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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (3,213)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,710)
  • 1980-1984  (4,923)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Voyages to Saturn (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Voyager mission to Saturn is explained in detail. A history of Saturn observations from ancient times to the present is given. The Voyager spacecraft and their instruments are described. An overview of planetary astronomy is presented. The text is supplemented by numerous black and white and color photographs. The Saturn satellites are discussed in detail, and preliminary pictorial maps of the satellites are given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-451 , NAS 1.21:451 , LC-81-600073
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  • 2
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    The Viking seismometry (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Efforts were made to determine the seismicity of Mars as well as define its internal structure by detecting vibrations generated by marsquakes and meteoroid impacts. The lack of marsquakes recognized in the Viking data made it impossible to make any direct inferences about the interior of Mars and only allowed the setting of upper bounds on the seismic activity of the planet. After obtaining more than 2100 hours worth of data during the quite periods at rates of one sample per second or higher, the Viking 2 seismometer was turned off as a consequence of a landing system failure. During the periods when adequate data were obtained, one event of possible seismic or meteoroid impact origin was recognized; however, there is a significant probability that this event was generated by a wind gust.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-3408
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  • 3
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    Meteorite analysis assists search for life (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-80-21 , P80-10024
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  • 4
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    The International Halley Watch (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In preparation for the 1985 to 1986 apparition of Halley's Comet, the International Halley Watch (IHW) has initiated a comprehensive program to simulate, encourage, and coordinate scientific observation of the apparition. The observing groups with which the IHW plans to interact are discussed and the ground based observing nets are described in detail. An outline of the history of observations of Halley's Comet and a synopsis of comet properties and physics are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82181
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  • 5
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    Crater numbers and geological histories of Iapetus, Enceladus, Tethys and Hyperion (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The surfaces of the Saturn satellites Tethys, Iapetus and Encedalus display surfaces which indicate active geological processes and therefore suggest a degree of internal evolution. By contrast, the Saturn satellite Hyperion and the coorbitals 1980S1 and 1980S3 show no trace of geological activity and may be fragments of once-larger bodies. Activity on Iapetus appears to have been confined to the dark terrain, and offers no clue as to its timing and extent. The widest terrain type and crater number variations are those of Encedalus, which indicate the most prolonged period of geological activity of any of the satellites studied.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 301; Feb. 24
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  • 6
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    Thermal inertia mapping of Mars from 60 deg S to 60 deg N (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The considered region comprises 81% of the surface of Mars. Thermal inertia I is a composite surface property, which is equal to the square root of the product of three factors, including the thermal conductivity, the density, and the specific heat. I is the sole thermal parameter which governs the temperature variation of a periodically heated homogeneous surface, and, as such, is the prime intermediary between remote temperature observations and their geologic interpretation. The values for the thermal inertia found imply particulate surface materials. The variation in Martian surface thermal conductivity is about two orders of magnitude. Three large regions of low-inertia material are defined. Low-inertia material always possesses high albedo. There is a general tendency for higher-thermal-inertia surfaces to be darker but exceptions occur which may be related to a thin mantling of light dust or bonding of light material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 45; Feb. 198
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  • 7
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    Application of the method of discrete ordinates to the solution of the transport equation in the case of an inhomogeneous planetary atmosphere (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A version of the method of discrete ordinate (MDO) which can be used for an optically thick inhomogeneous atmosphere was developed. The MDO may be implemented as an algorithm simpler than those proposed earlier. The algorithm is the same for each azimuth dependent component of intensity. The MDO can determine the scattered radiation field over its entire length along the vertical. It is shown the MDO, when used for homogeneous atmospheres is in agreement with the results obtained by other methods.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-76204 , PR-377
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  • 8
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    Modification of the flow pass method as applied to problems of chemistry of planet atmospheres (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: It was shown that the modified flow pass method possesses considerable effectiveness, both in the case when the coefficient of diffusion changes severely in the examined region and in the case when diffusion is the prevalent process, as compared with chemical reactions. The case when a regular pass proves inapplicable, or applicable in a limited interval of the decisive parameters, was examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-76203
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  • 9
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    Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1982 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Work conducted in the Planetary Geology program is summarized. The following categories are presented: outer solar system satellites; asteroids and comets; Venus; cratering processes and landform development; volcanic processes and landforms; aolian processes and landforms; fluvial processes and landform development; periglacial and permafrost processes; structure, tectonics and stratigraphy; remote sensing and regolith studies; geologic mapping, cartography and geodesy.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85127 , EL-4 , NAS 1.15:85127
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  • 10
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    Advances in Planetary Geology (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Advances in Planetary Geology is a new series intended to serve the planetary geology community with a form for quick and thorough communications. There are no set lists of acceptable topics or formats, and submitted manuscripts will not undergo a formal review. All submissions should be in a camera ready form, preferably spaced, and submitted to the editor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84894 , EL-4 , NAS 1.15:84894
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  • 11
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    Press conference on Voyager 2 Saturn encounter (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: P81-10211
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  • 12
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    Planetary exploration program through the year 2000 - A progress report (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper covers the solar system exploration committee including their recommendations and plan options, and study approach. Also included are: planetary and solar system exploration program; thrusts, methodology, goals, recent history, approach to reduce costs/increase efficiency, spacecraft, recent problems, and plans for FY 1982. All of the different program ingredients are emphasized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: AAS 81-337 , Leadership in space for benefits on earth; Oct 26, 1981 - Oct 29, 1981; San Diego, CA
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  • 13
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    On the comparative evolution of Ganymede and Callisto (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The paper examines the differences in the apparent ages of the surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto revealed by Voyager images. The differences could be due to the persistence of tectonic activity on Ganymede beyond the time of early, heavy bombardment. The slightly greater radioactive content expected in Ganymede could prolong such activity by 0.5 million years beyond the cessation of endogenic surface activity on Callisto. It is concluded that if the different ages of the surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto are due to differences in internal evolution, the slightly higher radioactive content of Ganymede is the most likely cause; tidal dissipation could not have been important for Ganymede for more than 10 to the 8th power years, and it was never important for Callisto.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 41; Feb. 198
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  • 14
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    IR brightness and eclipse cooling of Saturn's rings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Equatorial scans of Saturn at 20 microns wavelength, obtained with the Mayall 4-m telescope in 1978-79, show a continuing decrease in the specific brightness of the A and B rings as the ring plane projection approaches and edge-on apparition. The decreased brightness of the previously dominant B ring reveals more clearly a large difference in brightness between the east and west ansae portions of the C ring, in contrast to a barely discernible difference for the other ring ansae. The amount of eclipse cooling is compatible with a C ring particle size of about 1 cm. It is proposed here that the B ring brightness variation could partially result from a decrease of absorbed insolation by a modest amount of visible scattering.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 283; Feb. 28
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  • 15
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    Scientific results from the Pioneer Saturn encounter - Summary (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The scientific results of the Pioneer Saturn encounter with Saturn are summarized. The Pioneer mission was designed to image the planet, its satellites and rings, and measure its particulate environment and the magnetic field and photon and charged particle radiation by means of 11 operational scientific instruments and its 2.293-GHz telemetry carrier signal. Principle results of the mission include the discovery of an additional ring and a previously unidentified satellite, the further characterization of the physical properties of Saturn and its magnetic field, and the description of the planetary magnetosphere. The successful completion of the mission demonstrated the ability of spacecraft such as Voyager 1 and 2 to survive the particle environments of Saturn's rings and trapped radiation environments, and Pioneer Saturn is expected to continue transmitting information on the interplanetary medium and the solar wind interaction with the interstellar medium until the mid-1980's.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 16
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    Interannual and short-term variations of the Venus nighttime hydrogen bulge (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 10669-10
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  • 17
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    Planetary cartography in the next decade (1984 - 1994) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The cartographic products required to support science and planetary exploration during the next 10 years were assessed. Only major map series or first order maps needed to characterize the surface physiography of a planet or satellite were considered. Included in these considerations are maps needed as bases for plotting geologic, geophysical, and atmospheric phenomena and for planning future planetary exploration. These products consist of three types of maps: controlled photomosaics, shaded relief maps, and topographic contour maps.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-475 , NAS 1.21:475
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  • 18
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    Giacobini-Zinner comet: Polarimetric and physical observations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of observations of the Giacobini-Zinner comet on 25 and 31 October 1959 are presented. The magnitude of the comet was measured photoelectrically in two spectral regions. The radius is on the order of one kilometer. The photoelectric measurements of comets 1959b and 1957c were used to measure the abundances of the CN and C2 radicals and of solid particles in the heads.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77771 , NAS 1.15:77771
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  • 19
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    Meteorite bombardment and dating of planetary surfaces (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Dating by measurement of impact crater frequencies developed in the past years primarily on the basis of the data from the missions to the Moon and Mars. The method allows a good relative dating to be obtained and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn through photographic analyses. A cratering chronology was obtained for the period between the oldest Moon crust (4.3 to 4.4 billion years) to the present time which gives a good absolute dating of any areas of the Moon's surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77558 , NAS 1.15:77558
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  • 20
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    Site certification and landing (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The process by which the landing site for the Viking lander spacecraft was certified is described. Soviet attempts to investigate Mars using the Mars class spacecraft are reviewed. Radar as a tool to study planetary surfaces is discussed. The launch and flight of Viking 1 are recounted. The challenges and success of soft landing of the Viking lander on the Martian surface are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 317-362
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  • 21
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    Voyager: Perils of advanced planning, 1960 - 1967 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Contract proposals; phased project planning; budgetary problems; Saturn 1 B-Centaur versus Saturn V; mission guidelines and management assignments; and the origins of the Voyager project are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 83-120
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  • 22
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    Viking lander: Creating the science teams (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The teams of scientists and the contractors involved in designing and fabricating the Viking lander spacecraft for Mars exploration are discussed. The requirements established for each member of the research teams are enumerated and the personnel selection process is described. Two instruments for the lander, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and a biology life detection instrument, are addressed in terms of costs, design, planning, and subcontractors. The challenges and ultimate success of the research management efforts are related in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 203-242
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  • 23
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    The cart before the horse: Mariner spacecraft and launch vehicles (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Evolution of unmanned space exploration (Pioneer, Ranger, Surveyor, and Prospector) up to 1960, and the problems in the design and use of the Atlas Centaur launch vehicle were discussed. The Mariner Program was developed from the experience gained from the previous unmanned flights.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 1-24
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  • 24
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    Voyager 1 and 2 Atlas of Six Saturnian Satellites (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Maps, compiled with data gathered primarily by Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft, are presented which show the diversity among six of the Saturnian moons. Mimas and Enceladus are mapped in detail. Prelimary maps are given for the other four satellites. Diameter, density, albedo, and distance from mother planet, among much more data, is given for each moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-474 , NAS 1.21:474 , LC-84-11580
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  • 25
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    Safe havens: Selecting landing sites for Viking (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The involved process by which a landing site on the Martian surface was selected for the Viking lander spacecraft is reviewed. Spacecraft survivability had to be weighed against having the lander touch down in an area of little scientific value. The mission of Mariner 9 is discussed and imagery of Mars generated by this space probe is presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 277-316
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  • 26
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    Planetary Science Analysis Support System: Hardware Report (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The computeer hardware requirements for a planetary science data analysis support system are described. Present practice, state-of-the-art, and predictable developments are considered. Specific recommendations are presented for those who plan to acquire new computational tools, those who must install and use them, and those who pay for them.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 2; p 215-223
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  • 27
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    Networking (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data exchange and communication between users, between nodes, and between users and nodes within the Planetary Data System are discussed. Data transport costs, methods, and protocol are reviewed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 2; p 189-214
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  • 28
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    Database Management (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Management of the data within a planetary data system (PDS) is addressed. Principles of modern data management are described and several large NASA scientific data base systems are examined. Data management in PDS is outlined and the major data management issues are introduced.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 2; p 148-166
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  • 29
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    Earth-Based Planetary Data (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA sponsors Earth-based planetary astronomy to provide data needed for: planning future missions; supporting missions already in progress; and enhanching the scientific analysis of data returned by past missions. Such data complement spacecraft data by providing observational coverage of important planetary phenomena at epochs before and after spacecraft encounters, with time scales longer than a spacecraft encounter, and at wavelengths and spectral resolutions not covered by spacecraft instruments. Earth-based planetary data are defined here as: observations made with ground based telescopes, balloon-borne instruments, rocket-borne instruments, and Earth-orbiting spacecraft. Data in the last category differ somewhat in nature and availability from the other three. In all categories, planetary data are only a subset of the total astronomical observations on record. As a result part of the task is to identify and extract (or separately catalog) those observations which are planetary. The data cover wavelengths in the ultraviolet, the visual, and the infrared. The instrumental techniques addressed are: imaging, polarimetry, photometry, spectrophotometry, and spectroscopy.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 107-119
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  • 30
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    Geometry Software Common to All Experiments (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: All imaging, remote sensing, and in situ experiments require information about the geometry and location of observations. An alterntive to collecting geometry data with a supplementary experiment data record is proposed. The new method involves identifying the fundamental information, that is, the geometric state upon which geometry calculations are based, and maintaining or delivering these calculations in separate packages which are easily replaced when improved information is available. Implementation of this method in spacecraft navigation is discussed along with software system requirements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 2; p 185-188
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  • 31
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    Radio Science (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Radio science experiments use electromagnetic waves to probe or study the solar system. Three major research areas were identified within this discipline: radio astronomy, radar astronomy, and celestial mechanics. Radio astronomy (or radiometry) is the detection and measurement of naturally produced radio frequency emissions. Sources include surfaces, atmospheres, rings, and plasmas. Radar astronomy is the observation of man-made signals after their interaction with a target. Both imaging and non-imaging results. Celestial mechanics includes all studies related to the motions of (and gravity fields of) bodies within the solar system. These should not be considered rigid separations, but aid in the discussion of the data sets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 91-106
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  • 32
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    In Situ Data (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In-situ planetary data include all measurements made by a wide variety of instruments whose sensors are exposed directly to the planetry environment. Typical measurements include those of magnetic fields, energetic particle densities and energy distributions, plasma wave characteristics, ionospheric and neutral gas densities, temperatures, composition and motions. A large body of scientists in the United States, and the world, are involved in research using in-situ data. Many of these scientists are associated with Mission investigations groups which provide specific types of in-situ data. These groups, in the course of data analysis, use data provided by similar groups. The interdisciplinary nature of these investigations fosters exchange and reliance upon one another for data is heavy. To a lesser extent, correlative data sets are obtained from the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). However, the data entries often have limited temporal and spatial resolution, are of uncertain quality, and are usually available only for measurements that are several years old.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 86-90
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  • 33
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    Imaging data (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The primary, planetary imaging data base includes all images obtained in visible wavelengths by imaging camera systems aboard planetary spacecraft. (Excluded, due to the volume and complexity of the data, are images taken from Lunar or Earth orbital spacecraft). These estimated 145,000 individual images exist on 12,400 magnetic tapes in a digital format primarily as Experiment Data Records (EDRs); and most are accompanied by the Supplementary Experiment Data Records (SEDRs), which render the EDRs useful. Hardcopy pictures and negatives, the designated archive products for imaging experiments, along with color products and mosaics are maintained at the National space Science Data Center (NSSDC). Also included in the discussion of imaging data are two-dimensional data produced by spacecraft instruments other than optical sensors which may be considered images in a broad sense. Examples of these instruments are imaging radar systems, scanning infrared radiometers, and photopolarimeters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 42-71
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  • 34
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    User Requirements (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The capabilities, enumerated during the Planetary Data Workshop, which the ideal Planetary Data System (PDS) should provide to its users are summarized. System design and implementation activities must take into account that all requirements do not carry the same weight. While some system requirements are essential and must be met early, other requirements are of a less immediate nature and can be implemented during later stages of development. Some requirements may be determined to be not essential to the operation of a PDS or impractical, and then not considered for implementation. It is assumed, that the PDS implementation will be modular in architecture and accomplishment. The modular plan is supported by many potential benefits in that it: simplifies the design and planning activities; improves the ability to respond to the changing demands of the user community; permits incorporation of emerging technologies; and allows the implementation to remain flexible in the face of fluctuating resources.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 18-26
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  • 35
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    Planetary Data Definition (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Planetary data include all of those data which have resulted from measurements made by the instruments carried aboard planetary exploration spacecraft, and (for our purposes) exclude observations of Moon and Earth. The working, planetary data base is envisioned to contain not only these data, but also a wide range of supporting measurements such as calibration files, navigation parameters, spacecraft engineering states, and the various Earth-based and laboratory measurements which provide the planetary research scientist with historical and comparative data. No convention exists across the disciplines of the planetary community for defining or naming the various levels through which data pass in the progression from a sensed impulse at the spacecraft to a reduced, calibrated, and/or analyzed element in a planetary data set. Terms such as EDR (experiment data record), RDR (reduced data record), and SEDR (supplementary experiment data record) imply different meanings depending on the data set under consideration. The development of standard terminology for the general levels of planetary data is necessary.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 9-17
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    Planetary Data Workshop, Part 1 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The community of planetary scientists addresses two general problems regarding planetary science data: (1) important data sets are being permanently lost; and (2) utilization is constrainted by difficulties in locating and accessing science data and supporting information necessary for its use. A means to correct the problems, provide science and functional requirements for a systematic and phased approach, and suggest technologies and standards appropriate to the solution were explored.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-2343-PT-1 , NAS 1.55:2343-PT-1 , Nov 29, 1983 - Dec 01, 1983; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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    Configuration and Implementation (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The main objectives of a Planetary Data System (PDS) are to curate planetary data - that is to store and maintain complete planetary data sets and the necessary supporting documentation to make them useful - and to facilitate scientific study of these data through improved organization and access. A hardware system, no matter how sophisticated and supportive, cannot replace the live colleague interaction needed for good science.System users with only a general knowledge of a data file or data set will need guidance in determining whether that data is most appropriate to support a theory. The PDS is meant to allow easy access to data, to provide useful presentations of that data, and to facilitate data analysis; however it is not designed to supercede the critical examination and interactions that data analysis requires. The Planetary Data System will be a powerful research tool which allows the entire planetary science community access to a complete data and will facilitate the archiving of pass, current, and future mission data sets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 1; p 27-41
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  • 38
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    Nitrogen threshold experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In order to obtain data on Earth geologic processes associated with wind erosion, Mar's and Venus' atmospheres were simulated. Experiments were designed to observe the effects of pressure, gravity, and density on sand movement. An experiment designed to test the operator variance was a comparative test between nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Pressure and therefore density was increased until threshold was noted. Threshold was determined at precisely the same densities of the two gases. If viscosity were a contributing factor in grain saltation the effect would be noted at low pressures. The experiment showed no such variance between carbon dioxide and nitrogen runs for low pressure (density). The largest difference in viscosity between carbon dioxide and nitrogen occurs at low pressures (densities).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 180-204
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  • 39
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    Construction of a model of the Venus surface and its use in processing radar observations (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An algorithm is described for constructing the model of the Venus surface as an expansion in spherical functions. The relief expansion coefficients were obtained up to the coefficient S sub 99. The surface picture representation is given according to this expansion. The surface model constructed was used for processing radar observations. The use of the surface model allows improved agreement between the design and measured values of radar ranges.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77298 , NAS 1.15:77298
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  • 40
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    Etching of moldavities under natural conditions (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The hypothesis that a part of the lechatellierites which originated by etching from a basic moldavite mass became broken off after deposition of moldavite in the sedimentation layer is advanced. Those found close to the original moldavite were measured for statistical averaging of length. The average length of lechatelierite fibers per cubic mm of moldavite mass volume was determined by measurement under a microscope in toluene. The data were used to calculate the depth of the moldavite layer that had to be etched to produce the corresponding amount of lechatelierite fragments. The calculations from five "fields" of moldavite surface, where layers of fixed lechatelierite fragments were preserved, produced values of 2.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9 and 4.5. Due to inadvertent loss of some fragments the determined values are somewhat lower than those found in references. The difference may be explained by the fact that the depth of the layer is only that caused by etching after moldavite deposition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77334 , NAS 1.15:77334
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    The detection of X rays from Jupiter (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: X rays in the energy band 0.2-3.0 keV have been detected coming from both polar regions of Jupiter. The observations were made in 1979 and 1981 by using the imaging proportional counter and high resolution imaging detectors on the Einstein X-ray astronomy satellite. The measured flux density of approximately 0.0006/sq cm-sec at earth corresponds to an X ray luminosity of approximately 4 x 10 to the 9th W in the 0.2- to 3.0-keV energy band. The energy spectrum of the X rays is extremely soft and can be characterized by a power law with an exponent of approximately 2.3. Detector energy resolution is insufficient to distinguish a soft line spectrum from a continuum. However, the shape of the response and the observed X ray power indicate that the source of this auroral emission is not electron bremsstrahlung as on the earth, but is most probably line emission from O and S ions with energies between 0.03 and 4.0 MeV/nucleon precipitating from the outer boundary of the Io plasma torus at L approximately 8.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 1
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    Calibration of the radiometric asteroid scale using occultation diameters (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The paper describes a new approach to the calibration of the radiometric asteroid scale, which relies on recent accurate occultation measurements of the diameters of 2 Pallas (Wasserman et al., 1979) and 3 Juno (Millis et al., 1981), and the Voyager diameter of J4 Callisto, as well as IR photometry of these objects obtained with the NASA 3-m Infrared Telescope Facility. It is shown that this calibration is internally consistent to better than 5%, and probably has an absolute accuracy of + or - 5%. It is noted that a revision of the TRIAD radiometric diameters downward is required to bring them into agreement with the new calibration.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 52; Oct. 198
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    Advances in planetary geology (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This second issue in a new series intended to serve the planetary geology community with a form for quick and thorough communications includes (1) a catalog of terrestrial craterform structures for northern Europe; (2) abstracts of results of the Planetary Geology Program, and (3) a list of the photographic holdings of regional planetary image facilities.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-83089
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  • 44
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    Voyager Saturn encounter press briefing (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The briefing reviewed the mission planning of the Voyager project. The near encounter trajectories of both Voyager spacecraft were examined. The Saturn system is discussed with particular emphasis on Saturn's moons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: P80-10213
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    The Cambridge photographic atlas of the planets (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: The origin of the solar systems is considered along with the formation of the planets, the evolution of the planets, the surfaces of solid planets, and the atmosphere of the planets. A description is provided of the various planets of the solar system. It is pointed out that Mercury was little known until March 1974 when the Mariner 10 spacecraft made the first of its three flybys of that body. In the case of Venus, the Pioneer mission to Venus by NASA in 1978 provided a breakthrough concerning a knowledge of the solid body hidden beneath the clouds. The characteristics of the planet earth are discussed together with information about the moon. A shaded relief map of Mars illustrates the geographic features of this planet. The map was produced with the aid of Mariner 9 photographs. Maps of the Jovian system based on photographs provided by space missions are also presented, and the Saturnian system is discussed, taking into account major satellites and rings of Saturn.
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    Voyager to Saturn, plans for Uranus, and the future (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: The next two major data acquisition events in planetary exploration are outlined. They are the encounter with Uranus in January 1986 and with Neptune and its large moon Triton in 1989. A discussion of the Galileo mission and the suspended VOIR mission to Venus is given. Cost considerations and future plans are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: AAS 82-117 , Spacelab, space platforms and the future; Fourth Joint AAS/DGLR Symposium and Twentieth Goddard Memorial Symposium; Mar 17, 1982 - Mar 19, 1982; Washington, DC
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    Planetary exploration through year 2000: A core Program, part 1 (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Core Program, goals for planetary exploration, continuity and expansion, core program missions, mission implementation, anticipated accomplishments, resource requirements, and near term budget decisions are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85288 , NAS 1.15:85288
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    The role of fallback ejecta in the modification of impact craters (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physical processes responsible for the deposition of fragments of target material ejected from the transient cavity of an impact crater within the crater are discussed and quantities of fallback ejecta deposited in impact craters formed on different planetary surfaces are estimated. Consideration is given to the relative importance of in-flight particle collisions and atmospheric particle deceleration, and a model of the aerodynamic deceleration of fallback ejecta is developed. When applied to Meteor Crater in Arizona, the model predicts 5% of the primary ejecta, with an average fragment size of 1.4 cm, to have fallen back into the crater, in agreement with empirical studies of the crater fallback deposit, thus indicating atmospheric deceleration to be the principal mechanism for fallback deposition on earth. The model also predicts the proportion of primary ejecta to be deposited as fallback to increase with excavation cavity diameter on the earth. Model estimates also suggest that more than half of the primary ejecta from large-scale Venusian cavities should be redeposited as fallback, while relatively small amounts of fallback are expected for lunar and Martian craters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 42; Apr. 198
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    Reports of planetary geology program, 1979 - 1980 (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Abstracts of 145 reports are compiled addressing the morphology, geochemistry, and stratigraphy of planetary surfaces with some specific examinations of volcanic, aeolian, fluvial, and periglacial processes and landforms. In addition, reports on cartography and remote sensing of planet surfaces are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-81776
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    Voyager backgrounder (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Voyager spacecraft and experiments are described. The spacecraft description includes the structure and configuration, communications systems, power supplies, computer command subsystems, and the science platform. The experiments discussed are investigations of cosmic rays, low-energy charged particles, magnetic fields, and plasma waves, along with studies in radio astronomy photopolarimetry. The tracking and data acquisition procedures for the missions are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-81-116 , P81-10118
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    Encounter with Saturn - Voyager 1 imaging science results (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of 'ringlets', and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; Apr. 10
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    Small impact craters in the lunar regolith - Their morphologies, relative ages, and rates of formation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The size frequency distributions, relative ages, and absolute age determination of lunar impact craters ranging in diameter from 1 to 100 m are discussed in relation to present-day and past impact rates. The size frequency distributions of craters produced by impacts on the lunar surface and of craters remaining after degradation with time and later impacts are examined, together with the steady state frequency curves for various crater morphologies. Relations between the relative ages of craters, their morphologies and their diameters are discussed, and the calibration of this kind of relationship with absolute crater ages by the location of individual craters with known absolute ages, diameters and frequency distribution statistics is considered. Estimates of present and past cratering rates based on crater size-frequency distributions are presented which suggest that the rate of impacting objects producing small lunar craters could have been constant over the last 100 million years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 23; Oct. 198
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    Voyager 1: Encounter with Saturn (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The history of the Voyager Project is reviewed as well as known facts about Saturn and its satellites. Important results of encounters with Jupiter are summarized. Scientific objectives of the flyby of Saturn involve the planet's atmosphere, rings, and magnetic field interactions with the solar wind and satellites. The search for additional satellites, and various aspects of Titan, Rhea, Dione, Mimas, Iapetus, Hyperion, and Enceladas are also of interest. The instruments developed to obtain these goals are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-80-159 , P80-10167
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    Planetary exploration through year 2000: A CORE program, part 1 (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Mission definitions and priorities; target selections; program strategy; historical settings; major scientific goals; spacecraft exploration; and planetary missions are examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-88653 , NAS 1.15:88653
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    Reorganization and creation of Viking (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The cancellation of Voyager caused NASA to rethink its slate of proposed planetary missions. A set of alternatives was developed for planetary investigations among which was the Viking program. The problems of management assignments and budgets are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 121-154
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  • 56
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    On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The exploration of Mars is covered by the following topics: Mariner spacecraft and launch vehicles, search for Martian life; Voyager spacecraft; creation of Viking; Viking Orbiter and its Mariner inheritance; Viking lander; building a complex spacecraft; selecting landing sites; site certification, and data from Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-4212 , NAS 1.21:4212 , LC-82-22302
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    The search for Martian life begins, 1959 - 1965 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: When the Viking spacecraft was launched to Mars in 1975, three biological experiments and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, instruments with an intellectual and technological history reaching back to the early days of American space science, were on board. A systematic study of the evolution of the Martian surface and atmosphere was conceived with the following goals: (1) determination of the physical and chemical conditions of the martian surface as a potential environment for life; (2) determination whether life is or was present on Mars; (3) determination of the characteristics of that life, if present; and (4) investigation of the pattern of chemical evolution without life.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958 - 1978; p 51-82
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    Non-Imaging Software/Data Analysis Requirements (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The analysis software needs of the non-imaging planetary data user are discussed. Assumptions as to the nature of the planetary science data centers where the data are physically stored are advanced, the scope of the non-imaging data is outlined, and facilities that users are likely to need to define and access data are identified. Data manipulation and analysis needs and display graphics are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 2; p 173-184
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    SOFT-1: Imaging Processing Software (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Five levels of image processing software are enumerated and discussed: (1) logging and formatting; (2) radiometric correction; (3) correction for geometric camera distortion; (4) geometric/navigational corrections; and (5) general software tools. Specific concerns about access to and analysis of digital imaging data within the Planetary Data System are listed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Data Workshop, Pt. 2; p 167-172
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    Planetary Data Workshop, Part 2 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Technical aspects of the Planetary Data System (PDS) are addressed. Methods and tools for maintaining and accessing large, complex sets of data are discussed. The specific software and applications needed for processing imaging and non-imaging science data are reviewed. The need for specific software that provides users with information on the location and geometry of scientific observations is discussed. Computer networks and user interface to the PDS are covered along with Computer hardware available to this data system.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-2343-PT-2 , NAS 1.55:2343-PT-2 , Nov 29, 1983 - Dec 01, 1983; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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    Advances in planetary geology (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A wide variety of topics on planetary geology are presented. Subjects include stratigraphy and geomorphology of Copernicus, the Mamers valle region, and other selected regions of Mars and the Moon. Crater density and distribution are discussed for Callisto and the lunar surface. Spectroscopic analysis is described for Europa and Ganymede.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86247 , NAS 1.15:86247
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    Preliminary study of microtektites first discovered in the central Pacific by China (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Electron probe analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of microtektites discovered in the Central Pacific. An X-ray energy spectrum analysis was made, and the surface microstructure was investigated. The found microtektites appear to be younger than the microtektites reported in the Asia Australia Strewn Field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77470 , NAS 1.15:77470
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    Reports of planetary geology program, 1983 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Several areas of the Planetary Geology Program were addressed including outer solar system satellites, asteroids, comets, Venus, cratering processes and landform development, volcanic processes, aeolian processes, fluvial processes, periglacial and permafrost processes, geomorphology, remote sensing, tectonics and stratigraphy, and mapping.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86246 , NAS 1.15:86246
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    Periods of activity cycles in late-type stars (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The mean magnetic field dynamo theory is utilized to obtain the qualitative dependence of the period of activity on the angular velocity of rotation for stars with sufficiently extensive convective shells. The dependence of the cycle period on the spectral class is also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77297 , NAS 1.15:77297
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    Preliminary discussion on the origin of Lei-gong-mo (tektites) (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The specimens of lei-gong-mo (tektites) were collected from Hainan Island and Leizhow Peninsula during the period from 1963 to 1975. The distribution, forms, sculpture, abration surface (bald spot), internal structure and chemical composition of lei-gong-mo are discussed. Studies of these materials lead to the following conclusions: (1) the specimens of lei-gong-mo can be morphologically divided into eight types; (2) the sculptures on the surface of lei-gong-mo are probably due to the corrosion effect of volcanic gas, and the abration surface due to the aerodynamic corrosion; (3) the folded structures in the layered lei-gong-mo (Muong Nong-type tektite) seem hardly to be formed by an impact of meteorites, but they might be produced in the magma flow process when the lei-gong-mo was melting within the crater vent; and (4) the comparison of its chemical composition with that of basalt from Hainan Island does not show that lei-gong-mo came from the local volcano. The hypothesis of the lunar volcanic origin of tektites is examined.
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    Type: NASA-TM-77328 , NAS 1.15:77328
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    Reconstruction of the H2O profile from the results of modeling the heat flux in the lower atmosphere of Venus (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The H2O profile in the Venus lower atmosphere is reconstructed by the effective radiation flux data. It is shown that the H2O vapor abundance is concentrated mainly in the 20 to 48 km layer and depends on measurement time and location. The magnitudes of H2O optically determined are much less than those obtained by probing, especially below 20 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77216 , NAS 1.15:77216 , PREPRINT-164
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    The study of Venus continues (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The landing of the Soviet interplanetary station Venera-13 in March, 1982, is described. One of the tasks of the station was to study the composition and structure of cloud layers on Venus. It was established that the cloud layer consists largely of sulfuric acid. Data obtained from other Venera stations are also presented. It is concluded that fundamental similarities can be found in the geological development of the Earth and Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77198 , NAS 1.15:77198
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    Crater densities and geological histories of Rhea, Dione, Mimas and Tethys (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Saturn icy satellites Rhea, Dione, Mimas and Tethys were imaged by Voyager 1 with sufficiently high resolution to permit crater counts that will determine the character and magnitude of crater density variations and the relative ages of the different terrain types. The data show that the surfaces of these satellites are not uniformly cratered, and therefore not of uniform age. Density variations are found to occur at all diameters, especially in the distribution of large-diameter craters (greater than 50 km). It is concluded that this satellite group, despite their small size and mass and low density, have evolved beyond their original, accretionary state. The alteration processes appear in light of crater density determinations to have been active beyond the period of heavy bombardment. The energy source for the evolution of these bodies has yet to be determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 295; Jan. 28
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    NASA Facts: Images of Saturn from Voyager 2 (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Six color images of Saturn and four of her moons, acquired by Voyager 2, are presented. A brief narrative and explanatory captions, including explanations of the planet's atmosphere and rings, are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NF-132/10-81
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  • 70
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    Advances in planetary geology (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Three dissertations are provided covering (1) the stochastic evolution of asteroidal regoliths and the origin of brecciated and gas-rich meteorites; (2) ridge systems on Mars; and (3) the morphology and evolution of Ganymede and Callisto.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84412
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  • 71
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    Voyager 1: Saturn encounter. Summary of events (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-80-145 , P80-10147
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  • 72
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    Two classes of volcanic plumes on Io (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Results of an analysis of the properties, source regions and deposits of volcanic plumes on Io are presented which suggest the presence of two plume types. Eruptions at the Aten Patera caldera in the south polar region and the Surt caldera in the far north, which were deduced to have taken place between the times of the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 encounters from evidence of surface changes, are similar to the Pele eruption. These Pele-type eruptions are characterized by durations of from a few days to a few weeks, dark-red annular deposits of about 1400 km in diameter, temperatures of about 650 K and locations restricted to areas with large, silicate landforms. Smaller, more numerous eruptions of the Prometheus type were observed on both encounters, being characterized by durations in excess of several years, bright ringed deposits about 250 km in diameter, restriction to an equatorial location high in SO2 and temperatures less than 400 K. In addition, an intermediate type of feature was noted at either end of the linear feature Loki. Two separate mechanisms, involving SO2 and sulfur as driving sources, are proposed to account for the Pele- and Prometheus-type eruptions, respectively, and the discrete temperatures of the plumes are suggested to reflect the temperatures at which sulfur is a low-viscosity fluid.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; Aug. 198
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  • 73
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    Radar investigation of asteroids (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Radar investigations were conducted of selected minor planets, including: (1) observations during 1981-82 of 10 potential targets (2 Pallas, 8 Flora, 12 Victoria, 15 Eunomia, 19 Fortuna, 22 Kalliope, 132 Aethra, 219 Thusnelda, 433 Eros, and 2100 Ra-Shalom); and (2) continued analyses of observational data obtained during 1980-81 for 10 other asteroids (4 Vesta, 7 Iris, 16 Psyche, 75 Eurydike, 97 Klotho, 216 Kleopatra, 1685 Toro, 1862 Apollo, 1865 Cerberus, and 1915 Quetzalcoatl). Scientific objectives include estimation of echo strength, polarization, spectral shape, spectral bandwidth, and Doppler shift. These measurements: (1) yield estimates of target size, shape, and spin vector; (2) place constraints on topography, morphology, and composition of the planetary surface; (3) yield refined estimates of target orbital parameters; (4) reveal the presence of asteroidal satellites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-164554
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  • 74
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    Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1981 (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Abstracts of 205 reports from Principal investigators of NASA's Planetary Geology Program succinctly summarize work conducted and reflect the significant accomplishments. The entries are arranged under the following topics: (1) Saturnian satellites; (2) asteroids, comets and Galilean satellites; (3) cratering processes and landform development; (4) volcanic processes and landforms; (5) Aerolian processes and landforms; (6) fluvial, preglacial, and other processes of landform development; (7) Mars polar deposits, volatiles, and climate; (8) structure, tectonics, and stratigraphy; (9) remote sensing and regolith chemistry; (10) cartography and geologic mapping; and (11) special programs.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84211
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    A new look at the Saturn system - The Voyager 2 images (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Images of the Saturn system acquired by Voyager 2 in its encounter in August 1981 are presented and information gained from the imagery on the atmosphere, satellites, and rings of Saturn is discussed. The images have shown the Saturn atmosphere to contain persistent oval clouds similar to those of Jupiter, and small irregular features indicative of a pattern of zonal winds that is symmetric about the equator and appears to extend to great depths. The atmosphere of Titan is found to possess an upper haze layer above the main haze, a hemispherical brightness asymmetry, and a dark band in the north polar region. Other satellite observations included relatively high resolution coverage of Enceladus and Tethys, moderate resolution views of Hyperion and Iapetus, and the first observations of Phoebe, as well as views of the eight minor satellites associated with the orbits of Dione, Tethys and Mimas, and the F and A rings. Images of various ring structures were obtained, most notably the birth of a spoke and variable ringlet structures in the outer B ring. The observations may be used to deduce the collisional and thermal history of the rings and satellites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 215; Jan. 29
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  • 76
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    Voyage to Jupiter (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Early observations of the Jovian system are reviewed as well as the scientific objectives of the Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions. Launch vehicles, spacecraft trajectories, and the instruments carried are described. Photographs obtained by both voyage spacecraft are presented along with day-by-day summaries of the findings recorded by the various instruments and experiments carried by each spacecraft. Pictorial maps of the Galilean satellites, and lists of the Voyager science and managements teams are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-439 , LC-80-600126
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    NASA to launch WESTAR 4 communications satellite (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-82-17 , P82-10017
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  • 78
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    Venus general atmosphere circulation described by Pioneer (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The predominant weather pattern for Venus is described. Wind directions and wind velocities are given. Possible driving forces of the winds are presented and include solar heating, planetary rotation, and the greenhouse effect.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-81-103 , P81-10104
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  • 79
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    Preliminary science results of Voyager 1 Saturn encounter (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Preliminary science results of the Voyager 1 encounter of the planet Saturn are reported. On August 22, 1980, the spacecraft was 109 million km (68 million mi) from Saturn. Closest approach to Saturn took place on November 12, at 3:46 p.m. (PDT), when the spacecraft passed 126,000 km (78,000 mi) from the cloud tops. Measurements of the atmosphere, wind speed, radiation, six surrounding rings, and the planet's old and newly found satellites were recorded. The encounter ended December 15, 1980. The spacecraft took more than 17,500 photographs of Saturn and its satellites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-81-44 , P81-10044
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  • 80
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    Microtektite discovered in Beijing (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The discovery, testing, and chemical composition of tiny vitreous spheres are discussed. These spheres, found in China, are thought to be microtektites. A method for determining the age of these spheres is mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-77765 , NAS 1.15:77765
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  • 81
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    Trends in Planetary Data Analysis. Executive summary of the Planetary Data Workshop (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Planetary data include non-imaging remote sensing data, which includes spectrometric, radiometric, and polarimetric remote sensing observations. Also included are in-situ, radio/radar data, and Earth based observation. Also discussed is development of a planetary data system. A catalog to identify observations will be the initial entry point for all levels of users into the data system. There are seven distinct data support services: encyclopedia, data index, data inventory, browse, search, sample, and acquire. Data systems for planetary science users must provide access to data, process, store, and display data. Two standards will be incorporated into the planetary data system: Standard communications protocol and Standard format data unit. The data system configuration must combine a distributed system with those of a centralized system. Fiscal constraints have made prioritization important. Activities include saving previous mission data, planning/cost analysis, and publishing of proceedings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-2333 , NAS 1.55:2333 , Nov 29, 1983 - Dec 02, 1983; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 82
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    Cratering history of the Saturnian satellites (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: In an attempt to relate the observed crater frequencies on the saturnian satellites with absolute time, the cratering history of the Saturn system was modeled. The model is based upon several assumptions. First, the cumulative flux history at Saturn resembles that of the inner solar system. That is to say, a high cratering rate which rapidly (exponentially) decayed over the first few hundred million years followed by a significatly lower but more constant flux to the present. Second, the end of the heavy bombardment occured about 3.7-3.8 b.y. ago. Third, Population I craters, dominated by large diameters and having a shallow size-frequency distribution slope, were formed during the period of heavy bombardment. Population II craters, characterized by small craters and a steep distribution slope, have formed since the heavy bombardment ended.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 113-115
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    Venus cloud studies show changes in long-term wind patterns (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-81-33 , P81-10033
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  • 84
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    Voyager 2 to make closest encounter with Saturn in August (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The planned Voyager 2 Saturn mission is described. Information about Saturn obtained from the Voyager 1 encounter is summarized. Data on the satellites and rings of Saturn are tabulated. The video programming schedule for the Voyager 2 Saturn encounter is given. The Voyager science team is listed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-81-97 , P81-10098
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  • 85
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    The moon (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The principal scientific results from the Apollo Program are reviewed. Data on the nature of the moon, including the surface, interior, and composition, are discussed. Attention is also given to problems of lunar age determination, and to certain unanswered questions concerning the moon (e.g., the chemical composition of the whole moon and the moon's asymmetry). A number of illustrative photographs are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 86
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    Voyager Encounters Saturn: Scientific Highlights (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Observations generated by Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn are disclosed. Atmospheric conditions, the rings, new moons and the five inner moons are described. Titan, Hyperion and Iapetus are discussed in detail, as is Saturn's magnetosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-80-192 , P80-10202
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  • 87
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    Observations of the plasma torus of Jupiter with a Fabry-Perot/charge-coupled device /CCD/ imaging spectrometer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A description is presented of the use of a CCD imaging spectrometer which has been employed at a 2.1 m telescope to obtain monochromatic images in the red and near infrared. The system studied was Jupiter's plasma torus which circles the planet with radial extent about 5 RJ and 7 RJ (RJ is the radius of Jupiter). In ground based measurements the torus has been observed in the forbidden emission lines of S(plus) at 6716 A and 6731 A and S(plus plus) at 9531 A. Attention is given to aspects of instrumentation, observations, and performance. It is felt that the particular significance of the obtained results from the instrumental point of view is the demonstration that the CCD is an excellent detector for monochromatic imaging in the near infrared out to at least 10830 A and that pixel binning before readout can produce significantly improved S/N ratios for the study of faint, diffuse sources in cases where readout noise is dominant.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Solid state imagers for astronomy; June 10, 11, 1981; Cambridge, MA
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  • 88
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    Spectral investigations of Mars from Viking (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: In connection with the Viking mission, spectral and photometric data of Mars were obtained with the aid of camera systems located either on the planetary surface (Lander I and II) or in Martian orbit (Orbiter I and II). Operations from Lander I are scheduled to continue through 1990. Comparisons made of the surface and atmospheric spectral and photometric properties at various times throughout the Mission were probably the most important studies conducted by the Lander cameras. The variations in atmospheric optical density due to clouds, dust storm activity (both local and global), and even a partial eclipse of the sun by the small satellite Phobos, were observed by the Lander imaging systems. Using Viking Orbiter II images, the surface materials of the equatorial region have been classified and mapped on the basis of spectral reflectance properties. Attention is also given to some details regarding the characteristics of the Viking imaging systems.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Imaging spectroscopy; Proceedings of the Seminar, Los Angeles; 1, 1981; CA, February 10
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    Voyager at Saturn (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The spacecraft design and operations and mission results of the Voyager Project are reviewed with particular emphasis on the results of the Saturn encounters. The mission was undertaken by two spacecraft: Voyager 2, launched first on August 20, 1977 on a lower energy trajectory to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune; and Voyager 1, launched on September 5, 1977 on a higher energy trajectory to closer flybys of Jupiter and Saturn. The Voyager spacecraft make use of earlier Mariner and Viking Orbiter design concepts, with additional capabilities for solar independent power, long-range communications and autonomy as well as equipment for the 11 science investigations. The Voyager operations system consists of a ground data system, missions operations system, and support by the Mission Control and Computer Center and Deep Space Network. Among the results of the Jupiter encounter are data concerning the magnetospheric structure and atmospheric dynamics of the planet and the surface features of the Galilean satellites. The encounters with Saturn produced scientific data concerning wind speeds, auroral emissions, and radio emissions from the planet, the fine structure of the previously known and newly discovered rings, the surface features of the satellites and the atmospheric composition and conditions of Titan. Voyager 1 is presently making field and particle measurements on its flight into interstellar space, while Voyager 2 is headed for an encounter with Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune in August 1989.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: IAF PAPER 81-199 , International Astronautical Congress; Sept. 6-12, 1981; Rome; Italy
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    Prospects for detecting other planetary systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Prospects for the detection of extrasolar planetary systems using ground and space-based techniques are surveyed. The likely observable manifestations of another planetary system are considered, including angular displacements in stellar position, Doppler shifts in stellar radiation and stellar dimming due to the transit of an unseen companion (indirect techniques), and direct evidence of the thermal and reflected components of planetary radiation. The current status and prospects for future improvement of ground-based detection based on astrometric and radial velocity measurements are reviewed, and the limitations of future space-based systems that may be used in astrometric or direct searches for other planetary systems, the IRAS and the Space Telescope, are discussed. It is concluded that a comprehensive search program must involve both ground- and space-based instruments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Life in the universe; June 19, 20, 1979; Moffett Field, CA
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  • 91
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    Laminar and turbulent flow solutions with radiation and ablation injection for Jovian entry (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Laminar and turbulent flow-field solutions with coupled carbon-phenolic mass injection are presented for the forebody of a probe entering a nominal Jupiter atmosphere. Solutions are obtained for a 35-degree hyperboloid and for a 45-degree spherically blunted cone using a time-dependent, finite-difference method. The radiative heating rates for the coupled laminar flow are significantly reduced as compared to the corresponding no-blowing case; however, for the coupled turbulent flow, it is found that the surface radiative heating rates are substantially increased and often exceed the corresponding no-blowing values. Turbulence is found to have no effect on the surface radiative heating rates for the no-blowing solutions. The present results are compared with the other available solutions, and some additional solutions are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-163215
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  • 92
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    Outer satellite atmospheres: Their nature and planetary interactions (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Modeling capabilities and initial model calculations are reported for the peculiar directional features of the Io sodium cloud discovered by Pilcher and the extended atomic oxygen atmosphere of Io discovered by Brown. Model results explaining the directional feature by a localized emission from the satellite are encouraging, but as yet, inconclusive; whereas for the oxygen cloud, an escape rate of 1 to 2 x 10 to the 27th power atoms/sec or higher from Io is suggested. Preliminary modeling efforts were also initiated for the extended hydrogen ring-atmosphere of Saturn detected by the Voyager spacecraft and for possible extended atmospheres of some of the smaller satellites located in the E-ring. Continuing research efforts reported for the Io sodium cloud include further refinement in the modeling of the east-west asymmetry data, the asymmetric line profile shape, and the intersection of the cloud with the Io plasma torus. In addition, the completed pre-Voyager modeling of Titan's hydrogen torus is included and the near completed model development for the extended atmosphere of comets is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-169437 , NAS 1.26:169437 , REPT-4
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  • 93
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    Ephemerides and observations of Mars by means of an astrolabe (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Sun and planetary system; Oct 19, 1981 - Oct 23, 1981; Dubrovnik; Yugoslavia
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    Multi-ring basin formation - Possible clues from impact cratering calculations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Finite difference continuum mechanics code calculations make it possible to vary the controlling variables in an impact event and to determine basic trends at scales unavailable to experimental analysis. Orphal et al. (1980) have summarized the results of a pair of such calculations for identical projectile/target characteristics but different impact velocities. One calculation considered a relatively low velocity iron impactor (5 km/s); the other, a high velocity iron impactor (15.8 km/s). The primary purpose was to investigate the generation and transport of impact melt for the two impact energies. Attention is given to crater growth, crater ejecta, and possible implications for basin-size events. Based on extrapolations, a new scenario is proposed. The scenario incorporates elements of several existing basin models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Multi-ring basins: Formation and evolution; Nov 10, 1980 - Nov 12, 1980; Houston, TX
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    Petrochemical constraints on lateral transport during lunar basin formation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lunar ANT petrochemistry correlates with longitude, allowing the sampled region of the moon to be divided into three geochemical provinces: western (Apollo 12 and 14), near-eastern (Apollo 11, 15, 16 and 17) and far-eastern (Luna 16, 20 and 24). A western ANT rock has a far greater Eu anomaly for a given Sm content than does a near-eastern ANT rock, which is in turn has a somewhat greater Eu anomaly than does a far-eastern ANT rock. Distinct differences are also observed in Sc/Sm and Ti/Sm ratios (western ANT rocks have lower ratios) and in the abundances of alkali-rich anorthosites (five of the six known anorthosites from the west are approximately four times richer in Na and K than are ferroan anorthosites, whereas none of the 40 known anorthosites from the near east is alkali-rich). The existence of this distinct correlation of ANT geochemical properties with longitude implies that even during the first few hundred m.y. of lunar history basin-forming impacts were not capable of efficiently redistributing material laterally across the lunar surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Multi-ring basins: Formation and evolution; Nov 10, 1980 - Nov 12, 1980; Houston, TX
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    Modification of multi-ring basins - The Imbrium model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is shown that the gross variations in wall height around Imbrium result largely from intersection of the Imbrium basin with pre-existing basins and faulting: angle of impact and slumping played a lesser modifying role. The gross irregularities in plan of the northern part of Imbrium is hypothesized to result from the collapse of large crustal blocks into the Imbrium and Serenitatis cavities. Lithosphere thickness is believed to play an important role in the mechanisms of formation and modification of large craters and basins. The deduction of slow sub-lithospheric flow of material toward the cavity centers does not lend support to the tsunami model, requires a minor modification of the nested-crater model and provides a mechanism for the production of megaterraces. Spatial and temporal lithosphere variations satisfy constraints requiring the overlap of morphology/diameter characteristics, variable onset diameters between planets, variable ring spacings from planet to planet and provide a mechanism for producing local irregularities in ring structures.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Multi-ring basins: Formation and evolution; Nov 10, 1980 - Nov 12, 1980; Houston, TX
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    The origin of lunar mascons - Analysis of the Bouguer gravity associated with Grimaldi (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Grimaldi is a relatively small multi-ringed basin located on the western limb of the moon. Spacecraft free-air gravity data reveal a mascon associated with the inner ring of this structure, and the topographic correction to the local lunar gravity field indicates a maximum Bouguer anomaly of +90 milligals at an altitude of 70 kilometers. Approximately 20% of this positive Bouguer anomaly can be attributed to the mare material lying within the inner ring of this basin. From a consideration of the Bouguer gravity and structure of large lunar craters comparable in size to the central basin of Grimaldi, it is suggested that the remaining positive Bouguer anomaly is due to a centrally uplifted plug of lunar mantle material. The uplift was caused by inward crustal collapse which also resulted in the formation of the concentric outer scarp of Grimaldi. In addition, an annulus of low density material, probably a combination of ejecta and in situ breccia, is required to fully reproduce the Bouguer gravity signature across this basin. It is proposed that Grimaldi supplies a critical test in the theory of mascon formation: crustal collapse by ring faulting and central uplift to depths of the crust-mantle boundary are requisites
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Multi-ring basins: Formation and evolution; Nov 10, 1980 - Nov 12, 1980; Houston, TX
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  • 98
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    Origin of regular satellites (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The regular satellites of Jupiter and Saturn are generally believed to have accreted within cooling circumplanetary nebulae. Small silicate bodies are lost into the planet by gas drag before ice can condense. Larger silicate protosatellites survive by exerting tidal torques on the gas, clearing low-density 'tunnels' around their orbits. The nebula is thus divided into a series of gas rings depleted in silicates. Cooling eventually allows ice condensation, yielding another generation of icy bodies. Collisional accretion of these objects accounts for stochastic density variations of Saturn's inner satellites. High dynamic pressure may have prevented accretion in the inner part of the Jovian nebula; J5 may be an ablated remnant of a larger body.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The comparative study of the planets; Sep 14, 1981 - Sep 25, 1981; Vulcano; Italy
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  • 99
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    Aeolian modification of planetary surfaces (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Any planet or satellite having a dynamic atmosphere and a solid surface is subject to aeolian or wind processes. A survey of the solar system shows that earth, Mars, Venus, and possibly Titan meet these criteria. Attention is given to the relevance of aeolian processes to planetary geology, approaches for investigating aeolian processes, observations on Mars, conditions on Venus, and studies of Titan with the aid of the Voyager spacecraft. It is found that aeolian processes play an important role in the modification of the surfaces of earth and Mars. Indirect evidence suggests that Venus and perhaps Titan also may experience aeolian activity. Study of aeolian activity in a planetary context thus affords the opportunity to examine a fundamental process under a wide range of environmental conditions. Each planet can be viewed as a vast natural laboratory.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The comparative study of the planets; Sep 14, 1981 - Sep 25, 1981; Vulcano; Italy
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  • 100
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    Origin and evolution of the giant planets (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A discussion is presented of two major giant planet origin hypotheses: (1) protoplanet formation in the solar nebula in the form of a gravitationally unstable, gaseous subcondensation, subsequently evolving as a chemically homogeneous object until a stage at which a solid core may form; and (2) solid core formation by accumulation of planetesimals, followed by the accretion of solar-composition gas onto the core until it becomes unstable to collapse. Under either of the scenarios, evolution is found to comprise an early, cool phase in hydrostatic equilibrium, a hydrodynamic collapse, and a final phase of hydrostatic contraction and cooling to the present state. Attention is given to the physical processes that are most important in the determination of evolutionary characteristics. A concluding note on the cases of Uranus and Neptune is also given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The comparative study of the planets; Sep 14, 1981 - Sep 25, 1981; Vulcano; Italy
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