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  • GEOPHYSICS  (3,124)
  • 1980-1984  (3,123)
  • 1925-1929  (1)
  • 101
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    Gravity waves from the stratosphere to the mesosphere, part 1.3B (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The propagation of gravity waves from the stratosphere to the mesosphere has important implications both for observers and those who are attempting to parameterize wave breaking in global models. As they propagate from the tropopause to their breaking level (here, assumed to be the mesosphere), gravity waves can encounter a refractive environment since the vertical group velocity is a function of the background wind. They may be focussed or scattered or dissipated before reaching the mesosphere. It is even conceivable that gravity waves may break stop breaking, and begin breaking again at high altitudes with a resultant loss of wave energy in the intervening region. From a modeling viewpoint, the important concern for large-scale flows is the total upward flux of gravity wave (pseudo) momentum entering the stratosphere and mesosphere. The refraction of gravity waves also presents a difficult problem for observers since waves passing through the tropopause may arrive a thousand kilometers upstream in the mesosphere. Since mesosphere - stratosphere - troposphere (MST) radars sense tropospheric and mesospheric conditions most accurately, they are ideally suited to assess the total gravity-wave flux through the tropopause and stratospause. Networks of radars making coordinated measurements may be required to accurately determine the upward flux of momentum as well as the flux convergence between layers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 23
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  • 102
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    Geomagnetic Disturbances Caused by Internal Atmospheric Dynamics (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It is commonly believed that geomagnetic disturbances are caused by external influences connected with the solar wind. The 27-day recurrence of perturbations seems to be a strong hint for this interaction. But frequently geomagnetic disturbances occur without any relation to sunspot numbers or radiowave fluxes. This was one of the reasons for introducing hypothetical M-regions on the Sun and their relation to solar wind activities. Only one half of the variance of the geomagnetic AL-index could be related to the solar wind. Therefore it is concluded that internal processes of the magnetosphere were responsible for additional geomagnetic activity. Arguments, which might lead to the suggestion of geomagnetic disturbances as being caused by internal atmospheric dynamics are discussed and a rather preliminary scenario of those processes is proposed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 216-220
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  • 103
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    Ozone Measurements in the Mesosphere During a Solar Proton Event (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Charged particle precipitation in the Earth's atmosphere produces odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen. These species take part in catalytic reactions which destroy atmospheric ozone in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Modeling efforts regarding the impact of these ionization events on the neutral atmosphere describe ozone depletions in good agreement with observations in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The photochemical effects of the solar proton event (SPE) of August 1972 are discussed, and calculations for higher altitudes (70 to 90 km) are presented that indicate after a brief reduction during and immediately following intense particle precipitation, ozone will later reach higher concentrations than those present before the event.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 213-215
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  • 104
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    Latitudinal Dependence of the Energy Input into the Mesosphere by High Energy Electrons (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Night-time ionspheric absorption measurements give the possibility to study the precipitation of high energy electrons into the mesosphere during and after magnetospheric storms. The uniform Finnish riometer network was used together with measurements from Kuhlungsborn and Collm (GDR) to investigate the night-time absorption as a function of latitude (L=6.5 to 2.5) and storm-time for seven storms. The common trends visible in all these events are summarized in a schematic average picture, showing the distribution of increased ionospheric absorption as a function of latitude (L value) and storm-time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 211-212
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  • 105
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    Solar Terrestrial Influences on the D Region as Shown by the Level of Atmospheric Radio Noise (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Measurements of the integrated atmospheric radio noise field strength at 27 kHz, used here, were made from 1965 to 1975 at Uppsala, Kuhlungsborn, and Prague-Panska Ves. The large scale meteorological situation was considered by comparing solar disturbed and undisturbed periods under similar weather situations. In order to show the effects of the precipitating high energy particle (HEP) flux and of the Forbush decrease on the noise level between pairs of stations were computed as deviations from the monthly median. Delta E (dB), day by day for all six periods was studied. The correlation coefficients for noon as well as for night values were computed. The correlation coefficients were compared with those for solar undisturbed periods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 205-210
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  • 106
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    Dependence of the High Latitude Middle Atmosphere Ionization on Structures in Interplanetary Space (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The precipitation of high energetic electrons during and after strong geomagnetic storms into heights below 100 km in middle and subauroral latitudes is markedly modulated by the structure of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Under relative quiet conditions the D-region ionization caused by high energetic particle precipitation (energies greater than 20 to 50 keV) depends on changes of the interplanetary magnetic field and also on the velocity of the solar wind. To test this assumption, the influence of the IMF-sector boundary crossings on ionospheric absorption data of high and middle latitudes by the superposed-epoch method was investigated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 200-204
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  • 107
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    High Energy Particle Effects in the D Region During and After Geomagnetic Storms (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetosphere produces a remarkable modification of the mid-latitude D-region structure during daytime and at dawn and dusk conditions. Beside the heavily fluctuating precipitation during the main storm phase, there exists a more continuous input of high energy electrons into the mesosphere in the belt between phi= 50 deg and the auroral zone up to ten days after the disturbance. The excessive D-region ionization, the after-effect of geomagnetic storms, is caused at least partly by additional nitric oxide production. The winter anomaly effects are especially amplified and prolonged by this effect. The source of this mid-latitude particle precipitation is thought to be situated in magnetospheric slot region processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 192
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  • 108
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    The High Latitude D Region During Electron Precipitation Events (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The fluxes of energetic electrons entering the high-latitude atmosphere during auroral radio absorption events and their effect on the electron density in the auroral D region are discussed. An attempt was made to calculate the radio absorption during precipitation events from the fluxes of energetic electrons measured at geosynchronous orbit, and then to consider the use of absorption measurements to indicate the magnetospheric particle fluxes, the production rates, and electron densities in the D region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 188-191
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  • 109
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    Investigation of Aeronomic Processes on the Basis of Ionospheric Sporadic E (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method by means of which the characteristics of atmospheric turbulence can be determined is discussed. Turbulent diffusivity deduced from ionospheric sporadic E in different altitudes above the ionospheric stations at Bekescsaba and Juliusrah are given. Seasonal variations in different altitudes above Bekescsaba are shown. An attempt was made to determine the variation of the turbulent diffusivity during and after geomagnetic disturbances by computing the horizontal wind velocity from the thermal wind equation. It is argued that the change of the turbulent diffusivity below the turbopause is opposed to that above the turbopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 179-182
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  • 110
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    Space and Time Variations and Turbopause Dynamical Structure (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Time spectra of the critical frequency f sub o E sub s and blanketing frequency f sub b E sub s for the records of a spaced chain of ionosphere vertical sounding stations were studied by means of a maximum entropy method, while coherence spectra were analyzed with the Blackman and Tukey method. It was found out that the frequency parameters spectrum of E sub s within the range of 1-10 cycles/h are discrete with one or two maxima. The first, a low frequency maximum with T=40 min, is of larger amplitude, stable and exists permanently; the second one with T = 10 min is less stable, occurs irregularly and more often within f sub o E sub s. Further, the first maximum corresponds to a higher level of coherence which decreases as the distance to the stations increases. It is concluded that the low-frequency maximum is induced by cellular eddies, usually interpreted as wind shears with horizontal dimensions of not more than 300 km. Irregularity, small amplitude, and low coherence in the range of the second maximum are indicative of the fact that turbulence must be its only source.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 183-187
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  • 111
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    Twilight Intensity Variation of the Infrared Hydroxyl Airglow (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The vibration rotation bands of the hydroxyl radical are the strongest features in the night airglow and are exceeded in intensity in the dayglow only by the infrared atmospheric bands of oxygen. The variation of intensity during evening twilight is discussed. Using a ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), hydroxyl intensity measurements as early as 3 deg solar depression were made. Models of the twilight behavior show that this should be sufficient to provide measurement of the main portion of the twilight intensity change. The instrument was equipped with a liquid nitrogen-cooled germanium detector whose high sensitivity combined with the efficiency of the FTS technique permits spectra of the region 1.1 to 1.6 microns at high signal-to-noise to be obtained in two minutes. The use of a polarizer at the entrance aperture of the instrument reduces the intensity of scattered sunlight by a factor of at least ten for zenith observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 176-178
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  • 112
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    Orographic Disturbances of Upper Atmosphere Emissions (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: There are some increases of the temperature of the hydroxyl emission (delta T approximately 20 K, z approximately 90 km) and of the intensity of the 63000 oxygen emission (delta I/I approximately 20 per cent, z approximately 250 km) for the lee of the mountains at distances about 150 km in the case of the latitudinal direction of the wind (U approximately 10 m/s) at the 3000 m level. Airflow motions over mountains may be one of the possible processes of generation of wave disturbances penetrating into the upper atmospheres (HINES, 1974; LINDZEN, 1971). The purpose here is to study the penetration of orographic disturbances into upper atmosphere. Airplane measurements of emission variations of hydroxyl and atomic oxygen 6300 A near the Northern Ural mountains were made. Several nocturnal flights were carried out in March, 1980 and January to February, 1981 at heights about 3000 m along 64 deg northern latitude in the Ural region. Spectrographs SP-48 with electronic image converters registration for OH ((9,4) and (5,1) bands - 7700 to 8100 A) and OI (6300 A) emissions were used. The zenith region was observed, and exposure time was 2 minutes. This corresponds to averaging of the emission intensities along the airplane trace over a distance of 10 km. Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric temperature variations at the flight altitude were made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 171-175
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  • 113
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    Stratwarm Effects in the Ionospheric D Region Wind Field (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An analysis is made of the wind field structure in the strato-thermosphere over Eastern Siberia during the winter stratwarms of 1975-1977. It is found that coupling between dynamical processes in the stratosphere and lower thermosphere is effected through changes of the temperature regime of the atmosphere. The circulation regime both in the stratosphere and lower thermosphere depends on location of the source of perturbations that cause stratospheric warmings. The effect of warming-induced perturbations on the dynamics of above- and underlying layers and the meridional extent of the processes are determined by the altitude and region where anti-cyclones originate. In conditions of a warmer stratosphere, there is a considerable loss of wind stability in the ionospheric D-region. A time delay of 1 to 2 days of lower-thermosphere processes is found to occur with respect to stratospheric processes of temperature variation at 30 mb level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 166-170
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  • 114
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    Measurement of the Vertical Gradient of the Semidiurnal Tidal Wind Phase in Winter at the 95 Km Level (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: When supplemented by absolute reflection height measurements, low frequency wind measurements in the 90-100 km height range become truly competitive in comparison with the more widely used radar meteor wind observations. For example, height profiles of the wind parameters in the so-called meteor zone can be obtained due to the considerable interdiurnal variability of the average nighttime reflection heights controlled by geomagnetic activity. The phase of the semidiurnal tidal wind is particularly height-dependent. The measured vertical gradient of 1/4 h/km in winter corresponds to a vertical wavelength of about 50 km. Wind measurements in the upper atmosphere, at heights between 90 and 100 km, were carried out at the Collm Geophysical Observatory of Karl Marx University Leipzig for a number of years. These measurements use the closely-spaced receiver method and three measuring paths, on 179, 227, and 272 kHz. They take place every day between sunset and sunrise, i.e., nightly. A night in this sense may last as long as 18 hours in winter. Both the measurements and their evaluation are completely automatic, and the prevailing winds and tides are separated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 160-164
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  • 115
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    The Dynamics of Ionospheric D Region over East Siberia (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some main results of experimental investigations of the dynamical regime of the ionospheric D-region over East Siberia are presented. Regular measurements of horizontal ionospheric drifts by the radio method of closely spaced receivers, using a long wavelength transmitter operating at a frequency of 200 kHz, were carried out near Irkutsk, USSR, since 1975. The seasonal and inter-annual variations of prevailing wind (zonal and meridional), and amplitudes and phases of semi-diurnal tides are investigated. Evidence is presented to show the response of D-region dynamics to stratospheric warmings. Planetary and gravity waves are found in the wind field. Comparison with results of analogous measurements in Central Europe (Collm, GDR) reveals a longitudinal effect on the dynamical regime of the mid-latitude lower thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 152-159
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  • 116
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    Winds and Waves (4 Min - 11 Yrs) in the Upper Middle Atmosphere (60-110 Km) at Saskatoon, Canada (52 Deg N, 107 Deg W): MF Radar (2.2 Mhz) Soundings 1973 - 1983 (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Examples of gravity waves (GW), tides, planetary waves (PW), and circulation effects in the upper middle atmosphere are presented. Energy densities of GW, tides, and PW are compared. Fourier and spectral analyses are applied to the data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 143-151
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  • 117
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    Basic Features of Global Circulation in the Mesopause Lower Thermosphere Region (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: D1 and D2 techniques have been used and are being used for observations at stations located in the high, middle, and low latitudes of both hemispheres. The systematical and wind velocity measurements with these techniques make it possible to specify and to refine earlier mesopause-lower thermosphere circulation models. With this in view, an effort was made to obtain global long term average height-latitude sections of the wind field at 70 to 110 km using the analysis of long period D1 and D2 observations. Data from 26 meteor radar and 6 ionospheric stations were taken for analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 134-142
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  • 118
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    Atmospheric Profile Imprint in Firewall Ablation Coefficient (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A general formula which expresses the distance along the meteoric fireball trajectory 1 as a function of t is discussed. Differential equations which include the motion and ablation of a single nonfragmenting meteor body are presented. The importance of the atmospheric density profile in the meteor formula is emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 122-126
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  • 119
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    Coupling Between the Thermosphere and the Stratosphere: the Role of Nitric Oxide (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to understand the lower ionosphere and its probable control by dynamical processes, the behavior of nitric oxide below 100 km was investigated. A two dimensional model with coupled chemical and dynamical processes was constructed. Calculations based on the model reveal that the chemical conditions at the stratopause are related to the state of the thermosphere. This coupling mechanism can be partly explained by the downward transport of nitric oxide during the winter season, and consequently depends on the dynamical conditions in the mesosphere and in the lower thermosphere (mean circulation and waves). In summer, the photodissociation of nitric oxide plays an important role and the thermospheric NO abundance modulates the radiation field reaching the upper stratosphere. Perturbations in the nitric oxide concentration above the mesopause could therefore have an impact in the vicinity of the stratopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 116-121
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  • 120
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    Aspects of Planetary Wave Transports in the Middle Atmosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The heat and momentum flux due to standing planetary waves in the stratosphere were calculated on the basis of satellite data. The convergence of these fluxes was investigated and shows an apparent heating and acceleration of the mean zonal state. The Eliassen-Palm flux divergence calculation shows that the mean zonal state is effectively decelerated. Furthermore, the interaction between ultra long waves and k = 4 - 15 in the troposphere was investigated for a winter period and is discussed in connection with the geopotential wave one amplitude, which increases before a stratospheric warming event occurs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 110-115
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  • 121
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    Some Aspects of General Circulation and Tides in the Middle Atmosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data from several sources suggest that between 100 and 200 km in the middle atmosphere, a layer of anomalous circulation must be situated, at least in middle latitudes. The mechanisms responsible for the circulation anomaly in this height region are discussed in terms of hydrodynamic equations. The current state of atmospheric tidal theory is also addressed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 101-109
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  • 122
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    VHF Radar Observations in the Stratosphere and Mesosphere During a Stratospheric Warming (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The SOUSY-VHF-radar was used to carry out measurements during minor and a major stratospheric warming in February and March 1980, respectively. Echoes have been received from the stratosphere up to an altitude of about 30 km continuously during day and night, whereas echoes from the mesosphere were restricted to the daytime and occurred sporadically at different heights within the altitude range from 60 to 90 km. The three dimensional velocity vector was derived from Doppler measurements made in three different antenna beam directions with a height resolution of 1.5 km. In particular, the results obtained during disturbed conditions show the change of the zonal winds at mesospheric heights from westerly to easterly. A spectral analysis reveals a diurnal and a weaker semidiurnal tide of the zonal wind component.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 96
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  • 123
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    Large Scale Winter Time Disturbances in Meteor Winds over Central and Eastern Europe (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Daily zonal wind data of the four pre-MAP-winters 1978/79 to 1981/82 obtained over Central Europe and Eastern Europe by the radar meteor method were studied. Available temperature and satellite radiance data of the middle and upper stratosphere were used for comparison, as well as wind data from Canada. The existence or nonexistence of coupling between the observed large scale zonal wind disturbances in the upper mesopause region (90 to 100 km) and corresponding events in the stratosphere are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 91-95
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  • 124
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    Midwinter Disturbances in the Middle Atmosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Middle Atmosphere is coupled to the troposphere during winter because planetary scale waves can propagate upwards if the prevailing winds are from the west. It is during this time of the year that the well-known midwinter disturbances are observed which ultimately affect the whole of the Middle Atmosphere. The mechanism of these disturbances is not completely understood. The large-scale circulation features up to the upper mesosphere are investigated to demonstrate the synoptic-scale behavior of the midwinter disturbances. Ground-based and satellite observations are combined. The interannual variability of the disturbances is discussed briefly. It is shown that the QBO (Quasi Biennial Oscillation) of the equatorial stratosphere appears to modulate the planetary waves during the northern winters, in the troposphere as well as in the Middle Atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 79-85
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  • 125
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    Seasonal Characteristics of Mesospheric Plasma and Their Transitions (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The main seasonal features of the middle atmosphere are arising from the different dynamical basic states in winter and summer. The development of the two controversial circulation systems and the also different peculiarities of transition between them in spring and autumn create the completely dominant seasonal variations in strato- and mesosphere. Even in the plasma structures of the mesospheric D-region the seasonal variation is towering above the amplitudes of extraterrestrial influences. From standard ionospheric sounding, significant seasonal D- and E-region effects, adhering to equally significant structure changes in the neutral gas in the height region from 20 to 100 km were discovered. Results about such typical seasonal features are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 75-78
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  • 126
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    Winter Anomaly 1982/83 in Comparison with Earlier Winters (1960-82) (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The winter anomaly in the winter of 1982/83 is compared with the winter anomalies of earlier winters (1960-82) from the point of view of amplitude and timing of the winter anomaly, and geomagnetic and dynamic activity influences. Some evidence of a negative influence of sudden stratospheric warnings on the winter anomaly is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 62-65
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  • 127
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    Autumn and Winter Anomalies in Ionospheric Absorption as Measured by Riometers (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Seasonal variations of ionospheric absorption were studied using riometer (A2) measurements over a wide latitude range. In agreement with the results of earlier studies of A1 radiowave absorption, equinoctial maxima of approximately equal amplitude are observed in the auroral zone and near the equator. However, at intermediate latitudes riometer absorption maximizes during the fall season, whereas the A1 data show a semi-annual variation with maxima occurring in summer and winter. The autumn anomaly in riometer absorption is observed at much higher geographic latitude in the Southern Hemisphere, but at comparable geomagnetic latitudes in both hemispheres. The winter anomaly was seen only in absorption values calculated at constant solar zenith angle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 60-61
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  • 128
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    Abnormal Circulation Changes in the Winter Stratosphere, Detected Through Variations of D Region Ionospheric Absorption (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method to detect stratospheric warmings using ionospheric absorption records obtained by an Absorption Meter (method A3) is introduced. The activity of the stratospheric circulation and the D region ionospheric absorption as well as other atmospheric parameters during the winter anomaly experience an abnormal variation. A simultaneity was found in the beginning of abnormal variation in the mentioned parameters, using the absorption records for detecting the initiation of the stratospheric warming. Results of this scientific experience of forecasting in the El Arenosillo Range, are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 45-51
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    Winter Anomaly of the Lower Ionosphere and Its Possible Causes (1984)
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    Description: It is a well-known fact that in winter the midlatitude lower ionosphere differs considerably from that in summer. Attempts to explain the possible causes of the winter anomaly in the lower ionosphere were made. Integrated ground-based and rocket experiments were performed in the USSR. The rockets M-100B launched in Volgograd (psi = 48.7 deg N; lambda = 44.3 deg E; psi = 43.1 deg) provided weight profiles of electron density, wind and temperature. Radio wave absorption data obtained by a I method in Volgograd and F sub min parameters values obtained at a number of Soviet ionosone stations were used to determine the situation in the lower ionosphere. It was found that a correct interpretation of the midlatitude winter radio wave absorption changes is possible only if the whole spatial-time pattern of the event is taken into account.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 52-57
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  • 130
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    Indirect Phase Height Measurements in Central and Eastern Europe for Monitoring D Region Plasma (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Low-frequency propagation experiments for the investigation of the lower part of the ionospheric D region were at first used by BRACEWELL et al. (1951) in the early fifties. Among these was the method of indirect phase height measurements for continuous monitoring of the lower ionosphere. It is based upon field strength measurements of commercial radio transmitters in the frequency range between 50 and 200 kHz at distances from 500 to 1500 km. The field strength records show characteristic diurnal variations with maxima and minima, produced by interference between the ground wave and the ionospherically reflected sky wave, the phase difference between varies in correspondence to the diurnal variation of the reflection height. In order to check the validity of interpretations of indirect phase height data, comparisons were made with simultaneous rocket soundings. Results are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 34-38
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  • 131
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    Middle Atmosphere Temperature and Dynamics as Revealed from D-region Observations (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The concept of so-called meteorological control of the ionospheric D-region is presently undergoing development. According to this concept the electron concentration in this region is governed not only by solar and geomagnetic parameters but strongly depends on the temperature and dynamical regime of the mesosphere and stratosphere. How this connection between D-region and meteorological parameters can be used to obtain some information about middle atmosphere temperature and dynamics is examined. The essential points of the meteorological control concept are reviewed and the influence of turbulence on nitric oxide distribution and thus the ion production rate is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 16-23
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  • 132
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    Neutral Atmosphere Properties Determining D-region Electron Densities (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The increasing discoveries of various manifestations of meteorological control of the D region ionization and the growth of techniques for its measurement provide a challenge to meteorologists to test their insight into middle atmosphere processes with the physical interpretation of D layer phenomena. Models for ion production due to photoionization of minor atmospheric nitric oxide by quasi-monochromatic solar Lyman-alpha radiation are presented. A ground based measuring technique using low frequency radio reflection heights is briefly described and an approach to the interpretation of data acquired by this method is discussed. It is shown that D region electron density variations can provide an efficient diagnostic tool for the detection of perturbations of the circulation state of the middle atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 1-5
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  • 133
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    Determination of horizontal and vertical wavelengths of gravity waves in the mesosphere by spaced wind measurements (1984)
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    Description: The reduction of spaced wind measurements taken over a range of heights is described. The equipment used is a medium frequency radar with one site consisting of a vertically pointing transmitter and space receiving antennas, and two remote receiving sites with spaced antennas. Assuming approximately horizontally stratified scatterers, horizontal winds are thus available at the corners of a triangle of side approx. 20 km in the GRAVNET system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 229-233
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  • 134
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    Estimation of vertical diffusion from observations of Atmospheric turbulence layers, part 4.4B (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: There have been numerous studies addressing the turbulent diffusion in the stratosphere and mesosphere during the last two decades. The motivation for such studies was the need for an understanding of the thermal and constituent structure of the middle atmosphere. Observational estimates of the horizontal and/or vertical diffusion were obtained using chemical release, rocket vapor trail, aircraft, balloon, and radar techniques. During the same period, a number of theoretical studies were performed to infer the level of vertical diffusion needed to account for observed constituent profiles. There appears to be a discrepancy between the level of vertical diffusion required for the dissipation of gravity wave and tidal motions on the one hand and for the maintenance of observed temperature and constituent profiles on the other. A possible explanation of this discrepancy is outlined. Measurements that may help verify this explanation are suggested.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 212-215
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  • 135
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    Use of the VAD technique and measurements of momentum flux in the stratosphere at Aercibo, part 4.3A (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Arecibo 430-MHz radar was used in the velocity-azimuth display (VAD) mode to obtain radial velocity measurements at 16 azimuth directions from which the three-dimensional wind field and momentum flux can be calculated. The radar was operated on a nearly continuous basis for a seven-day period in May of 1982 and the elapsed time between start and finish of a VAD scan was approximately 35 minutes. Radial velocities were measured in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (6-24 km) with at height resolution of 150 meters at a zenith angle of 15 deg. Vertical and horizontal velocities are calculated from the sums and differences, respectively, of radial velocity pairs, i.e., at azimuth directions AZ and AZ + 180 degrees. Momentum flux at a particular azimuth is calculated by taking the difference between the square of radial velocities at AZ and AZ + 180 degrees. It should be noted that measurements of radial velocity pairs are not simultaneous but are time delayed by approximately 15-25 minutes. This period, the time required to rotate the antenna feed and take measurements at AZ and AZ + 180 deg, effectively limits sampling of velocities and momentum fluxes to longer period gravity waves and planetary waves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 208-210
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  • 136
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    High resolution evidence for the Garrett-Munk spectrum of stratospheric gravity waves (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Vertical profiles of scalar horizontal winds have been measured at high resolution (10 m) in the 13 to 37 km region of the stratosphere. This resolution (at that range of altitude) represents the state-of-the-art, and is unique. The technique used smoke trails laid by rockets in the stratosphere, and were taken by AFGL at Wallops Island, VA, White Sands Missile Range, NM, and Ft. Churchill, Canada, in the 1977-78 time period. Two or three cameras were used to give the time-lapse photographs. The goal was to ascertain whether or not the internal waves of the stratosphere behave consistently with the Garrett-Munk model which was originally created for oceanic internal waves. Five profiles of horizontal wind are presented. It is concluded: (1) stratospheric internal waves obey the Garrett-Munk model for vertical wave numbers; (2) there is not statistically significant evidence for a break in the curve at high wave numbers when due allowance is made for aliasing effects; and (3) the power density level of the spectra are almost equal on a log-log scale in spite of the difference in time, season, and geographical location.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 192-196
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  • 137
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    Interferometer applications of VHF radars, part 3.6A (1984)
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    Description: Using a spaced antenna setup of a VHF radar, the spatial distribution of amplitudes and phases of the radar echoes from the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere can be measured. Combining in a suitable analysis procedure the complex digital samples from the different receiving antennas is consistent with the radar interferometer method. In addition to the well-known parameters measured with the commonly applied Doppler and drifts methods, i.e., reflectivity and mean fluctuation velocity, the interferometer technique allows to measure the regular spectrum of the returns. This technique, which was first applied with the spaced antenna system of the SOUSY-VHF-Radar in W. Germany, as well as some first examples of results are described here. These comprise the measurements of the horizontal and vertical velocities of the mean flow as well as of turbulence structures, the aspect sensitivity and the tilt of layers from which the baroclinicity can be estimated. Particularly, results of interferometer measurements of the vertical and horizontal phase velocities and wavelengths of gravity waves in the stratosphere are displayed. The latter results are also discussed in terms of the generation and propagation of these waves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 164-173
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  • 138
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    Improvement of vertical velocity measurements, part 3.4B (1984)
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    Description: Vertical velocities are assumed to be measurable with vertically pointing antenna beams. An exact horizontal levelling and good phase calibration of the radar antenna system can yield real main-beam directions which do not significantly differ from calculated patterns. It is, thus, anticipated that antenna beams can be pointed exactly vertically. Because of area size and near-field limitations, VHF radar antennas have typically beam widths of more than several degrees. It is known that most of the reflectivity structures detected by vertically beaming VHF radars in the troposphere, stratosphere and lower mesosphere are aspect-sensitive. It cannot a priori be assumed that these structures are exactly horizontal. A few examples are investigated to support this statement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 150-155
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  • 139
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    A simple model for testing the effects of gravity-wave-produced vertical oscillations of scattering irregularities on spaced-antenna, horizontal drift measurements (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It has been suggested that the velocities produced by the spaced antenna partial-reflection drift experiment may constitute a measure of the vertical oscillations due to short-period gravity waves rather than the mean horizontal flow. The contention is that the interference between say two scatterers, one of which is traveling upward, and the other down, will create a pattern which sweeps across the ground in the direction (or anti-parallel) of the wave propagation. Since the expected result, viz., spurious drift directions, is seldom, if ever, seen in spaced antenna drift velocities, this speculation is tested in an atmospheric model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 131-133
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  • 140
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    Usefulness of multifrequency MST radar measurements, part 2.6B (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Scattering of radio waves from atmospheric refractive-index irregularities induced by turbulence was invoked almost four decades ago to explain the characteristics of signals received on VHF/UHF ionospheric and tropospheric forward-scatter links. Due to the bistatic geometry of these links a slender, horizontally extended, common volume or cell is formed in space. The principal contribution to scattering arises from refractive-index fluctuations in this volume at the Bragg wave number K approx. sub B = K approx. sub i -k approx. sub s vectors. It has been surmised that the use of more than one frequency in probing the middle-atmosphere regions should help resolve several issues pertaining to the scattering mechanism. These issues are briefly re-examined in this note. The implications of the radar equation are discussed. The problems arising due to layered structure of turbulence and the choice of frequencies most suitable for multifrequency measurements are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 121-125
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  • 141
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    The suppression of convective wavebreaking by radiative transfer processes, part 1.3C (1984)
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    Description: Schoeberl et al. (1983) suggested that convective wavebreaking of monochromatic gravity waves might be suppressed by radiative transfer processes if the vertical wavelength waves were sufficiently short. As the vertical wavelength or the gravity wave decreases, radiative transfer between adjacent vertical layers becomes increasingly important. This exchange can increase the radiative relaxation time scale so that the wave will no longer grow with altitude. Thus, very short vertical wavelength waves may dissipate radiatively rather than become convectively unstable. Apruzese and Strobel (1984) have revised the exchange coefficients used in Schoeberl et al. (1983). Also, Chao and Schoeberl (1984) pointed out that the computation made by LINDZEN (1981) of the convective diffusion rate may be a factor of two too low as the convective adjustment processes tends to minimize the thermal transport by the wave. The purpose here is to revise the values given in Schoeberl et al. (1983). These results also suggest that the very thin turbulent layers observed by mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars (e.g., WOODMAN, 1980) cannot be produced by the convective instability of monochromatic gravity waves with large horizontal scales.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 24-26
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  • 142
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    A review of ionospheric effects on Earth-space propagation (1984)
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    Description: A short description is given of each ionospheric total electron content (TEC) effect upon radio waves, along with a representative value of the magnitude of each of these effects under normal ionospheric conditions. A discussion is given of the important characteristics of average ionospheric TEC behavior and the temporal and spatial variability of TEC. Radio waves undergo several effects when they pass through the Earth's ionosphere. One of the most important of these effects is a retardation, or group delay, on the modulation or information carried on the radio wave that is due to its encounter with the free, thermal electrons in the Earth's ionosphere. Other effects the ionosphere has on radio waves include: radio frequency (RF) carrier phase advance; Doppler shift of the RF carrier of the radio wave; Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized waves; angular refraction or bending of the radio wave path as it travels through the ionosphere; and amplitude and phase scintillations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 16th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 225-228
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  • 143
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    Optical Studies of Nitrogen Oxides in the Stratosphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Several observational approaches were used to study the oxides of nitrogen in the stratosphere. Two species are accessible in the visible range: NO2 (400 to 450 nm) and NO3 (620 to 670 nm). In the infrared NO, NO2 and HNO3 can be studied easily only if measurements are made from above the tropopause where the water density becomes low. Measurements were carried out both by ground-based techniques as well as aircraft and balloons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 41-42
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  • 144
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    Wind Erosion and Dune Formation on High Frozen Bluffs (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Frost penetration increases upslope on barren, windswept bluffs in cold environments. Along the south shore of Lake Superior, near the brow of 100 m high bluffs it typically exceeds 5 m. Frost increases the shear strength of damp sand to a level comparable to that of concrete, making winter slopes highly stable despite undercutting by waves and ground-water sapping along the footslope. Sublimation of interparticle ice in the slope face increases with wind speed and lower vapor pressures. The cold and dry winter winds of Lake Superior ablate these slopes through loss of binding ice. Wind erosion rates, based on measurements of sand accumulation on the forest floor downwind of the brow, show most airborne sand falls out within several meters of the brow, forming a berm 1 to 3 m high after many years. The spatial pattern of sand deposition, however, varies considerably over distances of several hundred meters along the top bluffs in response to frost conditions and the build-up of gravel lag on the slope face, sand exposure from mass movements, and local aerodynamics of the crest slope. The formation of perched sand dunes in the Great Lakes region is clearly related to wind erosion of sand from high bluffs in winter. Broadly similar processes may operate on Mars.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 171
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  • 145
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    Multidimensional Modeling of Atmospheric Effects and Surface Heterogeneities on Remote Sensing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: A modeling capability that allows a quantitative determination of atmospheric effects on remote sensing including the effects of surface heterogeneities is established. The objectives include: (1) the adaptation of existing radiative transfer codes to remote sensing applications, (2) the implementation of a realistic atmospheric data base, (3) the definition and verification against field measurements of a coupled atmosphere/canopy model, and (4) the quantitative characterization of the effects of some biophysical canopy parameters and soil surface boundary conditions on satellite-sensed Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) data. Substantial progress was also made in quantifying the effects of varying atmospheric turbidity and different non-Lambertian and specular ground reflectances on MSS data and its transforms like greenness and brightness.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 46
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    Atmospheric Effects on Remote Sensing of the Earth's Surface (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The main causes and magnitude of the atmospheric effects on remote sensing of the Earth's surface are determined. Theoretical study as well as measurements are included. The knowledge gained from this study will be used to develop atmospheric correction algorithms and to test them with satellite data. In a theoretical investigation of the relative effects of the aerosol optical thickness, absorption, and size distribution on remote sensing, it was found that aerosol absorption has a significant effect on satellite measurements of surface reflectivity. The absorption effect is stronger for high than for low surface reflectances. The aerosol optical thickness is dominant for small surface reflectances. The accuracy of clustering algorithms depends on both parameters. The vegetation index, however, is affected by the optical thickness but only weakly affected by the absorption. A laboratory simulation of the atmospheric effect on the radiance of sunlight scattered from the Earth's surface-atmosphere system was performed. This experiment verified the existence of the adjacency effect (the effect of a bright field on the radiance detected above a dark field) and was used to test 3-D radiative transfer models. In a theoretical study it was found that atmospheric scattering resulting from the adjacency effect reduces the separability between surface classes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 44
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    Characterization of Surface Reflectance Variation Effects on Remote Sensing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The use of Monte Carlo radiative transfer codes to simulate the effects on remote sensing in visible and infrared wavelengths of variables which affect classification is examined. These variables include detector viewing angle, atmospheric aerosol size distribution, aerosol vertical and horizontal distribution (e.g., finite clouds), the form of the bidirectional ground reflectance function, and horizontal variability of reflectance type and reflectivity (albedo). These simulations are used to characterize the sensitivity of observables (intensity and polarization) to variations in the underlying physical parameters both to improve algorithms for the removal of atmospheric effects and to identify techniques which can improve classification accuracy. It was necessary to revise and validate the simulation codes (CTRANS, ARTRAN, and the Mie scattering code) to improve efficiency and accommodate a new operational environment, and to build the basic software tools for acquisition and off-line manipulation of simulation results. Initial calculations compare cases in which increasing amounts of aerosol are shifted into the stratosphere, maintaining a constant optical depth. In the case of moderate aerosol optical depth, the effect on the spread function is to scale it linearly as would be expected from a single scattering model. Varying the viewing angle appears to provide the same qualitative effect as modifying the vertical optical depth (for Lambertian ground reflectance).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 45
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  • 148
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    MWR, Meteor Wind Radars (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The requirements of a state of the art meteor wind radar, and acceptable comprises in the interests of economy, are detailed. Design consideration of some existing and proposed radars are discussed. The need for international cooperation in mesopause level wind measurement, such as that being fostered by the MAP GLOBMET (Global Meteor Observations System) project, is emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 124-134
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  • 149
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    Lidar Studies of Temperature and Density Using Rayleigh Scattering (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Lidar has proved to be a necessary complement to the different tools already available to study the atmosphere either to complete the altitude range to be studied or to measure a complementary parameter. Futhermore, the high spatial resolution provides a new insight in the behavior of the middle atmosphere. However it is obvious that the results have to be used in correlation with satellite observations in order to be placed in the global context. A major contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of such instruments, mainly if they are combined with radars, ological rockets and balloons. The spacing of such a network and the geographic situation of the sites depend on the problem to be studied.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 87-98
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  • 150
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    Lidar Systems for Aerosol Studies: an Outline (1984)
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    Description: An introductory survey of the problems encountered in the design and operation of a ground based lidar system and its application to atmospheric aerosol studies in the height region 10 to 100 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 56-68
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    Application of Fabry-perot Spectrometers for Measurement of Upper Atmosphere Temperatures and Winds (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The mechanisms giving rise to certain airglow and auroral emissions and their height distribution are briefly surveyed. The basic principles of operation of scanning Fabry-Perot spectrometers are outlined in order to illustrate the calibration and use of such instruments to measure Doppler broadening and shift of atomic emission lines in the spectrum of the airglow and aurora and hence to infer atmospheric temperatures and wind velocities. Technical details of some specific instruments are given. Brief mention is made of the use of wide angle Michelson interferometers for the same application. Emphasis is given to the future importance of imaging Fabry-Perot spectrometers to permit the detailed mapping of temperature and wind velocity, especially in the auroral regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 19-40
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  • 152
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    Saturation Phenomena in LIF Measurements, Appendix B (1984)
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    Description: Optical saturation is the phenomenon in which the laser-induced rates of absorption and spontaneous emission between two levels, induced by a laser, become comparable to or greater than the spontaneous emission and collision rates connecting these levels. This results in the excited state population N(u) acquiring a value of similar magnitude to that of the ground state, N(e). Under these conditions the observed fluorescence signal, which is proportional to N(u), is no longer linearly dependent on laser intensity I, but increases at a slower rate, and in principle ultimately becomes independent of I. A conceptual picture of optical saturation using a two-level picture is described. This is, however, inadequate for the description of a real experiment involving a molecule, such as OH, for several reasons, which will be explained briefly; these are the multi-level nature of the electronic states and energy transfer among them and effects due to spatial, spectral, and temporal fluctuations in the laser pulse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 100-104
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    Fundamental Equations of the LIF Hydroxyl Measurements, Appendix a (1984)
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    Description: The equation relating OH concentration to the observed detector count rate for a given laser flux is defined. That equation, which will be referred to henceforth as the central equation for absolute sensitivity, will be cast in terms of standard spectroscopic quantities such as oscillator strengths, Hoenl-London factors, rotational and vibrational quantum numbers, etc., such that it may be tested directly under laboratory conditions. The working expressions used by each of the OH laser induced fluorescence (LIF) groups will be related to this central equation, thereby establishing a common language for the comparison of experimental results and the definition of LIF system performance. The relevant structural details of the OH radical via a spectroscopic description of the energy levels and transitions employed in the LIF method are detailed. The central equation relating observed count rate to absolute concentration will be derived, and that equation will be related to the observed quantities cited by each of the experimental groups engaged in the measurement of OH in the Earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 73-99
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    Detailed Performance Calculations: Harvard Group, Appendix G (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The measurement of OH density in the troposphere has many elements in common with the system that is currently used for in situ measurements of OH in the stratosphere. Techniques proposed by Harvard University and Washington State University are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 122-129
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    Detailed Performance Calculations: Georgia Institute of Technology Group, Appendix E (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Conditions for system intercomparison; signal strength evaluation; background total source strength; signal-to-noise ratio; performance of present Georgia Tech system; and special comments on current Georgia Tech system are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 115-119
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  • 156
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    Detailed Performance Calculations: Goddard Group, Appendix D (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Two systems were described. The first used polarization to reduce scattered solar flux, the principal source of noise. The second used a narrowband detector and a different excitation wavelength. The results, which consider these systems, were presented emphasizing anticipated technology improvements because the analysis for each system required estimates of critical parameter even though each system would use existing technology. For the first, the information about the degree of polarization of the scattered solar flux was not measured but was estimated as 60 percent for viewing straight up with a solar zenith angle of 75 percent at sea level. The expected performance of this system therefore depends on the reliability of this estimate. For the second system, two estimates were required. First, the expected throughput of a Fabry-Perot interferometer operating at 309 nm, based on the performance exhibited by similar instruments working at other wavelengths, was estimated to be 3 percent. Second, the fluorescence efficiency of the proposed OH lines was estimated as 0.00004, since these quantities were not measured to date.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 110-114
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  • 157
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    Assessment of Techniques for Measuring Tropospheric H Sub x O Sub Y: Summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The objectives were: (1) to provide an assessment of the capability of the existing sensors of HxOy species at levels characteristic of the nonurban troposphere; (2) to identify those techniques adaptable to real-time measurement (sampled or continuous) onboard an aircraft platform; (3) to address the concern for intercalibration and intercomparison of techniques for measuring specific species; and (4) to recommend promising technologies for research and development for measuring important species for which a capability does not now exist or is presently of inadequate sensitivity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 1-72
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  • 158
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    Detailed Performance Calculations: Portland State Group, Appendix F (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: For the Portland State University FAGE instrument, laser induced OH is calculated from (OH) laser = Cl(03)amb(H2O)amb. The dominant noise sources are the photon-counting fluctuations associated with the OH signal and the fluorescence background as well as concentration fluctuations in OH and in the species causing the background. Baric filtering and temporal filtering suppress the background by factors of 10 each.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 120-121
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  • 159
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    Detailed Performance Calculations: Wayne State University and Ford Motor Company, Appendix C (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The laser-generated OH through ozone dissociation is defined in equations. Using these equations, the ozone interference levels corresponding to various humidity and ozone concentrations can be calculated readily.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Assessment of Tech. for Measuring Tropospheric H sub x O sub y; p 105-109
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  • 160
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    Relation of MAGSAT and Gravity Anomalies to the Main Tectonic Provinces of South America (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Magnetic anomalies of the South American continent are generally more positive and variable than the oceanic anomalies. There is better correlation between the magnetic anomalies and the major tectonic elements of the continents than between the anomalies and the main tectonic elements of the adjacent oceanic areas. Oceanic areas generally show no direct correlation to the magnetic anomalies. Precambrian continental shields are mainly more magnetic than continental basins and orogenic belts. Shields differ markedly from major aulacogens which are generally characterized by negative magnetic anomalies and positive gravity anomalies. The Andean orogenic belt shows rather poor correlation with the magnetic anomalies. The magnetic data exhibit instead prominent east-west trends, which although consistent with some tectonic features, may be related to processing noise derived from data reduction procedures to correct for external magnetic field effects. The pattern over the Andes is sufficiently distinct from the generally north trending magnetic anomalies occurring in the adjacent Pacific Ocean to separate effectively the leading edge of the South American Plate from the Nazea Plate. Eastern South America is characterized by magnetic anomalies which commonly extend across the continental margin into the Atlantic Ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Texas Univ. Appl. of MAGSAT to Lithospheric Modeling in South America, Part 2; 177 p
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  • 161
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    A Crustal Structure Study of South America (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-11
    Description: Variations in the average crustal thickness of the South American platform were determined by measuring fundamental mode Rayleigh wave dispersion between nine pairs of South American WWSSN seismograph stations and inverting the measurements to obtain average shear wave velocity-depth models across the platform. Additional models were derived from the Rayleigh wave dispersion data previously measured over eastern South America. Both sets of models were interpreted in terms of average crustal thickness and average crustal shear wave velocity. The results obtained were depicted in a contour map of crustal thickness. Average values for seismic velocities in the crust and upper mantle were calculated and compared with maps of regional gravity models, MAGSAT magnetic anomalies, and major tectonic features. The correlations and relationships discovered are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Appl. of MAGSAT to Lithospheric Modeling in South America, Part 2; 261 p
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  • 162
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    Earth (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: The following aspects of the planet Earth are discussed: plate tectonics, the interior of the planet, the formation of the Earth, and the evolution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The Earth's crust, mantle, and core are examined along with the bulk composition of the planet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL The Geol. of the Terrest. Planets; p 79-106
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  • 163
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    Lidar Studies of the Alkali Metals (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The development of the lidar technique in the early sixties, and the subsequent introduction of tunable lasers, made accurate measurements of the vertical distribution of the alkali metals in the atmosphere possible for the first time. Over the last decade a great deal of information was obtained on the spatial and temporal variations of sodium, and rather less information was obtained about potassium and lithium. The possibility of making continuous observations of the vertical distribution of sodium, coupled with temperature measurements via the determination of the Doppler spectrum of the returned lidar signal, offers a potentially useful technique for studying the dynamics of the 80 to 100 km region of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 99-112
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  • 164
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    Active Optical Sounding of Ozone and Minor Constituents in the Middle Atmosphere: a Review of Ground-based Lidar Measurements (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Due to the rapid development of powerful laser sources in the UV wavelength range which includes nd:yag pumped dye lasers and excimer lasers, ground-based lidar systems are now operational for ozone monitoring in the troposphere and the stratosphere. Such systems will play an important role in the determination of long term ozone trends in the photochemical region. The capacities of active lidar systems in terms of high temporal and spatial resolution and measurements continuity, allow the observation of the ozone variations at various time and space scales which are important in present day areas of interest. The already operational character of the lidar systems will constitute the basis for development of a ground-base network for middle atmospheric observations of ozone and other race gases.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 69-86
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  • 165
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    Ground-based Measurements of Mesosphere Temperatures by Optical Means (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The determination of the rotatinal temperature of the molecular emissions of OH or O2 offers a means of observing from the ground the mesosphere temperature at about 90 km throughout the night. The techniques and optical instrumentation developed to carry out these measurements are described. In comparison with other methods for the observation of this important geophysical quantity the optical technique is inexpensive and readily applicable for automatic operations over a long time period.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 1-18
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  • 166
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    Partial Reflection D-region Electron Densities (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The differential absorption technique of measuring electron densities as a function of height in the D region is discussed. In the basic experiment, pulses of medium or high frequency, usually at a fixed frequency (2 to MHz), are radiated upwards with known wave polarizatin (usually linear or circular) from a transmitter at ground level. Partial reflections, from ionospheric scatterers at heights below the E region, are received at the ground, and are resolved into two characteristic components, the ordinary (0) and extraordinary (E) modes whose amplitude ration A(x)/A(o) is then measured as a function of height, h. The heights of these are determined by delay times, the group retardation being minimal in the undisturbed D-region. The electronic system can be very simple. Power splitters and quadrature networks to separate the A(x) and A(o) components are commercially available at low prices and an A-D converter, height-gate system, and microcomputer allows the real-time calculation of mean amplitudes. The ratio of the coefficients of reflection of the two modes, as they originate at each reflection height is then calculable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Handbook, Vol. 13; p 113-123
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  • 167
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    Spaceborne lidar investigations of the atmosphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Atmospheric investigations with a spaceborne lidar system are discussed. Measurements of aerosols, O3, and H2O with the NASA/LaRC airborne DIAL system are presented as examples of data obtained from space. The NASA/CNES study of an autonomous differential absorption lidar system is described. This system is a precursor to a spaceborne lidar system. Simulations of spaceborne lidar experiments are reviewed, and laser requirements for a spaceborne lidar system are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Space Laser Appl. and Technol. (SPLAT); 8 p
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  • 168
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    Geodynamics of crustal deformation and seismotectonic block movements in central Europe (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geological observations reveal the style of neotectonic near-surface stresses and deformations in central Europe. Seismic activity, focal depths and fault plane solutions of earthquakes indicate kinematic reactions within the crust. A crustal deformation model which may account for the Rhine graben systems and the associated seismotectonic block movements in Europe is presented. A computer aided tomography to gravity anomalies is used in determining the crustal stresses in central Europe. Tomographical interpretations of gravity data with respect to seismic stresses are discussed. Kinematics and dynamics are integrated to show that the measured regional stresses in central Europe are derivable from the convection generated traction on the boundary of the elastic spherical shell of the crust as inferred from satellite derived gravity data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 8 p
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  • 169
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    Crustal deformation and earthquakes (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The manner in which the Earth's surface deforms during the cycle of stress accumulation and release along major faults is investigated. In an investigation of the crustal deformation associated with a thin channel asthenosphere displacements are reduced from those computed for a half space asthenosphere. A previous finding by other workers that displacements are enhanced when flow is confined to a thin channel is based on several invalid approximations. The major predictions of the finite element model are that the near field postseismic displacements and strain rates are less than those for a half space asthenosphere and that the postseismic strain rates at intermediate distances are greater (in magnitude). The finite width of the asthenosphere ceases to have a significant impact on the crustal deformation pattern when its magnitude exceeds about three lithosphere thicknesses.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 170
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    Update: San Andreas Fault experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite laser ranging techniques are used to monitor the broad motion of the tectonic plates comprising the San Andreas Fault System. The San Andreas Fault Experiment, (SAFE), has progressed through the upgrades made to laser system hardware and an improvement in the modeling capabilities of the spaceborne laser targets. Of special note is the launch of the Laser Geodynamic Satellite, LAGEOS spacecraft, NASA's only completely dedicated laser satellite in 1976. The results of plate motion projected into this 896 km measured line over the past eleven years are summarized and intercompared.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 171
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    Patterns of magnetic field merging sites on the magnetopause (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Models of the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields are used to determine the relative orientations of the two near the dayside magnetopause for the purpose of locating potential merging sites. Areas of the magnetopause with various degrees of antiparallelness for different Interplanetary fields as contour diagrams are studied. For southward and GSE-Y interplanetary field, the patterns obtained are consistent with those envisioned by Crooker in an earlier analysis which used simplified representations for the magnetic field geometry. Here the application of realistic models shows the locations of areas where any antiparallel component occurs. Merging sites for radial interplanetary fields are also illustrated. The results suggest that the geometrical configuration of the fields is suitable for merging over a large fraction of the magnetopause for interplanetary fields that are either primarily southward, GSE-Y, or radial (GSE-X) in direction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Neilsen Eng. and Res., Inc. Appl. of a Global Solar Wind/Planetary Obstacle Interaction Computational Model 10p (SEE N84-26509 16-88)
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  • 172
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    Development and preliminary tests of a new long-wave radiation parameterization (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An efficient broad band longwave radiation code for CO2 and H2O and for O3 was developed. There are two bands each in the CO2 and H2O absorption regions, one for the band center and one for the band wings. One band covers O3 absorption and the overlapping H2O continuum. Overlap is also considered in the CO2 region, and there is H2O continuum absorption where applicable. Clouds are considered nonreflecting in the longwave. Therefore partial cover or partial transmission can be allowed for, by considering a cloud fraction at each atmospheric level. A special subroutine was written to allow for maximum or random overlap of clouds that may be used in the future. All algorithms were written with vectorization in mind with identical operations made for all horizontal grid points in a latitude circle. Where possible, operations are carried out covering the vertical grid points as well, yielding long vectors for efficient computations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 251-253
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  • 173
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    Simulations of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A third order closure model is proposed by Andre et al. (1982), in which the time rate of change terms, the relaxation and rapid effects for the pressure related terms, and the clipping approximation are included along with the quasi-normal closure, to study turbulence in a cloudy layer which is cooled radiatively from above. A spurious oscillation which is strongest near the inversion occurs. An analysis of the problem shows that the oscillation arises from the mean gradient and buoyancy terms of the triple moment equations; these terms are largest near the cloud top. The oscillation is physical, rather than computational. In nature the oscillation is effectively damped, by a mechanism which apparently is not included in our model. In the stably stratified layer just above the mixed layer top, turbulence can excite gravity waves, whose energy is radiated away. Because the closure assumption for the pressure terms does not take into account the transport of wave energy, the model generates spurious oscillations. Damping of the oscillations is possible by introducing diffusion terms into the triple moment equations. With a large enough choice for the diffusion coefficient, the oscillation is effectively eliminated. The results are quite sensitive to the ad hoc eddy coefficient.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 254-256
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    A new parameterization of 15 micron radiative transfer for a GCM (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to make the Wu-Kaplan longwave radiative transfer parameterization (Krishnamurthy, 1982) presently used in the 9 layer GLAS GCM more suitable for use at higher horizontal and vertical resolutions, the fixed CO2 transmittance tables and climatological O3 transmittances are replaced with appropriate models. Results of off line tests of simple models of CO2 transmittance as a function of atmospheric temperature profile and surface pressure, based on the technique used by Susskind et al. (1983) in the GLAS physical retrieval scheme are given. The models are evaluated in terms of tansmittance error, flux divergence error, and equilibrium temperature error. The transmittances of CO2 averaged over each of the spectral bands 500-660 cm-1 and 660-800 cm-1 are modeled, following Susskind et al., 1983, as products of effective layer transmittances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 292-295
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  • 175
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    Applications of cluster analysis to satellite soundings (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advantages of the use of cluster analysis in the improvement of satellite temperature retrievals were evaluated since the use of natural clusters, which are associated with atmospheric temperature soundings characteristic of different types of air masses, has the potential for improving stratified regression schemes in comparison with currently used methods which stratify soundings based on latitude, season, and land/ocean. The method of discriminatory analysis was used. The correct cluster of temperature profiles from satellite measurements was located in 85% of the cases. Considerable improvement was observed at all mandatory levels using regression retrievals derived in the clusters of temperature (weighted and nonweighted) in comparison with the control experiment and with the regression retrievals derived in the clusters of brightness temperatures of 3 MSU and 5 IR channels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 68-78
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  • 176
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    Results of the joint NASA/NOAA AMTS/HIRS2 sounding simulation test (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The relative accuracies of atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved from HIRS2, the current operational infra-red temperature sounder, and AMTS, a proposed advanced high-spectral resolution infra-red sounder were compared. The sounding simulation test compared retrievals generated by GLAS, using their physical retrieval algorithm, and NESDIS, using their operational statistical regression algorithm, for both instruments under clear and cloudy conditions. Test results for both conditions are summarized in tables showing RMS temperature errors for 18 tropospheric layers, 4 stratospheric layers, and surface skin temperature. The improvement of the AMTS instrument over HIRS2, particularly for cloudy conditions is demonstrated. The GLAS retrievals are more accurate than the operational NESDIS retrieval, especially with increasing cloud cover.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 41-44
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    Water vapor profile retrieval simulation studies for the HIRS/MSU and AMTS/MSU sounders (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A combined physical statistical method for the retrieval of atmospheric water vapor column densities has been developed at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences. In this method differences between observed and calculated clear column brightness temperatures are used in a regression formalism to obtain estimates of integrated column densities in given atmospheric layers. The physics of the radiative transfer problem is contained in the calculated clear column brightness temperatures and in accounting for the effects of clouds on the observed radiances. The regression matrix is equivalent to a set of empirical sensitivity factors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 33-40
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  • 178
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    Regional correlation between TOMS total ozone from NIMBUS-7 satellite and geopotential height from the GLAS analysis (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to study the relation between zone and the atmospheric circulation on a global scale the global correlation has been computed between TOMS total ozone measurements from NIMBUS-7 satellite and collocated geopotential heights analysis at all mandatory pressure levels between 1000-50 mb. The heights are obtained from the 4 deg x 5 deg GLAS analysis that uses both conventional (rawinsonde) and the operational TIROS-N satellite soundings but no ozone data. Zonal averages have been substracted to eliminate the correlation due merely to latitudinal dependence, and emphasize the correlation associated with synoptic features. Tables are presented with correlation coefficients for the four synoptic times covering the Pacific Ocean, Asia, Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, and United States regions. These coverages are approximate since NIMBUS-7 does not observe exactly the same region each day.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 23-27
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  • 179
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    SeaMARC 2 side-scan images of submarine volcanoes: Potential analogues for Venus (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Earth's surface beneath the oceans may be very similar, in terms of ambient pressures, to the surface of Venus. For that reason it is particularly important for geologists studying the surface of Venus to understand the processes which form features on the floors of the oceans. With the SeaMARC 2 seafloor mapping system, it is possible to view a swath of seafloor that is 10 km wide (about 6.2 mi). Side scan images of the Mariana region show that volcanoes of the island arc are more complicated than previously realized and that features of the fore-arc region, which resemble volcanoes morphologically, may result from processes other than volcanism. By comparing data obtained from the ocean floor with radar images of Venus, the geological evolution of that planet may be more fully understood.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. 15th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; p 10-15
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  • 180
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    The growth, propagation and decay of global scale Rossby waves during FGGE (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A portrait of the evolution of global scale Rossby waves for the FGGE year is presented. Emphasis is placed on the temporal evolution of the amplitude and phase of Hough mode projections, rather than on characteristics of the time spectra of these waves. On the basis of previous work, it was felt that it would be adequate to consider the 500 mb level in isolation from the others, and that the Hough functions (which are vector functions of the horizontal wind components and the height field) were good approximations to the "true' eigenfunctions. Thus, the first steps of the analysis consisted of projecting the 500 mb height and wind data (obtained from the ECMWF analyses) onto Hough functions for each synoptic time. The seasonal cycle and time mean were removed separately for each season, and all remaining eastward propagating components removed on a seasonal basis; all remaining westward propagating components were retained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 175-179
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  • 181
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    Effect of high latitude filtering on NWP skill (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The high latitude filtering techniques commonly employed in global grid point models to eliminate the high frequency waves associated with the convergence of meridians, can introduce serious distortions which ultimately affect the solution at all latitudes. Experiments completed so far with the 4 deg x 5 deg, 9-level GLAS Fourth Order Model indicate that the high latitude filter currently in operation affects only minimally its forecasting skill. In one case, however, the use of pressure gradient filter significantly improved the forecast. Three day forecasts with the pressure gradient and operational filters are compared as are 5-day forecasts with no filter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 79-86
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  • 182
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    A new algorithm for tuning of computed radiances for HIRS2/MSU (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Small biases of the order of 1 C exist in brightness temperatures computed for a number of atmospheric sounding channels using radiosonde reports of atmospheric temperature humidity profile compared to those of collocated HIRS2/MSU observations on TIROS N. These biases are attributed to errors in the computed atmospheric transmittances functions. Channel dependent empirical tuning coefficients were found such that the biases in the channel brightness temperatures are removed if the transmittances used to calculate these brightness temperatures are modified. Possible shortcomings of this method are that some of the bias errors may be due to instrumental calibration problems and that the part that is computational may not be of the form assumed in the equation used. Form of tuning was implemented in the calculation which has the potential of distinguishing between calibration and calculation errors and is also computationally faster and more easily vectorizable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 60-64
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  • 183
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    Improved HIRS2/MSU soundings using tropopause information (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In the GLAS physical retrieval scheme, all temperature profiles are expressed as an expansion about a global mean using empirical orthogonal functions derived from a sample of radiosondes. Total ozone burden, a parameter highly correlated with tropopause height, should be useful in improving sounding accuracy. The ability to estimate tropopause information from layer mean temperatures suggests incorporating the layer mean temperatures estimated from the sounding itself to give estimates of tropopause pressure and temperature. While information completely independent of sounding and first guess data is preferable, additional information is in fact added to the system by the statistical relationships between tropopause temperature and pressure and layer mean temperature profiles. This should not be confused with use of statistical relationships between temperature profiles and satellite observations, which form the basis of a statistical retrieval system but is in no way used in the physical retrieval scheme.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 45-48
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  • 184
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    Comparison of AMSU temperature soundings with those produced by HIRS and AMTS (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The new generation of satellite borne radiometers to be launched in the late 1980's or early 1990's are currently planned to have as their main temperature sounding unit the AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit). This device consists of two units, one of which contains 11 high spectral and spatial resolution channels which are to be used to produce vertical atmospheric temperature soundings. Other channels are to be used to determine atmospheric liquid water and water vapor amounts, as rain detectors, and for surface emissivity determination. This report, however, shall deal only with the accuracy of temperature retrievals. Toward this end studies have been carried out in which atmospheric temperature profiles were retrieved from simulated radiances for the AMSU channels. As a comparison, atmospheric temperature profiles were retrieved from simulated radiances for the currently operational HIRS infrared sounder as well as the proposed advanced infrared sounder AMTS. All simulations were based on a set of 400 mid-latitude radiosondes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 28-32
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  • 185
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    Toward a complete inventory of stratospheric dust particles with implications and their classification (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As the Earth travels about the Sun it continuously sweeps up material laying in its path. The material includes dust-sized fragments of the meteors, comets and asteroids that have passed by as well as much older particles from out between the stars. These grains first become caught in the mesosphere and then slowly pass down through the stratosphere and the troposphere, finally raining down upon the Earth's surface. In the stratosphere the cosmic dust particles encounter increasing amounts of contaminants from the Earth. At the highest reaches of Earth's atmosphere these contaminants consists mainly of dust from the most explosive volcanoes, rocket exhaust, and other manmade space debris. In the troposphere windborne particles and pollen become an increasingly larger fraction of the atmospheric dust load. An increased knowledge of the nature of cosmic particles is suggested.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. 15th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; P 58-59
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  • 186
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    Was the early Earth completely molten? (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The nature of the interior of the primitive Earth was examined. The question is posted: was the Earth a cold solid or was it a hot liquid, much like a lava lakes seen in today's volcanic cauldrons. The various energy sources available to heat the primitive Earth to see if they are sufficient to cause melting were analyzed. The two largest contributors to the Earth's early heat appear to be the heat due to accretion and the heat of core formation. The Earth formed by the accretion of particles ranging in size from millimeters to hundreds of kilometers and each impact into the protoearth provided more energy to heat the body. It is found that early in the Earth's history, the sinking of iron to the center of the Earth to form the core released a substantial amount of energy; enough to heat the entire Earth an average 2000 deg C. Mechanisms for the removal of such a large amount of heat appear inadequate to prevent substantial melting, and it is assumed that the Earth was completely molten, i.e., a magma ocean at one time early in its history.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. 15th Lunar and Planetary Sci. Conf.; p 45-46
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  • 187
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    Lageos orbit and the albedo problem (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objective was to obtain an analytic expression for the radiation pressure force on a satellite due to sunlight reflected from the Earth. The Lageos satellite undergoes unexplained along-track accelerations. These accelerations are believed to be due mainly to terrestrial radiation pressure. The effect of sunlight reflected off the surface of the Earth must thus be modeled to insure an accurate orbit for Lageos. An accurate orbit is necessary for carrying out Lageos' mission of measuring tectonic plate motion, polar motion, and Earth rotation. The present investigation focuses on a spherical harmonic approach to the problem. An equation for the force was obtained by assuming the Earth's surface reflects sunlight according to Lambert's law. The equation is an integral over the whole Earth's surface. Expressions occurring inside the integral are expressed in terms of spherical harmonics. The problem is thus reduced to integrating products of spherical harmonics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 2 p
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  • 188
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    SEASAT observations of lithospheric flexure (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Models of lithospheric flexure were tested on SEASAT altimetric observations of the geoid over Outer Rises. These altimeter data were found to provide significant new information about the strength of the oceanic lithosphere. Among the significant results derived from altimeter data is confirmation of the proposition that the effective elastic thickness, T sub e, of the lithosphere increases with age in approximate accord with the relation T sub E approximately equals C times one half the age. SEASAT altimeter data over Outer Rises provide an important constraint on mechanical models of the oceanic lithosphere. These data are quite consistent with an experimentally predicted mechanical model of the lithosphere which indicates that this model may be useful in other geodynamic investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 7 p
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  • 189
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    Analysis of the Earth's variable rotation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objective was to analyze the Earth's rotation, and to compare the observations with the atmospheric and seismic excitation functions. The variation in the Earth's rotation can be separated into the length-of-day (LOD) variation and the polar motion. Possible driving mechanisms include: atmospheric/oceanic circulations, seismic activities, solar-lunar tides, mantle convection, core-mantle coupling, and solar activities. The major problem of concern was the identification of these dynamical processes as primary driving mechanisms for the various features in the variation of the Earth's rotation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 190
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    Problems with the process partitioning theory of stratocumulus entrainment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three different approaches to partitioning were proposed. Ball (1960), Lilly (1968), and Deardorff et al. (1969, 1974) considered the sign of the net buoyancy flux at each level. If the net flux is positive, it is counted as TKE producing; otherwise, it is counted as TKE consuming. This approach can be called Eulerian partitioning. The second approach can be called process partitioning. It is assumed that the various processes acting in concert each produce and consume the same energy as if they acted independently (Manins and Turner, 1978). The total rates of TKE production and consumption are obtained by summing the effects of all the forcing processes. The third approach is Lagrangian partitioning. Each air parcel is considered as either producing or consuming TKE, according to the sign of the product of its density and vertical velocity anomalies. Stage and Businger (1981a,b) have applied process partitioning to the cloud topped mixed layer. One of the most important processes influencing entrainment into such a layer is cloud top radiative cooling. The production and consumption due to entrainment and radiative cooling are thus closely related. Model results are sensitive to the choice of formulation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 257-260
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  • 191
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    The prediction of tropopause height from clusters of brightness temperatures and its application in the stratified regression temperature retrievals using microwave and infrared satellite measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A total of 1575 radiosondes and the corresponding simulated brightness temperatures were used in an effort to derive a temperature retrieval based on the clusters of brightness temperatures. The 8 simulated channels, namely, 3 MSU and 5 IR of the TIROS-N satellite are used by the GLAS temperature retrieval method. The 3 MSU and 5 IR brightness temperatures were clustered into 17 cluster groups and a regression for the prediction of the tropopause height in mb was generated. The overall r.m.s. for the tropopause prediction is excellent, namely, around 16 mb for the summer and 23 mb for the winter. The correct cluster of brightness temperatures can be identified 98% of the time by the method of discriminatory classification if it is approximately a normal distribution or, in general, by the method of the nearest neighbor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 65-67
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  • 192
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    The atmospheric effects of El Chichon (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichon in late March and early April of 1982 injected an unusually large amount of volcanic material into the stratosphere. This event demonstrates for the first time that a relatively small but sulfur-rich volcanic eruption can produce a dense, widespread stratospheric cloud. Sulfuric acid aerosol is formed by the photochemical reaction of sulfur gases released by a volcano with water vapor in the atmosphere. The aerosol causes a decrease in the mean global temperature because the droplets both absorb solar radiation and scatter it back into space. Attention is given to details concerning the volcanic eruption, the relation of El Chichon to the Mexican and Guatemalan volcanic belts, sources for the sulfur erupted by the volcano, and the mechanisms involved in the formation of sulfuric acid.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 250; 48-57
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  • 193
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    Delineation of major geologic structures in Turkey using SIR-B data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) images of well mapped segments of major faults, such as the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and East Anatolian Fault (EAF) will be studied to identify the prominent signatures that characterize the fault zones for those specific regions. The information will be used to delineate the unmapped fault zones in areas with similar geological and geomorphological properties. The data obtained from SIR-B images will be compared and correlated with the LANDSAT thematic mapper and seismicity alignments based on well constrained earthquake epicenters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 194
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    Evaluation of SIR-B imagery for geologic and geomorphic mapping, hydrology, and oceanography in Australia (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The objectives of a study to evaluate the potential of Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) imagery for various applications are outlined. Specific goals include: the development of techniques for registration multiple acquisition, varied illumination, and incidence-angle SIR-B imagery, and a model for estimation of the relative contributions to the backscattered radiation of topography, surface roughness, and dielectric and conductivity components; (2) the evaluation of SIR-B imagery for delineation of agricultural lands affected by secondary salinity in the southwest and southeast agricultural regions of Australia; (3) the development of techniques for application of SIR-B imagery for geologic, geomorphologic and soils mapping and mineral exploration; and (4) the evaluation of the use of SIR-B imagery in determining ocean currents, current shear patterns, internal waves and bottom features for specific locations off the Australian coast.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 195
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    Evaluation of the L-band scattering characteristics of volcanic terrain in aid of lithologic identification, assessment of SIR-B calibration, and development of planetary geomorphic analogs (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The objectives of the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) scattering study and calibration investigation of volcanic terrain are to delineate textural and structural features, to evaluate the L-band scattering characteristics, and to assess SIR-B calibration. Specific tasks are outlined and expected results are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 196
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    Geological, structural, and geomorphological analyses from SIR-B (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) study designed to develop a better understanding of the application of radar in geological studies is described. The specific objectives for deltaic environments include the examination of delta morphology and the intertidal zone, the surface expression of shallow bathymetry, the characterization of vegetation cover, and the water balance of the delta. In impact crater environments, the goals include the establishment of the radar characteristics of exposed craters and the application of this knowledge to test for the detectability of very poorly exposed craters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 6 p
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  • 197
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    Magnetospheric dynamo processes (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three processes are examined whereby an effective electromotive force and energy input arise in circuits of magnetospheric currents, even in the absence of time-varying magnetic fields. The first involves currents on 'open' field lines, linking the ionosphere with the solar wind, and it underscores the role of polarization currents. The second may exist on the current filament observed in the vicinity of Jupiter's satellite Io. The third may operate along the high-latitude boundary of the earth's magnetic tail, from where it pumps energy into the plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 198
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    Carbon and its isotopes in mid-oceanic basaltic glasses (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sample surface carbon, mantle carbon dioxide in vesicles, and mantle carbon dissolved in glasses, are the three carbon components evident in the 11 mid-oceanic basalts presently analyzed. The total carbon content may be controlled by the depth of the shallowest ridge magma chamber, and carbon isotopic fractionation accompanies magma degassing. Using He-3 and carbon data for submarine hydrothermal fluids, the present day midoceanic ridge carbon flux is approximately estimated to be 1.0 x 10 to the 13th g C/yr, requiring 8 Gyr to accumulate the earth's present crustal carbon inventory.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 69; 1, Ju; 43-57
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  • 199
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    Broadband water vapor transmission functions for atmospheric IR flux computations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Transmission functions associated with water vapor molecular line and e-type absorption in the IR spectra regions are presented in the form of simple analytical functions and small tables, from which atmospheric IR fluxes and cooling rates can be easily computed. For typical clear atmospheres ranging from the tropics to the subarctic region, the difference with respect to line-by-line calculations is less than 0.15 C/day in the cooling rate and approximately equal to or less than 1 percent in fluxes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1775-177
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  • 200
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    Simultaneous stratospheric measurements of H2O, HDO, and CH4 from balloon-borne and aircraft infrared solar absorption spectra and tunable diode laser laboratory spectra of HDO (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 7259-726
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