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  • Articles  (39,953)
  • 1985-1989  (39,953)
  • Computer Science  (39,953)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovering from execution errors in SIPE (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In real-world domains (e.g., a mobile robot environment), things do not always proceed as planned, so it is important to develop better execution-monitoring techniques and replanning capabilities. This paper describes these capabilities in the SIPE (System for Interactive Planning and Execution Monitoring) planning system. The motivation behind SIPE is to place enough limitations on the representation so that planning can be done efficiently, while retaining sufficient power to still be useful. This work assumes that new information given to the execution monitor is in the form of predicates, thus avoiding the difficult problem of how to generate these predicates from information provided by sensors.The replanning module presented here takes advantage of the rich structure of SIPE plans and is intimately connected with the planner, which can be called as a subroutine. This allows the use of SIPE's capabilities to determine efficiently how unexpected events affect the plan being executed and, in many cases, to retain most of the original plan by making changes in it to avoid problems caused by these unexpected events. SIPE is also capable of shortening the original plan when serendipitous events occur. A general set of replanning actions is presented along with a general replanning capability that has been implemented by using these actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00057.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge organization and its role in representation and interpretation for time-varying data: the ALVEN system (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The so-called “first generation” expert systems were rule-based and offered a successful framework for building applications systems for certain kinds of tasks. Spatial, temporal, and causal reasoning, knowledge abstractions, and structuring are among topics of research for “second generation” expert systems. It is proposed that one of the keys for such research is knowledge organization. Knowledge organization determines control structure design, explanation and evaluation capabilities for the resultant knowledge base, and has strong influence on system performance. We are exploring a framework for expert system design that focuses on knowledge organization, for a specific class of input data, namely, continuous, time-varying data (image sequences or other signal forms). Such data are rich in temporal relationships as well as temporal changes of spatial relations, and are thus a very appropriate testbed for studies involving spatio-temporal reasoning. In particular, the representation formalism specifies the semantics of the organization of knowledge classes along the relationships of generalization/specialization, decomposition/aggregation, temporal precedence, instantiation, and expectation-activated similarity. Á hypothesize-and-test control structure is driven by the class organizational principles, and includes several interacting dimensions of search (data-driven, model-driven, goal-driven temporal, and failure-driven search). The hypothesis ranking scheme is based on temporal cooperative computation, with hypothesis “fields of influence” being defined by the hypothesis’ organizational relationships. This control structure has proven to be robust enough to handle a variety of interpretation tasks for continuous temporal data. A particular incarnation, the ALVEN system, for left ventricular performance assessment from X-ray image sequences, will be summarized in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00056.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis by synthesis in computational vision with application to remote sensing (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The central problem in vision is to determine scene properties from image properties. This is difficult because the problem, formally posed, is underconstrained. Methods that infer scene properties from images make assumptions about how the world determines what we see. In remote sensing, some of these assumptions can be dealt with explicitly. Available scene knowledge, in the form of a digital terrain model and a ground cover map, is used to synthesize an image for a given date and time. The synthesis process assumes that the surface is a perfectly diffuse or “lambertian” reflector. A scene radiance equation is described based on simple models of direct solar irradiance, diffuse sky irradiance, and atmospheric path radiance. Parameters of the model are estimated from the real image. A statistical comparison of the real image and the synthetic image is used to judge how well the model represents the mapping from scene to image.The methods presented for image synthesis are similar to those used in computer graphics. The motivation, however, is different. In graphics, the goal is to produce an effective rendering of the scene for a human viewer. Here, the goal is to predict properties of real images. In vision, one must deal with a confounding of effects due to surface shape, surface material, illumination, shadows, and atmosphere. These effects often detract from, rather than enhance, the determination of invariant scene characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00060.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge acquisition by incremental learning from problem-solution pairs (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes LEW (learning by watching), an implementation of a novel learning technique, and discusses its application to the learning of plans. LEW is a domain-independent learning system with user-limited autonomy that is designed to provide robust performance in realistic knowledge acquisition tasks in a variety of domains. It partly automates the knowledge acquisition process for different knowledge types, such as concepts, rules, and plans. The inputs to the system, which we call cues, consist of an environmental component and of pairs containing a problem and its solution. Unlike traditional forms of “learning from examples”, in which the system uses the teacher's answer to improve the result of a prior generalization of an example, LEW treats the problem-solution or question-answer instances, i. e., the cues themselves, as the basic units for generalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00316.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of multilayer networks for the recognition of phonetic features and phonemes (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Artificial neural networks capable of doing hard learning offer a new way to undertake automatic speech recognition. The Boltzmann machine algorithm and the error back-propagation algorithm have been used to perform speaker normalization. Spectral segments are represented by spectral lines. Speaker-independent recognition of place of articulation for vowels is performed on lines. Performance of the networks is shown to depend on the coding of the input data. Samples were extracted from continuous speech of 38 speakers. The error rate obtained (4.2% error on test set of 72 samples with the Boltzmann machine and 6.9% error with error back-propagation) is better than that of previous experiments, using the same data, with continuous Hidden Markov Models (7.3% error on test set and 3% error on training set). These experiments are part of an attempt to construct a data-driven speech recognition system with multiple neural networks specialized to different tasks. Results are also reported on the recognition performance of other trained networks, such as one trained on the E-set consonants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00323.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Likelihood, probability, and knowledge (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The modal logic LL was introduced by Halpern and Rabin as a means of doing qualitative reasoning about likelihood. Here the relationship between LL and probability theory is examined. It is shown that there is a way of translating probability assertions into LL in a sound manner, so that LL in some sense can capture the probabilistic interpretation of likelihood. However, the translation is subtle; several more obvious attempts are shown to lead to inconsistencies. We also extend LL by adding modal operators for knowledge. This allows us to reason about the interaction between knowledge and likelihood. The propositional version of the resulting logic LLK is shown to have a complete axiomatization and to be decidable in exponential time, provably the best possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00325.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on Peter Cheeseman's An inquiry into computer understanding (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: I agree that probability in some, possibly disguised, form is a necessary component of practical inference. Our goal, therefore, must be to find how to make probability practical. Normatively motivated thinking (which includes textbook Bayesianism) is, however, mute on two topics that are crucial to practicality: the choice of a limited but useful set of initial hypotheses and the choice of decision rules. The best way of reducing the computational demands of probability is to use the smallest and simplest set of hypotheses, and the crudest decision rules that are compatible with your application's goals. Learning how to make these choices is an empirical, not a normative, endeavour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00092.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on An inquiry into computer understanding by Peter Cheeseman (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00111.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An inquiry into computer understanding: a partial dissent (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00114.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In defense of An inquiry into computer understanding (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00115.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning and discovery: one system's search for mathematical knowledge (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Graph Theorist, GT, is a system that performs mathematical research in graph theory. From the definitions in its input knowledge base, GT constructs examples of mathematical concepts, conjectures and proves mathematical theorems about concepts, and discovers new concepts. Discovery is driven both by examples and by definitional form. The discovery processes construct a semantic net that links all of GT's concepts together.Each definition is an algebraic expression whose semantic interpretation is a stylized algorithm to generate a class of graphs correctly and completely. From a knowledge base of these concept definitions, GT is able to conjecture and prove such theorems as “The set of acyclic, connected graphs is precisely the set of trees” and “There is no odd-regular graph on an odd number of vertices.” GT explores new concepts either to develop an area of knowledge or to link a newly acquired concept into a pre-existing knowledge base. New concepts arise from the specialization of an existing concept, the generalization of an existing concept, and the merger of two or more existing concepts. From an initial knowledge base containing only the definition of “graph,” GT discovers such concepts as acyclic graphs, connected graphs, and bipartite graphs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00089.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatic program debugging for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Program debugging is an important part of the domain expertise required for intelligent tutoring systems that teach programming languages. This article explores the process by which student programs can be automatically debugged in order to increase the instructional capabilities of these systems. The research presented provides a methodology and implementation for the diagnosis and correction of nontrivial recursive programs. In this approach, recursive programs are debugged by repairing induction proofs in the Boyer-Moore logic. The induction proofs constructed and debugged assert the computational équivalence of student programs to correct exemplar solutions. Exemplar solutions not only specify correct implementations but also provide correct code to replace buggy student code. Bugs in student code are repaired with heuristics that attempt to minimize the scope of repair.The automated debugging of student code is greatly complicated by the tremendous variability that arises in student solutions to nontrivial tasks. This variability can be coped with, and debugging performance improved, by explicit reasoning about computational semantics during the debugging process. This article supports these claims by discussing the design, implementation, and evaluation of Talus, an automatic debugger for LISP programs, and by examining related work in automated program debugging.Talus relies on its abilities to reason about computational semantics to perform algorithm recognition, infer code teleology, and to automatically detect and correct nonsyntactic errors in student programs written in a restricted, but nontrivial, subset of LISP. Solutions can vary significantly in algorithm, functional decomposition, role of variables, data flow, control flow, values returned by functions, LISP primitives used, and identifiers used. Solutions can consist of multiple functions, each containing multiple bugs. Empiricial evaluation demonstrates that Talus achieves high performance in debugging widely varying student solutions to challenging tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00169.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An architecture for a self-improving instructional planner for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Machine instructional planners use changing and uncertain data to incrementally configure plans and control the execution and dynamic refinement of these plans. Current instructional planners cannot adequately plan, replan, and monitor the delivery of instruction. This is due in part to the fact that current instructional planners are incapable of planning in a global context, developing competing plans in parallel, monitoring their planning behavior, and dynamically adapting their control behavior. In response to these and other deficiencies of instructional planners a generic system architecture based on the blackboard model was implemented. This self-improving instructional planner (SUP) dynamically creates instructional plans, requests execution of these plans, replans, and improves its planning behavior based on a student's responses to tutoring. Global planning was facilitated by explicitly representing decisions about past, current, and future plans on a global data structure called the plan blackboard. Planning in multiple worlds is facilitated by labeling plan decisions by the context in which they were generated. Plan monitoring was implemented as a set of monitoring knowledge sources. The flexible control capability for instructional planner was adapted from the blackboard architecture BB1. The explicit control structure of SUP enabled complex and flexible planning behavior while maintaining a simple planning architecture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00170.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meaning representation in Montague grammar and situation semantics (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper compares certain aspects of situation semantics and Montague grammar and points out some issues related to natural language programming. It provides and introduction to certain basic concepts of situation semantics and makes some tentative claims about possible advantages of situation semantics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00172.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Logic versus logicism: a reply to McDermott (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00191.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critique of pure treason (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00192.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metacritique of McDermott and the logicist approach (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00193.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reply to Drew McDermott (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00195.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of logic (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00202.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A computational theory of motor learning (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper we present a computational theory of human motor performance and learning. The theory is implemented as a running AI system called MAGGIE. Given a description of a desired movement as input, the system generates simulated motor behavior as output. The theory states mat skills are encoded as motor schemas, which specify the positions and velocities of a limb at selected points in time. Moreover, there exist two natural representations for such knowledge; viewer-centered schemas describe visually perceived behavior, arid joint-centered schemas are used to generate behavior. When the model acts upon these two representational formats, they exhibit quite different behavioral characteristics. MAGGIE performs the desired movement within a feedback control paradigm, monitoring for errors and correcting them when it detects them. Learning involves improving the joint-centered schema over many practice trials; this reduces the need for monitoring. The model accounts for a number of well-documented motor phenomena, including the speed-accuracy trade-off and the gradual improvement in performance with practice. It also makes several testable predictions. We close with a discussion of the theory's strengths and weaknesses, along with directions for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00220.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formative evaluation in the development and validation of expert systems in education (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Researchers developing and validating educational products often expect the same field-test activities to provide information on product improvement and product effectiveness. For effective and economical use of resources, these two goals, product improvement and product validation, must be stressed at different times and with different tools and strategies. This article identifies the difference in procedures and outcome between formative and summative evaluation practices and relates these practices to the development and validation of expert systems in education.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00071.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A programming language for learning environments (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Most of the recent research on programming languages for education has been centered around the language Logo. In this paper we introduce another candidate language for learning environments, Nial, the nested interactive array language.Nial is a general-purpose programming language based on a formal theory of mathematics called array theory. This paper introduces Nial as a language for learning programming and developing and using computer-aided instruction tools. A comparison with Logo is provided to evaluate these two languages in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as programming environments for novice programmers. We also demonstrate that a programming environment can be both simple to leam at the novice level and extendible to a powerful and sophisticated language.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00072.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    The role of native grammars in correcting errors in second language learning (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes VP2, a system that has been implemented to tutor nonnative speakers in English. This system differs from many tutoring systems by employing an explicit grammar of its user's native language. This grammar enables VP2 to customize its responses by addressing problems due to interference of the native language. The system focuses on the acquisition of English verb-particle and verb-prepositional phrase constructions. Its correction strategy is based upon comparison of the native language grammar with an English grammar. VP2 is a modular system: its grammar of a user's native language can easily be replaced by a grammar of another language. The problems and solutions presented in this paper are related to the more general question of how modelling previous knowledge facilitates instruction in a new skill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00074.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Student modelling by a knowledge-based system (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: ELECTRE is a project to build an intelligent tutoring system for learning basic electricity. This paper describes a student model based on the student's cognitive processes. This model includes, for each student, his/her domain knowledge and the specific heuristics. Moreover, it uses meta-knowledge of problem solving. This model is simulated by a knowledge-based system that controls the solving processes by meta-rules. A case study is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00075.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    The design of the SCENT automated advisor (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 2 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The SCENT (Student Computing ENvironmenT) project is concerned with building an intelligent tutoring system to help student programmers debug their LISP programs. The major thrust of current SCENT investigations is into the design of the SCENT advisor which is meant to provide debugging assistance to novice students. Six conceptual levels constitute the advisor. At the lowest level is the “raw data,” consisting of the student's (possibly buggy) program. This can be interpreted by a “program behaviour” level which can produce traces, cross-reference charts, etc. from the student's program. These traces, etc. can be analyzed by “observers” for interesting patterns. At the next level are “strategy judges” and “diagnosticians” which determine which strategy the student has used in his/her program and bugs in this strategy. A “task expert” provides task-specific input into the process of analyzing the student's solution, and a “student-knowledge component” provides student-specific input into this process. Information from the six levels interacts in a variety of ways and control is similarly hierarchical. This necessitates a blackboard-style scheme to coordinate information dissemination and control flow.This paper discusses the objectives of SCENT and focusses on organizing the process of debugging student programs. A complete example is given to illustrate how entities at the six levels interact and to indicate the kinds of information sharing that occur in the SCENT advisor. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to automated debugging, and suggestions about directions for further exploration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1986.tb00073.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EDITORIAL/ÉDITORIAL (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00053.x
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  • 27
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    A functional approach to non-monotonic logic (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Axiom sets and their extensions are viewed as functions from the set of formulas in the language to a set of four truth values, t, f, u for undefined, and k for contradiction. Such functions form a lattice with “contains less information” as the partial order ?, and “combination of several sources of knowledge” as the least-upper-bound operation ⊔. Inference rules are expressed as binary relations between such functions. We show that the usual criterium on fixpoints, namely, to be minimal, does not apply correctly in the case of non-monotonic inference rules. A stronger concept, approachable fixpoints, is introduced and proven to be sufficient for the existence of a derivation of the fixpoint. In addition, the usefulness of our approach is demonstrated by concise proofs for some previously known results about normal default rules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00061.x
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    Hierarchical arc consistency: exploiting structured domains in constraint satisfaction problems (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Constraint satisfaction problems can be solved by network consistency algorithms that eliminate local inconsistencies before constructing global solutions. We describe a new algorithm that is useful when the variable domains can be structured hierarchically into recursive subsets with common properties and common relationships to subsets of the domain values for related variables. The algorithm, HAC, uses a technique known as hierarchical arc consistency. Its performance is analyzed theoretically and the conditions under which it is an improvement are outlined. The use of HAC in a program for understanding sketch maps, Mapsee3, is briefly discussed and experimental results consistent with the theory are reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00064.x
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  • 29
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    Shortage of expert system personnel in the UK — hype or reality? (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: There is much conjecture in the press about the manpower shortage in the UK expert system field. Is it hype or reality? Presented here are the findings of a three-month study which investigated the availability of jobs in this field, the types of personnel sought by employers and whether demand is currently being met. The study involved identifying and analysing all national advertisements for expert system posts over a six-month period and undertaking follow-up surveys involving the agencies and employers who placed the advertisements. It was concluded that the shortage of expert system personnel in the UK is neither hype nor reality. The reason for this is that although there is not a sizeable demand for expert system personnel (only 134 posts were advertised) some employers are genuinely finding it hard to fill posts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00146.x
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    Knowledge engineering in the computer-aided design of control systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: MAID is an expert system for the computer-aided design of control systems. It is developed in conjunction with the successful application of a systematic control system design technique. The design problem has been decomposed into sub-problems, resulting in good modularity of design knowledge. Interactive design and the designer's intuition are emphasized. MAID, which acts as a designer's assistant, was developed using the expert systems development facility provided within a control system design package. The coupling of symbolic and numerical processing was carried out in a natural way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00149.x
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    The validation and testing of medical decision-aids; Meeting held by the British Medical Informatics Society at the IBM (UK) Scientific Centre, Winchester, 22 February 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00152.x
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    News (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00155.x
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    Evolution of a knowledge-based system for determining structural components of proteins (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In new scientific domains, the interpretation of incomplete experimental data sets can be aided by effective modelling tools to assist scientists in understanding both the data and the interpretation process. A knowledge-based system is presented which was developed to assist with both of these tasks in the domain of protein biochemistry. The system uses a blackboard framework to interpret incomplete experimental data to build a descriptive model of the structural components of a protein. The evolution of the system from a procedural representation of knowledge to a declarative form is discussed for its role in increasing both the system's effectiveness at performing data analysis, and its flexibility in modelling the reasoning processes. Results of the system's performance, which compare favorably with reports of protein structures found in the literature, are presented, along with a discussion of the suitability of the blackboard framework and directions for future work.
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    Property rights in knowledge-based products and applications (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: As Knowledge-Based Technology (KBT) becomes commercially exploitable, large financial commitments are being made, and businessmen are increasingly concerned to protect those investments. The nature of property rights in software is outlined. Issues arising in relation to software in general, and KBT in particular, are considered, and some significant areas of uncertainty are identified. It should not be assumed that investment in KBT-based products and applications automatically gives rise to property rights in the resulting software. Investors and technologists should seek legal advice as to whether, in the relevant legal jurisdictions, copyright or other intellectual property rights apply to their software. Further, they should take the steps necessary to establish and retain such rights
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    Prometheus—a new name in expert system tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert Systems has invited Tony Dodd of Chemical Design to introduce Prometheus, a new Prolog-based expert system tool. A review of the tool will appear in the November issue of the journal. The standard PC version of the tool costs £2995; the 386 version costs £3495.
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    Applications (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Book Reviews (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00369.x
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    Causal reasoning in an advisor for fourth generation software (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A prototype ‘advisor’ system intended to answer typical questions from a user of a commercial fourth generation report writer has been developed. This paper describes a major subcomponent, which uses expert system techniques to answer ‘why’ or ‘causal’ questions. The approach uses several types of rules, used both forward and backward, to define causal relations between the user's actual code and English-like descriptions of the intended or actual results. The Prolog-based rule interpreter, which can deal with negative and inconsistent questions, is outlined. The design is based on a large corpus of actual user questions.
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    Applications (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Expert systems development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00087.x
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    Case studies of expert systems development using microcomputer software packages (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper reports experience with the use of two expert system shell’ packages gained during the ARIES project. We report on the desiderata used for selecting the products, the positive and negative features of each and draw some general conclusions about their utility for future systems development. The microcomputer approach is compared with that of specialist workstations and conclusions are drawn concerning design methods for knowledge based systems. The two products considered are Crystal and Leonardo.
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    PEOPL: A knowledge-based system for the evaluation of personnel (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: A project is underway to increase the effective use of personnel by creating a knowledge-based assistant for supervisors. The Programmed Evaluation of Personnel (PEOPL) is designed to permit the combination of quantitative and qualitative data to standardize supervisory ratings. The full scope of the project will combine subjective experience with data from psychological research which assesses employee performance. Peopl combines heuristic, subjective experience with experimental data to establish performance standards for use in a comprehensive system for personnel use. In this way, organizations can assess corporate needs, evaluate the current pool of employees, place them where they may be used more efficiently, and determine what jobs remain undone.
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    Expert systems in the United Kingdom: an evaluation of development methodologies (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a survey of ES producers conducted between October 1987 and June 1988 as part of a British Library Research and Development Department funded project. The survey aimed to establish the nature and scope of ES projects in Britain, the skills and methodologies used in their development and the background and experience of the personnel employed to develop them. A major part of the survey focused on the human input and organisational impact of ESs and this paper summarises the findings of the survey with particular reference to these issues. It includes details of the organisational background of those working in the area; a review of the nature, number and scope of ES projects in Britain; consultation procedures with both users and experts; the knowledge engineering task and methodologies currently used in undertaking it; the skills and attributes of the knowledge engineer; issues of updating and extending ESs; and hopes, projections and expectations for the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00082.x
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    Neural Works Professional II (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Neural Works Professional II is a neuro-computing development environment authored by Casimir ‘Casey’ Klimasauskas of Neural Ware Inc. It runs on IBM PC, XT and AT computers and close compatibles under MS/DOS 2.0 or higher. This review was carried out on an Opus V AT-class machine running at 10 Mhz with EGA, 1 Mb RAM and a 30-megabyte hard disk. The package costs $2250 (there is a Sun/Unix version at /2600), and can be obtained from Neural Ware Inc., 103 Buckskin Court, Sewickley, PA 15143, USA. Tel: (412) 741-5959. In the United Kingdom the price is £ 1350 and it is distributed by Scientific Computers Ltd., Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex, RH15 9LW, England. Tel: (04446) 5101.
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    Hardware news (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00089.x
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    Tutoring systems: the state-of-the-art in Great Britain (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1988.tb00352.x
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    Development Tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    The Trainee Teacher Support System: an expert system for advising trainee teachers on their classroom practice. (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The Trainee Teacher Support System (TTSS) is a computer based advisory system for trainee teachers. Development work, in the form of a feasibility study, has been conducted over the past three years. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the application of expert systems technology and artificial intelligence techniques to the formalisation of experienced teachers’ knowledge of classroom practice. The domain chosen is that of the school based ‘teacher-tutor’, responsible for guiding and advising the trainee teacher. The TTSS embodies a model of processes which underly classroom events. It has a knowledge base of rules, accumulates a database of facts and has a rule implementation program. It is undergoing continued development in order to capture the teacher-tutor's understanding of classroom dynamics on a finer timescale.
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    Control models in computer-assisted learning (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: This paper is concerned with structural models of what have come to be called Intelligent CAL systems. It proposes and examines such models in the light of the needs of different types of CAL systems, particularly those systems which offer learner control. Based on the five-circle model proposed by Tim O’ Shea and others, a more general ‘figure of eight’ model is put forward which accords with certain of the ideas suggested by Gordon Pask concerning the architecture of learning systems.
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    News (1988)
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Statistical expert systems (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Two types of expert system which involve statistical expertise are statistical consulting programs and programs which find patterns in databases. Consulting programs can now be built quickly using programming tools. Most expert systems include mechanisms for reasoning under uncertainty. Methods under investigation include fuzzy logic, Dempster-Shafer theory, Bayesian analysis and various ad hoc methods. Learning systems use statistics to infer inductive rules, and statistical reasoning can also be used to evaluate the performance of expert systems. The use of a prototype statistical expert system, XSAMPLE, is demonstrated, as a system to handle a consulting session with a statistically moderately advanced user.
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    Applications of AI technology in communications networks (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Hybrid Expert Simulation System (HESS) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The integration of a simulation model with two expert systems is described. The first expert system is the front end of the Hybrid Expert Simulation System (HESS) and is designed to check the consistency of the input variables which are provided to the simulation model by the end user. The second expert system is the back end of HESS and is designed to make recommendations based on experimentations with the simulation model. A case study for a software development life cycle process is described.
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    BankAI‘88, London 22–24 March 1988 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    INTERVIEW EXPERT SYSTEMS INTERVIEW (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Knowledge harvesting: A practical guide to interviewing (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    Induction and ID/3: more powerful than we think (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Most existing expert systems store rules which guide programme behaviour. Inductive expert systems generate rules from properly formatted descriptions of historical data. The ID/3 algorithm, based on Earl Hunt's Concept Learning System, is among the more popular induction algorithms for this application. A general description of ID/3 is given along with suggestions for further possible refinements of the algorithm. Because ID/3 uses decision trees to store knowledge and does not inherently exclude the application of weights to paths through the tree, the algorithm bears a remarkable conceptual resemblance to neural networks. From this analogy some new applications for the algorithm are derived.
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    The Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck: Time for Reassessment? (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Knowledge acquisition has long been considered to be the major constraint in the development of expert systems. Conventional wisdom also maintains that the major problem encountered in knowledge acquisition is in identifying the varying structures and characteristics of domain knowledge and matching these to suitable acquisition techniques. With the aid of the first substantial systematic analysis of a sample of expert systems applications developed in the real world, the authors describe what is actually going on in terms of knowledge acquisition. In the light of the evidence, it is argued that a reappraisal of the conventional approach to knowledge acquisition is necessary.
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    Human and Organisational Issues of Expert Systems. Stratford-upon-Avon, 4-6 May (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    NEWS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    Expert systems in business: a British perspective (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In the early 1970s, research into Artificial Intelligence (Al) in Britain was almost wiped out following the publication of an unfavourable report to government. In the 1980s, Al emerged from obscurity with Expert Systems as its leading edge and has now become the focus of considerable activity with an ever-growing volume of practical applications developed or under development in British industry and business. This paper reviews the growth of business interest in Expert Systems from a British perspective and surveys the principal work carried out to date. Technical issues highlighted by this work are considered and prospects for future development are discussed.
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    News (1988)
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    Support for knowledge acquisition in the Knowledge Engineer's Assistant (KEATS) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The ‘Knowledge Engineer's Assistant’ (KEATS) is a software environment suitable for constructing knowledge-based systems. In this paper, we discuss its role in supporting the knowledge engineer in the tasks of knowledge elicitation and domain understanding. KEATS is based upon our own investigations of the behaviour and needs of knowledge engineers and provides two enhancements to other modern ‘shells’. ‘toolkits’, and ‘environments’ for knowledge engineering: (i) transcript analysis facilities, and (ii) a sketchpad on which the KE may draw a freehand representation of the domain, from which code is automatically generated. KEATS uses a hybrid representation formalism that includes a frame-based language and a rule interpreter. We describe the novel components of KEATS in detail, and present an example of how KEATS was used to build an electronic fault diagnosis system.
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    A student's view: Learning in an introductory expert system course (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 5 (1988), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Opus: An integrated assistance system for oil production (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Opus is a software package for selecting activation processes that are the best suited for a hydrocarbon field. It integrates an expert system to manage what is known in the field and to organise the application of a set of algorithmic programs for making technico-economic evaluations. This article gives a detailed description of the expert system part as well as an example of how the complete system is used.
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    Artificial Intelligence Ltd. (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Introduction to the Theme Issue on the Nature of Expertise (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Consultant expertise (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Experts typically solve problems in narrow domains (e.g. the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases). Consultants, however, have expertise that is based on an ability to apply expertise across domains. Such expertise is exhibited in most fields. In this paper we report an investigation of consultant expertise in statistical experimental design. Our analysis reveals that consultants are successful because of their ability to 1) formulate the client's problem in abstract terms, 2) refine and modify this formulation through interaction with the client, and 3) incorporate the client's domain knowledge into an effective problem solution.
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    EXPERT SYSTEMS INTERVIEW (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    Personal Consultant Plus (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Brighton 21–25 July 1986 (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    Useful approach for evaluating expert systems (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Evaluation of expert systems is an important step in the knowledge engineering process. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, and inferencing mechanisms. However, evaluation, and to a lesser extent, validation, have been slightly overlooked. This paper addresses some of the evaluation techniques that have been used for measuring information systems effectiveness and expert systems effectiveness. Specific attention is focused on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Choice. The evaluation results of an expert system prototype, called ‘Read’, are discussed via the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Choice.
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    News (1987)
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    RECENT ARTICLES (1987)
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    An integrated knowledge representation scheme for expert systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of knowledge representation for an expert system is to specify functions to be performed by the system. In this paper, a knowledge representation scheme which mutually combines procedures, functions, production rules and Horn clauses is outlined. Its knowledge representation model is an imaginary organisation for performing functions of a target system, where a number of members try to solve given problems systematically. Knowledge is distributed to each of the members with considerable modularity. Functional specification of expert systems would be performed with less difficulty.
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    Software Review Expertech Xi Plus (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Xi Plus is an expert systems development tool supplied by Expertech Ltd. It costs $1,250 (in the United States) or $1,250 (in Europe), and is intended for IBM-compatible personal computers. It may be obtained from: Expertech Ltd., Expertech House, 172 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3XE, England. Tel: 0753 821321.
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    Conference Report AI Europa‘86 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Reducing complexity by rejecting the consultation model as a basis for the design of expert systems (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Expert systems on microcomputers (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 2 (1985), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The increasing popularity of expert systems has led to a demand to apply expert systems technology in a wide variety of computing environments. As a result, various efforts have been made to implement expert systems on microcomputers. This article reviews some of the ongoing work on tools for the development of microcomputer-based expert systems. Some specific application areas are noted, and a brief discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing expert systems on microcomputers is presented.
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    Lisp news (1985)
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    Recent Articles (1985)
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    Expert systems for legal decision making (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: AI technology is being used to develop expert systems that solve complex problems in the legal area. Most of these systems employ rules to describe the strategies and procedures used by litigators to analyze legal issues. The tasks performed by these systems include interpreting the law, anticipating the legal consequences of proposed actions, predicting the effects of changes in legislation, as well as analyzing and managing cases. The special characteristics of the legal domain cause certain problems for expert system builders. We discuss some of these problems and describe LDS and SAL, two expert systems we have developed for case evaluation and settlement in the product liability area. SAL (System for Asbestos Litigation) evolved from the earlier and more general expert system, LDS (Legal Decisionmaking System). We also describe XPL, an explanation facility we developed for use by SAL and other expert system applications.
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    Expert systems and the man–machine interface (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    Notes: Abstract: This is a two part report. It looks at expert systems and the man–machine interface (mmi). We use the term mmi in a fairly broad sense. Specifically, we interpret the ‘man’ half of the interaction in two very different ways. Firstly, we look at man in terms of the ‘expert’ and consider the problem of how to get his or her knowledge into an expert system. Part One of the report therefore looks at what is currently happening in the area of knowledge acquisition in Britain and asks whether it really is the major bottleneck in the production of expert systems. Secondly, we look at man in terms of the ‘user’ and consider the best ways of making use of the knowledge once it is in an expert system. Part two of the report looks at cognitive aspects of the user interface, including dialogue control, explanation facilities, user models, natural language processing and the effects of new technology. It also considers the very important question of evaluation. Again we are concerned with what is actually happening in these areas in Britain today.
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    RECENT ARTICLES (1986)
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    Survey of expert systems for fault detection, test generation and maintenance (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 3 (1986), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The use of knowledge engineering in diagnostic systems, is aimed primarily at exploiting procedural knowledge (about: systems operations, configuration, observations, calibration, maintenance), in connection with failure detection and test generation tasks. Next, the goal is to devise knowledge representation schemes whereby the failure events can be analyzed by merging highly diverse sources of information: analog/digital signals, logical variables and test outcomes, text from verbal reports, and inspection images. The final goal is to ease the operator workload when interfacing with the system under test and/or the test equipment, or with reliability assessment software packages. The paper will present key notions, methods and tools from: knowledge representation, inference procedures, pattern analysis. This will be illustrated by reference to a number of current and potential applications for e.g.: electronics failure detection, control systems testing, analysis of intermittent failures, false alarm reduction, test generation, maintenance trainers.
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    EXPERT SYSTEMS INTERVIEW (1986)
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    Escort — an expert system for complex operations in real time (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Abstract: Escort is a real time expert system which relieves the cognitive load on users of information systems generating large volumes of dynamic data. Escort is currently configured to help process plant operators in centralised control rooms. The system provides advice to the operators to help them handle and avoid crises. A demonstration system advising on a simulated oil production process has been implemented. Its key features are that it operates in real time, contains four domain knowledge bases, is controlled by a knowledge based scheduler and provides dynamic advice to the operator.
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    Expert systems development tools (1985)
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    EDAAS: an expert system at the US Environmental Protection Agency for avoiding disclosure of confidential business information (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes the design and operation of an expert system used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to help screen Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. The system is called the Expert Disclosure Analysis and Avoidance System (EDAAS). It assists public information specialists to determine which information concerning the manufacture and distribution of toxic chemicals may be released to the public without compromising other sensitive company data which EPA is legally obligated to protect from public disclosure.
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    Natural language systems (1985)
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    Companies (1985)
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    Conferences, Seminars, Courses (1985)
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    Human operators and real-time expert systems (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: Abstract: This paper describes and examines real-time expert systems from the perspective of their users. It categorizes real-time expert systems according to a three-component system consisting of an expert system, a user and a process being controlled, by considering all possible arrangements of information flow between the components, and uses this classification as a basis for reviewing real-time expert systems. The focus of interest lies in those characteristics of real-time expert systems which impinge on users, especially as they have been discussed by computer scientists. After critically examining these claims, the paper discusses the interaction between systems and users at the perceptual/motor, cognitive and supervisory levels. It concludes by arguing that the successful design and installation of real-time expert systems require the application of ergonomics techniques to provide for efficient and accurate user-system interaction.
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    An expert system for experimental design in off-line quality control (1989)
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    Notes: Abstract: Robust design is an efficient method for designing high quality products at low cost. The method examines the effect of a large number of design factors on the variability of a product's response due to various sources of disturbance. This effect can be observed efficiently by studying a large number of variables simultaneously through balanced, orthogonal array experiments, and by analyzing the resulting data using variance decomposition methods. In this paper we describe an expert system prototype for designing efficient experiments. Given the information on various parameters and their levels, the system designs an experiment using orthogonal arrays. This expert system is implemented in Prolog, which is a logic programming language for artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. The system was implemented under the P-Shell knowledge programming environment on UNIX.
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    AIME‘89, Second European Conference on AI in Medicine, City University, London, 27–31 August 1989 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Diary (1989)
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    Book Reviews (1989)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Applications of expert systems: Volume 2. J. Ross Quinlan (Ed.).Expert Systems Architectures, L. Johnson and E. T. Keravnou.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00156.x
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LUCVAR: a computer-based consultation system for selecting lucerne (alfalfa) varieties (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Computer operated knowledge bases provide a means of rapidly providing agricultural producers with concise up-to-date information, which can be used to assist their decision making process. This paper reports on one such system, LUCVAR, which provides advice on the best lucerne varieties for a farmer to grow. The development and organisation of the knowledge base are outlined and examples are used to show the rule structures. A sample consultation is provided to demonstrate the interactive nature of the knowledge base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00360.x
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seventh annual conference on applied experimental psychology, Friday 5 May 1989, Adelphi University, New York, USA; Expert systems and the psychology of expertise (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00364.x
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development tools (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 6 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1989.tb00366.x
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