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  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (13,237)
  • Copernicus
  • 1980-1984  (6,231)
  • 1970-1974  (4,731)
  • 1965-1969  (2,957)
Collection
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A test object and criteria for high resolution electron microscopy (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The desirability and requirements for a specimen capable of testing the resolving power and other image characteristics of an electron microscope are discussed in detail. In this discussion, the underlying diffraction phenomena are particularly utilized. A partially graphitized carbon black is shown to satisfy the requirements extremely well and constitutes an easily prepared specimen for conducting tests of image quality in the molecular size range. The structure of the test object is known in detail with the result that readily interpretable phase contrast images are obtained. Micrographs illustrating the use of the 3.4 Å (002) spacing for magnification calibration, astigmatism and asymmetry check as well as resolving power are exhibited. The second order c-spacing of 1.7 Å is occasionally found in an image. The micrographs shown herein were taken with two different electron microscopes by different operators obtaining the same structural detail in the images. It is concluded that the carbon black test object offers the best possibilities for evaluating image performance of any specimen yet suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868004930
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A point-focusing camera for single-crystal diffraction (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 84-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Bent-glass mirrors can be used to produce a narrow, highly collimated X-ray beam, particularly suitable for photographing diffraction patterns from crystals with very large unit cells (i.e., several hundred Å to a side). A camera is described that employs double-mirror focusing optics with a precession apparatus. A comparison of optical reflection and simple collimation shows that for high resolving power, focusing devices are very much superior to pinhole collimators. The reduction of background is especially noteworthy. Use of this camera has permitted the collection of accurate three-dimensional data from crystals of tomato bushy stunt virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005054
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of polarization factor of crystal monochromators (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new method for determination of the polarization factor of a crystal monochromator is presented. This method is based on the use of polarized X-rays produced by anomalous transmission or the Borrmann effect. The polarization factors of two quartz (10\overline 11) monochromators of Johansson type have been measured with Cu Kα radiation, and the resulting values are in close agreement with the expression derived from the kinematic diffraction theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005121
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Single-crystal alignment with a polaroid adapter for the Weissenberg goniometer (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 126-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An adapter which supports a Polaroid flat-plate film holder has been designed for a standard Weissenberg goniometer. A number of applications, including a method for rapidly aligning single crystals, are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005157
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    The analysis of epitaxic growth layers of silicon carbide by X-ray diffraction topography (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of X-ray diffraction topography to identify domains of different polytype in crystals of silicon carbide has been described in a previous paper. Further methods have been developed and applied to the analysis of thin films deposited epitaxically from the vapour phase onto basal surfaces of crystals of hexagonal α-SiC. The epitaxic films consist either of α-SiC, or of the cubic form β-SiC, with multiple twinning about the axis normal to the surface. The fine scale texture of interlocking twin domains is readily demonstrated in X-ray diffraction topographs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005200
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    X-ray diffraction contrast of inversion twin boundaries in BeO crystals (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Inversion twin boundaries in BeO crystals (wurtzite structure) can be studied by X-ray topography. They can be regarded as a special kind of stacking fault. The section topograph images of a twin boundary, lying parallel to the c axis, agree well with the theory for a single stacking fault. From the contrast variation of the images for various reflections, it is concluded that the oxygen sublattice on one side of the twin boundary is displaced from that on the other side by \mid(1/16)[001]\mid so that the oxygen layer parallel to the basal plane on one side is located at the center of the oxygen and beryllium layers on the other side. The image contrast in section topographs is very sensitive to the phase shift due to a fault. The phase shift of a few degrees can be detected easily. This sensitivity leads to an accurate structure determination of the inversion twin boundary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005224
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Mise en évidence de la dispersion anormale par mesure de l'indice d'un prisme à l'aide de la double diffraction des rayons X (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The refractive index, n, for X-rays is measured by interposing a prism in the path of X-rays falling on a perfect silicon crystal at the Bragg incidence angle. Owing to the deviation angle of the prism, the separation of the two wave fields excited in the silicon crystal is modified, from which the value of n − 1 can be deduced with a 1% accuracy. The method has been applied to the measurement of the anomalous dispersion correction for the refractive index of zirconium for Mo Kα.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005261
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  • 8
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    The variation of the lattice parameter of the solid solutions of lithium oxide in nickel oxide (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method based on the variation of the lattice parameter with Li content, for the quantitative determination of lithium in the system Lix+Ni1−2x2+Nix3+O2−, is proposed. A precision between 1 and 5% relative, depending upon the concentration range, has been obtained. The results are compared with those obtained by flame emission spectroscopy. For values of x 〉 0.12 the original rhombohedral lattice transforms into a face centred cubic lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005285
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  • 9
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    Stereology. Proceedings of the Second International Congress for Stereology, Chicago, April 8-13, 1967 edited by H. Elias (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 198-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005339
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Strain inhomogeneities in lightly compressed tungsten crystals (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A study of strain inhomogeneities in a zone-refined tungsten crystal oriented for (123) slip was carried out before and after a slight compression. The study was based on changes of interplanar spacings measured along different crystallographic directions and samples from different areas of the crystal by means of the X-ray back-reflection divergent beam method. Upon compression a redistribution of the locked-in elastic strains took place and the induced strains assumed a more homogeneous distribution for one of the sets of (123) planes considered. This homogeneity in the strain distribution along definite crystallographic directions is believed to result from the interaction of the primary slip dislocations with the pre-existing dislocation configuration and appears to be characteristic of the initial stage of work-hardening. The dislocation interaction induced by a small strain found practical application in the elimination of a troublesome substructure in highly zone-refined tungsten crystals and appears to form the scientific basis of certain stress-relief treatments long practised in metallurgical technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005194
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Graphitation partielle de quelques carbones durs. Etude en microscopie et microdiffraction électroniques (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 218-226 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: All the hard carbons are composed of three phases when they are heated above 2000°C: non-graphitizable carbon, graphitizable carbon, and graphite (the latter two appearing only in very small amounts). When the heat treatment temperature is increased to 3000°C, these phases change in various ways. At low temperatures, the non-graphitizable phase is formed by small turbostratic stacks of carbon layers which are oriented completely at random inside the carbon grains. Above 2000°, these stacks begin to undergo mutual rearrangement to produce small fibers by ordering roughly parallel to each other. The graphitizable phase is formed of spheres made up of conical rolled spirals, which are themselves made up by turbostratic stacking of the carbon layers. When heat treated, each sphere transforms to graphite very suddenly. The third phase is well crystallized graphite with stacking faults and twist defects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005376
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  • 12
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    Characterization of phases in the 50–60 at. % Te region of the Bi–Te system by X-ray powder diffraction patterns (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Samples in the Bi–Te system containing 59.0, 58.0, 57.0, 55.0, 51.0, and 50.0 at.% Te, in addition to 5 samples within the Bi2Te3 homogeneity range, have been equilibrated near 525 or 450°C and room temperature powder diffraction patterns taken. There are now 4 known phases in the 50–60 at.% Te region. The 59.0 and 58.0 at.% samples are two phase at 525°C. The 57.0 and 55.0 at.% samples are new phases with hexagonal parameters, a = 4.4106±0.0002 Å, c = 54.330±0.003 Å and a = 4.4214±0.0004 Å, c = 78.195±0.012 Å, respectively. The 51.0 and 50.0 at.% samples are two-phase at 525 C. At 450°C the 51.0 at.% sample is single phase while the 50.0 at.% sample probably is not. The common indexing scheme for the 50.0 and 51.0 at.% samples is different from those for the 55–0 and 57.0 at.% samples. For the 51.0 at.% sample a = 4.4296±0.0002 Å and c = 24.017±0.001 Å. The 00l lines for all these phases vary strongly with composition and those near d = 9 and 5 Å are isolated enough to provide a convenient way of distinguishing among the various phases. The results are discussed in terms of other phase-diagram information. They are inconsistent with Stasova's correlation between composition and powder-pattern indices for the Bi–Te, Bi–Se, and Sb–Te systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005406
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  • 13
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    Notes and News (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 262-262 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005467
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  • 14
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    Etude radiocristallographique des transformations d'ordre de type αdésordre〈-〉Iordre dans les alliages ternaires or cuivre nickel et l'alliage binaire de composition remarquable AuCu3 (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 263-271 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The study of the scattering outside the Bragg reflexions shows no local order in the ordered phase I of alloys such as Au (50 at. %) Cu (46 at. %) Ni (4 at. %) even for the smallest degree of long range order. The modulation of the scattering appears only with the presence of short range order in the disordered α phase. There is evidence of a two-phase region on the equilibrium diagram at the AuCu3 stoichiometric composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005479
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  • 15
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    Barium sodium niobate (Ba(4+x)Na(2−2x)Nb10O30): crystallographic data and thermal expansion coefficients (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 290-292 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Accurate lattice parameters (at 25 and 48°C), density, thermal expansion coefficients, the indexed powder pattern, and optical data are given for Ba(4+x)Na(2−2x)Nb10O30, where x = 0.13±0.013, grown by pulling from a nominally stoichiometric melt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005522
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  • 16
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    Analysis of the 00l reflections of carbons (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 313-317 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In an earlier communication by the authors it was shown that the stack height distribution in a raw carbon black followed an exponential law. Extension of these studies to a heat-treated (2000°C) black showed that the exponential law is still valid when stacking is extensive. The exponential law and the effect of heat-treatment are explained by the existence in blacks of extensive stratification rather than the presence of short stacks of small layers. Evidently heat-treatment results in annealing of the strata to yield uniform layer domains and more ordered stacking. Simple expressions are derived for calculating the profiles of the 00l reflections and the coefficient of the exponent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986800556X
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  • 17
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    Notes and News (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 324-325 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005613
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    X-ray study of long-chain secondary ammonium halides (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 323-323 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Long chain secondary ammonium chlorides, bromides and iodides crystallize in a preferred orientation. Values of the basal spacings of the salts indicate hydrocarbon chains oriented towards each other between planes of the ionic heads. The inclination angle of the chains was found to be 40°.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005601
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  • 19
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    An X-ray method for the determination of domain size from the tails of diffraction profiles (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 72-76 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The paper describes a method for obtaining consistent estimates of domain size from an evaluation of coefficients derived from curves fitted to the tails of diffraction profiles. An estimate of the mean domain size is computed directly from the intensity data and this is equivalent to the value derived from the slope of the variance-range function. For many applications this provides a convenient alternative to the method described by Langford & Wilson (Crystallography and Crystal Perfection. London: Academic Press, 1963) but does not replace it. An advantage of the present method is its simplicity and consequent reduction in computing time. It is easier to apply if a computer is not available and is applicable in cases where one or other of the profile tails overlaps that of a neighbouring line. The results obtained by this method are comparable in accuracy to those given by existing techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986900656X
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  • 20
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    Specimen surface preparation errors in quantitative electron-probe microanalysis (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 18-24 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The usual method of specimen preparation for electron-probe microanalysis can introduce errors of up to about ±3% in the estimates of the amount of an element present. It is believed that these errors are caused by the formation of `flowed' layers on the surfaces of polished samples. Two methods of reducing the errors are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986900642X
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  • 21
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    The crystal structure of arsenic at 4.2, 78 and 299°K (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 30-36 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The lattice constants and the atomic position parameter, z, of a high purity, low strain, single-crystal of arsenic have been determined. Low extinction reflections of filtered Mo Kα and Ag Kα radiation were used for the determination of z. The Bond precision technique with Mo Kα radiation was used for the determination of the unit-cell dimensions a and c. Average values for a and c in Å, and for z are: 4.2°K z = 0.22764 a = 3.7597 c = 10.4412; 78°K z = 0.22754 a = 3.7595 c = 10.4573; 299±3°K z = 0.22707 a = 3.7598 c = 10.5475. The estimated standard deviation of z is ±0.00004 at 4.2°K, ±0.00002 at 78°K and ±0.00005 at 299°K. The precision of a is estimated to be ±0–0001 Å and that for c to be ±0.0002 Å. The results for As are compared with those reported earlier for Sb and Bi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006443
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  • 22
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    Growth of crystals, Volumes 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B edited by N. N. Sheftal' (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 146-147 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006790
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  • 23
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    Strain induced phase transformations in lead monoxide (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 156-164 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The strain induced phase transformations produced in lead monoxide powders by ball milling at temperatures ranging from −196 to 200°C have been studied by X-ray diffraction methods. It has been found that either of the two polymorphs, litharge and massicot, was partially converted to the other at all the temperatures investigated, and that, whichever polymorph was the starting material, the end product, after a sufficiently long time, was a mixture of the two polymorphs, both highly strained. The percentage of each phase present was found to be dependent on the temperature of deformation. The results have been interpreted by consideration of the production of the microstrain energy required to overcome the energy barrier to the transformation, and of the shear generated in the mill on the pressure-temperature phase diagram. It is considered that shear stresses can affect the nature of the pressure-temperature phase diagram, in a manner theoretically postulated by Kumazawa. The commercial importance of the results has been briefly outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006856
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  • 24
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    The significance of texture parameters in phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 176-180 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The theory of the direct comparison X-ray method of phase analysis is extended to correct for preferred orientation effects. Texture parameters are defined to assess the type and intensity of preferred orientation using data from diffractometer patterns. The analysis is illustrated with results obtained on three austenitic stainless steels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006881
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  • 25
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    Structure Reports for 1958. Vol. 22 edited by W. B. Pearson (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 192-192 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006959
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  • 26
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    Synergy of line profile analysis and selected area topography by the X-ray divergent beam method (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 200-209 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented which combines the analysis of X-ray absorption profiles and selected area X-ray topographs. The method is based on X-ray divergent beam patterns obtained in transmission. The absorption profiles are obtained by unfolding the spectral distribution from the profiles of the deficiency conics, whereas the selected area topographs derive from the corresponding diffraction conics. The synergy of the two techniques makes the method particularly useful for the elucidation of anisotropic effects and inhomogeneities of defect structures. An example is given for the room temperature deformation of beryllium.
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  • 27
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    Développements d'une technique de topographie en réflexion des rayons X (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 223-230 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An X-ray reflexion topography camera has been designed to study structural defects near the surface of monocrystalline semiconductors. Large surfaces can be covered by means of successive fixed exposures. A surface of 30 mm x 10 mm for example can be studied in less than ten minutes on nuclear emulsions. The conditions for the observations of dislocations in gallium arsenide have been examined: the choice of reflecting planes is limited by the depth of penetration of X-rays, so that the effective crystal thickness must be of the order of the width of a dislocation image (2-5 microns). Studies to which these observations can be applied are numerous: structural defects induced by diffusion, lattice strains, orientation of dislocations near the surface, structural evolution of silicon during integrated circuits elaboration, structure of cleavage surfaces, lapping and polishing defects, structural defects of epitaxic layers.
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    La Fatigue des Métaux by R. Cazaud (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 234-234 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Igneous rocks and the depths of the earth by R. A. Daly (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 236-236 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Plastic deformation in tungsten carbide (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The practical importance of tungsten monocarbide prompted an investigation into its wear mechanism. Initial studies on ball-milled tungsten carbide powders revealed considerable plastic deformation, coupled with a reduction in crystallite size. Deformation stacking faults, involving slip on the basal plane, were observed. The work was extended to sintered blocks, tool tips and single crystals. Studies on the worn surfaces of these revealed plastic deformation that extended to a depth of a few microns below the surface. The plastic deformation is an important factor in the wear of tungsten carbide.
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    A method for determination of the rhombohedral angle of SbSn (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 295-297 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is suggested which allows several independent determinations of the rhombohedral angle using data from a single diffraction pattern. This is applied to the intermetallic compound SbSn.
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    Tests of a Hankel transform method of determining electron densities of long cylinders from small-angle X-ray scattering data (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 297-300 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Hankel transform method proposed by Fedorov & Aleshin (1966; Vysokomol. Soed. 8, 1506; English translation, 1967: Polymer Science USSR 8, 1657) for calculating the electron density of long cylindrical particles with circular cross section is tested with theoretical intensity functions for which the density can be found both by an exact calculation and by numerical integration. (In this method, the density is assumed to depend only on the distance from the cylinder axis.) The tests show how the degree of resolution obtained in the density curve is related to the largest scattering angle at which data are available. For the step function density corresponding to a cylinder with uniform electron density, the requirements are more severe than for continuously decreasing density functions. The possibility of obtaining useful results with the available scattering data from two biological macromolecules is discussed.
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    Errors in the bond method of lattice parameter determinations – further considerations (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 247-248 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A previously given analysis of the beam and specimen tilt errors in the Bond single-crystal method of lattice parameter determinations is extended to give a simple generalized treatment. This shows that the error passes through a maximum in accordance with an empirical observation by other workers. Crystal alignment procedures are examined in the light of the results.
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    Cathode ray tube display of automatically recorded pole figure data (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 259-261 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A storage oscilloscope has been attached to the IBM 1800 computer that is used for pole-figure data acquisition. It allows fast plotting of pole figures by modulation of the cathode ray beam according to the pole density as it scans the stereographic projection along a spiral path. The time needed to plot the pole figure is reduced by a factor of eight as compared with a mechanical plotter.
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    Axial thermal expansion of ZrO2 and HfO2 in the range room temperature to 1400°C (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 281-288 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The axial thermal expansion of monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2 and of monoclinic HfO2 was studied over the temperature range from room temperature to 1400 °C. The linear thermal expansion coefficients were calculated. Thermal expansion along (x 106 per °C) a = 10.31 monoclinic ZrO2, 11.60 tetragonal ZrO2, 9.34 monoclinic HfO2; b = 1.35 monoclinic ZrO2, – tetragonal ZrO2, 2.98 monoclinic HfO2; c = 14.68 monoclinic ZrO2, 16.08 tetragonal ZrO2, 13.10 monoclinic HfO2. Some aspects of the present study, such as anisotropy of thermal expansion and a pretransformation vibrational anomaly, are discussed briefly.
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    X-ray determination of polarity sense by anomalous scattering at an absorption edge (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 27-32 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A technique is described for the determination of crystallographic polarity which is generally applicable to large polar crystals containing an element heavier than K. It is an extension and simplification of Cole & Stemple's method in which the intensities diffracted by (00 l) and (00\overline l) planes are compared at wavelengths close to an absorption edge of a constituent element. A definitive polarity determination may now be made without previously measuring or assuming values of Δf′ and Δf′′ at the edge.
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    Centring equipment for X-ray diffractometers and X-ray cameras used with monochromators (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 101-102 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    X-ray diffraction method for measurement of elastic strain (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 110-112 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A method is suggested, using diffraction line displacements, to facilitate simultaneous determination of one-dimensional strain in a particular direction in the surface of a polycrystalline material and of the lattice parameter corresponding to the unstressed state. A single exposure at perpendicular incidence of the primary X-ray beam enables both values to be obtained. Full advantage is taken of the ratios of diffraction ring diameters.
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    A computer program for X-ray line broadening analysis (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 120-123 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A computer program has been written for the evaluation of the size of coherently diffracting domains, microstrains, and stacking fault probabilities for f.c.c. and h.c.p. single crystals. After correcting for instrumental effects, the Warren–Averbach analysis is applied to reflections which are not affected by stacking faults. The fault-broadened peaks are then analyzed and the results plotted.
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    Comparison of two methods for calculating slit-length collimation corrections in small angle X-ray scattering (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 137-145 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The methods of Lake [Acta Cryst. (1967) 23, 191] and Schmidt [Acta Cryst. (1965) 19, 938] for calculating slit-length collimation corrections in small angle X-ray scattering have been compared in a number of tests. The tests showed that under most conditions neither method introduces errors larger than the expected uncertainty in present-day scattering data and that slit-length corrections are relatively insensitive to small changes or errors in the weighting function. Neither method is extremely sensitive to random errors in the measured intensity but the effect of these errors is somewhat smaller with Schmidt's method than with Lake's. Three cases were found in which one of the correction methods should be avoided or used with caution: with Schmidt's method errors are produced in the outer part of the scattering curve if the angular increment is too large – a criterion has been developed for determining acceptable increments; if Lake's method is used in an angular region in which a scattering curve has subsidiary maxima or minima, more iterations may be necessary than are required for monotonically decreasing scattering curves; the usual form of Lake's method, which was developed to converge rapidly with curves which have a zero-angle maximum, was sometimes found to give appreciable errors for curves with a pronounced minimum at zero scattering angle. When the latter type of curve is corrected by this method, precautions should be taken to ensure that the collimation correction is not introducing errors.
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    On refinement of the crystal orientation matrix and lattice constants with diffractometer data. II (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 179-180 
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    Notes: A modification of the refinement procedure proposed by Shoemaker & Bassi [Acta Cryst. (1970). A26, 97] is described in which the correction to the unitary orientation matrix, valid to second order in the small rotational adjustment, is applied after constraints due to crystal symmetry (which is presumably lost owing to measurement errors) have been applied to the lattice constants, and in such a way as to preserve (to second order) the unitary character of that matrix.
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    The construction of atomic projections by computer (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 185-187 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Two computer programs, for use with an Elliot 803 machine, are described. These programs enable atomic projections from any crystal system, other than the triclinic, to be constructed in a relatively short time.
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    Correction for the satellite group in the variance method of profile analysis (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Three methods are described of eliminating the influence of the satellite group in the variance method of X-ray line profile analysis. The first is to interpolate the line profile under the satellite group: however, the satellite group must be reasonably well distinguished from the α1 tail and from the background. The second method is to correct the experimental variance-range curve by a graphical construction: this assumes that the satellite lines and the broadening function are Cauchy in form. The third method is to compute the necessary corrections to the slope and intercept of the linear variance-range function by using model spectral distributions with and without the satellite group. The first two methods are applied to profiles from powders of iron and iron alloys studied with iron radiation, the third method uses an analytical model of the spectral distribution of the iron Kα multiplet. The corrections given by these methods to be made to the slope and the intercept of the variance-range function are nearly constant for all but the smallest amounts of particle-size broadening. It is also shown that particle sizes determined either from slope or intercept of the variance will be underestimated if correction is not made for the satellite group.
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    Fan texture of the compound Ba3Co2Fe24O41 prealigned in a magnetic field (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 243-250 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Samples of the ferrimagnetic material Ba3Co2Fe24O41, pre-aligned in a magnetic field and sintered at various temperatures, have been examined for preferred orientation. Schulz's reflection technique and the standardizing method of Holland were used to determine quantitative pole figures of several lattice planes. The texture bears a close resemblance to a `fan texture' in which the crystallites have their basal planes parallel to a preferred direction. The sharpness of the texture increases with increasing sintering temperature. At 1320°C an exaggerated grain growth takes place. Inhomogeneity of the magnetic field throughout the sample results in local differences in orientation.
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    Separation of the α1-α2 doublet in X-ray diffraction profiles (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 272-277 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A procedure involving the use of Fourier coefficients is suggested for the separation of the el component from an experimental diffraction profile. In contrast to the well known Rachinger method, the procedure described here does not require experimental data at any predetermined intervals. Furthermore, the separation error, if any, is evenly distributed. As in the Rachinger method, prior knowledge of the α1−α2 angular separation and the ratio R = Iα2(max)/Iα1(max) is assumed. If, however, R is unknown, then the mathematical analysis can be extended to determine the value of R.
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    Inter-Congress Meetings - I.U.Cr. Sponsorship (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 284-284 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Practical optical crystallogaphy by N. H. Hartshorne and A. Stuart (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 288-288 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Short-range order in a gold–40.0 atomic per cent palladium alloy (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 297-305 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The local atomic arrangements in an Au-40 at.% Pd alloy were investigated by measuring the X-ray diffuse scattering from a single crystal. A computer simulation of the short-range structure was used in the interpretation of the diffuse scattering results. The interpretation indicated a tendency toward the formation of a tetragonal AB long period superlattice which has not previously been observed to occur. The static displacements of the atoms from their average positions were shown to be very small in this alloy.
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    Correction of integrated X-ray intensities for preferred orientation in cubic powders (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 313-318 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A method is presented for correction of integrated X-ray intensities for preferred orientation in cubic powders. It is based upon examination of the polar axis density distribution, which describes the orientation of crystallites in the specimen, and upon the use of a cubic harmonic expansion in its representation. The method was tested on four specimens of aluminium, which showed different degrees of preferred orientation. The (111), (200) and (220) lattice plane normal distributions of the specimens were determined by measurement of the integrated intensities for various polar angles. Cylindrical symmetry was effected with a specimen spinner. The corrections to the Bragg reflections were derived from the orientation distribution obtained; they ranged from 0.5 to 12%. The final values were in agreement, to the extent of 1% or less, with those of a specimen in which the orientation distribution was random within the limits of experimental error.
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    The simultaneous determination of the Burgers vectors of dislocations in twin related or coincidence site related crystals (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 342-348 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A simple and rapid procedure for orientating electron diffraction patterns required for the simultaneous determination of the Burgers vectors of dislocations in twin related or coincidence site related crystals is described. The determination of the Burgers vectors of dislocations in twin related zinc crystals is used as an example of the procedure. The procedure is applicable to all crystal structures and is based on the detailed analysis of the rotations about the optical axis and goniometer tilt stage axis of an electron microscope required to produce desired diffraction patterns from the two crystals of interest. The analysis also illustrates the way in which the tensor notation may be used in elementary vector algebra applied to lattice geometry.
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    X-ray scattering effects of ionic size in solid solutions KCl–KBr (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 385-388 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The diffuse X-ray scattering from single crystals of 36:64 and 50:50 KCl–KBr solid solutions has been studied. The analysis of the results, which follows the method described by Borie, is based on the approximation of a solid solution Cl−–Br−. The observed values of the distortion constant for the chloride ion are 2–3 times greater than those calculated on the basis of the conventional values of ionic radii.
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    Structure types of potassium and rubidium molybdate and tungstate at elevated temperatures (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 389-392 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The isomorphisms and the transition points of K2MoO4, K2WO4, RbMoO4 and Rb2WO4 were studied and the cell constants of the occurring phases computed.
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    Orientation of microcrystals for X-ray diffraction studies (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 400-403 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A method is described for obtaining X-ray diffraction photographs, equivalent to those obtained under single-crystal rotation conditions, from materials available only in the form of fine microcrystalline powders of acicular or platy habit. The technique involves dispersing the crystalline powder in an appropriate thermoplastic polymer followed by streaming orientation of the particles in an extrusion process. The particles are held in their new positions by solidification of the polymer melt. With acicular powders, and using a polyethylene matrix, the orientation is improved by cold drawing. The oriented composite is immediately ready for X-ray studies.
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    Correlation of measured and theoretically calculated microstrains in deformed f.c.c. metals (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 407-409 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A correlation is presented between the root-mean-square strain as measured for cold-worked f.c.c. metals and that calculated from anisotropic dislocation theory.
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    Crystal growth and dimorphism of lithium iodate LiIO3 (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 417-417 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Single crystals of hexagonal LiIO3 and its new tetragonal modification were grown in an aqueous solution using the evaporation method under almost identical growing conditions. The hexagonal crystal changed irreversibly to the tetragonal one at about 255°C. The latter belonged to the point group 4/m. The lattice constants were a = 9.73 and c = 6.15 Å.
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    A method of enclosing highly deliquescent or subliming specimens for X-ray single-crystal data collection (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 422-422 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Calendar of Events (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 425-425 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 423-423 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes and News (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 424-424 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    The temperature dependence of ordering in magnesium ferrite (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 496-503 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Cation ordering in magnesium and nickel ferrites was studied by X-ray diffraction measurements carried out at the temperature of equilibration and also on quenched specimens. The order parameters on quenched specimens agreed with results previously reported by others but not with values measured at temperature. Previous results on quenched specimens had been described by a simple mass action relation with constant ordering energy. The new results on equilibrated specimens require a modified Bragg–Williams-type relation in which the ordering energy varies with the degree of order. Both ferrites are inverted when in equilibrium at low temperature. Magnesium ferrite approaches a random distribution at high temperature with a Curie point at about 1070°C. Oxygen positional parameters were 0.243±0.001 for both ferrites at room temperature. The lattice parameter of nickel ferrite quenched from temperatures up to 1255°C was 8.3295±0.0001 Å. For magnesium ferrite the lattice parameter varied from 8.3775±0.0001 Å, when quenched from 784°C. to 8.3848, when quenched from 1271°C.
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    High-speed X-ray diffraction photography (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 409-410 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The speed of the conventional process of X-ray diffraction photography can be greatly improved by the use of a new industrial X-ray film and a fluorescent screen. This process produces a transparent film with about a tenfold decrease in exposure time and at a cost less than that of standard nonscreen film.
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    \def\lambdabar{\ifvmode\noindent\fi{\hbox{$\lambda$}\kern-0.35em\raise0.7ex\hbox{-}\kern0.2em}}\lambdabar" Phase in Ti–30% V alloy (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 413-417 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The lattice type of the co phase in Ti–30%V alloy was determined with the X-ray precession method. Plane-net patterns of reciprocal lattice levels, normal to [110], [100], and [111] directions of the β phase, indicate that the ω phase has a b.c.c. structure with a lattice parameter three times that of the β phase.
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    Computerized gnomonic projection chart for determining orientations of single crystals from Kossel patterns (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 419-421 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The increasing use of the electron microprobe analyser in research laboratories in recent years renewed the interest in the Kossel line method. Since it is possible to obtain diffraction patterns from selected areas – smaller than 5 microns diameter – this technique has been applied to measure the grain orientation in polycrystalline materials. Comparing the different published methods of interpreting the Kossel patterns, it has been found more convenient to use a digital computer with a peripheral graph plotter to obtain charts.
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    Alexey Vasilyevich Shubnikov, 1887-1970 (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 551-552 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    A comparison between the variances of the Cu Kα and Fe Kα spectral distributions (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 43-50 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The variance of the X-ray spectral distribution in the Cu Kα multiplet has been redetermined with improved accuracy and over a wider range than previously. This investigation is parallel to that of Edwards & Toman on iron radiation, with which comparison is made on the following points: (i) the effect of using a β-filter and (ii) the effect of interpolating the line profile under the Kα satellite group. Both definitions of the variance are considered and three linear regions can generally be distinguished in the variance–range function. The choice of definition and the usefulness of the different linear regions in any practical application are also discussed.
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    Absorption correction: a simple least-squares method for the determination of the geometry of the shape of a crystal (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 542-543 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: For accurate absorption-correction calculations, a precise knowledge of the crystal shape is essential. A least-squares determination of the coordinates of the crystal apices according to the analytical expressions derived is obtained by taking a series of silhouette photographs of the crystal directly on an X-ray diffractometer with a pinhole in the incident beam and using soft continuous X-radiation.
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    The display of twinning in lithium niobate X-ray diffraction topography (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 546-547 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Ferroelectric domains in lithium niobate are equivalent to inversion twins and can be displayed in X-ray diffraction topographs using the phenomenon of anomalous dispersion of X-rays.
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    The thermal expansion of titanium, vanadium and niobium monoxides (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 103-109 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: At the stoichiometric 1 : 1 ratio of atoms, the cubic NaCl-type monoxides TiO, VO and NbO have a large number of vacant sites on both the metal and oxygen sublattices. X-ray determinations of the thermal expansions of these materials show quite distinct differences. At 298 °K, the coefficients of linear expansion defined as α = (1/a)(da/dT) are as follows: (TiO)0.856(\square)0.144, α = 6.6 (7) x 10−6; (VO)0.848(\square)0.152, α = 9.3 (6) x 10−6; (NbO)0.750(\square)0.250, α = 4.8 (0) x 10−6. Progressive filling of the vacancies in titanium monoxide merely shifts the expansion curves parallel to each other in the direction of higher lattice parameters.
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    The double-crystal X-ray spectrometer: corrections, errors, and alignment procedure (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 130-138 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The theory of the X-ray double-crystal spectrometer is outlined. For a vertical rotation axis, crystal planes should be vertical and the X-ray beam horizontal. Geometrical errors are introduced by crystal tilts (departure from vertical) and misalignment (departure of central ray from horizontal). Even with perfect alignment a vertical divergence correction is required. A typographical error in Schwarzschild's analysis of these geometrical effects led to erroneous results by Schnopper, later corrected in an erratum. The physical significance of this revision is considered here. The resulting expression for relative wavelength error indicates that, for zero tilt, misalignment produces no significant errors in relative wavelengths. Geometrical errors are shown to be negligible in recent measurements of Bearden and very small in earlier work of Bearden & Shaw. The Williams vertical divergence correction, used by Bearden, is proven valid; the Parratt form, preferred by Schnopper, is incorrect. An alignment procedure which can reduce geometrical errors below 1 part per million is described. It employs a precision engineer's level (with autocollimating telescope) and a simple technique for grinding crystal faces parallel to atomic planes.
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    Application of Ru-filtered monochomatic Ag Kα2 to X-ray topographic study (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 146-151 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Several applications of X-ray topography with Ru-filtered Ag Kα2 radiation are described. Two of these are variations of the Lang method combined with a Ru filter. The first one is to improve the Lang traverse pattern from a specimen crystal including locally highly distorted regions such as inclusions, as demonstrated for a pure iron crystal. The second is to obtain a traverse pattern from the whole area on the same topograph for a specimen including appreciably misoriented parts, by making the first slit wider than usual. This example has been shown for a Ge crystal. Another application is concerned with taking a topograph of an area as wide as of the order of the length of a line focus, in a shorter exposure time, with high resolution. Examples have been shown for Ge and Si crystals.
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    An X-ray safety window for the Philips PW1081 radiation protection device (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 87-87 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes and News (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 89-90 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Crystallographers (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 90-90 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    X-ray study of primary long chain alkylammonium halides (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 93-95 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Primary normal alkylammonium halides crystallize in a preferred crystallographic orientation, forming single or twinned layers. The basal spacings are related to the number of carbon atoms within the homologous series, and are doubled in the twin layers. The orientation of the hydrocarbon chains between the ionic heads is discussed.
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    Charts for analysing crystallite orientation distribution function plots for hexagonal materials (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 193-196 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Charts are given which provide a rapid and unambiguous way of attributing ideal orientations to regions of crystallite orientation distribution function plots for hexagonal materials.
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    Precision determination of lattice parameters at low temperatures without the use of liquid gases (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 201-204 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The design of a vacuum jacketed multiple-exposure back-reflection camera and the adaptation of this camera to a closed circuit pressurized helium cryostat has made it possible to determine lattice parameters by X-ray diffraction to temperatures as low as 25 °K without liquid gases. The advantages of this new design are: short exposure periods (5 to 30 minutes), multiple (usually 6) exposures on a single film at any temperature between 25 and 180 °K, elimination of film shrinkage and hence, high precision lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficient determinations; easy detection of phase transformations. The lowest temperatures can be reached in 30 minutes.
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    An X-ray diffraction method for lattice parameter measurements from corresponding Kα and Kβ reflexions (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 240-241 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A method is proposed for precise parameter measurements based on the accurate recording of angular separation between Kα and Kβ diffraction lines. The accuracy and sensitivity of the method are discussed.
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    Scanning source X-ray topography (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 251-252 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A modification of the Lang traversing technique is described, which allows X-ray topographs of crystal arrangements, which are sensitive to mechanical vibration, to be taken. The application of the method to X-ray interferometry and moiré topography is discussed.
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    A metastable phase TiCu3(m) (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 257-259 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A metastable phase TiCu3(m) has been prepared by rapid quenching from the melt (splat cooling). TiCu3(m) is orthorhombic, D0a type, with a0 = 5.450, b0 = 4.426, and c0 = 4.307 Å. Although TiCu3(m) is isotypic with a nonexistent equilibrium phase `TiCu3' reported in the literature, its structure is distinctly different from that of `TiCu3'; instead, TiCu3(m) is closely related to ZrAu3. A large metastable solid solubility of Ti in Cu was found.
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    Crystal data for lithium thallium tartrate monohydrate (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 180-181 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes and News (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 269-269 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Diffusion processes in metals edited by V. N. Svechnikov (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 270-271 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Application of normal probability plot analysis to lutetium orthoborate factors and parameters (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 284-290 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The methods of normal probability plot analysis have been applied to two nearly complete sets of structure factors (Fmeas) and the corresponding objectively assigned standard deviations (σFmeas) obtained by diffractometer measurement with two different crystals of lutetium orthoborate. The least-squares derived positional and thermal vibration parameters are shown to be too small by a factor of 1.8, and the σFmeas to be overestimated by a factor of 1.55. The two sets of Fmeas are found to contain a small but parallel bias. The lattice constants of rhombohedral calcite-type LuBO3 are measured as aH = 4.91538±0.00002 Å and cH = 16.21200±0.00003 Å at 298°K, with six formulas in the unit cell, space group R\overline 3c. The Lu–O distance in this six-coordinated Lu compound is 2.240±0.002 Å (corrected standard deviation). The B–O distance in the BO3 triangular groups is 1.370±0.005 Å. The characteristic Θ temperature is estimated as 446±19°K.
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    Determination of small alterations in the radius of gyration by small-angle X-ray scattering (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 317-318 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A differential method is presented for the evaluation of small-angle X-ray scattering data. The direct determination of slight changes in the radius of gyration of colloid particles is rendered possible by the method proposed.
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    X-ray diffraction data on U3Si (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 326-328 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: X-ray powder data for the compound U3Si have been obtained from an alloy prepared by arc melting uranium and silicon followed by a 7 day anneal at 800°C. The d spacing determinations have been extended into the back reflection to a 2&thgr; value of 167.4 °. The observed relative intensities are compared with calculated values.
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    A device for in situ α-irradiation of diffractometer mounted single crystals (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 331-332 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A diffractometer-mounted device for the controlled α-irradiation of the single crystals is described.
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    Absorption correction: determining the external geometry and dimensions of a single crystal (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 400-401 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    The elimination of specimen and beam tilt errors in the Bond method of precision lattice parameter determinations (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 337-339 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A previously given analysis of the combined specimen and beam tilt errors in Bond's single-crystal method of determining lattice parameters is extended and used to provide a method of obtaining parameters free from such errors from three separate measurements. The method requires that either the collimator or crystal be tilted by known angles between the measurements. An analytical and a simple graphical method of applying the procedure are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889871007167
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    X-ray study of tetragonal PbO electrolytically deposited on rolled Pb substrate (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 376-379 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Observations of preferred orientation in the rolled Pb substrate and in the anodically deposited tetragonal PbO of a Pb/PbO(t) voltaic cell, by X-ray diffraction, are reported. A Pb → PbO(t) transformation mechanism is described for the orientation relationship, (110)PbO(t)\mid\mid(100)Pb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889871007234
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  • 90
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    Meeting Report (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 405-407 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889871007398
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  • 91
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    Calculation of the effect of twinning on (101) on the effective particle sizes determined from X-ray line profiles for the L10 superlattice (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 434-440 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Fourier coefficients of the X-ray diffraction line profiles from an ordered face-centred tetragonal (L10) structure such as MgIn or CuAu have been calculated assuming the presence of twin and incoherent boundaries on (101). It is found that reflection components with (h−l) = 0 are not affected by twinning on (101). The theoretical expression for the effective particle size is compared with some measured particle sizes for cold-worked MgIn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987100743X
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  • 92
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    Détermination des paramètres des mailles élémentaires de composés definis des systèmes Pu–Cu, Pu–Ga–Cu, et Pu–Ga–Ni (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion experiments involving Pu–Cu, PuGa–Cu and PuGa–Ni couples, have brought into evidence the binary compounds PuCu2 and PuCu4, a ternary compound PuCu3 with variable small amounts of gallium and the ternary compounds Pu2Ni2Ga and PuNiGa. The crystalline parameters of these compounds were determined by the Debye–Scherrer method using alloys obtained by direct processing. Powder X-ray diffraction showed the isomorphism of PuCu2 with CeCu2 and that all the above compounds are orthorhombic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889872008702
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  • 93
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    A double-scan method for powder X-ray diffraction film (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 54-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987200874X
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  • 94
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    Crystallographers (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 56-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889872008763
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  • 95
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    Eigenschaften und Herstellung gebogener Kupfermonochromatoren für thermische Neutronen (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 78-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffraction properties of a cylindrically bent, focusing copper crystal are discussed. Measurements with a γ-diffractometer and a two-axis diffractometer for thermal neutrons gave a means of checking the behaviour of the crystal. The monochromator reflects neutrons of a large range of wave-vectors, between 5.5 and 6.8 Å−1. The wavelength depends on the direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889872008817
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  • 96
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    K vivodu formuli dlya krivoy profilya istinnogo raspredeleniya intensivnost po uglam rasseyaniya, obuslovlennoy faktorami dispernosti i formi oblastey kogerentnogo rasseyaniya (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 90-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The formula giving the variation of X-ray intensity versus the diffraction angle due to dispersion factors and the form of the domains of coherent scattering is derived. For this case a general relation between the factor c of the Scherrer formula and the factor k = I(x)/Imax of the distribution curve is derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889872008842
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  • 97
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    Light-base nuclear plate useful for monitoring in X-ray topography (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 531-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889871007623
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  • 98
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    Influence of precipitation hardening and reversible martensite reactions on recrystallization textures of 17%Ni–8%Co–4%Mo steel (1971)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 4 (1971), S. 452-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The respective rôles of precipitation hardening and reversible martensite reactions have been analysed in relation to development of textures in 17 %Ni-8 %Co-4 %Mo steel. Cold-rolling textures after 90 % reduction are independent of the heat treatment prior to rolling, and are described as mainly {001}〈\bar 110〉α′, and {557}〈\bar 110〉α′, components, with a {111}〈\bar 1\bar 12〉α′, component of lower intensity. The corresponding recrystallization textures produced by annealing in the austenite region vary according to prior heat treatment: solution-treated material exhibits a recrystallization texture consisting mainly of {557}〈\bar 110〉α′, and {̃510}〈\bar 150〉α′, components, whereas when precipitation of Ni3Mo takes place before the recrystallization anneal, the texture is more diffuse and contains, in addition to these components, a more even distribution of orientations which fie within a 〈111〉 fibre texture normal to the rolling plane. It is considered that the {557}〈\bar 110〉α′ + {̃510}〈\bar 150〉α′, recrystallization texture could be accounted for by a double shear transformation α′ → γ → α′, combined with texture sharpening during recrystallization in the austenite. It is necessary to invoke variant selectivity during the shear transformation in order to explain the absence of certain groups of orientations in the final α′ texture. The effect of Ni3Mo is attributed to restriction of grain boundary mobility in the austenite, so preventing sharpening of the texture at this stage by recrystallization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889871007465
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  • 99
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    Crystal data on Gd3Ga2 (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 142-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889872009021
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  • 100
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    Crystallographers (1972)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 5 (1972), S. 144-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889872009069
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