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  • Articles  (24,783)
  • 1985-1989  (24,783)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (24,783)
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  • Articles  (24,783)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    JET polari-interferometer (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2825-2834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A multichannel far-infrared interferometer used on the Joint European Torus (JET) is described. The light source is a 195-μm DCN laser. The instrument is of the Mach–Zehnder type, with a heterodyne detection system. The modulation frequency (100 kHz) is produced by diffraction from a rotating grating. There are six vertical and two oblique channels. The latter rely on retroreflection from mirrors mounted on the vessel wall. Their vibration is compensated by a second wavelength interferometer at 118.8 μm. The various subsystems are described, with emphasis on features necessitated by (a) large path lengths, (b) remote handling requirements, (c) fluctuations in atmospheric humidity, and (d) unmanned automatic operation. Typical measurements, along with real-time and off-line data analysis, are presented. The phase-shift measurement is made with an accuracy of (1)/(20) of a fringe, corresponding to a line-integrated electron density of 5×1017 m−2. Comparison with other electron density diagnostics are shown. The introduction of additional optics allows measurements of the Faraday effect and a determination of the poloidal magnetic field distribution. The signal processing and data analysis are described. Errors introduced by the calibration procedure, birefringence of the probing beams, toroidal field pickup, the flux geometry, and the density profile are considered. The Faraday angle is measured with an accuracy of 5% and a time resolution of 1–10 ms. The poloidal magnetic field is deduced with an accuracy of ±15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140666
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical method for efficient determination of electron temperature from pulse height analysis of soft x rays in Heliotron E (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2838-2846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A pulse-height-analysis (PHA) technique of soft x rays is applied to Heliotron E experiments. The primary interest of this measurement is the determination of the electron temperature. Since the number of photons measured in a PHA system is extremely restricted owing to a finite processing rate of the system, it is most important to use the full amount of information involved in the spectral data. The statistical estimator from the maximum-likelihood method is efficiently used for this purpose. The estimated temperature is in good coincidence with the temperature by the electron-cyclotron-emission measurement, which is calibrated by the laser Thomson scattering. A check of reliability of the estimated electron temperature is developed from a statistical test of goodness of fit. The identification of impurity lines buried in a thermal spectrum is also discussed in the spectra accumulated through several or several tens of plasma discharges. The line emissions from Si, Cl, Ca, and Ti are identified. A systematic error in the estimated temperature due to the impurity lines is evaluated. The contributions from Cl and Ti cannot be neglected in the temperature estimation from a spectrum accumulated through several currentless ECH plasmas in Heliotron E. A removal of those contributions to the temperature estimation is successfully demonstrated. The electron temperature with several percent uncertainty is obtained by PHA every 10 ms during a Heliotron E discharge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140668
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of soft x-ray radiation from Heliotron E plasmas by the absorption method for the measurement of electron temperatures (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2847-2856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An absorption method of soft x ray is applied to Heliotron E plasmas for measurement of the electron temperature. Nitrogen gas is used as an absorber for convenience, owing to its accurate, uniform, and easily controllable density. The general feature of the absorption method for measurement of the electron temperature is discussed using a model with two parameters: the generalized thickness of the absorber and the electron temperature. The energy resolution of this method is not sufficient as a general method for spectral analysis. Hence, it is necessary to assume in advance such a model spectrum as consists of bremsstrahlung, recombination radiation, and impurity line radiation. Since the spectrum is always assumed before the analysis, we should try to find the origins of deformation of the energy spectrum and to correct the contribution. The effect of line emission from impurity ions to the estimated electron temperature is evaluated as a function of the electron temperature and the energy of the line relative to the generalized absorber thickness used in the measurement. An actual spectrum is measured by a pulse-height analysis (PHA) of the soft x ray. The one clear line, from chlorine, is not significant in the present determination of the electron temperature by the absorption method. Another possible line from iron at energy less than 1 keV is included in the analysis. Using a convenient method for determination of local emissivity from a chord-integrated emissivity, the electron temperature is determined from the local emissivity. The observed broad electron-temperature profile might be an artifact due to recombination radiation of the highly ionized ion diffused out of the hot core of the plasma. It is confirmed that the absorption method gives absolute measurement of the electron temperature at the plasma center, when additional information on impurity lines are given by PHA. The estimated temperature is consistent with the PHA measurement. The absorption method combined with PHA provides an easy and inexpensive measurement of the electron temperature compared with a system fully constructed by PHA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140616
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrodeposition of rhenium on tungsten hot plate used in Q plasma source (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2802-2804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The brief note describes diverse aspects of the technique used for rhenium plating the hot plate used for contact ionization of barium in a Q plasma source. The rhenium plating optimizes the probability of barium ionization. Special care has to be taken in order to deposit a uniform layer of rhenium, for this purpose a slow rotation is given to the plate during deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140664
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacing the IBM PC compatible for simultaneous photon-counting and wavelength scanning (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2804-2806 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous photon-counting and wavelength scanning by IBM compatible computers is described. Real-time photon counting is accomplished using the EG&G Ortec ACE-MCS interface board while the monochromator scan is simultaneously driven by a DCC5 multifunction counter-timer interface board. Count rates of up to 100 MHz are achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140665
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-aperture, axially symmetric ion-optical lens systems using new types of electrostatic and magnetic elements (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1228-1232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed new types of ion-optical systems having larger solid angles (i.e., collecting power) and flexibility than many existing designs. They use relatively simple axially symmetric elements, namely solenoids, axial magnetic dipoles, and radial electric field lenses. The systems can focus, with good optical properties, energetic ions in the range of tens of keV up to tens of MeV kinetic energy and are capable of operating in nondispersive, achromatic modes. The key elements for the latter are new types of defocusing magnetic and electrostatic correction lenses. The lens systems have applications in any existing devices used to collect and focus energetic ions (including electrons). Typical devices are: mass spectrometers, leak detectors and gas analyzers, ion sources, accelerators and ion implantation systems, nuclear particle spectrometers, electron microscopes, ion microprobes, and ion-beam lenses for cancer therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140295
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wide range magnetic electron spectrograph (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1233-1238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An electron spectrograph is described that covers electron energies from 400 eV to 200 keV with an energy resolution of 10%. This overlaps the range of electrostatic deflection devices at low energy and solid state detectors at high energy. The spectrograph uses magnetic deflection of the electrons to achieve energy separation and images the full range of energies on a single plane. The magnetic circuit uses the fringing field of two axially located magnets to attain the large energy range. Six separate electron beams can be dispersed in the field, each entering the circuit from a different angle. This is a particular advantage when measuring plasma electron three-dimensional velocity distributions. The angular response of the instrument is particularly favorable and the stray magnetic field is sufficiently low to meet spacecraft requirements. Compared with electrostatic deflection devices, the spectrograph is particularly advantageous for measuring high energy electron plasma velocity distribution functions with fast time resolution at modest energy resolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140296
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compact vacuum ultraviolet source for photoelectron spectroscopy (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1245-1251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple source chamber is described which enables the introduction of laser-generated, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation below 102 nm into most existing photoelectron and photoion spectrometers. A long capillary light guide provides a conductance barrier between the VUV source and experimental chambers, and also provides a small, well-collimated VUV beam at the interaction region. A platinum photodiode is found to provide a useful measure of the VUV intensity with minimal interference from the unconverted UV light. The performance and capabilities of the source are demonstrated by several applications using photoelectron spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140298
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refractive index and thickness of films using a double parallel-plate refractometer (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1262-1263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A parallel-plate refractometer has been developed which can be used to measure the refractive index of liquid and solid films with an accuracy of 0.4%. The refractometer, which is a modification of the Pfund single-plate refractometer, provides the ability to measure film thicknesses which range between 0.1 and several millimeters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140301
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid-tuning device for CO2 heterodyne detection lidar (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1258-1261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A device for rapid-tuning cw, Q-switched lasers for a CO2 heterodyne detection lidar is presented. It is shown that it is possible to utilize galvanometer-driven mirrors to rapidly switch wavelengths over randomly selected lasing transitions in the 9–11 μm portion of the spectrum. Both a transmitter and a local oscillator are simultaneously switched between transitions while still achieving the frequency stability typically required for a coherent lidar system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140300
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