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  • Organic Chemistry  (5,876)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3,646)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (2,155)
  • 1975-1979  (9,224)
  • 1955-1959  (2,453)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays, and galactic structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observations of cosmic and gamma radiation by SAS-2 satellite are summarized and analyzed to determine processes responsible for producing observed galactic radiation. In addition to the production of gamma rays in discrete galactic objects such as pulsars, there are three main mechanisms by which high-energy (greater than 100 MeV) radiation is produced by high-energy interactions involving cosmic rays in interstellar space. These processes, which produce what may be called diffuse galactic gamma-rays, are: (1) the decay of pi mesons produced by interactions of cosmic ray nucleons with interstellar gas nuclei; (2) the bremsstrahlung radiation produced by cosmic ray electrons interacting in the Coulomb fields of nuclei of interstellar gas atoms; and (3) Compton interactions between cosmic ray electrons and low-energy photons in interstellar space.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 315-346
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  • 2
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Gamma ray astronomy is now beginning to provide a new look at the galactic structure and the distribution of cosmic rays, both electrons and nucleons, within the galaxy. The observations are consistent with a galactic spiral-arm model in which the cosmic rays are linearly coupled to the interstellar gas on the scale of the spiral arms. The agreement between the predictions of the model and the observations for regions of the plane where both 21-cm and 2.6-mm CO surveys exist emphasizes the need to extend these observations to include the entire plane. Future gamma-ray observations with more sensitivity and better angular resolutions, combined with these radio surveys, should shed new light on the distribution of cosmic rays, the nature of the galaxy, and the location and intensity of the spiral arms.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 301-314
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  • 3
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    Galactic distribution of pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The density distributions of pulsars in luminosity, period, Z-distance, and galactocentric distance were derived, using a uniform sample of pulsars detected during a 408-MHz pulsar survey at Jodrell Bank. There are indications of a fine-scale structure in the spatial distributions and evidence that there is a general correlation with other galactic populations and the overall spiral structure. The electron layer in our galaxy is shown to be wider than the pulsar layer and uniform on a large scale. The number of pulsars in the galaxy has been estimated and used to derive the pulsar birthrate.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 265-282
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  • 4
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Thermal radiation associated with the explosion of supernovae is investigated. High temperature is required to produce copious gamma radiation of this sort. It appears that type 11 supernovae do not release much of their energy as gamma ray continuum radiation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 257-264
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  • 5
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    Remarks on the overall distribution of hydrogen in the galactic disk (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The degree of saturation characterizing low altitude emission observations of H(I) and the optical depth corrections to the derived column and volume densities are discussed. The amount of fine-scale velocity and spatial structure diluted by the instrumental limitations of the presently available surveys are described. The general problem of detailed mapping of H(I) in the galaxy is explored. Comparison is made between the distribution of H(I) and that of CO and several other galactic tracers. Atomic hydrogen is unique in its distribution, instead of being typical of many Population I constituents. As defined by atomic hydrogen, the galactic disk has a diameter fully twice as large as that defined by the ionized and molecular states of hydrogen, as well as by other molecules, supernova remnants, pulsars, gamma-radiation, synchroton radiation, and the youngest stars. It is also less confined to the galactic equator than most of the other constituents. The degree of small scale structure apparent in the molecular observations is much greater than that in the H(I) observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 163-188
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  • 6
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    Gamma ray pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Data from the SAS-2 high-energy gamma-ray experiment reveal the existence of four pulsars emitting photons above 35 MeV. An attempt is made to explain the gamma-ray emission from these pulsars in terms of an electron-photon cascade that develops in the magnetosphere of the pulsar. Although there is very little material above the surface of the pulsar, the very intense magnetic fields (10 to the 12th power gauss) correspond to many radiation lengths which cause electrons to emit photons by magnetic bremsstrahlung and which cause these photons to pair-produce. The cascade develops until the mean photon energy drops below the pair-production threshold which is in the gamma-ray range; at this stage, the photons break out from the source.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 109-118
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  • 7
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    Radiation mechanisms and magnetospheric structure of pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Considerations made in developing a model of pulsars are explored. Observational data seems to support the argument that pulsar magnetospheres may contain large masses of plasma. The cascade process resulting from pair creation enables one to interpret the X-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars as synchrotron radiation. On the other hand, the optical radiation from the Crab pulsar is best understood as coherent curvature radiation. Radio emission is interpreted as curvature radiation produced by charge bunches moving along magnetic-field lines. Certain tests of this model are proposed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 99-108
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  • 8
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    The long term variability of HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Investigation of blue-sensitive photographs of HDE 226868 = Cygnus X-1 reveal no (+ or - 0.06 mag) long-term changes in brightness since the beginning of the century nor any abrupt intensity changes similar to what was observed at X-ray and radio frequencies. From the double sinusoidal fluctuation with 5.6 day period, an attempt is made to derive a more precise value for the orbital period, but problems are encountered and discussed. There exists evidence that the amplitude of the orbital fluctuations is increasing slowly with time.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 513-520
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  • 9
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    The interacting binary SCO X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Spectroscopic observations of Sco X-1 show conclusively that the emission lines vary in radial velocity with a period of .787 sup d + or - .006 and a full range of approximately 120 km/s. The period is identical to that found by Gottleib et al (1975) from photometric data; light minimum occurs when the emission line region is at superior conjunction. The observations indicate that the emission lines originate in an accretion disk surrounding a neutron star which is orbiting about a normal, although somewhat evolved companion. The light variation is due to a heating effect on the non degenerate star, viewed at a small inclination angle.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 683-690
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  • 10
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    Evidence for a 17d periodicity from Cyg X-3 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Data which indicate a periodicity of 17d from Cyg X-3 are reviewed. The data are taken from the Ariel 5 satellite All-Sky Monitor and the Sky Survey Experiment.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 245-253
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  • 11
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    Her X-1 spectral evidence for a strong magnetic field (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The steep high energy cutoff observed in the spectrum for Her X-1 is analyzed in terms of the severely modified Thomson scattering that dominates the radiative transfer in a highly magnetized plasma near the surface of a neutron star. The data are shown to indicate a field of about 10 to the 13th power G near the magnetic poles and the stopping of accreting matter by nuclear collisions in the neighboring plasma.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 113-118
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  • 12
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    Soft X-rays from Her X-1 during the off phase (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Weak 0.28-keV radiation was observed from Her X-1 5 days before turn-on in the 35 day cycle. The observations were made from an Aerobee rocket. The 0.28-keV intensity is about 1/25 that observed during the on phase. Some evidence for X-rays above 1 keV is also present, and it is possible that the spectrum is different only in intensity from the spectrum in the on phase. The radiation may be X-rays from the vicinity of the neutron star, scattered by ionized material in the inner accretion disk, or may be thermal radiation from the inner accretion disk, or both.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 127-139
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  • 13
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    An X-ray determination of the orbital elements of 3U 0900-40 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The orbital elements of the 3U 0900-40 binary system were determined by measuring the variations in the arrival times of the 283-second X-ray pulses. The best-fit values of the system parameters and their 95% confidence limits are listed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 661-667
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  • 14
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    Mass determination for the X-ray binary system Vela X-1 (equals 3U 0900-40) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: From a radial velocity study of lines of He I and the heavier ions of HD 77581 (=Vela X-1), orbital elements for this X-ray binary system are derived. Together with the orbital elements given by Rappaport and McClintock from X-ray pulsar results, this enables determination of masses for both the X-ray and the early type supergiant component.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 643-657
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  • 15
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    The 'other' galactic X-ray sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: There is a standard model for X-ray sources comprising a binary system containing a compact star and powered by mass accretion. It can be argued that the majority and perhaps all the galactic X-ray sources are of this kind. Three kinds of sources which may be qualitatively different from these are discussed: namely, low luminosity sources such as 3U0352 + 30, the sources associated with the globular clusters, and the transient X-ray sources.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 669-676
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  • 16
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    The broad emission features in 'wake' in HD 153919 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: It is shown that the broad emission features in the spectrum of HD 153919 are associated with the X-ray secondary and not significantly with the primary star. When the primary is at maximum velocity towards us, the HeI line lambda 4471 develops a blue shifted secondary component with a velocity of -470 km/sec relative to the primary.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 569-574
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  • 17
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    Effects of radiation pressure on the equipotential surfaces in X-ray binaries (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Equipotential surfaces incorporating the effect of radiation pressure were computed for the X-ray binaries Cen X-3, Cyg X-1 = HDE 226868, Vela XR-1 = 3U 0900-40 = HD 77581, and 3U 1700-37 = HD 153919. The topology of the equipotential surfaces is significantly affected by radiation pressure. In particular, the so-called critical Roche (Jacobian) lobes, the traditional figure 8's, do not exist. The effects of these results on modeling X-ray binaries are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 499-511
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  • 18
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    Absorption dips at low X-ray energies in Cygnus X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Absorbing material in Cygnus X-1 jitters near the line joining the two stars, out of the orbital plane is described. Three looks with the Copernicus satellite at Cygnus X-1 have produced four examples of absorption dips (decreases in the 2 to 7 keV flux from Cygnus X-1 with an increase of spectral hardness consistent with photoelectric absorption).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 425-427
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  • 19
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    The May 1975 transient radio event in Cyg X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: Radio observations of Cyg X-1 (HDE 226868) taken during the period May-June 1975 at 2,695 and 8,085 MHz are presented and discussed in the context of both the previous four years of data at these frequencies and subsequent data for September-October 1975. The data show that the radio event was a transient one with a time scale of the order of a few to several weeks, and that the observed radio decay was qualitatively similar to the observed decay of the enhanced X-ray state.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 495-497
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  • 20
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    The galactic distribution (in radius and Z) of interstellar molecular hydrogen (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observations of the galactic longitude and latitude distributions of gamma = 2.6 mm CO emission are presented. Analysis of this spectral line data yields the large scale distribution of molecular clouds in the galactic disk and their z-distribution out of the disk. Strong maxima in the number of molecular clouds occur in the galactic nucleus and at galactic radii 4-8 kpc. The peak at 4-8 kpc correlates well with a region of enhanced 100 Mev gamma ray emissivity. This correlation strongly supports the conclusion that the gamma rays are produced as a result of cosmic ray interactions in molecular H2 clouds rather than HI. One important implication of this is that the interstellar magnetic field lines to which cosmic rays are confined must therefore not be excluded from these dense clouds. The width of the cloud layer perpendicular to galactic plane between half density points is 105 + or - 15 pc near the 5.5 kpc peak. The total mass of molecular gas in the interior of the galaxy exceeds that of atomic hydrogen.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 163-176
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  • 21
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    Data availability and the role of the earth resources observation systems data center (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: With the launch of LANDSAT-1 in July 1972, and the follow-on launch of LANDSAT-2 in January of this year, routine availability of satellite imagery and electronic data of the earth's resources has become a reality. Federal data centers provide LANDSAT data to resource managers and the general public. These data centers have to date provided almost 500,000 frames of LANDSAT data at a cost of more than $2,000,000. Data from the LANDSAT satellite program, along with data and information from the Skylab manned program, are available over any location to anyone for the cost of reproduction.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 372-378
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  • 22
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    Remote sensing in Minnesota: Evaluation of programs and current needs (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aerial photographs of the entire state were used to develop information on geomorphic regions, land ownership, forest cover, soils, geology, land classification and land capability. LANDSAT imagery was included to update many photomaps for land use classification and urban development planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 340-350
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  • 23
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    Alaska's needs in remote sensing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Joint Federal/State remote data sensing centers are advocated to help survey Alaska for land use planning by aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery. The centers are to provide satellite derived information in land use planning and offshore oil developments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 315-318
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  • 24
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    The use of satellite data for regional planning (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The experience of the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments in its development of a regional land use inventory from computer processing of LANDSAT 1 digital tapes and the use of those data in the OKI water quality planning program are discussed. A major part of the planning program is the prediction of water quality in rivers and lakes resulting from existing and future land uses. A model has been developed that can predict the flow of sediment, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic wastes into major streams. An essential input to this model is an accurate map of land use derived from LANDSAT 1 digital tapes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 356-358
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  • 25
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    User requirements for project-oriented remote sensing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Registration of remotely sensed data to geodetic coordinates provides for overlay analysis of land use data. For aerial photographs of a large area, differences in scales, dates, and film types are reconciled, and multispectral scanner data are machine registered at the time of acquisition.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 319-325
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  • 26
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    Oilspill surveillance, detection, and evaluation by remote sensing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aerial and fixed platform oil spill detection systems primarily utilize remote sensors for data acquisition and pollution monitoring purposes. In addition to aerial photography and infrared reflectance sensors, a laser backscatter sensor and an ultraviolet fluorescence sensor are considered for application in pollution surveillance systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 271-279
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  • 27
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    Remote measurement of shoreline changes in coastal Alabama (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: It is shown that remotely sensed data, whether in digital or imagery form, provide objective, systematic measurements of coastal zone characteristics when compared with traditional measurement techniques. An example is given for Alabama shoreline parameters using LANDSAT 1 composite mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 224-231
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  • 28
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    South Louisiana remote-sensing environmental information system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Satellite gathered remote sensor data were used to update a basic environmental atlas of southern Louisiana to reflect recent dynamic geological changes, such as erosion by wave action along the coast and active delta building in the lower part of the Mississippi Basin. Standard pattern recognition programs were utilized to update LANDSAT pictures for three categories (generalized land use, ecological zones and vegetation) to obtain a simulated color photomap for LANDSAT frames for further rectification by a table lookup program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 217-223
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  • 29
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    Earth observations and photography experiment MA-136 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The primary objectives of the earth observations and photography experiment of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project were to photograph various terrestrial structures and to use the capabilities of man as a trained observer in visually studying earth features and phenomena. Man's special capabilities include the sensitivity of the eye to subtle color variations and the speed with which the eye/brain system can interpret what is seen and select targets for photography. Real time astronaut observations constitute a useful complement to orbital photographs and greatly aid in their interpretation. Targets for mapping and hand held photography were selected on the basis of their value to specialists in the earth sciences including geology, oceanography, desert study, hydrology, meteorology, and environmental science.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 64 p
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  • 30
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    Precise determination of the distances of galaxies (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The use of the Space Telescope in the determination of the distances of galaxies is examined. The Space Telescope can check the local extragalactic distance scale to within 10-15 percent. The determination of relative distances of cosmic standard candles, viz. brightest M-supergiants and SNe I in E galaxies, is discussed. The M-supergiants map the velocity field out to v sub o approx. 3000 km s(-1) thus providing a firm basis for the determination of H sub o (global) from local distances, and the possibility to derive precise distances of all nearby field galaxies from their recession velocities. Photometry of the SNe I out to z = 0.5 leads to a direct determination of q sub o via the Hubble diagram, and the form of their light curves offers a fundamental test on the nature of redshifts. Other calculations are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 263-293
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  • 31
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    Infrared astronomy and high energy astrophysics (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observations of the diffuse far infrared flux from the galactic plane as well as far infrared measurements of the properties of dense molecular clouds, when combined with recent high-energy gamma ray measurements and radio observations of carbon monoxide, can yield new information about the total mass of molecular clouds, the large scale structure of the inner galaxy, and the density of cosmic rays. These observations are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 222-238
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  • 32
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    Louisiana comprehensive planning information system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A statewide computerized land use mapping system is reported that uses polygons to identify inventories from aerial photography by employing the USGS classification system. In addition, the system provides soil, population, and housing census data as well as economic indicators that can be useful in relating to the overall system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 326-339
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  • 33
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    Remote sensing in Arizona (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Orthophotoquads prepared from high altitude photography and LANDSAT imagery were utilized for land use mapping and urban development planning. LANDSAT imagery of rough terrains were evaluated by photographic projection on a viewer screen for enlargement of details.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 300-314
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    Status of coastal zone management techniques (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Remote panchromatic imagery was applied to develop a coastal zone management atlas that provides for land cover or vegetation surveys as well as land use stereographic mapping for regional planning purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 173-175
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    Remote-sensing applications in the State of Mississippi (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A computer derived land use classification scheme for infrared LANDSAT imagery was developed and applied to update existing Mississippi coastline data. Inventory classifications were accomplished by photographic enlargement and photointerpretations showing color coded resources on the ground.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 282-290
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    Remote-sensing applications as utilized in Florida's coastal zone management program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Land use maps were developed from photomaps obtained by remote sensing in order to develop a comprehensive state plan for the protection, development, and zoning of coastal regions. Only photographic remote sensors have been used in support of the coastal council's planning/management methodology. Standard photointerpretation and cartographic application procedures for map compilation were used in preparing base maps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 232-241
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  • 37
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    California nearshore surface currents (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the oceanic period from July to November, the southward flowing California current dominates the nearshore current patterns. Commencing about the middle of November and extending to mid-February, the Davidson current, a northward moving countercurrent, is the dominant inshore transporter of water and suspensates. The phenomenon of upwelling is prevalent during the period from the middle of February to the end of July. Thus, every year along the coast of California, there are three successive current seasons: the oceanic, the Davidson, and the upwelling. This paper is a discussion of the nature of these nearshore currents. In addition, the capabilities of various remote sensing platforms and systems for providing methods of monitoring the coastal processes associated with the current seasons of California are demonstrated herein.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 195-216
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    Information flow of land and water-related data in the State of Wisconsin (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital data from the infrared LANDSAT imagery were used to classify eutrophication levels of lakes in an effort to observe the effect of thermal discharges from power stations. LANDSAT data were also applied to identify and monitor wetlands, for soil surveys, sedimentation transport, and in general to assist in land use planning and resources management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 291-296
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  • 39
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    Applications of remote-sensing technology to environmental problems of Delaware and Delaware Bay (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital processing of multispectral LANDSAT data was used to develop a computerized model for predicting oil slick movement within the Delaware Bay. LANDSAT imagery was also used to monitor offshore waste disposal sites for mapping of wetlands, and charting of tidal currents.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 188-194
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  • 40
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    Information needs: Perceived and real for state decisionmakers (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Remote sensing techniques provide important information for land and water use planning organizations in order to assess coastal developments and their impact on water resources, sediment transport, erosion, and marine biology. Political expediency requires pertinent data acquisition and data dissemination to local populations for coastal zone management decision making.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 176-187
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  • 41
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    Coast Guard/NOAA/NASA Great Lakes Project Icewarn (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The operational feasibility of using remote sensing to provide all weather ice formation for Great Lakes winter navigation is explored. A combination airborne pulsed radar system to measure actual ice thickness, a satellite data link system, and a hand drawn interpretive ice chart proved valuable for extending winter navigation through the icepack.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 261-270
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  • 42
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    Requirements for predictions and real-time monitoring for the study of travelling interplanetary phenomena (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Physical processes within quiescent as well as disturbed flows of solar wind plasma, energetic particles, and magnetic and electric fields from the Sun are considered. Specifically, travelling interplanetary phenomena to be studied during the years of the solar maximum of solar cycle 21 are covered. It is noted that predictions, while needed for long range, logistical planning, is secondary to the requirements of synoptic real time monitoring over a wide range of particle energies and spectral bandwidths.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 340-345
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  • 43
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    Ultraviolet observations of local gas (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: From satellite measurements of ultraviolet spectra of stars, an average density of approximately 1.1/cu cm for hydrogen atoms, in both atomic and molecular form, is estimated for regions of space along the galactic plane within about 1 kpc of the sun. About 20% of the atoms are bound in molecular form although this figure is uncertain since the ultraviolet measurements avoid the very dense interstellar clouds. Discrete values for this percentage are observed to vary markedly; regions with less than average density seem to have fractional abundances of H2 several orders of magnitude lower than average. A ratio of CO/H is observed for regions in front of stars observed by the Copernicus satellite.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 239-263
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    Remarks on the overall distribution of hydrogen in the galactic disk (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Several current problems concerning the overall distribution of hydrogen in the galaxy are discussed in general terms. These problems include the degree of saturation characterizing low-latitude emission observations of HI, and the optical-depth corrections to the derived column and volume densities; the amount of fine-scale velocity and spatial structure diluted by the instrumental limitations of the presently available surveys; and the general problem of detailed mapping of the HI in the galaxy. Comparison is made between the distribution of HI and that of CO and several other galactic tracers. The galactic disk as defined by atomic hydrogen has a diameter fully twice as large as that defined by the ionized and molecular states of hydrogen, as well as by other molecules, supernova remnants, pulsars, gamma radiation, synchroton radiation, and the youngest stars. It is also less confined to the galactic equator than most of the other constituents. The degree of small-scale structure apparent in the molecular observations is much greater than in the HI observations. Parameters describing the small-scale structure were determined using Monte Carlo techniques to simulate the observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 177-205
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  • 45
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    Density wave theory (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The prospect that density waves and galactic shock waves are present on the large-scale in disk-shaped galaxies has received support in recent years from both theoretical and observational studies. Large-scale galactic shock waves in the interstellar gas are suggested to play an important, governing role in star formation, molecule formation, and the degree of development of spiral structure. Through the dynamics of the interstellar gas and the galactic shock wave phenomenon, a new insight into the physical basis underlying the morphological classification system of galaxies is suggested.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 128-162
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  • 46
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    Remote sensing in the State of Ohio. 1. Public policy. 2. System development (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Different types of satellite and conventional remote sensing data are used to monitor urban growth and the pattern of development. Software programs were developed for a growth allocation model that uses LANDSAT information as the basic component.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 351-355
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  • 47
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    Remote-sensing applications for Texas (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The earth resources remote sensing activity of Texas and its applications are reported. A combination of digital, photographic, and traditional methods is being used to manage the water impoundments inventory, a land use survey, a wildlife habitat survey, and a coastal zone survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 297-299
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  • 48
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    The problems of cosmology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Three examples that illustrate the expected role of the Space Telescope in cosmological investigations are described addressing the distribution of globular star clusters, universe expansion, and other classical cosmological problems.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 295-312
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  • 49
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    The central regions of active galaxies and quasars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Theories describing the central regions of nonthermal extragalactic sources (radio galaxies, Seyfert nuclei, quasars, etc.) are examined in the light of the experimental possibilities afforded by the Space Telescope. In particular, the theory which proposes the accretion of stars or gas onto a black hole as the explanation of the central engine is discussed. Planned observations directed towards the problem of the mass, size, and structure of the central engine, and the phenomenological questions regarding the general environment of the central engine are outlined.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 197-214
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  • 50
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    Luminosity functions and evolution of globular clusters (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The stellar dynamics of globular clusters are addressed in terms of luminosity functions, chemical topics, and dynamical topics
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Sci. Res. with the Space Telescope; p 139-150
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    Estimate of procession and polar motion errors from planetary encounter station location solutions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Deep Space Station (DSS) location solutions based on two JPL planetary ephemerides, DE 84 and DE 96, at eight planetary encounters were used to obtain weighted least squares estimates of precession and polar motion errors. The solution for precession error in right ascension yields a value of 0.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.8 X 10 to the minus 6 power deg/year. This maps to a right ascension error of 1.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.4 X 10 to the minus 5 power deg at the first Voyager 1979 Jupiter encounter if the current JPL DSS location set is used. Solutions for precession and polar motion using station locations based on DE 84 agree well with the solution using station locations referenced to DE 96. The precession solution removes the apparent drift in station longitude and spin axis distance estimates, while the encounter polar motion solutions consistently decrease the scatter in station spin axis distance estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 29-49
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  • 52
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    Physical characteristics of interplanetary space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The most important properties of the interplanetary medium are its interplanetary plasma (solar wind), magnetic field, galactic and solar cosmic rays, and micrometeorite material. Also considered is electromagnetic radiation from the sun, stars, and the galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 1; p 32-111
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    Remote sensing, a sketch of the technology (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information is provided on how a potential user of remote sensing technology can gain access to all of the products and services he will need to get started. It was envisioned that these include data, training, hardware, and software. A very brief tutorial summary of the fundamentals of the technology is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 367-370
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    Theories of the origin and nature of the universe (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The origin of life on earth is seen arising as a natural consequence of a long series of physical and chemical processes taking place in association with evolution of the universe. The present theory is that any premordial earth atmosphere, resulting from accumulation from the primitive solar nebula, was probably swept away by the very intensive T Tauri stage of the solar wind. Subsequently, the present atmosphere and oceans of the earth were outgassed from the interior. Biochemical components of the gases were mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 1; p 3-31
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    Policy implications in developing a land use management information systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The current land use map for the city of Los Angeles was developed by the guesstimation process and provides single stage information for each level in the critical geographical hierarchy for land use planning management. Processing and incorporation of LANDSAT data in the land use information system requires special funding; however, computergraphic maps are able to provide a viable information system for city planning and management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-B; p 359-365
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  • 56
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    The X-ray variability of Vela X-1 (3U 0900-40) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: From observations of Vela X-1 with the MSSL 2.5-7.5 keV detector onboard Copernicus, the behavior of the source can be characterized by three phases: (1) high intensity, (2) low intensity, and (3) eclipse. Combining data from the 1972 Uhuru observations with eclipse observation yields a binary period of 8.963 + or - 0.001 days with zero phase on 1975 Feb. 6.97 + or - 0.04 UT. The low intensity phase is interpreted as being due to increased absorption in an accretion wake traveling across the line of sight (the spectral slope remains relatively constant throughout the cycle). Another period of enhanced absorption immediately after exit from eclipse may be due to a bow shock. Comparison of the two observations suggests that these structures vary from cycle to cycle and, since the orbital period is long, probably during each cycle.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 629-642
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  • 57
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    Short time transient periodicities from Cyg X-1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-18
    Description: The temporal behavior of three new events of modulated optical emission from Cyg X1, detected in July 1975, is presented. Short time periodicities in the optical band are investigated. Single photon pulses from the photomultiplier are recorded on magnetic tape together with a very accurate 1 kHz reference frequency. During playback of the tape, the reference signal gives a 1 ms timing to a scaler interfaced with a small processor and the number of photon per millisecond is recorded on a digital tape.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Binaries; p 485-492
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  • 58
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    On presupernova dynamical mass ejection by non-detonated stellar cores (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Stars in the range of 4 to 8 solar masses are known to develop degenerate carbon-oxygen cores of about 1.4 solar masses. Arguments are presented why, contrary to past assumption, carbon ignition may not lead to the formation of a detonation wave. Rather, an initially subsonic burning front results which subsequently may be brought under control by adiabatic expansion. This dynamic phase leads to a centrally incinerated and expanded core. The loosely bound red-giant envelope is ejected to form an extended nebula. Neutrino cooling of the core finally induces collapse. Provided that sufficient energy is liberated in the dynamic formation of a neutron star, a supernova event will result. The distended nebula is ideally suited for the production of the visible supernova light curves. Thus, carbon nondetonation may give a viable alternative evolution to supernovae that avoids the impasse encountered by the detonation-disrupted models.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 59
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    Motion of shocks through interplanetary streams (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model for the motion of flare-generated shocks through interplanetary streams is presented which illustrates the effects of a stream-shock interaction on the shock strength and geometry. It is a gasdynamic calculation based on Whitham's (1958) method and on an empirical approximation for the relevant characteristics of streams. The results show that the Mach number of a shock can decrease appreciably to near unity in the interaction region ahead of streams and that the interaction of a spherically symmetric shock with a spiral-shaped corotating stream can cause significant distortions of the initial shock-front geometry. The geometry of a shock discussed by Lepping and Chao (1972) is qualitatively explained by this model.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Oct. 1
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    Improved upper limit on the photon rest mass (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that application of standard MHD arguments to hydromagnetic waves observed in the Crab Nebula dramatically improves the upper bound on photon rest mass. The standard argument that massive photons are governed by the Phoca field equations is outlined and applied to wisp features (identified as hydromagnetic waves) observed in the Crab. The results imply an upper limit for the photon rest mass of between 3 by 10 to the -54th power and 3 by 10 to the -53rd power gram, which is smaller than the best previous limits by a factor of 10,000 to 100,000. It is noted that although the present limit is probably valid in order of magnitude, some doubt remains since there are inconsistencies in the standard arguments.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 35; Oct. 27
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  • 61
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    Information/user services, summary (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Various aspects of the technology which are available to users now are described. Specific topics discussed include: data distribution: availability of and access to data; technology transfer: system use illustrations and availability of training; hardware systems descriptions: processing hardware constructed and available; data processing techniques: individual processing techniques; and future developments: a sampling of future technology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 123-127
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    The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE). Part 2: Yield estimates from meteorological information (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Crop-weather models developed for wheat from an assembled base of approximately 45 years of climatic records and historic wheat yield and production data at the stratum level are described. Utilization of meteorological data acquired by the NOAA satellites is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 63-65
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    Department of the Interior program (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The remote sensing activities of the Department of Interior are summarized. The use of satellite imagery in land and water management is described. Specific topics discussed include: land use mapping, exploration and discovery of metal, oil, and gas deposits, location of geological faults, and repetitive monitoring of dynamic environmental phenomena related to water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center NASA Earth Resources Survey Symp., Vol. 2-A; p 33-36
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  • 64
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    Lack of agreement over the use and ownership of the internationally shared resources (such as air space, outer space and the oceans) leading to international conflict (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The lack of adequate institutional mechanisms to regulate, monitor and govern the use of commonly owned world resources appears to be politically destabilizing and subject to socioeconomic pressures of overpopulation, food shortages, cartelism, terrorism, and wealth distribution to developing countries. The capacity and propensity to wage war and its potential consequences are elaborated. It is shown that technology is one of the dominant factors affecting the exploration and management of commonly shared resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Future Environment; 29 p
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  • 65
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    Applications of ERTS imagery to mappings sediments of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: ERTS images were compared to surficial geologic maps, prepared through traditional field studies. Lithologic boundaries, bedrock outcrops, bedrock structures, and geomorphologic features were examined. An area southeast of the Twin Cities, located chiefly in northern Dakota County was studied, as well as the New Brighton 15-minute quadrangle located in portions of Ramsey and Anoka Counties. Visual comparison of geologic maps and ERTS imagery demonstrated the limitations of this approach to geological investigations. Bedrock outcrops and bedrock structure in the metropolitan area do not appear on ERTS imagery. However, certain glacial sediments can be identified and are potentially mappable. Certain geomorphological features were also discernable.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Minn. Univ. A study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 30 p
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    Stability of nonlinear periodic pulsation of stellar envelopes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The eigenvalue method to calculate models for periodically pulsating stars is used to study the stability of the resulting oscillations. This paper discusses results for a series of RR Lyrae models.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheids Modeling; p 129-135
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    Hydrodynamic effects in the atmosphere of variable stars (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Numerical models of variable stars are established, using a nonlinear radiative transfer coupled hydrodynamics code. The variable Eddington method of radiative transfer is used. Comparisons are for models of W Virginis, beta Doradus, and eta Aquilae. From these models it appears that shocks are formed in the atmospheres of classical Cepheids as well as W Virginis stars. In classical Cepheids, with periods from 7 to 10 days, the bumps occurring in the light and velocity curves appear as the result of a compression wave that reflects from the star's center. At the head of the outward going compression wave, shocks form in the atmosphere. Comparisons between the hydrodynamic motions in W Virginis and classical Cepheids are made. The strong shocks in W Virginis do not penetrate into the interior as do the compression waves formed in classical Cepheids. The shocks formed in W Virginis stars cause emission lines, while in classical Cepheids the shocks are weaker.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 71-83
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  • 68
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    Remote sensing applications to hydrology in Minnesota (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Development of low lying southeastern shore of Pike Lake is described as part of the Rice Creek watershed study. Several small wetlands in Arden Hills, Minnesota were incorporated into the drainage plans as pollutant and nutrient sinks rather than being infilled. Lake water quality in the St. Paul-Minneapolis metropolitan area was analyzed using Landsat images. In the same urban area, the inventory and seasonal change of the open water were also studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Forests and Lakes using Data from Earth Resources Technol. Satellites; 66 p
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  • 69
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    Mean colors of Cepheids (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Color observations of Cepheids can be interpreted by a color effective temperature relation to give different T sub e values for each kind of mean color. Here, theoretical colors from numerical integrations of Cepheid pulsations are used to determine the proper method of taking the color mean in order to get, by the color T sub e relation, the correct nonpulsating T sub e.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Cepheid Modeling; p 43-55
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  • 70
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    The He II lines in the spectrum of zeta Puppis (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The observed He II line spectrum in zeta Pup is compared with that predicted from model atmospheres in an attempt to establish the parameters (effective temperature, log g) which characterize the model that best represents this star's atmosphere. The study is conducted by compiling equivalent widths of the He II lines in the series (n = 2,3,4,5) and comparing them with predictions from plane-parallel static model atmospheres using a non-LTE theory of line formation. Good agreement between observation and prediction for a model atmosphere with an effective temperature of 50,000 K and log of 4.0 is found for the upper members of the n = 3 and n = 5 series, but discrepancies are found for the two lines of the n = 2 series and the upper members of the n = 4 series. It is shown that the n = 4 level appears to be more overpopulated at moderate atmospheric depths than the non-LTE calculations with plane-parallel layers indicate. It is suggested that this may be due to an overlap of the H and He II lines in the even-even series caused by macroturbulent velocities of the hydrogen and helium atoms.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 15
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  • 71
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    Rotational bursting of interplanetary dust particles (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar radiation pressure can cause rotational bursting and eventual elimination from the solar system of asymmetric dust particles by a windmill effect. The life span against this process for metallic particles with radii of 0.00001-0.01 cm ranges from 10 to 10,000 years. The effects of magnetic spin damping have been considered in this estimate. This depletion mechanism works faster than the traditional Poynting-Robertson effect by approximately one order of magnitude for metallic particles and about two-orders of magnitude for nonmetallic particles.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 2; Sept
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  • 72
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    Hyperbolic cosmic dust - Its origin and its astrophysical significance (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The heliocentric radial distribution of the flux of hyperbolic cosmic dust particles, as measured by the Pioneer 8 and 9 spacecraft, is closely related to the radial variation of the spatial density of source or parent meteoroids. Within the limits of the experimental and theoretical uncertainties the spatial density of parent meteoroids, as deduced from the hyperbolic cosmic dust data, is found to be increasing with increasing heliocentric distance in the neighborhood of one AU. Other recent experimental evidence confirms this result. The new results also suggest that the ratio of the areal density of submicron-sized craters to the areal density of millimeter-sized craters will be less on the north-south faces of lunar rocks than on the east-west faces of the same rocks. The change in ratio is not as large as previously thought. It is noted that the solar system is not presently contributing significant amounts of dust to the interstellar medium though it may once have done so.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 23; Oct. 197
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  • 73
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    SAS-2 high-energy gamma-ray observations of the Vela pulsar (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) high-energy (in excess of 35 MeV) gamma-ray telescope has detected pulsed gamma-ray emission at the radio period from PSR 0833-45, the Vela pulsar, as well as an unpulsed flux from the Vela region. The pulsed emission consists of two peaks following the single radio peak by about 13 ms and 48 ms. The luminosity of the pulsed emission above 100 MeV from Vela is about 0.1 that of the pulsar NP 0532 in the Crab nebula, whereas the pulsed emission from Vela at optical wavelengths is less than 0.0002 that from the Crab. The relatively high intensity of the pulsed gamma-ray emission, and the double peak structure, compared with the single pulse in the radio emission, suggest that the high-energy gamma-ray pulsar emission may be produced under different conditions from those at lower energies.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 1
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  • 74
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    A correlation test of the intrinsic interpretation of QSO absorption redshifts (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is noted that the general intrinsic interpretation of QSO absorption redshifts predicts a high probability of clustering for the expulsion velocities of clouds ejected from a QSO core and that a correlation function has been defined which depends on the probability of clustering of three or more expulsion velocities. A test of this correlation is formulated which utilizes data on pairs of QSOs with similar emission redshifts and at least three well established absorption redshifts with corresponding expulsion velocities greater than 0.02c. It is shown that the correlation should be positive (maximum value +100%) if the absorption systems are intrinsic and correlated, zero if there is no physical connection among these systems, and negative if a strong anticorrelation exists or QSOs tend to eject one or two clouds at well separated characteristic velocities. Data on five QSOs are analyzed, and large positive values are obtained for the correlations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 200; Sept. 1
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  • 75
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    Na-22, Ne-E, extinct radioactive anomalies and unsupported Ar-40 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility that the origin of extinct radioactivities depended on their living long enough for grains to form in the expanding nucleosynthetic envelope, rather than on their living long enough for meteorites to form, is examined. As an example, the interpretation of Na-22 as a detectable extinct radioactivity, with a half life of only 2.6 years, is explored and related to Ne-22 occurrence. Similar arguments involving He-4, Ar-40, K-40, K-41, and calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and cobalt isotopes are briefly presented.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 257; Sept. 4
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  • 76
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    Pioneer 9 and OGO 5 observations of an interplanetary multiple shock ensemble on February 2, 1969 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A multiple shock system was observed upstream (0.13 AU) of the earth by Pioneer 9 on February 2, 1969. The same system was observed at earth by Ogo 5 and was reported separately in the literature. This paper compares the two sets of observations in still further detail. Both magnetic-field and plasma data are used in a least-squares best-fit method to compute the characteristics of the fast forward shock wave (Pioneer 9 only) and two fast reverse shock waves. Nearly all major features (shock, piston, and tangential discontinuity) retained their characteristics during the transit of the shock ensemble from Pioneer 9 to Ogo 5. The genesis of the ensemble is believed to be due to a complex stream-stream interaction. A substantial density increase (including a large rise of alpha/proton abundance) at Ogo 5, but unobserved at Pioneer 9, is explained by a sudden meridional shift to a flow from below the ecliptic plane while the streams were en route to earth. This study demonstrates a spatial and temporal plasma inhomogeneity which is superimposed on the persistent major features.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 77
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    The ultraviolet spectrum of B-type supergiants (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: OAO-2 spectral scans of several early-type main-sequence stars and the shell star zeta Tau are analyzed to derive a representative UV spectrum for B-type supergiants. The absorption lines in the spectra of the B-type supergiants are shown to be stronger than those in main-sequence stars and to have a broad pointed feature at 1720 A that is constant in all such stars. The UV resonance lines of C IV, N V, Si III, and Si IV are found to be displaced toward the shorter wavelengths by velocities of up to 1800 km/s, indicating an escaping atmosphere. For B5 stars, the atmosphere is estimated to be expanding at about 120 km/s. The spectrum of eta CMa (B5Ia) is found to be well represented by the LTE theory of line formation, the presence of a stationary circumstellar shell, and a slowly expanding model atmosphere.
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  • 78
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    A study of interstellar lines in the rocket spectrum of delta Scorpii (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ten interstellar lines in the vacuum UV spectrum of delta Sco are analyzed which were recorded on rocket spectrograms. Two cloud components are resolved which have Doppler widths of 1.55 km/sec (larger cloud) and 2.16 km/sec (smaller cloud). Column densities are derived for C I, C II, N I, O I, Al II, Si II, and Fe II, and abundances relative to atomic hydrogen are determined from them. Silicon and iron are found to be slightly overabundant relative to the solar abundances, while the other elements are underabundant by factors ranging from 1.8 to 8.6. Mean cloud densities of 250 and 150 per cu cm (for the larger and smaller clouds, respectively) are determined, and the average ratios of electron density to hydrogen-atom density are derived using the column densities of C I and C II. It is shown that the iron abundance can be decreased to less than the solar abundance by doubling the velocity dispersion of the iron ions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 79
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    The utility of surface temperature measurements for the remote sensing of surface soil water status (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out on an Avondale loam soil indicated that the thermal inertia concept of soil water content detection is reasonably sound. The volumetric water contents of surface soil layers between 2 and 4 cm thick were found to be linear functions of the amplitude of the diurnal surface soil temperature wave for clear day-night periods. They were also found to be linear functions of the daily maximum value of the surface soil-air-temperature differential. Tests on three additional soils ranging from sandy loam to clay indicated that the relations determined for Avondale loam could not be accurately applied to these other soil types. When the moisture characteristic curves of each soil were used to transform water contents into pressure potentials, however, it was found that soil water pressure potential could be determined without prior knowledge of soil type, and thus its value as a potential soil water status survey tool was significantly enhanced.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; July 20
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  • 80
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    Chemical potential effects on neutrino diffusion in supernovae (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The validity of imposing a zero chemical potential for neutrinos in hydrodynamic calculations of collapsing supernovae is investigated in the diffusion approximation of neutrino transport. A coupled system of equations is solved for neutrino and energy diffusion fluxes as well as lepton diffusion in a collapsing supernovae ambient medium, and the results indicate a substantial growth in the neutrino chemical potential for densities greater than 10 to the 12th power gm/cu cm. The rate of energy transport is shown to be significantly affected by increases in Fermi integrals and chemical-potential gradients accompanied by decreases in temperature, and the extent of neutrino particle/antiparticle reactions is found also to affect energy diffusion rates. It is concluded that the photon-like behavior usually assumed for neutrinos may be incorrect and that an extension of the Sn transport approximation to include lepton characteristics is necessary for a definitive answer to the question of neutrino transport in supernovae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 35; June 197
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  • 81
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    Observations of a new transition in the emission from Cyg X-1 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from the all-sky X-ray monitor aboard Ariel V were used to establish that a sudden transition had occurred in emissions from Cyg X-1 on April 22, 1975. Cyg X-1 has been observed almost continuously since around November 1, 1974, and has been relatively constant in apparent magnitude until the reported effect. The results of these observations are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 256; July 10
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  • 82
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    X-ray observations of Cyg X-1 with ANS (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equipment, method and results of the measurements performed with soft and hard X-ray detectors of the Space Research Laboratory in Utrecht and the Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., are described. Cyg X-1 underwent an upward transition in its intensity, that seems to be the inverse of the downward transition seen by Uhuru in April 1971. The bulk of the increase, as observed by the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite instruments, from May 1 to May 8, 1975, occurs at low energy: between 1 and 2 keV, the intensity increased by a factor of 10 over the November 1974 intensity, while above 8 keV there is no significant change. The data suggest that Cyg X-1 has reverted to its high state.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 256; July 10
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  • 83
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    Coarse photospheric convection and the ejection of dust by R coronae borealis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 15
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  • 84
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    Radio search for HC3N, HCN, OH, and detection of U8.19 in comet Kohoutek /1973f/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 15
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  • 85
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    Investigation of low-latitude hydrogen emission in terms of a two-component interstellar gas model (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High-resolution 21-cm hydrogen line observations at low galactic latitude are analyzed to determine the large-scale distribution of galactic hydrogen. Distribution parameters are found by model fitting, optical depth effects are computed using a two-component gas model suggested by the observations, and calculations are made for a one-component uniform spin-temperature gas model to show the systematic departures between this model and data obtained by incorrect treatment of the optical depth effects. Synthetic 21-cm line profiles are computed from the two-component model, and the large-scale trends of the observed emission profiles are reproduced together with the magnitude of the small-scale emission irregularities. Values are determined for the thickness of the galactic hydrogen disk between half density points, the total observed neutral hydrogen mass of the galaxy, and the central number density of the intercloud hydrogen atoms. It is shown that typical hydrogen clouds must be between 1 and 13 pc in diameter and that optical thinness exists on large-scale despite the presence of optically thin gas.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 198; June 1
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  • 86
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    Development of a comet as it pursues its orbit (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The properties of cometary dust-swarms in almost parabolic long-period orbits are examined. The effect of passage of the solar system through interstellar gas clouds is shown to be capable of affecting substantially the angular momentum of a comet about the sun, thus accounting for the existence of comets with high values of perihelion distance. The same process would enable cometary particles to adsorb interstellar gases and regenerate their gas content.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 34; May 1975
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  • 87
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    Infrared forbidden lines in H II regions and planetary nebulae (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Emissivity coefficients are calculated as functions of electron density and temperature for the IR forbidden lines between 2 and 300 microns of the elements and ionization stages most abundant in H II regions and planetary nebulae. The effect of self-absorption is investigated, and a method is presented for estimating when self-absorption may be important. The IR line spectrum of the Orion Nebula is predicted using the emissivity coefficients, and ionic abundances are derived for the Ar III, S IV, and Ne II forbidden lines in a number of planetary nebulae. The sulfur abundance and sulfur/oxygen ratio are discussed for H II regions and planetary nebulae. The average sulfur/oxygen ratio is found to be about 0.05 for gaseous nebulae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 39; 1, Fe; Feb. 197
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  • 88
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    Solar test of Dirac's large number hypothesis (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation is conducted regarding the implications of Dirac's theories (1973, 1974) concerning the creation of new matter. It is found that Dirac's theory of multiplicative creation, but not his theory of additive creation, is not in contradiction with known facts about the sun. According to the theory of additive creation, matter is formed uniformly throughout space. The concept of multiplicative creation implies that existing matter multiplies itself in proportion to the amount of matter already present.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 254; Mar. 20
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  • 89
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    Spectroscopic studies of very old hot stars. I - NGC 246 and its exciting star (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The planetary nebula NGC 246 and its exciting stars were studied, using an image-tube spectrograph at the Cassegrain focus of a 36-inch telescope. Observations of the central star indicate that it has one of the most highly excited spectra known to optical astronomers. The only lines definitely present in the spectrum are lines of C IV and O VI, although lines of He II are probably present. Since nitrogen lines (in any ionization state) are absent, the stellar spectrum suggests that the star has experienced the triple-alpha process. Nebular observations were used to estimate the atmospheric properties of the exciting star by the Zanstra method. The results are found to correlate well with the spectral appearance of the star. Comparison of the properties of the star and surrounding nebula with Paczynski's evolutionary tracks for planetary nuclei suggests that the star is very near the point of exhaustion of its nuclear fuels.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 196; Feb. 15
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  • 90
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    Spatial and time variations of the interplanetary microparticle flux analysed from deep space probes Pioneers 8 and 9 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 91
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    The electron density in the direction of zeta Oph (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that photoionization of vibrationally excited H2 and photodissociation of the H2(+) ions produced thereby constitute a significant electron production route in high UV flux situations. A significant fraction of the electron density in the direction of zeta Oph (-15 km per sec cloud) deduced from observations may be expected to arise in this way.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 32; Jan. 197
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  • 92
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    Carbon-burning nucleosynthesis with convection (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effect of convection on carbon-burning nucleosynthesis is explored with a limited network of reactions. Convection is simulated by a series of networks at fixed mass points in the core of an evolving 15 solar mass star. Complete mixing is always assumed. Comparison to single network calculations show that the 'half-energy' approximation of Arnett yields reasonable results, although the abundances of nuclei which are created by beta-decays of unstable nuclei tend to be underestimated, by this approximation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 1
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  • 93
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    Interpretation of BM Orionis (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The entire light curve of the BM Ori system both inside and outside primary and secondary eclipses has been examined on the basis of two models for the disk around the secondary component: one with the luminous energy of the disk coming entirely from the secondary, and another with the luminous energy coming at least partly from the primary. It has been found that if the disk is highly opaque, as is suggested by the fitting of the light curve, there exist in the first model discrepancies between what has been derived from the luminosity consideration for the secondary component and what has been derived from the radius consideration. Hence the second model is accepted. Based on this model the nature of both component stars has been examined from a consideration of the luminosity and the dimensions of the disk.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 195; Jan. 1
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  • 94
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    Electron microscopy of irradiation effects in space (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper discusses several discoveries made in the study of lunar material. In the examination of the effects of solar wind implantations the topics covered include (1) solar wind radiation damage parameters and their aging characteristics, (2) the theory of the ancient solar wind, (3) the solar wind sputtering erosion rate, (4) the physicochemical properties of amorphous coatings, (5) maturity indexes and the macroscopic properties of the lunar regolith, (6) solar wind gas bubbles, (7) the composition of very heavy nuclei in the contemporary solar wind, and (8) track aging processes. Conclusions are drawn from the results about other extraterrestrial features such as the parent bodies of the meteorites, early solar nebulas, and interstellar clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 187; Jan. 17
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  • 95
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    The case for a burst from 3U 0614+09 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A single flare event with a rise time of about 7 s and a decay time of approximately 40 s was observed by the Goddard cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO-8 during observations of 3U 0614+09 in September 1975. The possibility is discussed that the source was 3U 0614+09, which has been compared with the low-mass binary Sco X-1. The spectra during the event could be fitted with blackbody (kT = 0.8-1.1 keV) or thermal bremsstrahlung (kT = 1.1-2.5 keV) models with absorption by cool material. In the blackbody model the source was of the order of 1 million cm in size.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 182
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  • 96
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    Formation of a rotational accretion column (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: We consider the problem of the flow produced by the accretion of gas from a rotating cloud onto a point gravitational source. It is shown that, for a cloud initially in uniform rotation, the effect of accretion is to produce a Taylor column in the cloud parallel to the rotation axis. Only gas within the column is accreted; the gas outside the column undergoes oscillatory flow, which is probably subject to shear instability. The column forms in approximately one-half rotation period from the time at which accretion begins. Its initial radius is determined by the accretion rate and the angular velocity of the cloud. Application of the results to the formation of Jupiter by accretion is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 97
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of metabasalts from the Point Sal ophiolite, California (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 98
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    Primeval gas clouds and the low-energy X-ray background (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A model for the appearance of the all-sky low-energy X-ray background on a fine angular scale is presented which is based on primeval hot gas clouds associated with the formation of clusters of galaxies according to the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (1972) model. It is noted that the background could have both granular and diffuse components if it is due to such gas clouds. The observed appearance of the granular component is predicted along with the observable characteristics of collapsing protoclusters. The effects of distant X-ray-emitting QSOs, radio galaxies, and normal galaxies on the observations are considered, and these sources are shown not to interfere with the possibility of observing the protoclusters. It is concluded that if sufficient heating occurred in an intracluster medium within some clusters of galaxies at the protocluster epoch, the ensemble properties of protoclusters could be observed with an X-ray telescope, and the time at which protoclusters formed could perhaps be estimated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 218
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  • 99
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    Pattern recognition of Landsat data based upon temporal trend analysis (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Delta Classifier defined as an agricultural crop classification scheme employing a temporal trend procedure is applied to more than 100 different Landsat data sets collected during the 1974-1975 growing season throughout the major wheat-producing regions of the United States. The classification approach stresses examination of temporal trends of the Landsat mean vectors of crops in the absence of corresponding ground truth information. It is shown that the resulting classifications compare favorably to ground truth estimates for wheat proportion in those cases where ground truth is available, and that the temporal trend procedure yields estimates of the wheat proportion that are comparable to the best results from maximum likelihood classification with photointerpreter-defined training fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 6; 4, 19; 1977
    Format: text
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    An experimental investigation of the condensation of silicate grains (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a series of laboratory experiments designed to investigate the nucleation of small silicate grains from a vapor of astrophysically significant elements and compounds. In the experiments, magnesium silicate grains were condensed by simultaneously evaporating Mg and SiO solids into an atmosphere of argon or hydrogen at a pressure of a few torr. The results show that at low temperatures (up to a few hundred degrees C) the condensates are amorphous grains and have widely varying stoichiometries. The thermodynamically most stable compounds (Mg2SiO4, MgSiO3, SiO2) do not form readily, but all initial condensates can be converted to crystalline forsterite (Mg2SiO4) by heating to 1000 C in vacuum. At higher temperatures (above 700 K) it becomes more difficult to nucleate any silicates, and those that do form are amorphous, indicating that surface energies and kinetic effects are very important in determining under what conditions condensation will occur. The IR spectra of the experimentally produced magnesium silicates are found to have a strong resemblance to those observed in many astronomical clouds.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
    Format: text
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