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  • Articles  (46,747)
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  • 1975-1979  (46,747)
  • Physics  (46,747)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Radiosondendaten wurde eine Frontalzone, die am 30. März 1977 südlich von Denver, Colorado, verlief, im Detail analysiert. Die Frontalzone zeigte eine Mehrfachstruktur, die auch aus den Verteilungen von O3- und Kondensationskern-Konzentrationen zu ersehen war. Diese Konzentrationen wurden mit dem NCAR Sabreliner vermessen.
    Notes: Summary A detailed analysis of a frontal zone located south of Denver, Colorado, on 30 March, 1977 was made using radiosonde data. This zone revealed a multiple structure which also showed up in the distributions of O3 and condensational nuclei concentrations measured with the Sabre-linear aircraft of the National Center of Atmospheric Research.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am 29. und 30. März 1977 wurden von einem Sabreliner-Flugzeug aus in einer Frontalzone südlich von Denver in Colorado Ozon und Kondensationskerne gemessen. Das Ozon diente als Tracer für stratosphärische Luft und die Kondensationskerne dienten als Tracer für troposphärische Luft. Sowohl der Langer-Kondensationskernzähler wie auch der Rich-100 Zähler können für Messungen der Kondensationskernkonzentration in der Nähe der Tropopause verwendet werden. Der erstere ist jedoch für niedrige Konzentrationen empfindlicher. Die gemessenen Kerne hatten meist einen größeren Radius als 0,005 μm und bestanden aus tausenden von Molekülen. Die Mesostruktur der Ozon- und Kondensationskernkonzentrationen stimmte gut mit der doppelten Struktur der Frontalzone überein, die aus einer Detailanalyse der Radiosondendaten ersichtlich wurde.
    Notes: Summary Ozone and condensation nuclei were measured on 29 March 1977 (and 30 March GMT) from a Sabreliner in a frontal zone south of Denver, Colorado. The ozone served as a tracer for stratospheric air and the condensation nuclei as a tracer for tropospheric air. Both the Langer condensation nucleus counter and the Rich-100 counter can be used to measure condensation nucleus concentrations in the vicinity of the tropopause. However, the former counter is more sensitive to low concentrations. The nuclei measured were found to be almost entirely larger than 0.005 μm in radius, consisting of thousands of molecules. The mesostructure of the ozone and condensation nucleus concentrations agreed well with a double structure of the frontal zone that became apparent from a detailed analysis of radiosonde data.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 111-112 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 4
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine theoretische annähernde Berechnung gibt die Bedingungen an, die für die Bildung der Wellenform eines Frontenprofiles erforderlich sind. Die Wellenform hat Charakteristiken von sekundären und primären Fronten. Aufgrund der systematischen Analyse der Beobachtungsdaten des meteorologischen Stationsnetzes von Jugoslawien wurde gefunden, daß es Wettersituationen gibt, bei denen das Frontenprofil Wellenform hat. Dafür werden zwei Beispiele vorgelegt.
    Notes: Summary One theoretical approach indicates the conditions required for formation of a waveform of the frontal profile. The wave form has characteristics of secondary and primary fronts. On the base of systematic analyse of data from network of meteorological stations over Yugoslavia it is found that there are weather situations when frontal profile is wave shaped. Two examples are presented.
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  • 5
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 233-244 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three examples for non-frontal cloud system are discussed: 1) A cloud system that is created by positive vertical motion as a consequence of vertical wind shear; 2) a cloud system is created by horizontal and vertical temperature and humidity differences; 3) a cloud system is created by positive vorticity values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden drei Beispiele nichtfrontaler Bewölkungssysteme diskutiert: 1) Ein Wolkensystem wird durch positive Vertikalbewegung infolge vertikaler Windscherung erzeugt; 2) ein Wolkensystem wird durch horizontale und vertikale Temperatur- und Feuchteunterschiede erzeugt; 3) ein Wolkensystem wird durch zyklonale Vorticity erzeugt.
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  • 6
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von den verschiedenen Termen, welche in den Wärmehaushalt eines Wasservolumens in der Nähe der Meeresoberfläche eingehen und welche Anomalien der Oberflächentemperatur (SST) beeinflussen, scheint die Advektion in den großräumigen Strömungssystemen, vor allem im Westpazifik, einige Bedeutung zu besitzen. Langzeitige Tendenzen in dieser Advektion scheinen zu einem gewissen Grade mit der Schubspannung der Passatwinde des Nordpazifik gekoppelt zu sein. Die Variabilität der Meeresoberflächentemperaturen innerhalb der Zeitspanne von etlichen Monaten scheint entlang der japanischen Küste, zumindest teilweise, von Strömungsmäandern und im offenen Ozean von windschubbeeinflußten Mechanismen kontrolliert zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Among the various terms entering the heat budget of an oceanic volume close to the ocean surface and affecting sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies, advection in the large current systems appears to be of importance in the West Pacific. Long-term trends in this advection appear to be coupled, to a certain extent, to forcing by zonal wind stress in the North Pacific trade-wind region. Variability of SST on time scales of the order of months off the coast of Japan seems to be governed, at least in part, by current meanders, and in the open ocean by winds-stress operated mechanisms.
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  • 7
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 211-232 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the summer months of 1976 to 1978 the surface energy balance was measured at Obergurgl-Wiese (1960 m a.s.l.) and at Hohe Mut (2560 m a.s.l.) in the Tyrolean Alps. As first result the components of the energy balance at the two stations were analyzed for 8 clear summer days. Microclimate is different at the two stations because of the vegetation (meadow and curvuletum, resp.), because of the location near the bottom of the valley and on a mountain ridge and because of the altitude difference of 600 m. Hourly values of the energy balance components are calculated from radiation measurements, from soil temperatures, and from profiles of air temperature and water vapour using the Bowen ratio method. For the period of positive radiation balance on clear summer days Bowen ratio values of 0.5 to 0.8 are representative for the curvuletum of the Hohe Mut, for the meadow at Obergurgl the values are 0.2 to 0.6. At the two stations the Bowen ratio values increase during summer because vegetation dries up. The diurnal variation of the Bowen ratio is different at the two stations due to vegetation and water balance. In order to check the laws of turbulent transport for applications in mountainous regions, the product of dimensionless wind shear and dimensionless temperature gradient was calculated from wind profile measurements and energy fluxes at the Hohe Mut. The relationship of these parameters to the stability parameters Richardson number and dimensionless height correspond to relations found over homogeneous, level terrain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Sommermonaten der Jahre 1976 bis 1978 wurden an den Stationen Obergurgl-Wiese (1960 m) und Hohe Mut (2560 m) in den Ötztaler Alpen Wärmehaushaltsmessungen durchgeführt. Als erste Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden die Komponenten der Energiebilanz an beiden Stationen für je 4 heitere Sommertage 1976 und 1977 analysiert. Unterschiede im Mikroklima beider Stationen werden auf die Vegetation, Bergwiese bzw. Curvuletum der alpinen Grasheide, auf die Lage nahe dem Talboden bzw. auf einem Bergrücken und auf die Höhendifferenz von 600 m zurückgeführt. Die Komponenten der Energiebilanz wurden aus Strahlungsmessungen, aus Profilen der Bodentemperatur und aus Profilmessungen von Lufttemperatur und Dampfdruck über das Bowen-Verhältnis stundenweise berechnet. Für das Curvuletum der Hohen Mut sind an heiteren Sommertagen für die Periode positiver Strahlungsbilanz Bowen-Verhältnisse von 0,5 bis 0,8 repräsentativ, für die Bergwiese Werte von 0,2 bis 0,6. An beiden Stationen kann man am Anstieg des Bowen-Verhältnisses im Laufe der Vegetationsperiode die zunehmende Austrocknung erkennen. Im Tagesgang hingegen verhält sich das Bowen-Verhältnis an den zwei Stationen unterschiedlich, was durch Vegetation und Wasserhaushalt bedingt ist. Um für die Messungen im Hochgebirge die Anwendbarkeit der Gesetze des turbulenten Austausches zu überprüfen, wurde bei labiler Schichtung aus Windprofil und Energieflüssen auf der Hohen Mut das Produkt von dimensionslosem Temperaturgradienten und dimensionsloser Windscherung berechnet. Die Beziehung dieser Größen zu den Stabilitätsparametern Richardson-Zahl und dimensionslose Höhe zeigt an der Hochgebirgsstation einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie an Flachlandstationen.
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  • 8
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The drainage behaviour of free water in various snow types is examined in detail. It was found a strong dependence on the grain-size and therefore also on the degree of metamorphism. For the parametern which determines the drainage behaviour results in dependence on the snow structure a range from 1,5 to 4,3. An error analysis of two evaluation methods shows, that it is preferable to obtain the parametern from the course of the measured outflowing water volume rather than from the course of the water flux. The gravity-flow-theory is suitable for describing the drainage process.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Sickerverhalten von freiem Wasser wird in verschiedenen Schneearten näher untersucht. Es zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Korngröße und damit auch vom Grad der Metamorphose. Für den das Sickerverhalten bestimmenden Parametern ergibt sich in Abhängigkeit von der Schneestruktur ein Wertebereich von 1,5≤n≤4,3. Eine Fehleranalyse zu zwei Auswerteverfahren zeigt, daß die Ermittlung dieses Parameters aus dem gemessenen Verlauf des ausrinnenden Wasservolumens der Ermittlung aus dem Verlauf des Flusses vorzuziehen ist. Zur Beschreibung des Sickerverhaltens hat sich die “gravity-flow”-Theorie als geeignet erwiesen.
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  • 9
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 10
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Laboratoriums experimente haben gezeigt, daß sich unter besonderen chemischen und physikalischen Bedingungen Mangan aus einer Mn++-angereicherten Lösung von Meereswasser in Form von kolloidalen Micellen absondert. Diese werden, statt zusammen mit dem Lehmmaterial abzuscheiden, davon abgesondert und häufen sich in der Sedimentlösungs-zwischenschicht an. Dies kann eine Erklärung sein für die in der Natur beobachtete Mangankonzentration am Meeresboden gegen die Oberfläche von Sedimentschichten hin. In manchen Fällen können die schwarzen magnetischen Kügelchen (B. M. S.) als Anhäufungskerne für die Fällung von Mangan-Micellen wirken.
    Notes: Summary Laboratory experiments have shown that in particular chemical and physical conditions, manganese separates from a Mn++-enriched solution of seawater in the form of colloidal micelles. These, instead of co-precipitating with the clay matrix, are repelled from it, and accumulate at the sediment solution interface. This may be an explanation of the manganese concentrations observed in nature on the seafloor towards the surface of sediment columns. In some cases, the black magnetic spherules (B. M. S.) might act as aggregation cores for the precipitation of manganes micelles.
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  • 11
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electrical field-strength fluctuations, produced by a person walking in front of an open metal cage, become weaker and almost disappear, if an electric DC-field of about 200 to 1000 V/m is generated within the cage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Elektrische Feldstärkeschwankungen, die durch Umhergehen einer Person vor der Öffnung eines Metallkastens erzeugt werden, erscheinen wesentlich schwächer, wenn im Kasten ein elektrisches Gleichfeld von etwa 200 bis 1000 V/m erzeugt wird.
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  • 12
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse der Monatsmittel der Gesamtwolkendecke in den Tropen weist die Existenz einer quasibiennalen Oszillation der Gesamtwolkendecke nach. Die Amplitude dieser Oszillation liegt zwischen 1 und 2,5% in den zonalen Anteilen der Gesamtwolkendecke über den äquatorialen und südlichen Breiten. Diese Oszillation wurde auch mit den entsprechenden Oszillationen der stratosphärischen Temperaturen verglichen. Die quasibiennale Oszillation der tropischen Gesamtwolkendecke ist längerzeitigen Schwankungen überlagert, was im Text besprochen wird.
    Notes: Summary An analysis of monthly mean total cloud cover fractions in the tropics showed the existence of a quasi-biennial oscillation in total cloud cover. The amplitude of the oscillation is between 1 and 2.5 percent in zonal total cloud cover fractions, over the equatorial and southern latitudes. This oscillation is also compared with the corresponding oscillations in zonal mean stratospheric temperatures. The QBO in the tropical total cloud cover is superimposed on longer-term fluctuations (trends) which are discussed in the text.
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  • 13
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am 2. November 1977 ist im Gebiet von Athen ein ungewöhnlich starker Regen gefallen. Die gefallene Regenmenge von 165 mm ist die größte seit Beginn der Beobachtungen im Jahre 1871 registrierte Niederschlagsmenge. Nach Darstellung der räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilung des Regens wird die synoptische Situation beschrieben. Es wird angenommen, daß dieses Ereignis in erster Linie auf den Einfluß des verbauten Gebietes auf eine potentiell instabile Luftmasse zurückzuführen ist und daß das Ergebnis als stadtbedingter Regen bezeichnet werden kann.
    Notes: Summary A spectacularly heavy rainstorm occurred in the Athens area on 2 November 1977. The 165 mm of rain which fell was the heaviest recorded in Athens since records began in 1871. After showing the distribution of the rain spatially and temporally, the synoptic situation is described. It is suggested that the event was due primarily to the influence of the built-up area on a potentially unstable airmass and that the result was an “urban rainstorm”.
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  • 14
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 28 (1979), S. 396-396 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Ergebnisse von Messungen der Radon-Aktivität, die während des Monson-77 Beobachtungsprogrammes über der Arabischen See und der Bucht von Bengalen durchgeführt worden sind, dargelegt und zusammen mit Beobachtungsdaten des früheren ISMEX-73 Programmes (Indisch-sowjetisches Monsun-Experiment) diskutiert. Der Radon-Gehalt in der Monsun-Region zeigt beträchtliche Änderungen im Ausmaß von 1 bis 15 pCi pro m3 Luft. Die Werte über der Arabischen See zeigen eine merkliche Zunahme in Breiten um 20°N, die Werte von 8 bis 10 pCi/m3 erreicht, womit auf eine gesteigerte Zufuhr von kontinentaler Luft hingewiesen wird. In niedrigeren Breiten liegen die Werte bei wenigen pCi/m3, was für maritime Luft in den äquatorialen Gebieten charakteristisch ist. Kontinuierliche Messungen an weit voneinander entfernt gelegenen festen Stationen in der Arabischen See ergaben ähnliche Änderungen im Radon-Gehalt. Diese Änderungen scheinen mit Monsunstörungen und ihrer Verlagerung gegen Westen in Verbindung zu stehen, die eine Verminderung des Radon-Gehaltes durch eine Verstärkung der Monsunströmung aus Süden, die nur einen geringen Radon-Gehalt hat, mit sich bringen. In der Bucht von Bengalen zeigen sich niedrigere Radon-Werte während Monsunpausen. Dies könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, daß während Monsunpausen ein Isobarenverlauf in Nord-Süd-Richtung vorherrscht, wodurch äquatoriale maritime Luft direkt in die Bucht von Bengalen geführt wird, ohne über das Festland von Indien zu kommen.Während des Monsuns kommen die Luftmassen aber erst nach Überstreichen von Indien in die Bucht von Bengalen und haben daher größeren Radon-Gehalt. Nahe der Küste ist der Radon-Gehalt erwartungsgemäß groß.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of Radon activity carried-out during the Monsoon-77 Observational Programme over the Arabian Sea—Bay of Bengal Region are presented and discussed along with the earlier ISMEX-73 data. Levels of radon within the monsoon region show considerable variations in the range of one to fifteen picocuries per cubic meter of air. The levels in the Arabian Sea showed a marked increase at latitudes near-about 20°N, reaching values of eight to ten picocuries per cubic meter, thereby suggesting increased input of continental air. At lower latitudes, the levels are a few picocuries per cubic meter which is characteristics of maritime air from equatorial regions. Continuous measurements at stationary positions in the Arabian sea at widely separated locations show similar variations in radon levels. These variations seem to be connected with monsoon disturbances and their westward movements which reduce radon levels due to the strengthening of the southerly monsoon current having low radon content. In the Bay of Bengal, there is some evidence of lower radon values during “break” monsoon conditions. This could be due to the prevailing pressure pattern during the “breaks” with isobars running in north-south direction resulting in the movement of equatorial maritime air mass directly to the Bay without going over the land mass of India. During strong monsoon conditions, the air mass enters the Bay after travelling over India and consequently has higher randon levels. Near the coast, randon values are high, as is to be expected.
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  • 16
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime of the propagating species and initiation rate constants (ki) were evaluated for the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene initiated by I2, CH3SO3H, BF3O(C2H5)2, and SnCl4. The lifetime was found to be fairly long, ranging from 0.2 to several seconds in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C; that for the intermediate generated by iodine (2–6 s) much exceeded the others. The ki value increased in the order: I2 〈 CH3SO3H ≪ BF3O(C2H5)2 ∼ SnCl4.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous aquation reaction of Co(NH3)5Br2+ was enhanced by addition of sodium polyethylenesulfonate, an anionic polyelectrolyte. The volume of activation was negative in the absence of the macroions and positive in their presence. This suggests that the macroions dehydrate the activated complex more strongly than the reactants, if it may be attributed solely to the solute-solvent interaction term.
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  • 18
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The morphological influence of water-soluble polymers on the aqueous bilayer aggregate (vesicle and/or lamella) of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide was investigated by electron microscopy. Positively charged polymers and uncharged polymers either destroyed the aggregate or was ineffective. On the other hand, the negatively-charged copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate separated the bilayer and produced smaller vesicles.
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  • 19
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 47-53 
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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  • 21
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 73-77 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 22
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 665-670 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary It was found that isotactic polymerization of propylene took place over titanium ion-exchanged Y-zeolite without organometallic compounds. The results obtained have led to the conclusions that Ti4+ species as well as Ti3+ species are active for the polymerization and that neither Ti-alkyl bonds nor Cl ligands are necessarily essential for polymerization of propylene.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new azo monomer (2) was synthesized and copolymerized with styrene. The resulting azo copolymer could be used as an initiator for the acrylonitrile polymerisation yielding grafted copolymers. Quantitative treatment of the grafting experiments leads to the conclusion that the intermediate thiyl radicals show less reactivity towards monomers than phenyl radicals.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Coordination chain polymers of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), zn(II), and Cd(II) with 5,5-(benzidinebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline were synthesized by refluxing a mixture of metal acetate hydrates and ligand (1∶1) in DMSO. From analytical data an empirical formula of ML.2H2O is indicated. Ir spectra reveal coordination through O and N of oxine units, thus forming the polymeric chain; presence of coordinated water is also indicated. Magnetic moments and electronic spectra suggest octahedral geometry around the central metal ion. Besides the presence of 2H2O, TGA shows the order of thermal stability as : Cd∼Zn〉 Mn〉 Co∼Ni∼Cu〉Fe.
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  • 25
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 715-722 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synopsis Several poly(amidine) and poly(guanidine) copolymers and their hydrochloride salts were synthesized by introducing the functional groups into suitable polymers. The properties of the resulting copolymers were investigated by base and acid titration.
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  • 26
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 697-707 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Abstract A series of PMMA samples of different molecular weights and degrees of copolymerisation have been tested for their crack-healing behavior. Slightly above Tg, a diffusional interpenetration of chain segments takes place. The fracture toughness in the plane of the interpenetrated interface was measured in short- and longtime experiments. After very short penetration times of only 5 min, full material resistance was regained in short-time experiments, whereas the long-time properties were not restored. A qualitative explanation of these effects, based on structural parameters, is given.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 727-731 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 723-725 
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    Notes: Summary Divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl)phthalate (HEP) were considered to be of interest as difunctional ionic monomers and are useful for the preparation of condensation polymers. Recently, Matsuda1 reported the preparation of Ca, Mg and Zn salts of mono-(hydroxyethyl)phthalate and their polymers2–7. He prepared these salts by the reaction of HEP with the respective divalent metal oxides. But so far there was no report on the preparation of Pb2+ and Mn2+ salts of HEP. Since metal dicarboxylates can be obtained by the reaction of organic dibasic acids and metal acetates8, Pb2+ and Mn2+ acetates can similarly react with HEP to give their respective salts at the optimum temperature. We report here the synthesis and characterisation of Pb2+ and Mn2+ salts of mono(hydroxyethyl)-phthalate (HEP).
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 743-748 
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    Notes: Abstract PMMA and PC samples were subjected to several cooling rates from the glass transition temperature. Stress-relaxation data, obtained with these samples under strains larger than the yield strain, were not influenced by the cooling rate previously experienced by the material. This shows that after yielding the effect of previous aging is quickly erased; similar indications, drawn from calorimetric measurements, were already available in (11–12).
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 749-753 
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    Notes: Summary A new type of polymer support for immobilizing enzymes, a copolymer grafted onto nylon was investigated. Polyacrylamide was used and successfully coupled to β-galactosidase (from yeast and bacteria) using two different methods to give activities of the order of 5 units/g of polymer for the yeast enzyme, and 156 units/g for the E.coli enzyme. Lactose did not affect the yield. The azide method gave better results than the glutaraldehyde method. β-galactosidase coupled enzyme was fairly stable but not as good as the free enzyme. Papain was also coupled to the polyacrylamide grafted nylon using both methods; the glutaraldehyde gave better results with 1.5mg of enzyme being coupled for each gram of polymer.
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    Notes: Summary Both asparagine and isoasparagine were converted into polyaspartic acids by refluxing the corresponding aqueous solutions at neutral pH in the presence of a salt. The properties of the resulting polyaspartic acids were studied. The dissociation behavior of the carboxyl groups in the polypeptides were studied by the potentiometric titration. The analysis of the titrational data was performed by a modified Speakman's method. The analysis show that both polyaspartic acids prepared from asparagine and isoasparagine have α- and β-aspartyl residues and the ratio of α- and β-aspartyl residues is 75 ∶ 25∼85 ∶ 15. A possible mechanism for the formation of α- and β-aspartyl residues in the polymer was discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 181-189 
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    Notes: Conclusions The 13C NMR spectra of H-H PS and H-H PVCH show the influence of the long range order on the chemical shift of several carbons. There is some hope to improve the resolution by the choice of appropriate solvents. The attribution of the lines to specific stereosequences would require the preparation and separation of optically pure dimers and trimers. It is, however, already possible to compare the microstructure of H-H polymers prepared by different chemical ways.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 215-220 
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    Notes: Summary Poly-l-lysines containing nucleic acid bases, that is, adenine, thymine, uracil and theophylline were synthesized. The nucleic acid base substituted l-lysine derivatives were prepared from α,N-Cbz-l-lysine and the p-nitrophenyl esters of the carboxyethyl derivatives of the nucleic acid bases. The polymers were obtained from these l-lysine derivatives by the NCA method.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 205-210 
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    Notes: Summary Treatment of wood meal with aqueous alkali in the presence of anthraquinone at 80°C leads to a conversion of reducing hexose end groups in the polysaccharides to mannonic and gluconic acid end groups. Xylose end groups are oxidized to xylonic and lyxonic acid groups. This leads to a stabilization of the polysaccharides against endwise alkaline degradation.
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    Notes: Summary The present paper describes the terpolymerization involving 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane, methyl acrylate, and carbon disulfide, which took place without any added initiator in benzonitrile or dimethylformamide. The structure and composition of terpolymer were determined by NMR and IR spectra, as well as by elemental analysis. A reaction scheme proceeding via zwitterion was proposed (Eq. 2–5).
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 253-258 
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    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl chloride-g-isobutylene) has been synthesized using mildly dehydrochlorinated (NaOH treated) PVC in conjunction with BCl3 coinitiator. Treatment of PVC with NaOH increases initial thermal dehydrochlorination rate and renders the polymer suitable for efficient grafting. Untreated PVC produces negligible grafting.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 347-354 
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    Notes: Summary The fragmentation of linear polyethylene of high molecular weight, of normal alkanes, and of other nonbranched poly- α- olefins in a pyrolyzer connected with a gas chromatograph was studied previously. From the evaluation of the fragments longer than C11 or than the respective pentamer random decomposition process was suggested for these polymers. This process was described with characteristic cleavage probabilities for the C-C-bonds in the backbone of the chain. It is not possible to apply this simple model to the decomposition of normal alkanes without consideration of the volatilization. An approach to this problem is presented in this paper.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 397-402 
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    Notes: Summary By means of a new tensile rheometer for polymer melts, stress-strain curves σ(ε) and the elastic recovery εR(ε) of a low density polyethylene melt were measured up to total strains ε=7, i.e. stretch λ=1097, at 150°C and two strain rates, ε=0.03 and 0.1 s−1. Tensile tests up to very high strains e give relevant results only if the test performance is characterized by quality parameters which are defined and given in this paper. The test results show a maximum in a as well as in εR at about ε=5.5. Hence, in the range of ε investigated, a rheologically steady-state of flow does not exist.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 517-522 
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    Notes: Summary The photochemical and thermal cis-trans isomerization of 4,4 -(diamido)azobenzene derivative built in the polyester segment of a segmented poly(ester urethane) has been investigated. The photoisomerization in bulk proceeds more slowly than in solution and lower fractions of cis-isomers are reached in the photostationary state. The thermal cis-trans isomerization follows first order kinetics in polymers with amorphous soft phase but can only be described by two simultaneous first order processes in annealed samples. This is attributed to restrictions in the chain segmental mobility; it is assumed that the isomerization behaviour reflects different molecular motions in the bulk polymer.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 523-528 
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    Notes: Summary The kinetic theory of crosslinking by step reactions (Kuchanov 1978) may be extended beyond the gel point, and the structure and amount of sol may be described. For random reactions, the kinetic theory yields results identical with the theory of branching processes based on cascade substitution (Gordon 1962, 1975, Dobson 1965). The extension of the kinetic theory may be employed in order to compare deviations between the two theories expected for the dependent reactivities of functional groups.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 529-534 
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    Notes: Summary The mechanism of initiation of polymerization of methyl acrylate by di-t-butyl peroxalate at 60°C, has been investigated using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl as a radical trapping agent and isolation of the resulting products. The following processes were identified: Tail addition of t-butoxy radicals to monomer, hydrogen abstraction from the methyl group of the monomer and fragmentation of the t-butoxy radicals to methyl radicals followed by tail addition of these to the methyl acrylate.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 647-652 
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    Notes: Summary The photostabilizing effect of a hindered piperidine derivative was studied in the photooxidation of polypropylene films by following the formation of carbonyl and hydroperoxide groups, as well as the change of concentration of the stabilizer. This additive — the tetramethylpiperidine sebacate — proved to be more effective than hydroxybenzophenone, hydroxybenztriazole or a sulphur containing nickel complex, since no oxidation products were formed after irradiation with 20O Mlxh dose. Addition of the piperidine derivative together with hydroxybenztriazole or with the organic nickel complex was less effective than with hydroxybenzophenone. In latter case concentration of both stabilizers under irradiation decreased at a slower rate than in the case of separate application. The effect of Cyasorb UV 531 and Tinuvin 770 was additive and the spontaneous rupture of the samples took place only after a long period of irradiation (∼ 250 Mlxh).
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 61-66 
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    Notes: Abstract Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented samples of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) have been measured. The great usefulness of such polarized spectra has been clarified for the vibrational analysis. The normal coordinate treatments of syndiotactic and isotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) chain models gave good agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 67-72 
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    Notes: Summary Concentrated solutions (〉20 wt%) of poly (γ -benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) were investigated using small angle light scattering (SALS). The gels and cholesteric liquid crystals formed in PBLG concentrated solutions, were analyzed in terms of theories previously developed for SALS from crystalline polymers. It was found that there are two types of the fibrillar aggregation of α-helices in gels and furthermore, two types of the orientation correlation of α-helices in cholesteric liquid crystals.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 691-695 
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    Notes: Summary In a second example of the functionalization of soluble polymers the conversion of the hydroxyl groups of poly (oxyethylene) into carboxyl groups is reported. As protected carboxyl component, 4-toluenesulfonyl lactic acid ethyl ester was synthesized and was allowed to react with sodium salt of poly(oxyethylene). Polymer-analogous hydrolysis of the di(lactic acid ethyl ester) poly(oxyethylene) yielded the carboxyl derivative of poly (oxyethylene).
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 671-678 
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    Notes: Summary The use of a Ce (IV)-thiomalic acid (Ce4+-TMA) redox system as an initiator in the polymerization of acrylamide (M) in an aqueous medium has been investigated. The Ce4+ forms a 1∶1 complex with TMA, decomposing through free radical mechanism in an acid medium. From 5 to 15% conversion the rate equation is $$R_p = - \frac{{d[M]}}{{dt}} = k[M]^{3/2} [Ce^{4 + } ]^x [TMA]$$ where Rp is the rate of polymerization and x is 0.5 or 1.0 depending upon the concentration of monomer. The overall energy of activation has been calculated to be 9.12 k cal. deg−1 mol−1(38.12 kJ/mol) in the investigated range of temperature (25°–40°C) the degree of polymerization (P) of the polymer is directly proportional to [M]. The number of average molecular weight of the polymer remains unaffected at lower concentration of Ce4+ and is found to decrease at higher concentrations. In this investigation the kinetics and mechanism of the Ce(IV)-thiomalic acid (TMA) redox system to initiate the polymerization of acrylamide has been studied. Acrylamide (E. Merck) was purified by usual methods. Thiomalic acid and eerie ammonium sulfate were used without purification. All solutions were p repared in twice distilled water. The polymerization procedure adopted was similar to the one used by MISRA et al. [3, 4]. The polymerization was followed by quantitative estimation of the double bonds in acrylamide as described [8]. A small variable induction period was observed perhaps due tothe residual oxygen in the thiol solution. Curves were plotted after eliminating the induction period. The average molecular weights of the p olymers were determined by viscosity measurements at 30°C in an aqueous medium using the relationship of DAINTON et al. [2]. $$[\eta ] 30^\circ = 6.8 x 10^{ - 4} \bar Mn^{0.66} $$ Where [η]=intrinsic viscosity of the polymer solution and ¯Mn=molecular weight of the sample.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 737-741 
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    Notes: Abstract The method of stress relaxation has been used to study the effect of ketones on polyethylene as it changes with temperature. From the observation of the stress relaxation in polyethylene under ketones and its temperature dependence, the activation energy of penetrant-enhanced relaxation of polyethylene caused by ketones were obtained and the effect of ketones on polyethylene were discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 755-761 
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    Notes: Summary β-Galactosidase and glucose oxidase have been immobilized on cellulose-polyacrylamide (C-PAM) graft copolymers, using the azide method or through glutaraldehyde. The original (C-PAM) copolymers were prepared via radiation-induced grafting under controlled conditions by both post-irradiation and simultaneous procedures. The optimum conditions for coupling of the copolymers to the enzymes were established as were the levels of activity of the immobilized enzymes. Grafting by the simultaneous route was seen to be more efficient than postirradiation grafting. Indirect evidence of grafting was found from elemental and thermal analysis. Binding of β-galactoside was found to be more successful than that of glucose oxidase. A relationship between the level of immobilized enzyme activity and the extent of grafting in the copolymer was established for the β-galactosidase system.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 763-770 
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    Notes: Summary The heat of mixing of polyisobutylene with ethylbenzene was measured from 18.2 to 69.2° C with a Tian-Calvet twin micro-calorimeter, and the exchange enthalpy parameter X12 in Flory's theory was estimated. The X12 obtained was discussed also in comparison with the one based on Manzini model. Further combining with osmotic pressure data, temperature dependence of the entropy parameter Q12 was referred.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 793-799 
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    Notes: Abstract Styrene oxide of different enantiomeric compositions was polymerized in bulk using a potassium alkoxide initiator. A preferential consumption of the enantiomer in excess was observed. The magnitude of this effect depends on the enantiomeric composition of the initial monomer: the more unbalanced is the latter, the stronger is the stereoelection observed. The stereoelective effect was almost completely suppressed by addition of complexing agents such as crown-ethers or cryptands. The observed phenomena are explained in terms of polymer-chain effects.
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    Notes: Summary The change in the scattering pattern of polyisobutylene fibres following rapid stretching was measured using synchrotron radiation. The half-time for the crystallisation process is approximately 50 seconds. Upon release the crystalline portions disappear immediately.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 845-848 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 849-856 
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    Notes: Summary The MgCl2 supported TiCl3 catalyst was prepared by grinding the mixture of TiCl3·3Py and MgCl2 in a ball mill. The catalyst was treated either i.vac. at 50–200°C or with alkylaluminum halides to remove the residual pyridine, and propylene polymerization was conducted at 65°C using the resulting catalysts combined with triethylaluminum. The catalyst treated with diethylaluminum chloride showed an extremely high activity for the polymerization.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 857-864 
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    Notes: Summary The elastic equations of state for 2-component networks are derived from a joint Gaussian distribution function composed of Gaussians for each component. The free energy of elasticity is then applied to the case of uni-directional deformations for compatible systems. The stress-strain equations are shown to be equivalent to those for a single component network except in the case where the macroscopic strain is sufficient to cause the ratio of average chain lengths of the components to change with the strain. The stress-strain equations are developed for both dry and swollen networks.
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    Notes: Summary The concentration dependence of the elasticity modulus (G) of gels produced by heating soybean globulins (SBG) has been investigated in the concentration range C=7.5–58.4%. The tests included constant rate loading and stress relaxation. The experimental results are presented in the form of a modulus reduction parameter b(C)=G(C) / G(C∘), where C∘=15% corresponds to the standard reference state. Whatever the testing conditions, the results are described by a single smooth curve similar, to a constant factor, to the concentration dependence of the equilibrium elasticity modulus of SBG gels. The experimental relationship b (C) agrees with the theoretical concentration dependence of the equilibrium polymer gel modulus according to Hermanns if it is assumed that the gel-point of SBG, Co=6.6 %. Within an order of magnitude this value of Co is consistent with the experimental data. We have to thank the European Branch Director of Central Soya Intern., Inc., Mr.J.F.Casey for kindly providing us defatted soya flour.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 897-907 
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes new fire-resistant bisphenol A and monoalkyl monoalkaline bis(hydroxy-4 phenyl) alkyl phosphonate copolycarbonates. We show that inclusion of minute quantities (in molar percentages of 0.5 to 1%) of monoalkaline potassium salts of bis(hydroxy-4 phenyl)-alkyl phosphonic acid considerably improves the fire-resistant of the bisphenol A polycarbonate. We obtain oxygen indices of 34 to 35.
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    Notes: Summary Spontaneous alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (MN) with p- and with o-formylbenzoic acids (ME) were examined. The copolymerizations took place without catalysts affording the copolymer 3 via zwitterion 6. The copolymerizations involve the oxidation of the phosphorus monomer and the reduction of formylbenzoic acid. The scheme of the copolymerizations was presented. The yields of copolymers were quite different between these two copolymerizations. With ortho acid, the copolymer yield was low due to producing phthalide 4.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 167-170 
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    Notes: Summary A new reversible photochromic copolymer of maleic anhydride with styrene containing azo side groups was prepared. The system reacts to irradiation by a reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of light-sensitive azo groups. Irradiation also causes a change in the refractive index, so that the polymer may be employed in recording optical information in the form of phase hologram. The resolution of the material is higher than 2000 lines/mm. In spite of the large variability of organic compounds, according to available information only two groups of compounds have been utilized in the reversible recording of volume phase holograms. These are dimers of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tomlinson et al. 1972) and stilbene derivatives (Anonym 1974). In this paper we describe a new reversible material for recording volume phase holograms (Matějka et al. 1978).
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    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid (APA) as a new MN with two MN monomers of phosphorus containing ethylene phenyl phosphonite (EPO) and ethylene phenyl phosphite (EPI) have been disclosed. Copolymerizations took place without added catalyst to produce 1∶1 alternating copolymers of APA-EPO and of APA-EPI. The structures of the copolymers were determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, as well as the identification of the alkaline hydrolysis products. The copolymerizations were explained in terms of a mechanism of zwitterion intermediates involving a hydrogen transfer process.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 191-198 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 199-204 
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    Notes: Synopsis Poly (ester)s are degraded by the attack of classical carbenium ions. In a representative study it is demonstrated that the carbenium ions are by far more reactive to cleave ester linkages than are protons. The change of molecular weight distribution of the poly-(ester) during reaction with carbenium ions is reported In an example on low molecular weight compounds the reaction path has been clarified.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 221-225 
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    Notes: Summary Various attempts to induce the anionic polymerisation of 2-vinylfuran and some of its homologues were carried out. Negative results were obtained, except with sodium biphenyl in hexamethylphosphotriamide, a system which gave limited yields and not a living polymerisation. The results are interptreted on the basis of side reactions of the furan ring marring the normal vinyl propagation, A critical discussion of previous conflicting reports is also given.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 233-237 
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    Notes: Summary Investigation of the photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in a polymer medium leads to the suggestion that oxygen play an important part in the first processes which occur under U.V. irradiation. This is of interest for the understanding of the photocrosslinking process.
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    Notes: Summary A brief kinetic study is reported of the polymerisation of ethylene catalysed by four aluminium-titanium chloro-organic complexes, three of which are new. These systems proved efficient both in terms of polymerisation rate and of the linearity of the high polymers obtained. A comparison is made with previous work in this field.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 415-420 
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    Notes: Summary Cyclopentadienylation of PVC with alkaline (NaCPD, LiCPD) and acidic (Me2CPDAl) cyclopentadienylating agents has been investigated. In terms of product quality (absence of discoloration, gelation) Me2 CPDAl was found to be a superior cyclopentadienylating agent than NaCPD and LiCPD.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 427-431 
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    Notes: Summary In a first example of the functionalization of soluble polymers the conversion of the hydroxyl groups of poly(oxyethylene) into primary amino groups has been studied. Starting from poly(oxyethylene), the preparation of the diphthalimido derivative via the disodium salt is described. Prom this regiospecific functionalized polymer the di(aminoethyl) poly(oxyethylene), which exhibits excellent solubility properties, can be obtained by polymeranalogous hydrazinolysis.
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the probability for the formation of alternating macromolecules by monomer donor-acceptor complexes can be determined from the microtacticity of the copolymers. If the stereoregularity in the alternating copolymerization is described by the Bernoullian trial two other probabilities concerning the meso-diad formation can be determined by this method. If the stereoregularity is described by the first order Markov chain the transition probabilities can be calculated. Thus a more detailed analysis of the propagation mechanism in alternating copolymerization can be carried out.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 433-436 
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    Notes: Summary Cationic copolymerination of α-MS and IBVE was successfully carried out using “H2O”/EtAlCl2 initiator system and CH2Cl2 solvent at −50°C. The effect of monomer feed concentration on the copolymer yield and composition was studied. Small concentrations of IBVE had significant effect on the copolymer yield and composition, while that of α-MS had only marginal effect. Tg of the copolymers was linearly dependent on the α-MS content strongly indicating that the copolymerization was of random nature.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 459-464 
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    Notes: Summary The Stefan-Winkelmann diffusion technique has been used to determine vapor pressures of high boiling point compound-solvents mixtures. Data are reported at a temperature of 67°C for the mixtures polyphenyl ether (6 rings) — benzene and carbowax 1500 — benzene and at a temperature of 100°C for the mixtures polyphenyl ether (6 rings) — toluene and tricresylphosphate-toluene. The range of concentration is only limited by the appearance of a solid phase, and results are in good agreement with those determined by vapor pressure osmometry.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 469-473 
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    Notes: Summary 1-isopropenyl anthracene was dimerized by reaction with TiCl4 in CH2Cl2 and the structure of the dimer studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum was assigned and is in agreement with simulation. The structure results from the attack of carbocation on carbon 9.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 475-479 
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    Notes: Summary 9-isopropenyl phenanthrene was dimerized by reaction with TiCl4, in CH2Cl2 and the structure of the dimer studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structure results from the attack of carbocation on carbon 9.
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    Notes: Summary Radical copolymerisation of MMA(r1) and NVC(r2) yields values of the apparent reactivity ratios r1 = 1.80, r2 = 0.06 (benzene) and r1 = 0.57, r2 = 0.75 (methanol) at 55°C. It is suggested that the apparent increase in reactivity of NVC in methanol arises from high local monomer concentrations due to formation of microphases containing the growing copolymer chains in which NVC is preferentially partitioned. Fluorescence emission and u.v. absorption spectra for copolymers prepared in both solvents are identical and consistent with the occurrence of only very short sequences of NVC units.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 569-573 
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    Notes: Summary The anionic polymerization of δ-valerolactone in tetrahydrofuran with lithium tert-butoxide was found to give a living ring-chain equilibrium system, in which the cyclic oligomers are produced by back-biting degradation from the initially formed linear polymers. The molar cyclization equilibrium constant for the trimer through hexamer decreased in proportion to −2.5 power of the ring size, in accord with the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory.
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    Notes: Synopsis It was confirmed by EPR that 4-amino-2,2,6,6--tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMP-NH2) is cleaved by chymotrypsin from 4-(N-glycyl-L-phenylalanyl)amino −2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl attached as a substrate with paramagnetic leaving group to the end of side chains of water soluble hydroxypropyl methacrylamide (HPMA) compolymers.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 599-602 
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    Notes: Summary γ-Ethyl-L-glutamate derivatives having pendant nucleic acid bases, that is, uracil, adenine and theophylline were synthesized. The γ-ethyl-L-glutamate having theophylline moiety was polymerized by using the N-carboxyamino acid anhydride (NCA) method.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 619-623 
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    Notes: Summary The analytical relationship between the molecular weight averages obtained from an experimental GPC elu tion curve and the true ones is calculated by use of one integration method in order to solve the convolution integral. The knowledge of these relationship signifies an useful tool to carry out critical considerations on the operation of different methods existing for the calculation of the spreading correction and for the elaboration of the calibration function.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 625-629 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 653-657 
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    Notes: Summary The polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (trimer) is studied in different solvents. A soluble low molecular weight polymer is obtained when benzene is the solvent, a highly cross-linked polymer when cyclohexane is the solvent, and a mixture of soluble and insoluble polymers results when the solvent is chlorobenzene. The conversion-concentration curve for the trimer shows a dependence of the amount of soluble and insoluble polymer formed on the trimer concentration. No polymerization took place when the solvent was toluene, nitrobenzene or THF, but a reaction between solvent and trimer was detected.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 659-664 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of radiation on the mechanical behaviour of the crosslinked copolymer of maleic anhydride and styrene containing photochromic azo groups was investigated. The analysis of results of the observed photomechanical conversion proved a considerable influence of the thermal effect in addition to the effect of photoisomerization of the photochrome. The interpretation of some photomechanical experiments described earlier may be obscured by a rise in temperature caused by the absorption of radiation.
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    The European physical journal 26 (1977), S. 201-206 
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    Notes: Abstract A recent paper of Dekker on the quantization of dissipative systems is examined in some detail. It is argued that one can construct a large number of classical equivalent Hamiltonians for damped systems. These can be formally quantized according to Dirac's method, and the resulting equations are mathematically consistent, but yield different eigenfunctions for the same classical system. However, this procedure should be rejected on physical grounds. That is in quantum mechanics, unlike classical dynamics, the definition of the time derivative of a dynamical variable is unique, and is given by the commutator of the proper Hamiltonian (or the energy operator) and that variable. If the proper Hamiltonian is used for the quantization of a damped system, then the quantal equations are inconsistent for the cases where the rate of energy dissipation depends on the velocity of the particle. As an alternative approach to the quantal theory of dissipative phenomena, a generalization of the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism is considered, where the equation for the principle functionS, depends not only on the space and time derivatives ofS, but onS itself. This leads to a new class of damped systems in classical mechanics. The original Schrödinger method of quantization via the Hamilton-Jacobi equation has been applied to this class of dissipative systems, with the result that the wave equation in this case is a solution of a non-linear Schrödinger-Langevin equation. This formulation has no analogue in the Hamiltonian approach, since in the latter, the resulting wave equation is always linear.
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    The European physical journal 26 (1977), S. 233-237 
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    Notes: Abstract A refined experimental technique is applied to measure the flux-flow resistance of the strong coupling alloys Pb0.9In0.1, Pb0.8In0.2 and Pb0.7In0.3 and to get the deviations from weak coupling theories. In order to test a theory by Imai devised for arbitrary coupling strengths static quantities entering the flux-flow resistance formulas are calculated using extrapolated tunnel spectra.
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    The European physical journal 31 (1978), S. 355-357 
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    Notes: Abstract Electron energy loss measurements on Si-monocrystals with fast electrons in transmission have been carried out to determine the energy loss function Im—1/ε. The real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant have been deduced from the Kramers-Kronig relation. The results are compared with those obtained from optical reflectance data. The energy loss function obtained from these energy loss experiments is found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
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    The European physical journal 31 (1978), S. 359-368 
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    Notes: Abstract The transport of a semiconductor plasma, composed of electrons and holes, can be described with the aid of moments relativ to the conditional one particle density function. To calculate these moments, an operator equation is given which was derived with the generalized Stratonovich method. This equation is extended by taking recombination and scattering with a lattice into account. The coefficient functions are determined for stable and homogeneous systems in a self-consistent manner. In particular, the spatial diffusion of test particles in a strong magnetic field is considered, neglecting quantum effects. The anomalous contribution to the diffusion across the magnetic field is calculated explicitly and compared with that for a high temperature plasma. It is shown, that anomalous diffusion is possible also in stable systems, provided the time dependence of the stochastic electric field is determined by the polarization due to the test particle.
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    The European physical journal 31 (1978), S. 391-393 
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    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of the trigonal lattice distortion in TbS, TbSe, TbTe and TbBi is reported. Below the Néel point the rocksalt cell is rhombohedrally elongated in agreement with the moment orientation in these type II antiferromagnets. In the Tb chalcogenides as well as in TbBi the phase transition appears to be of second order.
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    The European physical journal 25 (1976), S. 339-349 
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    Notes: Abstract We have measured the thermal conductivitiesK s in the superconducting state andK n in the normal state of (La1−x REx) Al2 single crystals (RE: Gd, Ce;x≦0.005) between 0.4 and 8 K. The lattice conductivity is small in the superconducting state above 0.5T c and in the normal state and is independent of annealing. Annealing does, however, strongly depress the ratioK s e /K n e of the electronic thermal conductivities. We also report on a theory of the electronic thermal conductivity which describes the experimental results quantitatively. Interaction effects between impurities show up for the samples with the highest RE-concentration.
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    The European physical journal 25 (1976), S. 369-380 
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    Notes: Abstract We study the phase transitions induced by the Jahn-Teller effect ofE-doublet ions in a cubic crystal with antiferrodistortive interactions. AnS=1 pseudospin model is constructed which takes the three lowest vibronic levels of the Jahn-Teller complexes into account. We find a second-order phase transition to a tetragonal phase with two inequivalent sublattices. The transitions between the vibronic levels give rise to bands of collective vibronic excitations with strongly temperature-dependent frequencies. The nature of the various modes is analyzed in detail. We also study the coupling to the elastic displacement field of the crystal. For a sufficiently large coupling constant, this coupling stabilizes a different low-temperature tetragonal phase with two equivalent sublattices. In a certain region of coupling constants, a transition occurs between the two tetragonal phases by second-order transitions to an intermediate phase of lower symmetry. The influence of the coupling on the dynamic behaviour is discussed.
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    The European physical journal 25 (1976), S. 391-399 
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    Notes: Abstract Exact series expansion data of Sykes et al. are used to calculate the average numberc n and perimeters n of clusters of sizen≦20 in the site percolation problem for the triangular, square, and honeycomb lattice. At the percolation thresholdp n we find a sharply peaked distribution of perimeterss n with mean 〈s n 〉=((1−p n )/p c )n+O(n σ ) and width 〈s n 2 〉−〈S n 〉2∝n 1.6 whereσ≃1/βδ=0.39. This “perimeter” 〈s n 〉 should not be interpreted as a cluster “surface” in the usual sense. Two tests confirm the universality hypothesis with reasonable accuracy. The asymptotic decay of the cluster numbersc n withn is consistent with the postulated asymmetry aboutp c : logc n ∝−n ζ forn→∞ withζ≃1 forp〈p c andζ≃1/2 forp〉p c .
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    The European physical journal 26 (1977), S. 29-36 
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    Notes: Abstract Annealed Indium films have been implanted with 150 keV-Mn ions at low temperatures. TheT c -depression and the low temperature part of the resistivity exhibit the Kondo effect, the Kondo temperature being strongly influenced by lattice defects. The lattice disorder has been increased by pre-implantation of In ions. The influence of lattice disorder on the magnetic properties ofIn Mn alloys is explained by applying the strong coupling theory of superconductors. It is found that the main effect results from a shift of the Fermi energy relative to the virtual bound state, due to a variation of the effective massm 0·(1+λ).
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 13-15 
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    Notes: Abstract The microscopic theory of force constants is employed for calculating the phonon frequencies of potassium. As in a preceeding paper we rely upon the translation invariance requirement in the form of a sum rule. Because of this sum rule and an interpolation of the electronic density we can avoid any approximation for the density-density correlation function. The resultant phonon spectrum is in good agreement with experiment.
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 27-32 
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    Notes: Abstract The real part of the effective dielectric function is derived analytically in the pseudopotential approximation. For anyk-direction, the theory allows the evaluation of the plasmon dispersion,ω p (k), which is found to be anisotropic in general due to band structure effects. Application of the theory to Al yields an isotropic shift atk=0 ofΔω p (0) v ≈ − 0.3 eV and explains the recently observed anisotropic behaviour of the dispersion very well fork 〈 0.6k F .
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 17-26 
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    Notes: Abstract The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient of H and D in Nb and Ta in theα andα′ phases has been measured between 0 and 40% H or D/Nb or Ta by the Gorsky effect. Since this method allows to determine simultaneously the thermodynamic factor, the tracer-diffusion coefficient can be extracted from the data. An increase of the activation energy as a function of concentration has been found for all four systems. Whereas for Ta the isotope dependence of the diffusion coefficients continues to exist at high concentrations it surprisingly disappears for Nb.
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 33-38 
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    Notes: Abstract Flux-tube nucleation rates have been measured in the current-induced resistive state of type I superconducting In films between 1.5 and 2.0 K by a completely passive technique. Indication of periodic nucleation is observed only in narrow regions of sample voltage drop, whose position is a sensitive function of temperature. Frequency bandwidth measurements of the nucleation rate yield a spectral purity of one part in 104 within the narrow regions where an experimental signal can be detected.
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 39-46 
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    Notes: Abstract A theory is presented for the calculation of equilibrium properties of superconductors containing magnetic impuritiesof finite concentration. The theory is based on the Nagaoka-Suhl approach to thes — d model and treats finite impurity concentrations within a self-consistentT-matrix-approximation. An integral equation is derived for the pairbreaking parameter which describes de-pairing of Cooper pairs by spin flip scattering. Numerical solutions of this equation are used to compute the phase diagram in the temperature-concentration-plane and the transition-temperature-dependence of the upper critical field. These calculations are in good agreement with experimental data on LaCeAl2-samples. In addition, the recent discovery of three normal superconducting transitions in LaCeY is discussed quantitatively.
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 67-69 
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    Notes: Abstract Exact cluster size distributions of Sykes et al. in the square and triangular lattice for cluster sizes up to 17 are used to extrapolate the scaling function in the site percolation problem. Also the amplitude ratioC +/C - of the second moment is determined.
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 47-59 
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    Notes: Abstract CeP and CeAs are characterized by low temperature measurements of the specific heat, the thermal expansion, the electrical resistivity and the magnetization of single crystal specimens. These physical properties are found to be very sensitive to crystal perfection and chemical composition in both the paramagnetic and the magnetically ordered state. In the intrinsically antiferromagnetic CeP, imperfections can give rise to a remanent magnetization belowT N .
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    The European physical journal 29 (1978), S. 61-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In many nonequilibrium physical systems such as lasers, fluids, chemical reactions, semiconductors etc. new structures or patterns occur when external parameters are changed. Furthermore with further changing parameters a whole hierarchy of new pattern formations may occur where the first step starting from a homogeneous state is well understood. The present paper investigates what happens at the next steps where a system performs complicated motions in the form of a limit cycle or, still more generally, in the form of a multiperiodic flow. In this latter case the time dependence is composed of periodic motions of different frequencies. We study the case in which by change of an external parameter the stable motion (trajectory) becomes unstable and is replaced by a set of new trajectories (bifurcation). It is assumed that the bifurcating trajectories remain in the neighbourhood of the former stable trajectory. Our procedure allows for a number of applications to lasers, fluid dynamics, chemical waves etc. as will be shown in subsequent papers.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 34 (1979), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the photoemission properties of liquid, supercooled and crystalline gallium with photon energies up to 6.5 eV. The spectra of the liquid phase are well described by the free electron model, whereas in the solid the density of states is reduced near the Fermi level. The observed changes in the electronic structure at the melting point are explained by the essential change in the ionic short range order.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 34 (1979), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Copper influences the electrical and optical properties of zinc oxide to a high degree. Previously this has been explained within the frame of a model assuming Cu++ ions to be substitutional for divalent zinc. The observation of additional signals in the Electron Spin Resonance spectrum, however, proved this assumption to be wrong. Satisfying quantitative agreement with experiment is obtained assuming neutral copper atoms at an interstitial site having 3d9 4s2 electron configuration and a2D3/2 ground state. The infrared absorption bands as well as the spin lattice relaxation mechanism give further confirmation of Cu i 0 .
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 34 (1979), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relation between inner displacement and strain is established and simplified by group theory. Results are given for the diamond structure (C, Ge, Si), cobalt (Co), graphite (C), neodymium (Nd), spinel (MgAl2O4). For these crystals we get an enormous reduction of the number of parameters to be determined by measurement.
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