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  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • 1970-1974  (667)
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Changes in zodiacal light with heliocentric distance - Preliminary results from Pioneer 10 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 2
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    Results of the asteroid/meteoroid particle experiment on Pioneer 10 /1.0-3.3 AU/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The asteroid/meteoroid detector (Sisyphus), an optical array to measure particle size and orbit, has been performing successfully on Pioneer 10 since it was initially activated on 9 March 1972. During the first ten months of operation over 200 meteoroid and asteroid events were detected between 1.0 and 3.3 AU. These events are being analyzed to determine the spatial concentration as a function of heliocentric distance. The early results of these analyses are presented with particular emphasis on the distribution in the asteroid belt. Preliminary orbital parameters for some particles which have been analyzed are presented with a discussion of instrumental limitations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 3
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    The radial dependence of the zodiacal light (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The asteroid/meteoroid detector (Sisyphus) has, in addition to its primary role of detecting and analyzing individual meteoroids, been used for measuring the brightness of the night sky from its platform on board the Pioneer 10 spacecraft. This spacecraft has traversed the asteroid belt and will fly by Jupiter in December 1973. It was quickly found that the brightness of the night sky in the antisolar hemisphere decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the sun. This decrease is due solely to the decrease in the brightness of the zodiacal light. The heliocentric dependence of the zodiacal light has been deduced from several months of data. Some data are shown to illustrate the sensitivity of the instrument to features in the night sky and the technique used for subtracting out the integrated brightness due to starlight is described. Preliminary results showing the decrease of the zodiacal light with solar distance is not inconsistent with an inverse square dependence.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 4
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    Mariner 4 - A study of the cumulative flux of dust particles over a heliocentric range of 1-1.56 AU 1964-1967 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Between December 1964 and December 1967, the Mariner 4 dust particle experiment obtained data concerning the distribution of minute zodiacal dust cloud particles over a heliocentric range of 1-1.56 AU. The first measurement was over the complete heliocentric range, while the two additional measurements were made between 1.1 and 1.25 AU in 1966, and between 1.2 and 1.5 AU in 1967. The initial results of these measurements presented the mean cumulative flux for the respective data periods. The results of a detailed study and comparison of the three measurements are presented, with particular emphasis on the variation of the flux as a function of heliocentric range. A small, but statistically significant, increase in the flux is observed between 1.15 and 1.4 AU. The initial reports showed a lower cumulative flux for the latter two measurements. However, a detailed analysis containing corrections for spacecraft attitude indicate that all three measurements yield similar results, and that the particles detected were in low inclination orbits.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 5
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    Analysis of Skylab/Apollo Telescope Mount S-056 observations based on a force-free magnetic field model (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Data obtained from the S-056 X-ray experiment on Skylab/ATM have been analyzed based on the assumption that the magnetic fields in the chromosphere and lower corona are force-free. Underlying the analysis is the hypothesis that the observed X-ray filaments coincide with magnetic field lines. The photographic recording of the filaments can then be compared with the projection along the line of sight of the computed magnetic field lines of the model. Ground-based observations of the longitudinal magnetic field component complement the X-ray data and are used in the theoretical interpretation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 74-1235
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  • 6
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    Near-earth cosmic dust results from S-149 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Three space exposures (34, 46 and 33 days) of thin films and polished metal plates with a total area of 0.12 sq m per exposure were carried out during Skylab via the S-149 experiment. Study of the materials recovered indicates that the S-149 experiment contains important information concerning cosmic dust in the near-earth vicinity. Craters and penetration holes have been found ranging from 135 micron diameter to less than 0.5 micron. A cosmic dust flux curve in the mass range from 10 to the minus 16th to 10 to the minus 7th grams is presented. Evidence is given concerning the directional characteristics of the particles and their breakup in near-earth space is presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 74-1226
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  • 7
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    Physical properties of giant planets (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The chemical identification and physical nature of giant planets are discussed. The phase equilibria of H2-He mixture is briefly described for these large planets.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-142163
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  • 8
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    Spectrophotometry of supernovae (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Studies were made of a type II supernova (SN 1970g in M 101) and a type I supernova (SN 1972e in NGC 5253) covering the wavelength range from 3200 to 10,000 A. The absolute spectral energy distributions show that both types have a continuum that varies slowly and uniformly with time and carries the bulk of the radiated flux at early epochs. Some lines in both types have P Cygni profiles: broad emissions with broad absorptions at their violet edges. Some lines are common to both types and persist throughout the evolution of the spectrum.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Highlights of astronomy. Volume 3; Aug 21, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Sydney; Australia
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  • 9
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    Medium resolution stellar spectra in the two-micron region (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The astrophysical implications of available medium resolution spectra in the limited wavelength range from 1.9 to 2.5 microns are considered. Observational techniques are discussed along with features observable at medium resolution. Attention is given to molecular bands of carbon monoxide, water, and cyanogen. Identified atomic features are related to hydrogen, helium, silicon, magnesium, and titanium. Empirical band strength-color relationships are examined, taking into account carbon monoxide in G5-M8 giants and supergiants, the isotopic C-12/C-13 abundance ratio, and water vapor band strengths in late-type stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Highlights of astronomy. Volume 3; Aug 21, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Sydney; Australia
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  • 10
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    The relationship between velocity gradients and magnetic turbulence in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The correlations among the time derivative of the solar-wind velocity, the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and the IMF turbulence level are examined to test the idea that interaction between two colliding solar-wind streams can generate turbulence in the solar wind and the IMF. Data obtained by Explorer 33 on the solar wind and IMF are described, and the analysis techniques are outlined. The results indicate that the IMF turbulence level, as measured by the variance, is correlated with the existence of positive velocity gradients in the solar wind. It is noted that while the variance is an increasing function of the field magnitude, it is also independently correlated with the solar-wind velocity gradient.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 11
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    Radial gradients in the interplanetary magnetic field between 1.0 and 4.3 AU - Pioneer 10 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 12
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    Petrogenesis of lunar rocks: Rb-Sr constraints and lack of H2O (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Rb and Sr isotopic data and other chemical data indicate major lunar differentiation at about 4.6 AE and very limited subsequent differentiation. The constraints of limited differentiation post 4.6 AE and the apparent lack of H2O on the moon, when applied to the derivation and petrogenesis of lunar samples, suggest the following: (1) soil samples, breccias, metaclastic rocks, and feldspathic basalts represent mixtures of repeatedly-modified clastic material, which was ultimately derived from materials formed during the about 4.6 AE differentiation; and (2) mare basalts crystallized from melts which formed by partial melting and, which developed without equilibration between the melt and crystalline residuum.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-142007 , CONTRIB-2474 , Soviet-Am. Conf. on the Cosmochem. of the Moon and Planets; Jun 01, 1974; Moscow; Soviet Union
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  • 13
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    Analysis of data from satellite experiments (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Identical ultraviolet photometer experiments were carried on the eccentric orbiting OGO-5 spacecraft and on the polar orbiting OGO-6 spacecraft. The experiments operated flawlessly and, due to sophisticated electronic design, allowed signals to be processed accurately over a large dynamic range. Scientific results gained from the post-mission data analysis efforts are summarized.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-142057
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  • 14
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    Quantum descriptions of singularities leading to pair creation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A class of cosmological models is analyzed which provide a mathematically convenient (but idealized) description of a cosmological singularity that develops into a pair creation epoch and terminates in an adiabatic expansion with redshifting particle energies. This class of models was obtained by Gowdy (1971, 1974) as a set of exact solutions of the classical empty space Einstein equations describing inhomogeneous universes populated only by gravitational waves. It is shown that these models can be used to exhibit simplified models of quantized gravitational fields, and that a quantum description can be given arbitrarily near a cosmological singularity. Graviton pair creation occurs, and can be seen to convert anisotropic expansion rates into the energy of graviton pairs.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Confrontation of cosmological theories with observational data; Symposium; Sep 10, 1973 - Sep 12, 1973; Krakow; Poland
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  • 15
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    Intergalactic matter and radiation and its bearing on galaxy formation and evolution (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An up-dated review is given of the evidence for the presence of intergalactic matter and radiation in the Universe. It is concluded that the only important constituents which may make a sizable contribution to the total mass-energy are intergalactic gas and condensed objects with a very high mass-to-light ratio. If the QSOs are not at cosmological distances, cold atomic hydrogen may still be the most important constituent and may contribute much more mass than do the galaxies. The X-ray observations still do not unambiguously show that very hot gas is present, though it is very likely on general grounds that some hot gas is present in clusters of galaxies. The question of whether or not large amounts of matter, enough to close the Universe, are present, remains unsettled. From the theoretical standpoint the answer depends almost completely on the approach taken to the problem of galaxy formation and to the cosmological model which is favored.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The formation and dynamics of galaxies; Symposium; Aug 12, 1973 - Aug 15, 1973; Canberra; Australia
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  • 16
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    Confrontation of Lemaitre models and the cosmological constant with observations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The history of the cosmological constant and the Lemaitre models is reviewed briefly. Using recent cosmological observations, it is found that the cosmological constant if nonzero must be in absolute value less than 2 times 10 to the negative 56th power per sq cm. The predictions of the Lemaitre models are compared with modern observations. It is shown that Lemaitre models without evolution fail to reproduce the observed radio source counts. The existence of quasars with large redshift (z greater than 2.5) is shown to be strong evidence against the Lemaitre models.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Confrontation of cosmological theories with observational data; Symposium; Sep 10, 1973 - Sep 12, 1973; Krakow; Poland
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  • 17
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    High resolution interferometry of cool stars (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A description is given of results obtained in a program of infrared high resolution spectroscopy of cool stars. The nature of infrared stellar spectra is considered along with questions regarding astrophysics and stellar infrared spectroscopy. An abundance analysis for alpha Ori (Betelgeuse) is conducted. The C-12/C-13 abundance ratio is examined and attention is given to the O-16/O-18 and O-16/O-17 abundance ratios. M stars and SiO vibration-rotation bands are discussed and questions regarding the characteristics of the molecular hydrogen quadrupole vibration-rotation lines are explored.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Highlights of astronomy. Volume 3; Aug 21, 1973 - Aug 30, 1973; Sydney; Australia
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  • 18
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    Mechanisms for the emission and absorption of gravitational radiation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Following some introductory comments on the fundamentals or first principles governing jointly the emission and absorption of gravitational waves, a list is given of observational targets or goals for gravitational wave astronomy which have been selected from recent critical reviews. Then theoretical studies of plunge radiation and gravitational synchrotron radiation are surveyed, since in this area new techniques are developing rapidly although new observational prospects have not yet been found.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse; Symposium; Sep 05, 1973 - Sep 08, 1973; Warsaw; Poland
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  • 19
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    Issues in gravitational wave detection with space missions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two masses freely orbiting in the solar system, separated by several astronomical units, are proposed as antennas for the detection of monochromatic gravitational radiation emitted by double stars. If one of these masses was an artificial satellite, then relative acceleration could be measured by the Doppler effect on the satellite radio signal. A highly accurate clock would have to be invented and incorporated into the tracking network in order for this plan to be feasible.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Gravitational waves and radiations; International Conference; Jun 18, 1973 - Jun 22, 1973; Paris; France
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  • 20
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    Observation of a driver gas-tangential discontinuity (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A complete analysis of an interplanetary disturbance of Nov. 19, 1970 using the Apollo 12-SIDE (Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment) is presented. The SIDE detectors were pointing at 26.3 degrees from the normal solar-wind direction during the observations. The data were least-squares fitted (using a parabolic hypersurface approximation) to a convected Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function. The results of the fit combined with two other experiments showed a drastic change in the wind speed (from an steady 352 km/sec down to 219 km/sec), direction, and temperature. Except for a delta-function increase at the onset, the density remained constant. There was a considerable enhancement in the abundance of He and probably of heavier elements. The interplanetary magnetic field exhibited a jump of 21 gamma with a change in latitude from -56 to -76 degrees in solar ecliptic coordinates. It is concluded that the disturbance was due to the driver gas-tangential discontinuity of a solar flare-induced shock wave. The characteristic of the tangential discontinuity fit well with theoretical prediction.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 17, 1974 - Jun 22, 1974; Sao Paulo; Brazil
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  • 21
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    The spectrum of density perturbations in an expanding universe (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The basic dynamic equations that govern the evolution of perturbations in a Friedmann-Lemaitre universe are derived. General solutions describing the evolution of adiabatic perturbations in the density of matter are obtained, and the choice of the appropriate initial conditions is examined. The various perturbation modes are compared, and the effects of decoupling on the perturbation spectrum are studied. The scheme used to follow the evolution of density perturbations through decoupling is based on an extension of the Eddington approximation to the radiative transfer equation, and is strictly valid in both optically thick and thin limits.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Confrontation of cosmological theories with observational data; Symposium; Sep 10, 1973 - Sep 12, 1973; Krakow; Poland
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  • 22
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    Propagation of solar disturbances in interplanetary space (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Time-dependent solutions of a one-fluid model of the interplanetary medium are investigated. This set of unsteady hydrodynamic equations has been written in conservation form in order to apply the Lax-Wendroff method for the solution of this problem. The initial condition is specified by a pulse at 1 solar radius. The equilibrium condition is chosen to be the steady solution of a quiet solar wind. The specified solar disturbances in this calculation are allowed to be both sub- and supersonic by the present theoretical formulation. The results are presented in terms of density, velocity, and temperature profiles of the interplanetary gas flow at heliocentric distances up to about 10 AU at any particular time. The trajectories of disturbances for various initial pulses are shown. Some 1972 solar-flare observational data are compared with these theoretical calculations. From these calculations, the effects on the interplanetary environment, due to the propagation of solar disturbances, can be determined.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 17, 1974 - Jun 22, 1974; Sao Paulo; Brazil
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  • 23
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    Mariner 10 interplanetary magnetic field observations - Preliminary results (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results being reported consist primarily of distributions of the hourly average field large-scale properties and fluctuation characteristics by solar rotation for the time interval 7 November 1973 to 5 April 1974, as well as the variation of the daily average field as a function of the distance from the sun between 1 and 0.46 AU. The data indicate that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) generally increases with decreasing distance from the sun; the field magnitude distribution broadened as Mariner 10 approached Mercury; the positive sector of the IMF tended to rotate progressively toward the theoretical spiral field direction; and magnitude fluctuations increased with increasing distance from the sun, while vector field fluctuations tended to decrease. Data on radial dependence of the IMF were not consistent with theoretical models and did not coincide with extrapolations based on data gathered by Mariner 4 and 5. Comprehensive graphs and charts illustrate all the data obtained by Mariner 10.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 17, 1974 - Jun 22, 1974; Sao Paulo; Brazil
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  • 24
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    Neutron stars - General review (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A review is presented of those properties of neutron stars upon which there is general agreement and of those areas which currently remain in doubt. Developments in theoretical physics of neutron star interiors are summarized with particular attention devoted to hyperon interactions and the structure of interior layers. Determination of energy states and the composition of matter is described for successive layers, beginning with the surface and proceeding through the central region into the core. Problems encountered in determining the behavior of matter in the ultra-high density regime are discussed, and the effects of the magnetic field of a neutron star are evaluated along with the behavior of atomic structures in the field. The evolution of a neutron star is outlined with discussion centering on carbon detonation, cooling, vibrational damping, rotation, and pulsar glitches. The role of neutron stars in cosmic-ray propagation is considered.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and gravitation; Sixteenth Solvay Conference on Physics; Sep 24, 1973 - Sep 28, 1973; Brussels; Belgium
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  • 25
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    Instabilities connected with neutral sheets in the solar wind (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A preliminary study is presented of two sets of data obtained by HEOS 1 and OGO 5 in the solar wind, which reveal the internal structure of two neutral sheets and their two-dimensional structure. HEOS 1 observations of the effects of the tearing mode instability in one of the sheets are described, including complicated structures connected with the sector boundary, sharp increases and decreases in the magnetic field intensity, and the presence of closed loops. HEOS 1 and OGO 5 observations of large oscillations due to plasma pressure imbalances are discussed, and it is concluded that an interchange instability may have been observed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 26
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    Nuclei of planetary nebulae (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The nuclei of planetary nebulae are examined both observationally and theoretically. It is seen that the region occupied by these stars in the logT-logL diagram is quite wide but consistent with a general progression of stars from high to low luminosity, with a noticeable but not large increase in luminosity during the early phase. The 'evolutionary path' is intrinsically quite wide and may indicate the evolution of stars under different conditions or non-monotonic passage along the mean path. Among the several theoretical approaches to this subject, only the double shell burning models seem to offer enough luminosity and short enough timescales to match the observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Late stages of stellar evolution; Symposium; Sep 10, 1973 - Sep 12, 1973; Warsaw; Poland
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  • 27
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    Line absorption studies of the interstellar gas near 1 million GHz (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Copernicus satellite now opens up the ultraviolet region for inspection, and the number of resonance lines which may be studied has increased from 6, seen in the visible, to more than 30. The distribution and properties of an important constituent of the interstellar gas, molecular hydrogen, can be studied in detail using this instrument. A more comprehensive picture may now be developed for element depletion factors, electron densities, and sources of ionization (UV photons, low energy cosmic and X-rays).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Galactic radio astronomy; Symposium, Maroochydore; Sep 03, 1973 - Sep 07, 1973; Queensland; Australia
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  • 28
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    Recent observations of quasi-stellar objects (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some observational results are discussed which have a bearing on the problem of QSO redshifts. A general description of QSO absorption-line spectra is presented, and the spectra of four objects are reviewed. The hypothesis is advanced that production of absorption lines at many different redshifts is due to line-locking. Two QSOs with redshifts greater than 3 are described, and questions raised by the discovery of a double QSO with two different redshifts are discussed. Efforts to determine associations between QSOs and galaxies are outlined, and some questions are posed concerning physical models, effects of strong gravitational fields, and different types of QSOs.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and gravitation; Sixteenth Solvay Conference on Physics; Sep 24, 1973 - Sep 28, 1973; Brussels; Belgium
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  • 29
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    Preliminary results on Comet Kohoutek - Interactions with the solar wind (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A preliminary summary is presented for the types of data obtained on possible interactions between Comet Kohoutek and the solar wind. The data include Pioneer 8 solar wind density measurements along a line of sight through or near the comet's position; Pioneer 6 plasma measurements near the projected position of the ion tail 100 million km from the nucleus; Lyman-alpha observations of the cometary hydrogen cloud from Skylab and Mariner 10; and ground-based radio, spectroscopic, and photographic observations. Preliminary analysis of some data is provided.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 30
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    On the theory of large amplitude Alfven waves (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solutions of the MHD equations are derived, which describe the propagation of nonplanar large-amplitude Alfven waves in an infinite homogeneous plasma with no background flow. Some features of interplanetary Alfven waves are discussed, and a typical solution is described qualitatively.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 31
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    A model for the propagation of flare-associated interplanetary shock waves (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 32
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    How to test gravitation theories by means of gravitational-wave measurements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Gravitational-wave experiments are a potentially powerful tool for testing gravitation theories. Most theories in the literature predict rather different polarization properties for gravitational waves than are predicted by general relativity; and many theories predict anomalies in the propagation speeds of gravitational waves.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Gravitational waves and radiations; International Conference; Jun 18, 1973 - Jun 22, 1973; Paris; France
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  • 33
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    Radiation from highly relativistic geodesics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A number of recent works are reviewed concerning the generation and emission of gravitational waves. It is shown that at high frequencies, the generation of gravitational radiation is a local phenomenon. Two examples are described illustrating this generation when a high-energy particle collides against the space-time curvature. One, after Matzner and Nutku, uses a method of virtual photons; the other, after Chrzanowski and Misner, is based on the W.K.B. approximation, corresponding to geometric optics, for the inhomogeneous wave equation. This method uses a factorized integral representation of the Green function which is valid asymptotically to infinity in space.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Gravitational waves and radiations; International Conference; Jun 18, 1973 - Jun 22, 1973; Paris; France
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  • 34
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    The chemical composition and distribution of interstellar grains (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The chemical composition of interstellar grains is derived here on the basis of (1) the cosmic abundance of the elements; (2) the wavelength dependence of extinction and polarization; (3) the average total extinction; (4) the ratio of polarization to extinction; (5) the predominantly dielectric character of grains in the visible spectral region; and (6) infrared spectral characteristics of grains. Inferences of the core-mantle model with respect to spatial distribution are consistent with the proposition that growth of the mantles occurs in the galactic shock region predicted by the density-wave theory. Estimates of the total visual extinction toward the galactic center and the consequent estimates of the total amount of far infrared radiation are shown to depend critically on the grain model. Variations of the ratio of far ultraviolet to visual extinction are correlated with the conditions for growth of mantles on the bare small particles which are generally prevented from accreting mantles primarily because of their extreme temperature fluctuations produced by the ultraviolet photons in the radiation field.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Galactic radio astronomy; Symposium, Maroochydore; Sep 03, 1973 - Sep 07, 1973; Queensland; Australia
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  • 35
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    The masses of the galaxies and the mass-energy in the universe (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and gravitation; Sixteenth Solvay Conference on Physics; Sep 24, 1973 - Sep 28, 1973; Brussels; Belgium
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  • 36
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    The radial gradient and the role of turbulence in the solar system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pioneer 10 observations from the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer experiment between 1 and 3 AU have been used to estimate the power spectra of the solar wind proton streaming speed. The power spectra indicate that significant turbulence on the scale of 1,000,000 km or more is present throughout this range of heliocentric distances, implying the importance of the role of large scale turbulence between 1 and 3 AU.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 37
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    Binary stellar winds (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Stellar winds from a binary star pair will interact with each other along a contact discontinuity. We discuss qualitatively the geometry of the flow and field resulting from this interaction in the simplest case where the stars and winds are identical. We consider the shape of the critical surface (defined as the surface where the flow speed is equal to the sound speed) as a function of stellar separation and the role of shock waves in the flow field. The effect of stellar spin and magnetic sectors on the field configuration is given. The relative roles of mass loss and magnetic torque in the evolution of orbital parameters is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 38
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    Limits on the neutral hydrogen content of Coma and other clusters of galaxies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 36; 3, De; Dec. 197
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  • 39
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    Binary stellar winds (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Stellar winds from a binary star will interact with each other along a contact discontinuity. We discuss qualitatively the geometry of the flow and field resulting from this interaction in the simplest case where the stars and winds are identical. We consider the shape of the critical surface (defined as the surface where the flow speed is equal to the sound speed) as a function of stellar separation and the role of shock waves in the flow field. The effect of stellar spin and magnetic sectors on the field configuration is given. The relative roles of mass loss and magnetic torque in the evolution of orbital parameters are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 31; Dec. 197
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  • 40
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    A search for microwave emission from CH in Comet Kohoutek /1973f/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A search was conducted for the three 9-cm transitions of the ground state Lambda-doublet of CH in comet Kohoutek, using the CSIRO 64-m radio telescope and the Onsala Space Observatory's 25.6-m telescope. No lines were detected during the observing periods, and upper limits are given for the corresponding antenna temperatures.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 41
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    Molecule searches in Comet Kohoutek /1973f/ at microwave frequencies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Nine transitions of the possible parent molecules H2O, NH3, CH3OH and N2O as well as the OH radical were searched for in Comet Kohoutek (1973f) in the frequency range 22.2-25.2 GHz. These molecules were not detected, but the upper limits for the optical depth, mean column density and the production rate are derived for each of the molecules. These results are discussed and compared with the reported detections of HCN and CH3CN emission and OH absorption.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 42
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    On the nature of the anti-tail of Comet Kohoutek /1973f/. I - A working model (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The model derived for the anti-tail of Comet Kohoutek describes it as a flat formation, confined essentially to the comet's orbit plane and composed of relatively heavy particles (mostly in the size range 0.1-1 mm) whose motions are controlled by solar gravity and solar radiation pressure. Almost all the material was produced by the comet before perihelion at a rate about an order of magnitude higher than for Comets Arend-Roland and Bennett. The latent heat of vaporization of the particle material is estimated at 40-45 kcal/mole or higher.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 43
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    An upper limit on the evolution of carbon monoxide from Comet Kohoutek (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An upper limit on the rate of evolution of CO from Comet Kohoutek has been obtained from a search for resonant scattering of sunlight near 4.7 microns. The observations were made approximately two months after perihelion. The rate of evolution of CO at that time was apparently less than that of CH3CN observed before perihelion.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 44
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    Interstellar carbon I lines in zeta Ophiuchi (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: With two f-values of C I lines obtained from the spectra of zeta Pup and gamma(2) Vel, it is shown that the interstellar C I spectrum in zeta Oph obeys an optical-depth relation similar to that for Na I, and the relative strengths of 19 multiplets are determined from this relation. The dominant processes which excite neutral carbon are used to calculate populations of the fine-structure levels as functions of the density of H nuclei and the temperature, and evidence is found that the C I lines are formed in the dense cloud in front of zeta Oph at a heliocentric velocity of -14.4 km/s. It is noted that the observed column-density ratios of the neutral carbon fine-structure levels lead to a total H nuclei density of about 220 to 660 per cu cm, while the electron density and observed C(+) abundance indicate a value of 10,000 per cu cm, with a 0.05 pc thick gas layer.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 45
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    CNO abundances and hydrodynamic models of the nova outburst. III - 0.5 solar mass models with enhanced carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Consideration of the evolution of thermonuclear runaways in the hydrogen-rich envelopes of 0.5 solar mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs. The larger radii of these stars, compared with the 1.00 solar mass white dwarfs, results in a lesser degree of degeneracy at the same depth in the star. Four models of luminosity with .00355 solar luminosity, differing only in the initial abundances of C-12, N-14, and O-16, are presented. The degree of enhancement required to produce mass ejection, and thereby a nova-type outburst, is greater than for the 1.00 solar mass model. Nevertheless, the evolution of the 0.5 solar mass model that ejected material is very similar to that of the 1.00 solar mass models, and it also ejects significant amounts of C-13, N-15, and O-17 into the interstellar medium. The 0.5 solar mass outburst is considerably less intense than the 1.00 solar mass outburst (even under optimum conditions), and this lower mass behavior is interpreted as associated with the observed outburst of the slowest novae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 46
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    Ultraviolet spectrophotometry of Sirius from Gemini 12 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The spectral energy distribution of Sirius between 2500 and 3700 A at a resolution of 7 A is obtained from plates taken on Gemini 12. The agreement with other observations and the most recent line-blanketed model atmospheres is good. The equivalent width of the Mg II doublet near 2800 A is 6.0 A, if the continuum level is represented by regions near 2650 and 2910 A. This is consistent with expectations for a hot Am star and implies line blocking of up to 15% in this wavelength region.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 47
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    Ionisation structure and transfer of radiation in dusty nebulae (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analytic expressions describing the infrared radiation and hydrogen to helium line intensity ratios from a dusty nebula are presented. Implications of these results are discussed briefly.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 173-178
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  • 48
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    Dust in H2 regions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of dust inside H2 regions were studied by means of theoretical models of dusty nebulae. Infrared observations were analyzed and clear evidence was found that the emitting dust is mostly mixed with the ionized gas. Some information about the amount, distribution, and properties of dust grains was also derived.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 163-171
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  • 49
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    Evolutionary characteristics of a bimodal grain model (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A bimodal model of interstellar grains consisting of silicate cores of size approximately 0.06 micron with modified ice mantles of approximately 0.1 micron and very small particles of silicate and/or graphite of size approximately 0.005 micron is followed through various stages of evolution. Starting with a distribution of core-mantle cylinders producing average wavelength dependence of polarization and extinction, changes in physical and optical characteristics of the model are studied going first into regions of dense cloud condensation and coming out at the other end of star formation into young H2 regions. Physical justification is presented to show that not only in dense clouds must the core mantle grains be larger than normal, but also in young H2 regions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 153-162
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  • 50
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    Expected far infrared polarization of H2 regions and the nuclei of galaxies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The expected polarization of far infrared sources is discussed, and it is shown that the observed degree of polarization generally depends on two factors: (1) the availability of a mechanism that can produce polarization, and (2) the gain in polarization which absorption or stimulated emission can produce within a source. It is pointed out that stimulated emission could produce sizeable gain changes in compact dust clouds such as those associated with H2 regions and possibly also in dense regions exhibiting OH and H2O masers. Whether such a gain can actually become positive (maser-like behavior) is not clear, but this would in any case depend on the chemical structure of the grain material and the spectral range of interest.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 179-184
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  • 51
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    Observation of bow shock protons at the lunar orbit (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Protons with energies ranging from about 500 eV to 3,500 eV were observed by the Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) on both the dusk and dawn sides of the magnetosphere. On each lunation these particles appeared as a rather continuous phenomenon for 3 to 5 days after crossing from the dawn-side magnetosheath into the solar wind and for about 2 days prior to entering the dusk-side magnetosheath. Data from the SIDE and from the Explorer 35 lunar orbiting magnetometer were analyzed and these data indicated that the transverse ion flows observed by the SIDE in the pre and post bow shock crossing regions of the lunar orbit are due to these deviated solar wind particles. A computer model based on drift trajectories for particles leaving the shock was developed and synthetic particle data produced by this model are in good agreement with the observed data.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-147653
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  • 52
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    Theoretical frameworks for testing relativistic gravity. 5: Post-Newtonian limit of Rosen's theory (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The post-Newtonian limit of Rosen's theory of gravity is evaluated and is shown to be identical to that of general relativity, except for the PPN parameter alpha sub 2, which is related to the difference in propagation speeds for gravitational and electromagnetic waves. Both the value of alpha sub 2 and the value of the Newtonian gravitational constant depend on the present cosmological structure of the Universe. If the cosmological structure has a specific but presumably special form, the Newtonian gravitational constant assumes its current value, alpha sub 2 is zero, the post-Newtonian limit of Rosen's theory is identical to that of general relativity--and standard solar system experiments cannot distinguish between the two theories.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 53
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    A stable particle component 30 to 400 keV in interplanetary space (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., v. 2; 21 p
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  • 54
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    Preliminary investigation of interplanetary shock structure: Quasi-parallel shocks (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pioneer 9's magnetic field and plasma data were studied to develop arguments for or against the observation of oblique interplanetary shocks. Structural classifications are defined, and the justification for seeking these classifications in the solar wind are presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-147207 , TRW-24034-6001-RU-00
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  • 55
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    Geodesic synchrotron radiation in the Kerr geometry by the method of asymptotically factorized Green's functions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational geodesic-synchrotron-radiation (GSR) spectra are determined for the case of a test particle moving on a highly relativistic circular orbit about a rotating (Kerr) black hole. It is found that the spectral shape depends only weakly on the value of the angular-momentum parameter (a/M) of the black hole, but the total radiated power drops unexpectedly for a value of at least 0.95 and vanishes as the value approaches unity. A spin-dependent factor (involving the inner product of the polarization of a radiated quantum with the source) is isolated to explain the dependence of the spectral shape on the spin of the radiated field. Although the scalar wave equation is solved by separation of variables, this procedure is avoided for the vector and tensor cases by postulating a sum-over-states expansion for the Green's function similar to that found to hold in the scalar case. The terms in this sum, significant for GSR, can then be evaluated in the geometric-optics approximation without requiring the use of vector or tensor spherical harmonics.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 10
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  • 56
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    A quantitative model for the potential resulting fron reconnection with an arbitrary interplanetary magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., vol. 1, no. 3,; 10 p
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  • 57
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    An analysis of the pulsational stability of very low mass stars on the hydrogen and deuterium main sequence (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 58
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    Forbidden-line excitation data for certain coronal lines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Some new data pertinent to forbidden transitions for coronal lines of S XII, Ca XIII, K XI, Mn XIII, Fe XIV, Co XV, Ni XVI, N XV, Cr IX, Fe X, and Ni XII are presented. We include additional calculations of collision strengths for a number of ions and then set up and solve the equations of statistical equilibrium in the limiting approximations in which contributions to level population by cascade from higher levels are neglected. We then calculate volume emissivities per ion as a function of density and temperature.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 28; Dec. 197
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  • 59
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    A search for H2O and CH4 in Comet Kohoutek (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A spectroscopic search for H2O and CH4 in Comet Kohoutek (1973f) was made using a Pepsios interferometer. No evidence was found for either molecule, allowing to set an upper limit on their production rates (on about Jan. 21, 1974) of Q(H2O) less than 6.2 times 10 to the 28th power per sec and Q(CH4) less than 20 times 10 to the 30th power per sec.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 60
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    Possible influence of comets on the chemical evolution of the galaxy (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It has been suggested by Cameron (1973) that a cloud of comets containing a mass of condensable elements, comparable to the mass of such elements in the sun, formed on the outskirts of the solar system. If the formation of such comet clouds is a general feature of star formation, they constitute a significant sink of elements heavier than helium. It is shown here that this process provides a possible explanation for the very slow rate at which the mean metal abundance of disk stars has increased during the lifetime of the Galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 61
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    The structure of synchronously rotating close binaries built on polytropic model nu = 3 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mathematical procedures are developed which can provide an exact solution for the structure of synchronously rotating close binaries built on the polytropic model with nu equal to 3. Results are discussed for separations of centers of 10.0, 4.0, 3.0, and 2.8 solar radii. For the present discussion, both components are assumed to have the solar mass and, in the zeroth approximation, the solar radius. The present results are compared with those obtained by Chandrasekhar (1933) using first-order perturbation theory.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 28; Dec. 197
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  • 62
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    Column densities of interstellar molecular hydrogen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Equivalent widths of some 50 lines in the 0-0 to 5-0 Lyman bands of H2 are reported in the spectra of 28 stars. Curves of growth are given and column densities for levels from J = 0 to J = 5 are tabulated, with a few values and upper limits for N(6) and N(7), together with values for b, the velocity spread parameter. In three Orion stars and in rho Leo pairs of components are detected, the difference in radial velocity is determined, and column densities are measured or estimated; tentative identifications are made with the components observed by Hobbs (1969) in the Na D-lines. Column densities for HD are given for 13 stars. Upper limits for column densities in the first and second vibrational levels are listed for several stars; the ratio of N(J = 0) in the v double prime = 1 level to that in the ground vibrational level is less than 2.4 x 10 to the minus 8th power in zeta Oph. Values of a rotational excitation temperature for the higher J levels are given for all the stars. Data are presented which show an apparent increase of velocity dispersion with J for a number of stars, as measured both from the curves of growth and from line widths.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 28; Oct. 197
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  • 63
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    The intrinsic linear polarization of 53 Camelopardalis and alpha 2 Canum Venaticorum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The intrinsic phase-dependent linear polarization of two magnetic Ap stars is studied. The polarization characteristics in a broad blue filter band and in the ultraviolet are outlined, and the mechanisms of polarization are examined. The blue band polarization of 53 Cam (corrected by removing the stellar component) is found to be compatible with an oblique rotator whose angular parameters are in essential agreement with those deduced by Landstreet (1970) and by Huchra (1972).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 166
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  • 64
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    A search for soft X-ray emission from red-giant coronae (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Hills has pointed out that if red-giant coronae are weak sources of soft X-rays, then the problems of the identification of the local component of the soft X-ray background and the observed lack of gas in globular clusters may be simultaneously resolved. Using instrumentation aboard OAO Copernicus, we have searched unsuccessfully for emission in the 10-100 A band from four nearby red giants. In all cases, our upper limits are of the order of the minimum theoretically predicted fluxes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 65
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    Radiative and predissociation probabilities for individual rotational levels of the B 2Sigma state of CH with application to the radiative recombination of CH in the interstellar medium (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 66
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    An upper limit to an X-ray point source at the center of the Cygnus Loop (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Cygnus Loop was observed with a one-dimensional X-ray telescope. Data from two orthogonal scans showed no evidence for a pointlike remnant of the supernova at the center of the Loop. We set an upper limit to the presence of such a source of 2.9% (at 99.9% confidence) of the total emission in the bandwidth from 400 eV to 850 eV. The pulsed component at 62.31 msec suggested by Rappaport et al. (1973) was not observed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 67
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    The gamma Cygni supernova remnant and nebula (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The object is anomalous, and the existing data appear to be rather contradictory or ambiguous. We discuss previous and new observations. The new observations are: Palomar Schmidt plates in the blue, yellow, red, and near-infrared; radiofrequency-continuum maps at 7.875 and 15.5 GHz; flux densities at 31.4 and 85 GHz; and H 94 alpha-line data. A nebula, found only in the red, is identifiable with a small component of a supernova remnant which is altogether about 1 deg in diameter. The spectral index of the large, nonthermal remnant is prevalently about -0.8, but the index is probably not less than -0.5 in the small component. The amorphous structure of the red nebula suggests that its light is nonthermal, since it is not a reflection nebula of the star gamma Cygni.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 68
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    On the passage of radiation through inhomogeneous, moving media. XI - Nonlinear effects on ray paths in the geometrical optics approximation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Study illustrating how the presence of a high-intensity pulse of radiation can distort its own passage through a plane differentially shearing medium. It is demonstrated that the distortion is a sensitive function of the precise, and detailed, variation of the medium's refractive index by considering a couple of simple examples which are worked out numerically. In view of the high-intensity pulses observed from pulsars (approximately 10 to the 30th ergs per pulse), it is believed that the present calculations are of more than academic interest in helping unravel the fundamental properties of pulse production in, and propagating through, differentially sheared media - such as pulsars' magnetospheres within the so-called speed-of-light circle.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 69
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    X-ray structure of the Cygnus loop (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An X-ray surface brightness map of the Cygnus Loop in the energy range 0.15-0.85 keV is presented. The X-ray distribution is compared with the optical and radio pictures of the Loop. The location of the center of the supernova shell as derived from the X-ray data is in excellent agreement with the apparent optical and radio centers. We obtain a mean diameter for the X-ray shell of 2.75 (+ or - 0.2) deg. The X-ray spectral data yield a characteristic thermal temperature averaged over the Loop of 2.9 million (+ or - 1.5 million) K. We have calculated anew X-ray parameters for adiabatic blast waves using X-ray production spectra which include line radiation. These parameters are compared with the results of the present experiment. An age of 18,000 years, initial blast energy equal to 3 times 10 to the 50-th power ergs, and ambient interstellar density of 0.25 per cu cm are found.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 70
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    Diffuse interstellar band formation in dense clouds (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data are presented which show that the strengths of the diffuse interstellar bands at 4430, 5780, and 5797 A tend to be deficient with respect to color excess in the lines of sight to stars lying behind dense interstellar clouds. In addition, diffuse-band data for ten stars in the well-studied rho Ophiuchi cloud complex are presented, and systematic variations of band strengths with optical depth are discussed. It is found that the band strength per grain in the line of sight apparently decreases with increasing grain size, taking the ratio of total-to-selective absorption and the wavelength of maximum polarization as indicators of the latter. It is concluded that diffuse-band formation probably takes place most efficiently in the outer regions of interstellar clouds. This may be consistent with a diffuse-band origin in small grains which are coated by mantles in cloud interiors; or in some molecule or molecules which are most abundant in the outer portions of interstellar clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 71
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    On the interpretation of the interferometric maps of H2O masers near H II regions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 72
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    The primordial generation of random shear motions and small-scale angular anisotropy in the microwave background radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 73
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    The nucleus of M31 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The nucleus of M31 was photographed at a resolution of 0.2 sec with the 91-cm balloon-borne Stratoscope II telescope. At the half-intensity level, the nucleus was observed to be elliptical with its major axis lying in position angle of 63 (plus or minus 5) deg. The peak surface brightness was 12.7 plus or minus 0.3 V mag per square second of arc assuming B - V = 1.0. The nucleus appears to be a separate feature from the bulge with a scale height of approximately 0.5 pc. The mass of the nucleus is of the order of 100 million solar masses, and the apparent visual mass-to-light ratio is of the order of 20.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 74
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    Heliocentric distribution of cosmic dust intercepted by Pioneer 8 and 9 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 75
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    Energy densities of Alfven waves between 0.7 and 1.6 AU (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plasma and field data from Mariner 4 and 5 between 0.7 and 1.6 AU are used to study the radial dependence of the levels of microscale fluctuation associated with interplanetary Alfven waves. The observed decrease of these levels with increasing distance from the sun is consistent with little or no local generation or damping of the ambient Alfven waves over this range of radial distance.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Nov. 1
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  • 76
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    Waves and irregularities in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This review is meant for the nonspecialist who wants a simple physical picture. Some simple calculations are given to show why waves and irregularities in the solar wind are of importance in obtaining a physical understanding of the dynamical processes occurring in the interplanetary medium. The basic physics of various phenomena observed in the heliosphere, resulting because of the presence of waves in the solar wind, is spelled out in some detail. The most fundamental point made in this review is that a considerable body of phenomena occurring in the solar wind are either caused directly or modified significantly by the turbulent waves that are always present in the solar wind.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Nov. 197
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  • 77
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    Solar gravitational deflection of radio waves measured by very-long-baseline interferometry (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Utilizing a four-antenna technique, simultaneous observations were made, at each end of an 845-km baseline, of the radio sources 3C279 and 3C273B, which are 10 deg apart in the sky. Differences in interferometric phases at 3.7-cm wavelength monitored near the time of the 1972 occultation of 3C279 by the sun, yielded a gravitational deflection of 0.99 plus or minus 0.03 times the value predicted by general relativity, corresponding to gamma = 0.98 plus or minus 0.06 (standard error).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 33; Dec. 30
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  • 78
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    The silicon monoxide radical and the atmosphere of alpha Orionis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We present new molecular constants, line positions, and transition probabilities for the first-overtone vibration-rotation bands in the X 1 Sigma+ electronic ground state of SiO, together with an estimate of the SiO abundance and silicon isotope ratios in the atmosphere of alpha Ori.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 86
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  • 79
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    Scanner observations of selected cool stars (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photoelectric spectral scans at 30 A resolution of nine dwarfs, ten giants, and six supergiants with spectral types G0 to M5 are presented. (All stars were observed every 4 A from 3300 to 7000 A.) Absorption features observed at this resolution coincide with: strong atomic lines of Fe I, Fe II, Ca I, Ca II, Mg I, and Na I; vibrational bands of the electronic transitions of TiO, MgH, CaH, SiH, AlH, CN, CH, C2, OH, and NH. The dependences of the 3740-A Fe I blend and the 3440-A depression on temperature are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 86
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  • 80
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    Discovery of a magnetic DA white dwarf (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The spectrum of the white dwarf suspect, GD 90, is shown to contain broad Balmer lines with resolved Zeeman structure. All the observed features correspond to the calculated spectrum of hydrogen at 5 plus or minus 0.5 MG. A region of approximately 20% of the observed stellar disk must be subject to a reasonably uniform field of this strength. The sigma components of the Zeeman patterns in H beta and H gamma are found to be circularly polarized, indicating that the field has a component directed along the line of sight. There is evidence for an additional stronger and less homogeneous field, as would be expected if the dominant 5 -MG region were at the equator of a dipolar field.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 81
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    The effect of repeated Compton scatterings on the diffuse X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent Monte Carlo computations, based on a speculative extrapolation of the electron spectrum, suggested that repeated scatterings contribute most of the extragalactic X-ray background around 3 MeV in a Compton model. We have redone this calculation analytically with a similar electron spectrum, but with very different results. The double-scatter contribution near 3 MeV does not exceed 1 percent and cannot improve the fit to data. The effect is largest near 1 keV but will probably not be observable.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 82
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    20 to 40 micron spectroscopy of the Orion Nebula (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Attention is given to a moderate-resolution spectra of the Orion Nebula. Observational data are presented between 20 and 40 microns. Several models are shown that attempt to account for all of the observations from 20 microns to 1 mm. A model in which the dust within the molecular cloud has a clumpy distribution is given. Data show that the individual clumps have effective grain temperatures of 100 deg K and they are optically thick for wavelengths shorter than 400 microns.-
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 83
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    Observation of features in the soft X-ray background flux (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two rocket observations of very soft X-ray diffuse intensity show three emission regions of large angular extent. A large portion of the sky as seen with wide angular resolution is mapped. These three regions coincide with broad regions of small column densities of neutral hydrogen. It is suggested that a component of the interstellar medium is very hot and is responsible for the soft X-ray emission and the O VI.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 84
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    Highly ionized atoms observed with Copernicus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Based on high-resolution observations using the Princeton satellite/spectrometer on Copernicus the O VI doublet is discussed in detail, in conjunction with data for the resonance lines of N V, Si IV, and S IV reported in five stars. The temperature, density, and the possible extent of the O VI producing region are discussed. The ratio N(S IV)/N(O VI) is used to derive a lower limit to the temperature in the O VI producing region. In near pressure equilibrium with normal interstellar clouds and H II regions minimum densities are found to be consistent with a hot plasma.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 85
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    A survey with Copernicus of interstellar O VI absorption (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The presence of broad, shallow absorptions caused by O VI ions were revealed from UV spectra observations recorded by the Copernicus satellite for thirty-two stars. A table lists survey data on the stars observed for which values of the O VI column densities or their upper limits are extracted. Interstellar rather than circumstellar origin is evident from observation of the lack of correspondence between radical velocities of the stars and those of the O VI profiles. The presence of a low-density high-temperature phase of interstellar gas produced by supernova explosions is suggested.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 86
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    The C-12/C-13 ratio in stellar atmospheres. II - CN and CO in alpha Orionis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic abundance ratio C-12/C-13 for the M supergiant alpha Orionis is derived from photoelectric high-resolution scans of the CN 2-0 red system and high-resolution interferometric spectra of the CO second-overtone bands. The two molecules yield consistent results and the final value for the C-12/C-13 ratio is 7.0 plus or minus 1.5. Rationale is offered for the causes contributing to an earlier suggestion that C-12/C-13 ratios from CO and CN were in disagreement.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 87
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    An analysis of the spectrum of the large-redshift quasi-stellar object OQ 172 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 88
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    Does the galaxy possess a gaseous halo (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observational data are presented that suggest both the existence of extensive halo slabs of ionized gas and the probable presence of a hot corona around our galaxy. Evidence shows that when considering the galactic plane this ionized or neutral gas has a more extended distribution than the HI component. The characteristics of the halo gas consist of the ability (1) to interpenetrate, (2) to be heated, and (3) to be in a pressure equilibrium with the intercloud component of the local interstellar medium.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Comments on Modern Physics; vol. 6
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  • 89
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    CNO abundances and hydrodynamic models of the nova outburst. II - 1.00 solar mass models with enhanced carbon and oxygen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of a computation of a variety of evolutionary sequences involving thermonuclear runaways in the hydrogen-rich envelopes of 1.00-solar-mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs. The evidence concerning the location of the outburst in the nova system is reexamined, and it is concluded that the white dwarf is the seat of the outburst. An order-of-magnitude argument is presented which indicates that for a 1.00-solar-mass white dwarf it is impossible to achieve mass ejection without an energy generation of approximately 10 to the 16th ergs/g/sec. A description is given of models with low nuclear enhancements that do not produce an outburst, although their evolution has certain implications for the cause of the dwarf-nova outburst. The results for models that produced a nova outburst are then presented, and on the basis of these results it is found possible to explain continuous ejection, Kukarkin and Parenago's (1934) relationship, and other gross features of the nova phenomena.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 28; Aug. 197
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  • 90
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    Ultraviolet television data from the orbiting astronomical observatory. II - Stellar ultraviolet colors and interstellar extinction (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results from the Celescope Catalog of Ultraviolet Stellar Observations (Davis, Deutschman, and Haramundanis 1973) are studied, emphasizing statistical groups and subgroups of stars. In spite of the rather large observational errors, the great number of Celescope observations make it possible to do that kind of study with reasonable accuracy. Some stars have ultraviolet colors that differ significantly from those of the group to which they have been assigned on the basis of ground-based observations. An attempt is made to describe the general properties of the ultraviolet colors of the stars as observed by the Celescope experiment on board NASA's Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-2). Besides the direct applicability of these results to the general study of stellar atmospheres and of interstellar extinction, they are also considered as a frame of reference for further studies of individual stars and groups of stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: vol. 28; Aug. 197
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  • 91
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    The Crab Nebula pulsar - Radiofrequency spectral variability (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 92
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    Studies of cluster X-ray sources - Size measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An examination is conducted of the nine weaker sources in the list of Kellogg et al. (1973) which are well enough observed to be listed in the 3U catalog compiled by Giacconi et al. (1974). The cluster sizes are presented in a table and chi-square plots versus derived core radius and background counting rate are shown in a graph. X-ray luminosities calculated from the 3U catalog counting rates are presented as a function of X-ray size.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 93
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    Uhuru observations of short-time-scale variations of the Crab (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We have analyzed Uhuru X-ray observations of the Crab and found statistically significant variability in the intensity on time scales of several tenths of a second. Our results imply either that the X-ray emission from the pulsar NP 0532 is highly variable or that we have observed a previously undetected compact source of X-rays.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 94
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    X-ray morphology of the Perseus cluster (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A measurement of the spatial distribution of the X-ray flux from the Perseus cluster of galaxies is reported. The measurement was made with a one-dimensional X-ray telescope carried by an Aerobee sounding rocket on February 8, 1974. The results are compared with previous X-ray observations and optical measurements of the galaxy distribution. The data show the presence of a luminous feature centered on NGC 1275, considerable emission from extended regions, and a marked asymmetry between the E-W and N-S distributions in the X-ray flux.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 95
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    A study of birefringence in the interstellar medium in the direction of the Crab Nebula (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The interstellar medium may be regarded as a weak wave plate, the linear birefringence arising from the aligned grains which produce interstellar linear polarization. Using the Crab Nebula as a background source of linearly polarized light we have investigated this birefringence by measurements of circular polarization. The circular component is found to vary with the intrinsic linear polarization in a sinusoidal fashion characteristic of a wave plate with the orientation expected from independent measurements of the interstellar linear polarization in the same direction. Measurements of the wavelength dependence, together with the sense and magnitude of the circular polarization are interpreted as evidence for the dielectric nature of the interstellar grain materials. These observations provide a firm basis for a similar interpretation of the circular polarization of reddened stars. The observations of the stars can then be used to study the grain composition and the structure of the magnetic field in many directions in the Galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 96
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    The structure of radio sources 3C 273B and 3C 84 deduced from the 'closure' phases and visibility amplitudes observed with three-element interferometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The derived 'closure' phase relation for a three-element interferometer is used in a presented analysis of data obtained from observations at 7.8 GHz of the radio sources 3C 273B and 3C 84 by antennas in Massachusetts, California, Alaska, and Sweden (the first two antennas were used in combination with each of the last two separately to form two three-element interferometers). The brightness distribution is found for each source by expansion of both the fringe amplitude and the fringe phase in separate Fourier series.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 97
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    The temperature gradient in the solar nebula (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The available compositional data on planets and satellites can be used to place stringent limits on the thermal environment in the solar nebula. The densities of the terrestrial planets, Ceres and Vesta, the Galilean satellites, and Titan; the atmospheric compositions of several of these bodies; and geochemical and geophysical data on the earth combine to define a strong dependence of formation temperature on heliocentric distance. It is impossible to reconcile the available compositional data with any model in which the formation temperatures of these bodies are determined by radiative equilibrium with the sun, regardless of the sun's luminosity. Rather, the data support Cameron's hypothesis of a dense, convective solar nebula, opaque to solar radiation, with an adiabatic temperature-pressure profile.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 186; Nov. 1
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  • 98
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    Kinematics of the Orion A molecular cloud (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Examination of the velocity structure of J = 1 to J = 0 emission of CO in the Orion A molecular cloud, including a presentation of extended strip maps in both declination and right ascension intersecting at the position of peak intensity. The results in declination show evidence for large-scale rotation, while the right ascension maps show features which can be interpreted as gravitational condensations. The observed rotation is found to be sufficient to support a density equal to that estimated for the cloud (an H2 number density of about 2000 per cu cm).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 1
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  • 99
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    Interstellar abundances toward zeta Ophiuchi (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Extensive Copernicus observations of interstellar absorption lines in front of zeta Oph have been combined with similar ground-based data to give column densities or limits on 26 elements in H I clouds. Compared with solar-system abundances, there is a depletion of most elements relative to hydrogen, except S and Zn, by factors of 3 to 4000. The depletions generally are larger for the higher condensation temperatures.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 1
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  • 100
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    Optical and X-ray observations of 3U 0614+09 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Based on positional agreement, ultraviolet excess, and spectroscopic peculiarity, the identification of the X-ray source 3U 0614+09 with a faint blue star, previously suggested by Murdin et al. (1974) as a candidate, is established. Four days of X-ray observations at 1-3 A failed to show evidence for significant variability or eclipses. The possibility that this object may be very similar to Sco X-1, but at a distance of 4-8 kpc, is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 1
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