ALBERT

Notes: C. E. Jacob was the first of a small group of hydrologists who followed C. V. Theis’ lead in application of the theory of nonsteady boundary value problems to both well hydraulics and regional ground-water movement. Some of his scientific contributions were the explanation of the storage and elastic properties of artesian aquifers, the semi-log method of aquifer test analysis, methods of analysis of tests on unconfined leaky aquifers, application of doublet theory to paired polarized heat-pump wells, the theory of step and constant-head aquifer tests by wells, salt-water encroachment, the tutelage of hydrology students at several universities, solutions to hundreds of field problems encountered in his extensive consulting activities in many parts of the world, and his method of determining aquifer recharge and transmissivity from the response of water levels in wells to varying natural recharge. One of his last works was a study of the natural recharge to Southampton on Long Island, which showed that the recharge was much less than the 21 inches per year assumed previously.

Notes: A comprehensive examination was made of a shallow farm well which was contaminated with persistent pesticides when contaminated soil was used as backfill material around the well casing. The well location was less than 25 feet from a site previously used for flushing an insecticide sprayer.Pesticide level in the water has been monitored for more than 4 years, during which a gradual decline in concentration has occurred. Soil core samples taken in the area surrounding the well indicate relatively high surface contamination but very little downward movement. Sediment samples from the bottom of the well exhibited highest concentration of all samples.

Notes: The Bureau of Reclamation's authorized Lower Teton Division multipurpose project is based on conjunctive use for irrigation of surface water from the Snake River and ground water from the Snake Plain basalt aquifer of southeastern Idaho. Ground water will be provided to replace surface water adversely diverted to Division lands during dry years. Extensive investigations, including the construction and testing of five test wells of 12- to 18-cubic-foot per-second (cfs) capacity, indicate that use of such large wells is feasible, and that the basalt aquifer will yield the initial 400-cfs maximum flow without appreciable detrimental effect. Location of well fields and design and construction practices were primarily controlled by field conditions; use of theoretical parameters was essentially precluded.

Notes: The true velocity, V, of ground water at a point in the ground-water system may be expressed as the sum of a number of partial velocities labeled V1, V2, V3, et cetera. Each partial velocity may be denned as a velocity which results from the presence of certain features of the configuration of the water table. Partial velocities may be used to facilitate the discussion of ground-water flow systems and associated phenomena.

Notes: This paper presents some of the more common errors made in the development of ground-water supplies in the alluvial aquifers along the Ohio River in Kentucky. Ample available literature on proper methods of development of the alluvial aquifers generally seems to have been ignored by the water users in the area. The more common errors made in the typical developments are singled out for discussion.In the typical development the aquifer is treated as an inexhaustible underground river. Wells generally are clustered in small areas remote from the Ohio River, and are likely to be located more for convenience and economy of pipeline or property access than for hydrologic considerations. It is hoped by highlighting these errors and showing alternative methods of development that proper development practices will be fostered.Stages in the development of two hypothetical groundwater aquifers in the Ohio River valley are shown by eight illustrations that stress the common errors made in development and alternative methods of development taking into account hydrologic considerations.

Notes: A technique is presented for simulating partially penetrating rivers on two dimensional resistance-capacitance network analogue aquifer models. The method is tested against an analytic solution due to Boulton (1942). Several results are presented which can be used to estimate an approximate value for the steady state discharge of a well pumping near to a partially penetrating river.

Notes: This report is the result of a request by the State Board of Examiners of Water Well and Pump Installation Contractors. The Board is in the process of formulating a more reasonable set of guidelines which control the location of wells designed to produce water for human consumption and/or food processing with respect to potential or existing sources of ground-water pollution.The pollution of ground-water supplies is artfully treacherous. It appears belatedly and often is not recognized until a relatively large area has been contaminated and perhaps one or more individual water supplies have been rendered unfit for human consumption. It is known that soils and aquifer materials have capacity to remove or “filter” some types of contaminants, and something is also known of the limitations in this regard. It is with these thoughts upon which this report is based. The report is designed to briefly describe the results of several pertinent ground-water pollution investigations and present current and potential standards for governing “safe distances” between domestic-food processing wells and sources of potential or existing pollution. The recommendations are meant to emphasize the fact that no one set of distances are adequate and reasonable for ALL conditions. Whenever possible the “safe-distance” between a subject well and a source of potential or existing pollution should be based on local conditions.It is important that we develop knowledge that will permit continued use of the soil mantle as a waste-water treatment system and at the same time permit continued use of ground water for human consumption and/or food processing. Functional legal, administrative and engineering mechanisms must be developed to maintain this combined usage.The Colorado Board of Examiners of Water Well Drilling and Pump Installation Contractors was established in early 1968. By October the Board adapted a set of rules and regulations which provide minimum standards for location, construction, modification or repair of pumping equipment.The Board's current concern is with the sanitary quality of those waters which are to be used for domestic purposes; in particular. human consumption. Realizing that proper sanitary protection of domestic wells involves the prevention of the intake of contaminants, the Board of Examiners introduced a set of standards which provides for the location of wells and well casings with respect to sources of contamination. The standards were chosen arbitrarily and do not consider the differences between chemical and biological contaminants.It is the purpose of this report to briefly point out some of the past and current developments regarding the nature of ground-water pollution and, in particular, data related to studies of the length of travel of bacteria and virus-laden water when injected on both soil surfaces and in water wells.Two distinctly different aspects of pollution travel are considered. They are: (1) the movement of bacteria and viruses downward with percolating water; and (2) the lateral movement of identical pollutants once they have reached the zone of saturation.

Notes: A survey of waste-migration patterns from septic-tank/ tile-field systems surrounding Houghton Lake, Michigan indicates that sampling plans designed to detect and quantify waste migration in ground water should be predicated on the concept that the waste plume may be complex and that the plume may not follow regional, ground-water flow. The waste-migration plumes at Houghton Lake range from simple, multichemical plumes that move with regional flow to complex plumes that bifurcate, that show different migration patterns for different chemicals, and that move up the regional gradient for short distances. The complexity of these patterns is attributed to a combination of the following system properties: loading rate and recharge at the waste source, local hydrology, chemical-adsorption capacity of the soil, soil microbiology, regolith texture and fabric, and proximity to other waste sources. Based on the observed patterns, it is suggested that observation wells be placed so that an in-depth, 3-dimensional array of samples can be obtained. The wells should be of sufficient depth to insure that deep-moving plumes can be detected and, if the actual, vertical-migration pattern is of importance, the wells should allow collection of water samples at a number of depths. The waste-migration pattern should be monitored throughout the year in anticipation of vertical movement of the plume axis during periods of surface recharge. If more than one chemical is of interest, then it is unsafe to assume that an index chemical, such as chlorides, demonstrates the migration of the other chemicals and analyses must be run for the other chemicals.