero to 2.67. The sphere was supported by a thin-walled stainless steel tube and carried a thermocouple attached near the lower stagnation point. A Fastax WF-3 16mm movie camera was used at about 2000 frames/sec. The differences in the vapor removal process at lower and higher oscillation frequencies are discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 152
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    Laminar film boiling on inclined isothermal flat plates. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laminar film boiling from an inclined flat plate has been investigated analytically. Using the singular perturbation scheme, the complete set of Navier-Stokes equations is solved. The zeroth-order perturbation coinciding with the boundary-layer equations for vertical flat plates governs the problem. The higher-order perturbations become important near the leading edge and for large values of the inclination angle from the vertical. The assumption of zero interfacial velocity shows that, except for fluids having large (rho x mu) ratios, the results can be predicted using the vertical flat plate results by defining a modified Grashof parameter containing a cos phi term. When the interfacial shear is considered, the solutions indicate that for fluids having large (rho x mu) ratios, the heat transfer rates will be larger (approximately 15% maximum) than those predicted by the simplified model using zero interfacial velocity. In general, the inclination decreases the rate of heat transfer as well as the rate of evaporation.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 153
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    Response of convectively controlled burning to nonlinear disturbances. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A process where energy release rate is proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number of a burning particle or surface is used to demonstrate some distinctive dynamic properties of a disturbed convectively controlled burning process. The instantaneous energy release rates caused by assumed periodic flow field disturbances are numerically evaluated and examined. Correlation coefficients which express the energy released in-phase with the pressure disturbance are evaluated and analytical solutions for these coefficients are derived. The response of the process is shown to be highly sensitive to the harmonic distortion of the disturbance. For some disturbances the energy released in-phase with the pressure disturbance is an order of magnitude larger than that for linear (sinusoidal) disturbances. The results show that harmonic distortion increases the coupling between the burning process and the flow field. This amplifying effect of harmonic distortion is suppressed when a disturbance becomes steep-fronted; therefore, steepening can act to limit the equilibrium amplitudes in disturbed systems. Amplification is also suppressed when the velocity disturbance is phase shifted with respect to the pressure disturbance or when the process is exposed to a high steady velocity.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 154
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    Analysis of heat transfer for compressible flow in two-dimensional porous media (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Compressible gas flow in two dimensional porous wall, calculating heat transfer and mass flow by conformal mapping for Laplace equation solution
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; - PHYSICAL AND RADIO
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  • 155
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    Condensation in carbon dioxide jet plumes (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Carbon dioxide jet plumes condensation on model nozzle in vacuum chamber, noting particle size and growth rate
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ; SEARCH(
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  • 156
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    Heat pipe flight experiments (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: OAO 3 heat pipe flight experiments to check out weightlessness behavior are reported. Tested were a hollow channel screen system with helical grooves, a heat pipe with a wicking system of horizontal grooves, and a spiral artery pipe with multichannel fluid return to the evaporator. Flight experiment data proved that all heat pipe geometries containing wicking systems provided uninterrupted fluid return to the condensators during weightlessness and sufficient cooling for isothermalizing optical instruments onboard OAO.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., 1972; p 37-41
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  • 157
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    NASTRAN thermal analyzer: A general purpose finite element heat transfer computer program (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The program not only can render temperature distributions in solids subjected to various thermal boundary conditions, including effects of diffuse-gray thermal radiation, but is fully compatible in capacity and in the finite-element model representation with that of its structural counterpart in the NASTRAN system. The development history of the finite-element approach for determining temperatures is summarized. The scope of analysis capability, program structure, features, and limitations are given with the objective of providing NASTRAN users with an overall veiw of the NASTRAN thermal analyzer.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASTRAN: Users' Experiences; p 443-454
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  • 158
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    Experimental thermal mechanics of deployable boom structures (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An apparatus was developed for thermal distortion measurements on deployable boom structures. The calibration procedure and thermal static bending plus twist measurements are considered. The thermal mechanics test facility is described. A table is presented for several examples of spacecraft applications of thermal static distortion measurements on 3-m deployable booms.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 140-144
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  • 159
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    Two-dimensional finite-element temperature variance analysis (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The finite element method is extended to thermal analysis by forming a variance analysis of temperature results so that the sensitivity of predicted temperatures to uncertainties in input variables is determined. The temperature fields within a finite number of elements are described in terms of the temperatures of vertices and the variational principle is used to minimize the integral equation describing thermal potential energy. A computer calculation yields the desired solution matrix of predicted temperatures and provides information about initial thermal parameters and their associated errors. Sample calculations show that all predicted temperatures are most effected by temperature values along fixed boundaries; more accurate specifications of these temperatures reduce errors in thermal calculations.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Technol., GSFC, 1970; p 41-44
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  • 160
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    Flammability testing conducted in support of Apollo 13 (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In support of the Apollo 13 investigation of the oxygen tank failure, flame propagation rates were determined for Teflon insulation in cryogenic and ambient temperature oxygen for upward, downward, and zero g burns. The propagation rates depended heavily on configuration and varied from 4.8 to 10.9 cm/sec for upward one g burns to 0.48 cm/sec for zero g burns. In addition to the flame propagation rates, tests were conducted to determine if Teflon burning in cryogenic oxygen could ignite metals (promoted ignition) with which it came in contact. Tests conducted on various metal alloys used in the oxygen tank indicated that most of the alloys could be ignited by burning Teflon in certain configurations. After the propagation rates and promoted metal ignitions had been evaluated, a test was conducted on a quantity gauge and wire harness used in the oxygen tank to determine if flame propagation to the tank wall was possible. Propagation of the wire bundle after ignition resulted in a catastrophic failure of the test vessel in the area of the quantity gauge.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: MSC Cryog. Symp. Papers; p 455-474
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  • 161
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    Zero-gravity transient thermal mixing simulation (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The experimental program described is an outgrowth of independent investigations into alternate redesign concepts for the Apollo SM cryogenic oxygen storage system. The experiments were continued, after the redesign was established, to provide physical insight into transient thermal mixing in zero-gravity and to aid in the characterization of the system performance in flight. Zero-gravity heat transfer and fluid mixing were simulated experimentally through an analogy between unsteady heat conduction and species diffusion. To further support numerical analyses of the cryogenic oxygen storage system, the experimental investigation was extended to include a cubical tank geometry, representative of existing numerical models. In general, the transient flow patterns in the cubical tank are far more complex than those of the spherical tank and the extent of fluid mixing is significantly greater but less repeatable.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: MSC Cryog. Symp. Papers; p 407-432
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  • 162
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    Correlation of Apollo oxygen tank thermodynamic performance predictions (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Parameters necessary to analyze the stratified performance of the Apollo oxygen tanks include g levels, tank elasticity, flow rates and pressurized volumes. Methods for estimating g levels and flow rates from flight plans prior to flight, and from quidance and system data for use in the post flight analysis are described. Equilibrium thermodynamic equations are developed for the effects of tank elasticity and pressurized volumes on the tank pressure response and their relative magnitudes are discussed. Correlations of tank pressures and heater temperatures from flight data with the results of a stratification model are shown. Heater temperatures were also estimated with empirical heat transfer agreement with flight data when fluid properties were averaged rather than evaluated at the mean film temperature.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center MSCCryog. Symp. Papers; p 103-129
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  • 163
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    Utilization of available skills and materials in fire prevention (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Procedures for installing fire protection systems in large buildings are discussed. Factors considered in the safety management are: (1) distribution of water supply, (2) design and location of exits, (3) emergency power system, and (4) maintenance procedures.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Univ. of S. Calif. Fireproofing and Safety Symp. Proc.; p 33-40
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  • 164
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    How to reduce your fire insurance rates (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Construction procedures and utilization of materials to reduce the cost of insuring large buildings against losses from fire are discussed. Examples of good and bad techniques in building construction and fire safety management are provided. The inadequacies of building codes and the hazards resulting from improper construction are examined.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Univ. of S. Calif. Fireproofing and Safety Symp. Proc.; p 41-53
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  • 165
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    Introduction to program subject: Fireproofing (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Various processes for fireproofing materials are discussed. The conditions under which fireproofing measures may be adequate are compared with conditions under which the measures may be inadequate. The mechanisms for flame propagation and conditions required for ignition and burning are described.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Fireproofing and Safety Symp. Proc.; p 19-32
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  • 166
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    The Flash Evaporator for Transient Heat Loads (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Liquid spray flash evaporator for space shuttle thermal control
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Technol. Conf., Vol. 2; p 35-65
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  • 167
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    Environmental compatibility of the all-silica rigid surface insulation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Testing has demonstrated the compatibility of the all-silica surface insulation system to a variety of space shuttle orbiter environmental aspects for launch, on-orbit, and special reentry conditions. Among the more important results are the success of the cold soak tests, which indicate the suitability of the foam/bond attachment system with a 2 mm thick foam pad for strain isolation, and the reentry temperature overshoot tests (to 1924 K), which show that this system can tolerate considerable dispersion in reentry heating environment.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Symp. on Reusable Surface Insulation for Space Shuttle, Vol. 2; p 709-730
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  • 168
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    Environmental testing of REI-Mullite thermal protection system for the space shuttle orbiter (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Tests conducted to evaluate performances in the natural environments of salt spray, humidity, rain, vacuum, and cryogenic temperatures have shown the ceramic mullite fiber is completely compatible and that these environments have no adverse effects on subsequent mission performance. Rain erosion testing has indicated a damage threshold that must be accounted for in the final design. Tests conducted to evaluate the performance of ceramic mullite fiber to induced acoustic, re-entry, and structural load environments again have shown complete capability to fulfill mission environments. Although minor cracking of the sidewall coating was seen to occur throughout the induced environment test program, sidewall designs configured to provide increased flexibility have been successfully tested.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Symp. on Reusable Surface Insulation for Space Shuttle, Vol. 2; p 667-708
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  • 169
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    Applied mechanics (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Measuring thermal characteristics of solar arrays for Mariner Venus-Mercury 1973 flyby mission
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: SPACE PROGRAMS SUM. NO. 37-65, VOL. 3, AUG. - SEP. 1970 31 OCT. 1970; P 136-141
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  • 170
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    Results of RSI Thermal-structural Analysis (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Thermostructural comparisons of mullite and silica reusable surface insulation materials for space shuttle application show that mullite is much more subject to thermal stress failure than silica composite materials.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Symp. on Reusable Surface Insulation for Space Shuttle, Vol. 3; p 1227-1267
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  • 171
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    A Non Rigid Reusable Surface Insulation Concept for the Space Shuttle Thermal Protection System (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: A reusable thermal protection system concept was developed for the space shuttle that utilizes a flexible, woven ceramic mat insulation beneath an aerodynamic skin and moisture barrier consisting of either a dense ceramic coating or a super alloy metallic foil. The resulting heat shield material has unique structural characteristics. The shear modulus of the woven mat is very low such that bending and membrane loads introduced into the underlying structural panel remain isolated from the surface skin.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Symp. on Reusable Surface Insulation for Space Shuttle, Vol. 3; p 1185-1225
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  • 172
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    Nonequilibrium and Equilibrium Radiation to the Space Tug from the Shock Layer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Preliminary estimates of the thermal radiation heat transfer to an aerobraking space tug are presented. The tug is descending from a geosynchronous orbit to a low earth orbit on one or more passes through the atmosphere. For the flight regime of the tug, between a velocity of 22,000 ft./sec. and 34,000 ft./sec. with an altitude between 220,000 ft. and 340,000 ft., the nonequilibrium radiation can be more than 1,000 times larger than the value of the equilibrium radiation. Therefore, an analysis of the radiative heating for these altitude must include the nonequilibrium radiation from the shock layer.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 229-278
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  • 173
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    Interference Heating to Cavities Between Simulated RSI Tiles (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Test results for full scale simulated surface insulation tiles on both the tunnel wall and in the free stream, for in-line and staggered tile orientations, are summarized as follows: (1) The staggered tile orientation has heating on the forward face which is a factor of 4.5 times higher than the heating to the forward face of the in-line tile orientation; (2) the longitudinal gap heating was the highest for the 0.3175 cm gap and the lowest for the 0.1587 cm gap; and (3) there was an order of magnitude decrease in the heating on the forward face of a spanwise gap when the gap size was decreased from 0.3175 cm to 0.1587 cm.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Symp. on Reusable Surface Insulation for Space Shuttle, Vol. 3; p 1269-1276
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  • 174
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    Development of low-shock pyrotechnic separation nuts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Performance demonstrations and comparisons were made on six flight type pyrotechnic separation nut designs, two of which are standard designs in current use, and four of which were designed to produce low shock on actuation. Although the shock performances of the four low shock designs are considerably lower than the standard designs, some penalties may be incurred in increased volume, weight, or complexity. These nuts, and how they are installed, can significantly influence the pyrotechnic shock created in spacecraft structures. A high response monitoring system has been developed and demonstrated to provide accurate performance comparisons for pyrotechnic separation nuts.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: The 8th Aerospace Mech. Symp. te; p 179-212
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  • 175
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    Radiative cooler for spacecraft (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, construction, and testing of a passive radiative cooler that provides solutions to the design problems of withstanding mechanical stress, achieving the required thermal isolation, and maintaining optical alinement, cleanliness, and integration with the spacecraft are described.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center The 7th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 69-78
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  • 176
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    The effects of gravity on flammability (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: The effects of weightlessness and increased gravity on flammability and flame propagation are discussed. The test equipment and procedures for determining gravity effects are described. Comparisons are made between flammability under normal gravity conditions and occurrences under altered gravity conditions
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Conf. on Mater. for Improved Fire Safety; 137-139
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  • 177
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    WASP: A flexible FORTRAN 4 computer code for calculating water and steam properties (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A FORTRAN 4 subprogram, WASP, was developed to calculate the thermodynamic and transport properties of water and steam. The temperature range is from the triple point to 1750 K, and the pressure range is from 0.1 to 100 MN/m2 (1 to 1000 bars) for the thermodynamic properties and to 50 MN/m2 (500 bars) for thermal conductivity and to 80 MN/m2 (800 bars) for viscosity. WASP accepts any two of pressure, temperature, and density as input conditions. In addition, pressure and either entropy or enthalpy are also allowable input variables. This flexibility is especially useful in cycle analysis. The properties available in any combination as output include temperature, density, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, specific heats, sonic velocity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, and the Laplace constant. The subroutine structure is modular so that the user can choose only those subroutines necessary to his calculations. Metastable calculations can also be made by using WASP.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7391 , E-7339
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  • 178
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    The effect of water injection on nitric oxide emissions of a gas turbine combustor burning ASTM Jet-A fuel (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests were conducted to determine the effect of water injection on oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions of a full annular, ram induction gas turbine combustor burning ASTM Jet-A fuel. The combustor was operated at conditions simulating sea-level takeoff and cruise conditions. Water at ambient temperature was injected into the combustor primary zone at water-fuel ratios up to 2. At an inlet-air temperature of 589 K (600 F) water injection decreased the NOx emission index at a constant exponential rate: NOx = NOx (o) e to the -15 W/F power (where W/F is the water-fuel ratio and NOx(o) indicates the value with no injection). The effect of increasing combustor inlet-air temperature was to decrease the effect of the water injection. Other operating variables such as pressure and reference Mach number did not appear to significantly affect the percent reduction in NOx. Smoke emissions were found to decrease with increasing water injection.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2958 , E-7531
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  • 179
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    HNS/Teflon, a new heat resistant explosive (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: HNS/Teflon (90/10) is a new pressed explosive developed for use in the Apollo program. The major advantages of HNS/Teflon are (1) excellent thermal stability at elevated temperatures, (2) superior resistance to sublimation at high temperatures and low pressures and (3) ease of molding powder preparation, pressing and machining. The impact sensitivity of HNS/Teflon is between that of Comp B and Comp A-3 while its explosive performance is about the same as TNT. Under the severe environmental conditions of the moon's surface, this explosive successfully performed its intended function of generating seismic waves in the Apollo ALSEP and LSPE experiments. (Modified author abstract)
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-136530 , AD-767932 , NOLTR-73-163
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  • 180
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    Effect of increased fuel temperature on emissions of oxides of nitrogen from a gas turbine combustor burning natural gas (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An annular gas turbine combustor was tested with heated natural gas fuel to determine the effect of increasing fuel temperature on the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Fuel temperatures ranged from ambient to 800 K (980 F). Combustor pressure was 6 atmospheres and the inlet air temperature ranged from 589 to 894 K (600 to 1150 F). The NOx emission index increased with fuel temperature at a rate of 4 to 9 percent per 100 K (180 F), depending on the inlet air temperature. The rate of increase in NOx was lowest at the highest inlet air temperature tested.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2930 , E-7618
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  • 181
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    User's manual for the TRW gaspipe 2 program: A vapor-gas front analysis program for heat pipes containing non-condensible gas (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A digital computer program for design and analysis of heat pipes which contain non-condensible gases, either for temperature control or to aid in start-up from the frozen state, is presented. Some of the calculations which are possible with the program are: (1) wall temperature profile along a gas-loaded heat pipe, (2) amount of gas loading necessary to obtain desired evaporator temperature at a desired heat load, (3) heat load versus evaporator temperature for a fixed amount of gas in the pipe, and (4) heat and mass transfer along the pipe, including the vapor-gas front region.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-114672 , TRW-13111-6054-RO-00
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  • 182
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    Investigation of low-cost fabrication of ablative heat shields (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The fabrication, testing, and evaluation of materials and techniques employed in the fabrication of ablative heat shield panels are described. Results of this effort show projected reductions in labor man-hours for dielectric curing of panels when compared to panels molded in a steam-heated press. In addition, panels were fabricated with more than one density within the cross-section. These dual-density panels show significant weight and cost reduction potentials.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-112312 , BC-8838-FR
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  • 183
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    Integrated circuit package with lead structure and method of preparing the same (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A beam-lead integrated circuit package assembly including a beam-lead integrated circuit chip, a lead frame array bonded to projecting fingers of the chip, a rubber potting compound disposed around the chip, and an encapsulating molded plastic is described. The lead frame array is prepared by photographically printing a lead pattern on a base metal sheet, selectively etching to remove metal between leads, and plating with gold. Joining of the chip to the lead frame array is carried out by thermocompression bonding of mating goldplated surfaces. A small amount of silicone rubber is then applied to cover the chip and bonded joints, and the package is encapsulated with epoxy resin, applied by molding.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 184
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    High powered arc electrodes (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Nonconsumable metal electric arc electrodes are described capable of being operated in a variety of gases at various pressures, current, and powers. The cathode has a circular annulus tip to spread the emission area for improved cooling.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 185
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    Digital second-order phase-locked loop (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A digital second-order phase-locked loop is disclosed in which a counter driven by a stable clock pulse source is used to generate a reference waveform of the same frequency as an incoming waveform, and to sample the incoming waveform at zero-crossover points. The samples are converted to digital form and accumulated over M cycles, reversing the sign of every second sample. After every M cycles, the accumulated value of samples is hard limited to a value SGN = + or - 1 and multiplied by a value delta sub 1 equal to a number of n sub 1 of fractions of a cycle. An error signal is used to advance or retard the counter according to the sign of the sum by an amount equal to the sum.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 186
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    Analysis of transient heat flow to thick-walled plates and cylinders (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A methodology is described for the analysis of a transient temperature measurement made in a flat or curved plate subjected to convective heat transfer, such that the surface heat flux, the hot-gas temperture, and the gas heat transfer coefficient can be determined. It is shown that if the transient temperature measurement is made at a particular point located nearly midway in the thickness of the plate there is an important simplification in the data analysis process, in that the factor relating the surface heat flux to the measured rate of rise of temperature becomes invariant for a Fourier Number above 0.60 and for all values of the Biot Number. Parameters are derived, tabulated, and plotted which enable straightforward determination of the surface heat flux, the hot-gas temperature, of the plate, the rate of rise of temperature, the plate thickness and curvature, and the mean thermal properties of the plate material at the test temperature.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-136226 , JPL-TR-32-1588
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  • 187
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    Spontaneous ignition in afterburner segment tests at an inlet temperature of 1240 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere with ASTM jet-A fuel (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A brief testing program was undertaken to determine if spontaneous ignition and stable combustion could be obtained in a jet engine afterburning operating with an inlet temperature of 1240 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere with ASTM Jet-A fuel. Spontaneous ignition with 100-percent combustion efficiency and stable burning was obtained using water-cooled fuel spraybars as flameholders.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2952 , E-7560
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  • 188
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    Thermal engineering research (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A theoretical investigation of gas flow inside a multilayer insulation system has been made for the case of the broadside pumping process. A set of simultaneous first-order differential equations for the temperature and pressure of the gas mixture was obtained by considering the diffusion mechanism of the gas molecules through the perforations on the insulation layers. A modified Runge-Kutta method was used for numerical experiment. The numerical stability problem was investigated. It has been shown that when the relaxation time is small compared with the time period over which the gas properties change appreciably, the set of differential equations can be replaced by a set of algebraic equations for solution. Numerical examples were given, and comparisons with experimental data were made.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-124481 , UAH-146
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  • 189
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    Thermodynamic and transport properties of air and its products of combustion with ASTMA-A-1 fuel and natural gas at 20, 30, and 40 atmospheres (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isentropic exponent, molecular weight, viscosity, specific heat at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, Prandtl number, and enthalpy were calculated for air, the combustion products of ASTM-A-1 jet fuel and air, and the combustion products of natural gas and air. The properties were calculated over a temperature range from 300 to 2800 K in 100 K increments and for pressures of 20, 30 and 40 atmospheres. The data for natural gas and ASTM-A-1 were calculated for fuel-air ratios from zero to stoichiometric in 0.01 increments.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7488 , E-7523
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  • 190
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    Use of an air-assisted fuel nozzle to reduce idle emissions of a jt8d engine combustor (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests were performed at typical engine idle conditions on a single-can JT8D combustor installed in a 24 centimeter (9.45 in.) housing to evaluate the effect of an air-assist nozzle on reducing exhaust emissions. By injecting high-pressure air through the secondary-flow passage of a standard duplex fuel nozzle, it was possible to reduce hydrocarbon emissions from 840 parts per million to 95 parts per million and carbon monoxide emissions from 873 parts per million to 258 parts per million. NOX emissions increased slightly from 18 parts per million to 22 parts per million. An air-assist differential pressure of only 20.1 newtons per square centimeter (29.1 psi) and an airflow rate of only 0.22 percent of the total combustor airflow was required.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2946 , E-7580
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  • 191
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    Effect of gage size on the measurement of local heat flux (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: General formulas are derived for determining gage averaging errors of strip-type heat flux meters used in the measurement of one-dimensional heat flux distributions. In addition, a correction procedure is presented which allows a better estimate for the true value of the local heat flux. As an example of the technique, the formulas are applied to the cases of heat transfer to air slot jets impinging on flat and concave surfaces. It is shown that for many practical problems, the use of very small heat flux gages is often unnecessary.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2943 , E-7526
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  • 192
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    Figure-of-merit calculation methods for organic heat-pipe fluids (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: With only chemical formulas and operating temperatures specified, selected correlating equations and tables of chemistry-effect functions allow estimates of figures of merit for organic heat-pipe-fluids.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2945 , E-7632
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  • 193
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    A hydrogen energy carrier. Volume 2: Systems analysis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A systems analysis of hydrogen as an energy carrier in the United States indicated that it is feasible to use hydrogen in all energy use areas, except some types of transportation. These use areas are industrial, residential and commercial, and electric power generation. Saturation concept and conservation concept forecasts of future total energy demands were made. Projected costs of producing hydrogen from coal or from nuclear heat combined with thermochemical decomposition of water are in the range $1.00 to $1.50 per million Btu of hydrogen produced. Other methods are estimated to be more costly. The use of hydrogen as a fuel will require the development of large-scale transmission and storage systems. A pipeline system similar to the existing natural gas pipeline system appears practical, if design factors are included to avoid hydrogen environment embrittlement of pipeline metals. Conclusions from the examination of the safety, legal, environmental, economic, political and societal aspects of hydrogen fuel are that a hydrogen energy carrier system would be compatible with American values and the existing energy system.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-134176
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  • 194
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    A hydrogen energy carrier. Volume 1: Summary (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The production, technology, transportation, and implementation of hydrogen into the energy system are discussed along with the fossil fuel cycle, hydrogen fuel cycle, and the demands for energy. The cost of hydrogen production by coal gasification; electrolysis by nuclear energy, and solar energy are presented. The legal aspects of a hydrogen economy are also discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-CR-134175
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  • 195
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    A laser initiated explosive device system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A laser initiated explosive system has been developed which can simultaneously initiate multiple explosive devices. Advantages of this system over electrically initiated devices (EED's) are increased safety and reliability, simplicity of laser initiated devices, and increased weight efficiency. The system design with test data are presented and a comparison between laser initiation and electrical initiation is discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center The 8th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 25-35
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  • 196
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    Lattice model calculation of elastic and thermodynamic properties at high pressure and temperature (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The elastic constants and the entire frequency spectrum were calculated up to high pressure for the alkali halides in the NaCl lattice, based on an assumed functional form of the inter-atomic potential. The quasiharmonic approximation is used to calculate the vibrational contribution to the pressure and the elastic constants at arbitrary temperature. By explicitly accounting for the effect of thermal and zero point motion, the adjustable parameters in the potential are determined to a high degree of accuracy from the elastic constants and their pressure derivatives measured at zero pressure. The calculated Gruneisen parameter, the elastic constants and their pressure derivatives are in good agreement with experimental results up to about 600 K. The model predicts that for some alkali halides the Grunesen parameter may decrease monotonically with pressure, while for others it may increase with pressure, after an initial decrease.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: PUBL-1087 , Univ. Space Res. Assoc. High Pressure Phys. and Planetary Interiors; p 146-153
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  • 197
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    Thermodynamics of hydrogen-helium mixtures at high pressure and finite temperature (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technique is reviewed for calculating thermodynamic quantities for mixtures of light elements at high pressure, in the metallic state. Ensemble averages are calculated with Monte Carlo techniques and periodic boundary conditions. Interparticle potentials are assumed to be coulombic, screened by the electrons in dielectric function theory. This method is quantitatively accurate for alloys at pressures above about 10 Mbar. An alloy of equal parts hydrogen and helium by mass appears to remain liquid and mixed for temperatures above about 3000 K, at pressures of about 15 Mbar. The additive volume law is satisfied to within about 10%, but the Gruneisen equation of state gives poor results. A calculation at 1300 K shows evidence of a hydrogen-helium phase separation.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Univ. Space Res. Assoc. High Pressure Phys. and Planetary Interiors; p 65-68
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  • 198
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    Fluid pressure amplifier and system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A flueric beam-deflection amplifier and a method of controlling the same are described. Either a single or a series of cascaded fluid amplifier units are provided and each one of which may include the usual power nozzle, control nozzles, outlet passages and vent passages. All vent passages of each fluid amplifier unit lead to an enclosed vent outlet chamber which is connected to the ambient environment or to a return manifold through a variably restricted passage. To control the fluid amplifier unit, power and control stream pressures are first established, after which the restricted passage is reduced to regulate the input bias, the gain and the input impedance of the fluid amplifier unit.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 199
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    The control of carbon dioxide cryodeposits (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the parameters affecting the cryodeposition of carbon dioxide frost. In the investigation carbon dioxide frost was cryodeposited from a helium-carbon dioxide mixture into a layer of fibrous insulation surrounding a cylindrical cryogenic tank. Results of the study indicated that not only did deposition occur on the frost surface but also within the frost layer. Over the range of variables investigated both the frost density and the mass of frost deposited were most sensitive to the time of deposition, the percent of carbon dioxide in the purge-gas mixture, and the thickness of the insulation. Frost density and mass of frost deposition were found to increase with time and percent carbon dioxide, and to decrease with increasing insulation thickness.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7334 , L-8884
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  • 200
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    Electron beam controller (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An electron beam device which extracts energy from an electron beam before the electrons of the beam are captured by a collector apparatus is described. The device produces refocusing of a spent electron beam by minimizing tranverse electron velocities in the beam where the electrons, having a multiplicity of axial velocities, are sorted at high efficiency by collector electrodes.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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