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  • Articles  (2,508)
  • Springer  (2,508)
  • American Physical Society
  • 1970-1974  (2,508)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,508)
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  • Articles  (2,508)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of cost-benefit analysis to transport investment projects in Britain (1972)
    Springer
    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 29-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper explains the need for the application of cost-benefit analysis to the evaluation of alternative projects for investment in the transport field and outlines briefly the historical development of the technique. The results of a comparative survey of a number of cost-benefit studies which have been carried out in Britain and some conclusions as to their thoroughness and comprehensiveness (or otherwise) are presented. The article concludes with a number of specific and detailed recommendations to remedy apparent methodological weaknesses. Six of these recommendations seem to merit particular attention: (1) The viewpoint of most studies should be extended so as to avoid confinement, for example, within an arbitrary local government boundary, and a wider range of “externalities” should be considered. Intangibles should be included explicitly in all such evaluation exercises. (2) The actual incidence of costs and benefits should be examined in order to indicate the directional impact of the project and its implications in terms of equity. The elimination of transfer payments and double-counting should be postponed until the latest possible stage in the evaluation. (3) Equity considerations should be investigated in any transportation plan, since most projects have considerable equity implications for particular areas or socio-economic groups. (4) Discounted cash flow techniques, which are still used only in a minority of transportation studies, should become standard practice. Most evaluations are based on a single-year rate of return, or at best on simple trend forecasting. More resources should be devoted to proper evaluation of alternative plans which give due importance to the cost and benefit streams through time. (5) Sensitivity analysis should be used in all transportation evaluations. Knowledge of the impact of different assignments, shadow prices, and discount rates are essential information for any decisionmaker. (6) Last, but not least, much greater communication should exist between analyst and decisionmaker than has existed in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167507
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Gothenburg traffic restraint scheme (1972)
    Springer
    Transportation 1 (1972), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Officials at various levels around the world are getting increasingly worried about the growth in automobile ownership and all the associated environmental problems that this implies. Voices are often heard advocating the exclusion of automobiles from the central areas of cities, much easier to say than to realise, unless the area is entirely reconstructed under a comprehensive redevelopment scheme, as, for instance, in the city of Västeras, Sweden. Another possible solution is to introduce some type of traffic restraint scheme involving compulsory rearrangement of the vehicular flow through the central area. The report deals firstly with an experiment carried out during the highly intensive, pre-Christmas shopping days in December 1969, when parts of the central business area of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden (population around 450,000) were closed to all unauthorised vehicles. The experience gained with this scheme was valuable when the next stage was being planned, i.e., a permanent traffic restraint scheme which was put into effect on August 18, 1970. Most of the report deals with the objectives, planning, realisation, and experience of the traffic restraint scheme, which involved dividing the central business area into five separate zones. During the first six months, several surveys were conducted to establish the impact of the scheme on vehicular flow, parking, pedestrian flow, public transport, accidents, air pollution, noise, and retail businesses. The scheme put into operation in Gothenburg has been a great success, having accomplished most of its objectives, and will be expanded to cover a still larger area in subsequent years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167506
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decision making processes governing federal expenditures within the transportation sector of the United States (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The current process for allocating federal funds within the transportation sector of the U. S. is dominated by concerns for territorial equity, administrative feasibility, technical feasibility, and national defense. Economic efficiency as a long range objective is conspicuous by its absence except insofar as it is embodied in the desire to “promote the commerce” of the nation. Federal allocations for highways, waterways, and maritime subsidies are declining relative to urban public transit, and Coast Guard navigation related expenditures. Environmental considerations and obvious failure in the case of maritime subsidies appear to be the major reasons. Airport and airway allocations will be subject to the same negative forces. The next massive transportation program to appear in the federal budget other than urban public transit is likely to involve the national railway system. The big question here is how the money will be handed out. Economists and planners so far appear to have had little interest or impact in this difficult and crucial area of public decision making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219615
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral analysis and transportation planning: Inputs to transit planning (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 165-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss various types of behavioral data of potential relevance to transit planning. In particular a distinction is drawn between behavorial information regarding feelings, attitudes, opinions, and the like and more sophisticated types of data dealing with individuals' intentions to respond in certain ways given certain configurations of stimuli (transportation variables). The former is shown to be an important input to incremental planning, i.e., where information as to system performance is desired. The latter is shown to be critical to decisions regarding manipulations of transit system parameters, i.e., where knowledge of the outcome of manipulating system parameters is desired. A methodological example as to how the first type of data — informational level data — can be collected and utilized in system planning is presented. Specifically, data collected along the lines of traditional attitude surveys is collected in an attempt to monitor changes in public “satisfaction” with the Iowa City, Iowa, bus system before and after major system innovations. Implications of the collection and analytical procedures are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219616
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219618
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forecasting transport development: Testing the utility of a simple regression approach (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The analysis tests the utility of a simple regression approach in “postdictively” explaining transport development in West Malaysia from 1887 to 1968. The growth of the network is modelled as a process of contagious diffusion where transport densities of adjacent cells are used as predictor variables on a lagged basis. The partial regression coefficients provide measures of network orientation over time. The results demonstrate the importance of the contagion process in transport forecasting and provide equivalent levels of explanation when compared with a model which utilizes modernization indexes as predictor weights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165489
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The treatment of capital costs of vehicles in evaluating road schemes (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract There are two ways in which new road schemes may influence capital expenditure on vehicles. Firstly, by improving utilisation of existing vehicles, the size of fleet needed to perform a given volume of work may be reduced. This will clearly reduce the amount of capital tied up in motor vehicles at any point in time, and to the extent that vehicle life is determined by age rather than mileage run, will also yield savings in terms of investment in new vehicles. Secondly, by generating additional road traffic, road schemes may lead to an increase in the stock of vehicles in use. This paper argues that the current treatment of vehicle depreciation and interest charges in U.K. cost data fails to allow correctly for either of these items. Errors of logic occur in the way in which the capital stock of vehicles is valued, and in the fact that certain overheads are ignored even when fleet size changes. Moreover, the empirical evidence supporting the current partitioning of depreciation into overhead and running cost components, and the assumption of constant hours in service after an increase in journey speed seems of doubtful validity. An alternative method of calculating vehicle capital costs, based on the concept of annual capital charge, and making explicit the assumptions with respect to vehicle utilisation, is advocated, and the sensitivity of results to the view taken of the latter is demonstrated by means of specimen calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165488
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive sensitivity analysis in transportation plan evaluation (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 289-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An experimental technique for exploring the sensitivity of transportation plan evaluations to forecasting and community value uncertainties is described. Three kinds of uncertainty — goal-achievement impacts, costs, and goal-weights — are included. Within a cost-effectiveness evaluation framework, an “on-line” capability for interactively and iteratively testing plan comparisons is outlined. A series of user-oriented computer instructions is developed to test plan comparison outcomes according to a wide variety of user-selected changes in impact forecasts, goal weights, and cost forecasts. A sample, hypothetical application of the technique is described. The technique is currently under further development by the San Diego Region Comprehensive Planning Organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165491
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport planning and the policy-modelling interface (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Evidence of the inability of transport models to elucidate policy is cited and reasons for this weakness are then suggested. Attention is drawn to the fundamental changes in both opinion and policy currently taking place. There is less concern with accessibility per se and rather more concern with the provision of adequate or minimum accessibility for certain social groups. More emphasis is placed also on the environmental aspects of transportation. The implications of these changes are outlined. It is not at all clear that the need to adapt and up-date models is appreciated widely enough. Finally, it is considered whether fundamental changes in methodology may help to make transport models more responsive to policy needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167963
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simultaneous destination and mode choice model for shopping trips (1974)
    Springer
    Transportation 3 (1974), S. 343-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a disaggregate simultaneous destination and mode choice model for shopping trips. Following an introduction to the model structure and a review of the data, the results of five different model specifications are discussed. The models were estimated using data from two communities adjacent to Eindhoven, the Netherlands and utilise the multinomial logit model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167965
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