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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel flow arteriovenous shunt for the ex vivo evaluation of heparinized materials (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 161-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The patency of heparin-polyvinyl alcohol (hep-PVA) coated polyethylene tubing was found to be significantly longer than control tubes coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) but without heparin at low flow rates in dogs using a novel parallel flow arteriovenous shunt designed to avoid surgical artifacts. A standard Silastic chronic shunt (3.18 mm i.d.) was inserted between the iliac artery and vein of a dog. After a 2-week recovery period, a small diameter coated polyethylene tube (1.14 mm i.d.) was connected in parallel with the exteriorized portion of the chronic shunt through a pair of Silastic Y-connectors, so that 〈3% of the shunt flow was diverted into the test tube. The chronic shunt was reused many times over a 〉6 month patency period, eliminating the need for frequent surgery and reducing interanimal variability in the results. The difference in patency between heparinized and control tubes was greater at higher mainshunt flow rates indicating the presence of a significant effect of the Y-connectors on platelet adhesion or aggregation. This effect was manifested in a time-dependent reduction in circulating platelet count. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the midportion of the heparinized tubes after occlusion demonstrated the absence of platelet and fibrin deposits, unlike the control tubes without heparin. Although the Y-connectors played a significant role, they did not dominate the thrombotic processes occurring in this shunt and consequently the biological effectiveness of the immobilized heparin could be demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190206
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical stability of elastomeric polymers for blood pump applications (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As a series of studies on the mechanical properties of materials used in cardiac prostheses, static and dynamic characteristics and stability of five kinds of elastomeric polymers have been studied by uniaxial tensile and fatigue tests in air at room temperature and in saline solution at 37°C. Of all materials tested in this study, Texin MD85A, a segmented polyether polyurethane, has the lowest flexibility under static and dynamic conditions, with relatively high strength. Hexsyn, a polyolefin rubber, is highly flexible with little stress relaxation. However, this material has very low tensile strength and short elongation, and shows unstable change in the elastic modulus during cyclic deformation. Avcothane 51, a copolymer of polyurethane and silicon, has unstable mechanical properties and gradually stiffens upon cyclic deformation. On the other hand, Biomer, a segmented polyether polyurethane, has high flexibility and shows the most stable behavior during cyclic deformation regardless of test environment. Toyobo TM5, a similar segmented polyurethane to Biomer, has higher strength and ductility than Biomer, although its static and dynamic flexibility are slightly worse and less stable than those of Biomer. These results indicate that Biomer and Toyobo TM5 are more suitable for flexible components of cardiac prostheses.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190207
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface: “Symposium on implant-stimulated interface reactions,” Klinikum Steglitz, free university of Berlin, February 18 and 19, 1983 (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 197-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190303
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of bone apatite surfaces (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This is a review of the surface chemistry of bone mineral and its synthetic counterpart hydroxypapatite. Small-angle x-ray scattering and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements show bone mineral surfaces range from 100 to 200 m2/g. The heats of adsorption of small molecules on bone and apatite surfaces show that these materials have polarizing surfaces which form strong bonds with polar and polarizable molecules. Water is hydrogen bonded to these surfaces with energies ranging from 23 Kcal/mol, for low coverage, to 11 Kcal/mol after two full layers; the latter value shows that after two monolayers the water is bonded as strongly to the solution as it is to the apatite surface. Stearic acid in cyclohexane adsorbs on bone and apatite surfaces in a closed-packed manner with the straight-chain molecules in parallel array with the end carboxyl groups hydrogen bonded to surface electronegative ions. Synthetic hydroxyapatite has long been used in chromatography because of the bonding capacity apatite surface has for certain proteins and polynucleotides. The metabolic interplay between bone mineral and the body results from the high magnitude and high reactivity of the mineral surface.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190307
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of drug-vinyl copolymer delivery composites on the rat prostate (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 615-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A radiation polymerized drug-vinyl copolymer delivery composite (0.8 mm in diameter, 3 mm long) was inserted into the right-lobe ventral prostate (I), into the right testis (II), and subcutaneously (III) into the back of male Wistar rats. The implantation was carried out over a period of 12 weeks maximum. From the relationship between the site of surgical insertion of the implant and the physiologic response (as measured by the decrease in the weight of the prostatic organs, e.g., ventral prostates, dorsolateral prostates, and seminal vesicles), it was found that in an AA560-containing composite (36 μg daily), the physiologic response is increased in order of (III) 〉 (II) 〉 (I). The same tendency was observed in the Estracyt-containing composite system (15 μg daily). The difference in the physiologic response owing to the site of surgical insertion of the implant was not observed in an E2-17β-containing composite (6 μg daily), although this composite showed the strongest physiologic response. No physiologic response in rats with CMA-containing composite (28 μg daily) was noted.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190602
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and performance characteristics of a new vascular graft (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 991-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190912
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of an antibiotic coated indwelling catheter: A preliminary report (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1031-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was conducted to examine if an aminoglycoside (dibekacin sulfate, DKB) incorporated into a coating layer on outer and inner surface of indwelling catheters would be released into urine both in vitro and in clinical cases on a sustained basis and if the released DKB would have any efficacy on delaying lower urinary tract infections. Released amounts of DKB from the catheter silicone rubber (SR) catheter were periodically measured both in vitro and in clinical applications. During the clinical applications, the catheters were indwelled in 14 patients. Organism counts in the patients' urine were determined and organisms were isolated from bacteriuria (defined as ≧104 CFU/mL) and MICs to DKB were measured. Observations on several combined symptoms frequently associated with indwelling catherization were performed. Results showed that sustained release of DKB continued for more than 25 days and 13 days in vitro and in clinical cases, respectively. Clinical studies suggested that 8 days of sterile urine after catherization might be expected in patients without systemic administration of antibiotics and more than 2 weeks if combined with it. No particular problems in its use and associated symptoms were recognized.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190915
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behavor of aluminum in human plasma (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1073-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The electrochemical behavior of aluminum in isotonic saline solutions, citrated human plasma, and citrated human blood is studied using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization techniques complemented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dispersive x-ray analysis. The effect of corrosion products on plasmatic proteins is investigated using electron microprobe analysis and immunoelectrophoresis analysis. Electrochemical data show a breakdown of the protective film on aluminium, due to the action of chloride, leading to the pitting of the metal. During pitting, the interaction of aluminium ion and the plasma proteins produces a nonadherent precipitate. Strong protein denaturation can be observed by immunoelectrophoresis of the precipitate suspended in physiologic solutions. The convenience of using organic fluids in addition to saline solutions to evaluate in vitro the behavior of metal for implants is suggested.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190917
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rat peritoneal macrophage adhesion to hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethyl methacrylate copolymers and hydroxystyrene-styrene copolymers (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1101-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Macrophage adhesion to a wide variety of substrates has been measured, but no systematic study of the influence of specific substrate chemical properties on adhesion is available. These studies were conducted using two series of materials, copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and copolymers of hydroxystyrene and styrene, to determine the effect of a single chemical property, polar character, on adhesion. Rat periotoneal macrophages were allowed to contact polymer substrates for periods ranging from 1 to 240 min before being subjected to a shear stress of 60-120 dynes/cm2 in a thin-channel flow cell. Percentage adhesion was calculated from the number of cells that remained adherent to the substrate after 30 s of applied shear stress. Macrophages remained adherent to 100% EMA and all hydroxystyrene-styrene copolymer surfaces after only 1 min of contact. In copolymers of the HEMA-EMA series, the time required to attain peak adhesion levels increased with increasing substrate hydrophilicity (increasing HEMA content). Cells did not attach to the 20% EMA/80% HEMA copolymer and the 100% HEMA polymer. The results demonstrate that there is a time delay between contact and adhesion of the cells to surfaces of increasing hydrophilicity within the HEMA-EMA series and no time delay with the hydroxystyrene-styrene series. The time delay is thought to be a function of the excluded volume provided by polymers that are able to undergo significant chain rotation and or swelling in the solvent, water. Small excluded volumes present in copolymers of high EMA content and all hydroxystyrene-styrene copolymers offer little or no resistance to formation of adhesive bonds by macrophages, whereas copolymers with large excluded volumes (high HEMA content) prevent contact and/or adhesion. A mechanism based on the net excluded volumes of both the cell and substrate surface macromolecule is proposed to explain this phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190919
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composites for use in posterior teeth: Mechanical properties tested under dry and wet conditions (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 261-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to determine some mechanical properties of eight different posterior composites, and how they are affected by water sorption. Creep characteristics in compression were expressed as compliance/log time functions. Stress-strain relationship at a constant loading rate was determined both in compression and flexure, and presented as elastic modulus, ultimate strength, and ultimate strain. Water sorption increased creep values for all materials. Generally, the materials with the highest water sorption had the highest increase in creep. Water sorption decreased the elastic modulus and ultimate strength values. The creep values decreased and the elastic modulus increased with increasing quantity of inorganic fillers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200214
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of an enhanced inflammatory reaction on the surface properties of cast biomer (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The ability of a biomaterial to withstand the rigors of the harsh biologic environment is an important consideration when considering a material for long-term biomedical applications. Using a cage implant system, the effects of an intense inflammatory reaction on cast Biomer have been investigated. The inflammatory response to cast Biomer was greatly increased by coimplanting Biomer films with a cytotoxic poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in rats for a period of 21 days. Cast Biomer films were characterized by weight, advancing contact angle with water in air, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analyses were performed before any treatment, after autoclaving and sonication, and after 21 days implantation with the cytotoxic (PVC) in rats. The results of the study indicated that cast Biomer does not undergo significant chemical degradation when subjected to the effects of an intense inflammatory reaction for 21 days. Implantation does, however, lead to rearrangement that results in a more polar and hydrophilic surface, suggesting that the polymer adapts to the hydrophilic environment of the inflammatory exudate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200205
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and bioevaluation of alkyl 2-cyanoacryloyl glycolates as potential soft tissue adhesives (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of alkyl 2-cyanoacryloyl glycolate tissue adhesives were synthesized and characterized by NMR. Physical properties and bond strengths are presented. Within the series, bond strength decreased with increasing molecular weight. Corresponding polymers were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo techniques for biocompatibility. In general, in vitro biocompatibility increased with molecular weight. Based on in vitro and in vivo results, the isobutyl and isoamyl derivatives gave polymers that were most biocompatible, however, the entire series was found to be less reactive than poly(methyl 2-cyanoacrylate) and only the isopropyl derivative polymers more reactive than poly(isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate). Approximately one-third of the isobutyl polymer biodegraded in vivo after 6 weeks.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200209
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200301
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Interaction of the blood with natural and artificial surfaces edited by Edwin W. Salzman, Marcel-Dekker, 1981 (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 411-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200310
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Erratum (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 415-415 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200312
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ex vivo interactions and surface property relationships of polyetherurethanes (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 433-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Despite the use of polyurethanes in a number of blood-contacting applications, little is known about the contributing effects of the various polyurethane components in thrombogenesis. In order to investigate blood-polyurethane interactions, a number of different polyurethanes were examined in an acute canine ex vivo series shunt experiment. Multiprobe surface characterization techniques, including contact angle measurements, ESCA, ATR-IR, and SEM were used to obtain surface property information on the materials studied. The polyurethanes examined included several with different soft segment types, a series of materials with different hard segment diisocyanates and chain extenders, a series consisting of the same polymer cast from different solvents, a zwitterionomer, and a hard segment analog. Two commercial urethanes were also examined, and the effect of methanol extraction on these materials was studied.The blood-contact and surface characterization results indicated that both the surface concentration and type of hard segment were of importance in determining blood response. The relative concentration of hard segment on the polymer surface was found to affect the observed blood-material interaction, although the extent of this effect was found to depend on the hard and soft segment components of the copolymer system. Both the surface properties and thrombogenicity of a particular polyurethane were changed by casting from different solvents, indicating the need to optimize and control fabrication conditions. Methanol extraction was found to improve the thromboresistance of the commercial polyurethanes.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200403
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Molecular and mechanical property changes during aging of bone cement in vitro and in vivo (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 555-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The changes in mechanical properties and free radical concentration of curing Simplex P Radiopaque Bone Cement in vivo and in vitro conditions were studied. Samples were prepared so that each in vivo sample that cured and aged in the canine femoral intramedullary cavities had an in vitro counterpart that was cured and aged in a constant-temperature saline bath at 37°C. An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer was used to measure the growth and decay (curing) of polymerization radicals. The results of EPR measurements showed that the curing (disappearance of free radicals) of in vivo samples takes a much longer time (more than 4 weeks) than in vitro curing (less than 2 weeks). The mechanical tests indicate that, whether aged in vivo or in vitro, the strength increased rapidly for the first 1-2 weeks and then slight increases were seen for up to 6 months.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200503
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of concentrated fibrinogen in experimental splenic trauma (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 547-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study evaluated Fibrin Sealant (FS), a two-component biologic adhesive that is effective in establishing hemostasis, in 27 experimentally produced splenic injuries in five adult mongrel dogs. Ten small superficial lacerations (2.0 cm in length), six large superficial lacerations (3.0-6.0 cm in length), three small wedge resections, and eight stab wounds extending into the splenic hilum were effectively repaired with FS without suture splenorrhaphy or temporary splenic hilar occlusion. Complete hemostasis was achieved in all animals prior to skin closure. Dogs were reexplored postoperatively at intervals varying from 4 h to 6 weeks. When animals were killed, there was no gross evidence of splenic disruption or recurrent bleeding; the spleens all had developed well-healed capsules. Histologic examination demonstrated a regenerated fibrous capsule extending over the injuries without significant inflammatory response. We conclude that FS (1) provides adequate hemostatic control of superficial and deep splenic injuries; (2) has good systemic and local compatibility; (3) can be applied to bleeding parenchymal wounds; organ ischemia is generally not required; (4) avoids the use of parenchymal sutures, which may be traumatic; and (5) may promote splenic wound healing. Thus, use of FS is an effective technique for splenic preservation after trauma.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200502
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Use of concentrated fibrinogen in experimental tracheal repair (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 579-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tracheal stenosis is a devastating complication of tracheal resection that may be related to improper suture selection and technique, as well as extensive surgical devascularization. This study evaluated Fibrin Sealant (FS) (Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria), a two-component biologic adhesive, as a method for reducing the need for sutures in tracheal surgery. This adhesive has been found to be effective in face-to-face sealing of tissues, wound healing, and in establishing hemostasis. Six adult mongrel dogs underwent tracheal repair with FS. Three had tracheal hemitransections (approximately three quarters of the circumference) and were repaired using one absorbable suture and FS, and three had complete transections (with resection of two tracheal rings each) repaired using five absorbable sutures and FS. The animals were killed at varying intervals ranging from 6 h to 6 weeks. No animal had gross evidence of significant tracheal stenosis, and the endotracheal mucosa appeared well healed. We conclude that the use of FS in tracheal reconstruction results in a stable, leakless trachea, and that it significantly reduces the number of sutures needed; this may lead to a decreased potential for anastomotic ischemia and tracheal stenosis.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200505
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  • 20
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    Biodegradation of and tissue reaction to poly(DL-lactide) microcapsules (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 667-676 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200510
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  • 21
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    Masthead (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200601
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  • 22
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    Red blood cells deposit membrane components on contacting surfaces (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 723-730 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation of red blood cell interactions with “foreign” surfaces is reported. Experiments consisted of flowing suspensions of washed human red cells through a packed column of either glass or siliconized glass beads. Conditions were chosen so that hemolysis was minimized. The column was washed to remove suspended red blood cells and then eluted. Samples of beads were examined by SEM after washing and before elution. The eluate was examined by UV/visible spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE; for both types of packing it was found to contain cell membrane components. It is therefore concluded that membrane material is deposited on the bead surface as the cells flow through the column. The SDS-PAGE data show that membrane skeleton proteins are essentially missing from the eluate, while SEM examination indicates the presence of filamentous deposits on the bead surfaces. These data suggest that cell-surface interaction may occur through a tether-type mechanism involving extrusion of part of the membrane including the integral membrane proteins.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200606
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  • 23
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    The influence of substratum surface free energy on growth and spreading of human fibroblasts in the presence and absence of serum proteins (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 773-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To determine whether the surface free energy of polymer materials influences the spreading and growth of cells, surface free energies of 13 polymers and glass were related to spreading and growth of human skin fibroblasts. Experiments were performed in both the presence and absence of serum proteins. We calculated the surface free energy from contact angles of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), n-propanol/PBS mixtures, and α-bromonaphthalene on the polymers, using the concept of polar and dispersion components accounting for spreading pressures. Cell spreading and substratum surface free energy (γs) showed a characteristic sigmoid relationship both in the presence and in the absence of serum proteins; good spreading only occurred when γs was higher than approximately 57 erg · cm-2. In the presence of serum proteins, cell spreading is similar on most materials; only few materials show relatively high cell spreading. Cell growth in the presence of serum proteins did not differ significantly on the various polymers with reference to their γs values. In contrast, two groups of polymers could be distinguished in the absence of serum with respect to cell growth. The first group showed increasing γs, whereas the second group showed consistently low cell growth. The results demonstrate the complex relationship between cell spreading and substratum surface free energy as well as the role of serum proteins in modifying the surface characteristics of polymers in relation to cell spreading and growth.
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    Mechanical characterization of commercially made carbon-fiber-reinforced polymethylmethacrylatePresented in part at the 29th Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society at Anaheim, California, March 8-10, 1983 and at the 2nd Joint ASCE/ASME Mechanics Conference at Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 23-26, 1985. (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 817-826 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Acrylic bone cement is significantly weaker and of lower modulus of elasticity than compact bone. It is also weaker in tension than in compression. This limits its use in orthopedics to areas where tensile stresses are minimum. Many authors have shown that addition of small percentages of fiber reinforcement by hand mixing improved the mechanical properties significantly but with variable results. In this investigation we have examined the mechanical properties of machine-mixed, commercially available carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. Appropriate samples of normal low-viscosity cement and carbon-fiber-reinforced cement were prepared and tested mechanically. Carbon fiber increased the tensile strength and modulus by 30% and 35.8% respectively. The compression strength and modulus, however, increased by only 10.7%. Similarly, bending and shear strengths improved by 29.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Diametral compression strength, which is an indirect measure of tensile strength, however, showed only 6.2% improvement. The maximum temperature rise during polymerization was also reduced significantly by the fiber reinforcement.
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    Errata (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 861-865 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Collagen at interfaces I. In situ collagen adsorption at solution/air and solution/polymer interfaces (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 951-962 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Collagen was isolated from rat tail tendons and acetylated with 1-14C acetic anhydride. In situ adsorption of this collagen from a buffer solution (pH = 2.7) was measured at the interfaces to air, polyethylene and polyethylene grafted with poly(maleic acid), respectively.The kinetics of adsorption were recorded for all surfaces studied and the corresponding diffusion coefficients for collagen in solution with various protein concentrations were calculated. The desorption of collagen from polymer surfaces was also studied.These experiments reveal the existence of both a reversibly and an irreversibly adsorbed collagen layer on the polymers tested. The desorption/adsorption ratio for the polyethylene is higher than that for the grafted polyethylene indicating stronger interactions of collagen with the grafted surface than with the non-modified polyethylene.
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    Hydrophilic-hydrophobic microdomain surfaces having an ability to suppress platelet aggregation and their in vitro antithrombogenicity (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 919-927 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Block copolymers were synthesized by a coupling reaction of hydrophilic chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) with hydrophobic chains of polystyrene (PSt), or poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). Microstructures of films of the block copolymers exhibited a hydrophilic-hydrophobic microphase separated structure. For evaluation of in vivo antithrombogenicity, small diameter tubes (1.5 mm I. D. and 20 cm length) coated by the copolymers on their internal surfaces were implanted in rabbits as arteriovenous shunts. Occlusion times of the tubes, measured by formation of thrombus, were three days for PHEMA, two days for PSt, and three days for PDMS. The block copolymers showed excellent antithrombogenic properties: occlusion times were 20 days for HEMA-St block copolymer and 12 days for HEMA-DMS block copolymers. In vitro examination of polymer-platelet interaction in terms of platelet adhesion and aggregation, which are important initial processes of blood coagulation, demonstrated suppressed adhesion and aggregation on microdomain surfaces constructed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic block copolymers. From both in vivo and in vitro examination, it was concluded that HEMA-St and HEMA-DMS block copolymers showed promising antithrombogenic activities by suppressing activation and aggregation of platelets.
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    The biological performance of calcium phosphate ceramics in an infected implantation site: II. Biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite during short-term infection (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 1003-1015 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Macroporous hydroxyapatite was implanted submucosally in the rat middle ear and studied after intratympanic injection of a Staphylococcus aureus suspension. The middle ear infection was induced 1 week after the implantation, and the effects of infection on the middle ear and the implant material were evaluated after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days by light and electron microscopy. The findings in the infected middle ear with an implant corresponded well with those described for the infected middle ear cavity without an implant. The reactions of the tissue over the implant were similar to those of the original mucosa of the middle ear.Bone was deposited on the implant and in its pores in relatively large quantities. Biodegradation, due at least partially to phagocytic activity of macrophages and multinucleated cells, was more prominent than previously found. This higher degree of biodegradation may be attributed to the use of the mucosal implantation technique, because this was the only point of divergence with respect to material or methods from earlier work reported by our group.The present results, together with those published earlier, suggest that this material has promising features for use as a bone substitute in reconstructive middle ear surgery. Definitive conclusions on biological performance and biofunctionality will, however, have to await long term clinical trials.
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    Suppression of platelet activity on microdomain surfaces of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-polyether block copolymers (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 1035-1047 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Block copolymers constructed from chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and either poly-ethyleneoxide (PEO) or poly-propyleneoxide (PPO) were synthesized. These block copolymers exhibited microdomain structure. Platelet adhesion on their surfaces was investigated by a column elution method to examine the effect of microdomain structure. The number of platelets adhered from whole blood was smaller for the block copolymer systems than for the homopolymers. Minimum points of platelet adhesion appeared at approximately 0.38 mol fraction of HEMA in the HEMA-PO system. Both block copolymer surfaces showed microdomains of alternate lamellar structure. Furthermore, the percent of platelets released from the column after incubation was investigated using PRP. In the case of homopolymers, released platelet percentages decreased with an increase of incubation time. Released platelet percentages from the block copolymers, however, were nearly constant with changing incubation time. These results showed that HEMA-EO and HEMA-PO block copolymers had the ability to suppress both reversible and irreversible adhesion of platelets to their respective microdomain surfaces.
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    In vitro testing of dental materials by means of macrophage cultures I: Methodological aspects (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 1111-1123 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. In addition, activated macrophages are the first cells to come in contact with foreign particles in tissue. In the present study the applicability of macrophages for In vitro biological screeining of dental materials was tested. Monolayers of murine peritoneal macrophages were prepared. After three days culture the macrophages were inoculated with alloy particles prepared from silver and tin (Ag3Sn), the γ-phase of dental silver-amalgam. After different inoculation periods the macrophages were fixed and examined with phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Comparison with phagocytosis of particles injected intraperitoneally was also performed. Macrophage cultures inoculated with Latex particles served as controls. Ten minutes after inoculation with alloy particles, about 58% of the macrophages had ingested particles. EDAX-analysis indicated that the phagocytized alloy particles contained both silver and tin in the same proportions as in the original alloy. When the cultures had been inoculated for ten days, however, a marked reduction in phagocytosis was observed probably due to cytolysis of those macrophages which initially had phagocytized the alloy particles. The results indicate that, although the Ag3Sn alloy particles at all the time intervals studied were phagocytized more slowly and to a lesser extent than the Latex particles, the method could be of value in studying the biocompatibility of dental materials available in particulate form.
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    Adsorption of plasma proteins to the derivatives of polyaminoetherurethaneurea: The effect of hydrogen-bonding property of the material surface (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 1179-1195 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyaminoetherurethaneureas bearing tertiary amino groups in the main chain (M-PAEUU) were synthesized, quaternized (Q-M-PAEUU) and heparinized (H-M-PAEUU). With increasing portions of diisocyanate and with decreasing portions of polyaminoether in the feed, M-PAEUU containing more hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl groups was prepared. With increasing hydrogen-bonding character of M-PAEUU, the adsorbed bovine serum albumin (BSA) was more denatured. By quaternization of M-PAEUU, the protein adsorption increased, but the denaturation of adsorbed proteins was suppressed. With increasing ratio of hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl groups in Q-M-PAEUU, the adsorptions of BSA, bovine serum γ-globulin (BγG), and bovine plasma fibrinogen (BPF) were decreased, but the degree of denaturation of adsorbed proteins was increased. In the adsorption to H-M-PAEUU, both the amount and the degree of denaturation of adsorbed proteins were strongly decreased. The dynamic adsorption experiments of plasma proteins showed the behaviors which are similar to the equilibrium adsorption experiments. The decrease of hydrogen-bonded urea linkages and the increase of hydrophilicity by quaternization and heparinization of the polymer surface may be favorable for building up a hydration layer on the surface, thus suppressing the denaturation of plasma proteins which may trigger blood clotting and thrombus formation.
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    Elongation of brachymetatarsy with ceramic implant: A roentgenographic evaluation of its utility (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 1249-1256 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The metatarsal bone was elongated by intercalary implantation of a single-crystal alumina ceramic in 7 patients with brachymetatarsy. The implants were encased with new bone 24 months after surgery and resulted in 5.2 to 9.2 mm elongation of the metatarsal bone. The response of the bone to the ceramic implant was observed roentgenographically. No resorption or pseudoarthrosis of the bones, nor loosening or breakage of the implants, were observed. The alumina ceramic implant proved to be a useful substitute for a bone graft, because of its biocompatibility and strength.
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    Letter to the Editor: A general classification scheme for “hydrophilic” and “hydrophobic” biomaterial surfaces (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. ix 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820200903
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    Threaded versus porous-surfaced designs for implant stabilization in bone-endodontic implant model (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 20 (1986), S. 1309-1333 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An endodontic implant model system was used to compare the effect of implant design on stabilization in bone. Specifically a porous-surfaced design was compared to conventional threaded and smoothtapered endodontic implant designs. All implants were placed in immediate function thereby assessing the effect of early limited movement on the fixation achieved. A total of eighty-three endodontic implants were inserted in the mandibles of six adult mongrel dogs. Animals were sacrificed immediately after implantation and after 3, 6, and 12 months. Implants were evaluated by clinical and radiographic examination and after animal sacrifice by pull-out tests of the implant from the tissues, SEM examination of the pulled-out implants and, finally, histology. The pull-out test results indicated increasing shear strength with implantation time for the porous-surfaced implants in contrast to the gradual loss of fixation for the threaded implants and the continuous low shear strength for the smooth implants. Histological studies and SEM examination indicated the reason for these changes. Smooth implants became encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue from early post-implantation time periods. Threaded implants, although initially mechanically interlocked with bone, developed a fibrous connective tissue capsule that gradually thickened with time until, by 6 months, little mechanical interlock of bone and implant was present. It was assumed that this fibrous capsule thickening was caused by implant movement. The porous-surfaced implants, however, became stabilized by bone ingrowth and showed more extensive bone formation within the surface pores with time. It is concluded that for implants that are made functional immediately after implantation, as in this study, porous-surfaced implants can become strongly fixed by bone ingrowth, in contrast to conventional threaded or smooth-surfaced designs, thus presenting a more favourable long term prognosis.
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    Tissue biocompatibility of kevlar aramid fibers and polymethylmethacrylate, composites in rabbits (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two groups of female NZW rabbits were implanted in the paravertebral muscles with aramid (du Pont Kevlar aramid 49) fibers and aramid-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composites for 14 and 28 days. Rabbits were killed at these times periods, necropsies performed, sites scored for gross tissue response, and tissue specimens containing the implants removed for histopathological evaluation. A mild fibrous tissue reaction was observed around all implants containing aramid fiber similar to that observed around the silicone control implant. Some foreign body giant cells were also present adjacent to the fibers. An intense necrotic inflammatory reaction was present around the positive control material (PVC Y-78). The tissue response to implantation of aramid fiber and fiber-PMMA composites indicates that aramid is a biocompatible material.
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    Angular dependent ESCA and infrared studies of segmented polyurethanes (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 211-229 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The understanding of surface bonding and composition of complex polymer mixtures used for biomedical implant materials can be accomplished by a combination of techniques. In this study, vibrational spectroscopic probes of bulk and surface bonding and composition are combined with measurements with angular dependent X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). These data provide a detailed description in the surface composition of Biomer and Avcothane, commercially available biomedical grade polymers and model systems polydimethylsiloxane (DMS) and Avcomat, all of which have been cast as smooth films from solution. Impurities are observed segregated in the near surface region sampled by ESCA which are not observed in the surface infrared results. Both Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and Photoacoustic (PA) sampling are utilized, ATR to provide a depth profile and demonstrate the higher surface sensitivity of PA sampling. The combined results describe the depth of segregation of DMS blocks in Avcothane, the presence of DMS within the topmost 20 Å in Biomer, and similar impurities in the model polymers. These results point out the need for multitechnique approach and the control of sample preparation and morphology in understanding complex polymer surfaces.
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    Luminal surface fabrication for cardiovascular prostheses (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 293-304 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methods to produce highly ordered, specific surface morphologies on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon) surfaces were developed. These methods included the use of photolithographic techniques for pattern definition and directed argon ion beam sputter etching to produce the desired surface morphology. Use of these techniques resulted in the formation of regular arrays of sharply defined hexagonal pillars with smooth, vertical walls with heights of up to 80 μm. Pillar height-to-width ratios ranged up to 5.2-1. Surface hole depths of up to approximately 80 μm were also obtained. These surface morphologies could have an important application in medicine for improving the patency of cardiovascular prostheses. This would be accomplished by creating a luminal surface in the implant which promotes the development of a healthy neointima lining.
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    Collagen at interfaces II: Competitive adsorption of collagen against albumin and fibrinogen (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 321-328 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adsorption of chemically radiolabeled [14C] collagen from binary mixtures with albumin or fibrinogen was studied on the solution/air and solution/polyethylene interfaces and revealed the preferential adsorption of albumin. This phenomenon is confirmed by the data of surface tension measurements of single protein, collagen-albumin, and collagen-fibrinogen solutions. Desorption experiments clearly show that more irreversibly adsorbed collagen was found on polyethylene surfaces when adsorption was performed from collagen-fibrinogen than from collagen-albumin solutions. The combined adsorption-desorption and the surface tension data show that competitive adsorption of collagen at the hydrophobic surfaces is strongly influenced by the surface tension properties of the proteins in solution.
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    Note: Fracture toughness testing of biomaterials using a mini-short rod specimen design (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 145-154 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210201
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    Polarimetric assay for the determination of the native collagen content of soluble collagen (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two standardized assays for determining the amount of native collagen in a collagen solution are described which are based on polarimetric measurements. Native collagen content is calculated from the loss of optical rotation during transition from the original to the denatured conformation using constants which were obtained from standard collagen of highest available native collagen content. While Method I gives information on the content of helical collagen, Method II estimates collagen which is resistant to peptic degradation. Both methods are simple to perform and suitable for routine quality control.
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    Serum complement deposition on platinum and titanium oxide surfaces measured by ellipsometry at liquid-solid interface (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 263-267 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 269-272 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210210
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    Characterization of UHMWPE hip cups run on joint simulators (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 275-291 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The density and crystallinity of UHMWPE-hip cups were investigated as a function of thickness from the inner stressed surface to the unstressed outer surface. The effects of mechanical strain and chemical reactions during simulation tests, and damage of the material due to pretreatments and storage, resulted in changes of the structure, as indicated by variations in the crystallinity. Independent of either the batch of UHMWPE supplied or the manufacturer and the type of simulator used, the individual samplesets showed a similar characteristic curve of density versus wall thickness. Infrared spectroscopic evaluations indicated the presence of oxidative degradation, and answers the question as to which areas of the polymers are changed by aging and which compounds are newly formed. The characteristic carbonyl groups were also determined. The concentration trend of carbonyl groups versus wall thickness obtained agrees surprisingly well with the locally determined density and crystallinity trend. As these compounds are formed by reactions which produce stable oxidative degradation products and also crosslinking, we have determined the degree of crosslinking. The determination of the soluble constituents after extraction showed lower degree of crosslinking on the surface than in the middle of the material. Hence it follows that on the surfaces oxidative chain scission is prevailing, whereas in the interior mainly crosslinking is developed. These results indicate that the samples used for the simulation tests had distinct differences in characteristics. Generally the results show that wear tests in joint simulators lead to property changes in UHMWPE which differ considerably from test results previously obtained on retrieved hip cups.
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    Long-term evaluation of five biomaterials for angioplastic enlargement of the pulmonary artery in a young dog model (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 509-523 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 45 young dogs an enlargement angioplasty of the left pulmonary artery was performed using patches made from one of three autologous materials (jugular vein, unmodified pericardium, and glycerolized pericardium) or from two heterologous materials (lyophilized human dura mater and modified bovine carotid artery). Catheterization and angiographic studies performed 5 to 6 months after the operation showed that all patched vessels had remained patent, except in three dogs which had received heterologous implants. The animals were killed 5-24 months after operation (mean weight increase: 84%), and the implants were studied by optical microscopy and morphometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence with antidog Factor VIII rabbit antiserum. The two heterologous tissues exhibited limited biocompatibility, as estimated from 10 criteria obtained at histologic studies. Conversely, all three autologous biomaterials were characterized by infiltration of noninflammatory cells, near-complete endothelialization, and neosynthesis of structural proteins; infectious foci were very rare or absent. These results suggest that autologous tissues, although deendothelialized at the time of implantation, constitute the most suitable material for patch angioplasty, as far as endothelial triggering, cellularity and resistance to infection are concerned.
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    Fluorescence lifetime measurements using total internal reflection fluorimetry: Evidence for a conformational change in albumin adsorbed to quartz (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 539-555 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have modified the total internal reflectance fluorimetry (TIRF) method to determine, indirectly, quantum fluorescence yield and thus infer structural changes of adsorbed plasma proteins. We employed a frequency multiplied Nd: YAG pulse laser to excite tryptophan residues of bovine serum albumin (BSA), measuring the resulting fluorescence lifetimes. BSA adsorbed on quartz was investigated at normal pH and under acidic (pH 3.8) conditions at which albumin shape change has been established in bulk solution. Albumin adsorbed at pH 7.2 has a slightly lower lifetime than the bulk solution value, reflecting a population of both native and isomerized forms. Gently washing the adsorbate surface significantly reduces fluorescence lifetime, suggesting retention of more tenacious, conformationally altered molecules. Vigorous washing further reduces fluorescence lifetimes to values close to those obtained in bulk under acidic conditions. Similar alterations in fluorescence lifetimes were observed for heat-denatured albumin. These results support the hypothesis that adsorbed albumin exists in the form of a two-layer deposit, each with a possibly different structure. A loosely held layer, consisting of BSA microaggregates and including partially unfolded molecules, exists on the undisturbed surface and is partially removed by gentle washing. Vigorous washing removes all but the most tightly held protein, which exists in a possibly further unfolded configuration. The decrease in fluorescence lifetime of adsorbed BSA implies a corresponding change in quantum yield. A change in quantum yield of BSA tryptophan fluorophors implies that measuring adsorbed protein concentration by intrinsic fluorescence is unreliable.
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    UV-radiation aging test on composite materials for dental restorations (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 603-612 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven composite materials for dental restorations were examined in order to investigate their color stability. Five of these materials are available for anterior and two for posterior teeth. the change in color was achieved by an accelerated aging test with ultraviolet rays and evaluated, for each material, with the measurement of reflectance. Such measurement was obtained by means of a video display computer working as a computerized photometer. The results show two different types of behavior: some materials turn slightly to yellow, while others bleach. The test was completed with a scanning electron microscope morphologic examination of the surfaces.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 675-676 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210511
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    Masthead (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210601
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    Thick-section histometry of porous hydroxyapatite implants using backscattered electron imaging (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 731-739 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histometry system has been developed to measure bone ingrowth into porous hydroxyapatite implants utilizing the backscattered electron image of thick sections. The system consists of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with backscattered electron detector, digital beam controller, minicomputer based image digitization, and microcomputer based image processing, point counting, and lineal analysis. The SEM backscattered electron imaging mode yields high tissue contrast and sharp tissue boundaries, substantially reducing the lost cap and projection effect errors of thick sections. High-resolution digitization of the image substantially reduces the standard error of the estimates. By using the digitized image the tedious process of filtering artifacts and recording actual point counts, intersections, and intercept lengths is delegated to computer software. Performance of this system in a recent study demonstrated substantial ease of operator use and speed of measurement. In the absence of a digital beam controller an inexpensive video digitizer circuit board may be used to digitize photographic prints of the SEM images. The combination of increased accuracy, precision, operator ease, and speed suggests that this system can be useful for soft tissue-bone-implant histometry.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 531-534 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210412
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    The use of coral as a bone graft substitute (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 557-567 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Experiments have been performed to investigate the use of coral skeletons as bone graft substitutes. Skeletal fragments of different coral genera were implanted into cortical and spongy bone defects and used to bridge transcortical resections in the femur. The implant site was monitored for up to 18 months. Radiographically, both cortical and spongy bone defects were at least partially filled by new bone after 8 weeks while the implants underwent continuous resorption. Coral resorption and replacement by new tissue was also observed in the transcortical resections. The process of resorption was attributed to the enzymatic attack, especially carboanhydrase. This was confirmed by experiments in which dogs were implanted with coral in transcortical resections and treated daily with acetazolamide, a carboanhydrase inhibitor; the absorption appeared delayed and the reseections failed to heal.
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    Soft-tissue response to total hip surface replacement (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 569-584 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tissue reaction to prosthesis wear debris and its relationship to prosthetic loosening was investigated. Eighteen dogs underwent hip surface replacement; 6 animals accounted for 6 control and 6 carbon hips, and 13 experimental animals accounted for 13 implanted carbon and 13 cobaltchromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) prostheses. Both kinds of prostheses articulated against a high-density polyethylene acetabular component. One year after implantation, tissue response to the prostheses was evaluated according to a semiquantitative method, and a total tissue score indicating the degree of tissue response was obtained. The total tissue score was then compared with the normalized final vertical ground reaction force (GRF) for each hip in the animals with bilateral hip replacements. Compared with the controls, significantly greater tissue response was seen in both kinds of prosthetic hips (p = .001). No statistically significant difference in the tissue response of the two types of hip prostheses was noted, although the tissue response score of the CoCrMo demonstrated a trend toward more severe reaction than the carbon. No statistical difference in tissue reaction was noted for loosened components as compared with tightly fixed components. Amount of wear debris was the best predictor of component loosening. Gait analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation between GRF and total tissue score (p = .036), and between GRF and wear debris score (p = .034). The results of this study suggest that GRF may predict the amount of wear debris in the tissues surrounding a total hip surface arthroplasty, and that severity of pain is related to the degree of tissue response.
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    The determination of Al, Cr, Co, Fe, and Ni in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 657-674 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Procedures for the determination of aluminum, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and iron in whole blood are presented and discussed. Chromium, cobalt, nickel, and iron were determined from one sample after decomposition of the blood with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids. A graphite furnace was used for the determination of chromium, cobalt and nickel, and flame AAS was used for iron. The determination of Al was done from separate samples by GFAAS after dilution with 1% Triton TX-100. The normal concentration of these elements was measured in rabbit and dog blood.
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    Adsorption of low density lipoproteins onto selected biomedical polymers (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 683-700 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study examines the interaction of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) with a select group of biomedical polymers. The adsorption characteristics of LDL on cured filler-free poly(dimethyl Siloxane) (C-PDMS), Biomer, Cardiomat 610, Kraton 1650, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and glass are presented. Adsorption of LDL to charged hydrophilic glass control surfaces occurred rapidly, reaching plateau concentrations within one minute (0.19 ± 0.01 ug/cm2). Adsorption of LDL to polymer surfaces appeared to be dependent upon both the polymer hydrophobicity (or apolar nature), and flexibility (or dynamic nature) at the interface. Increased surface concentrations were observed for Biomer (0.32 ± 0.01 ug/cm2) as well as other polymers which exhibited both hydrophobic and elastomeric próperties. Temperature changes between 25°C and 37°C were found to significantly influence the surface concentration of LDL on Biomer (0.16 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 at 25°C versus 0.32 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 at 37°C). A lipid core phase transition at 36°C was believed to be responsible for the temperature influence. Preliminary competitive adsorption studies of LDL with albumin (HSA) and serum on silicone surfaces suggests that LDL adsorption occurred rapidly and preferentially (0.25 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 for LDL alone; 0.33 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 for LDL + HSA; 0.15 ± 0.01 ug/cm2 LDL + serum). Preliminary studies on the role of LDL in calcification were not conclusive. It can be concluded that LDL adsorption is dependent upon polymer hydrophobicity, flexibility and temperature. Competitive adsorption experiments suggests that LDL may have substantial influence on protein adsorption.
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    Masthead (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190101
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    Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue xenografts in rabbits (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Xenograft valves of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue have been claimed to be an excellent choice for the replacement of malfunctioning human heart valves. These valves exhibit low thrombogenicity, hemodynamic function, and transvalvular gradients superior to their mechanical and tissue counterparts. However, there are differences of opinion concerning the immunogenic properties of these valvular devices. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune reactivity of such implants. Data obtained indicated that whole xenograft sections of both untreated and treated valvular tissue remain immunogenic following initial and secondary subcutaneous implantations in rabbits. Homologous and cross-reacting antibodies were detected by means of indirect hemagglutination test 30 days after initial implantation of the grafts. Presence of cellular immune response as judged by skin reaction and leukocyte migration inhibition tests indicated that glutaraldehyde treatment of tissues does not destroy cellular immunity. Data obtained also suggest that chemical modification of such implants by glutaraldehyde probably alters, but does not abolish some antigenic determinant sites on the tissue surface. Glutaraldehyde treatment of bovine pericardial tissue does not render the tissue immunologically inert.
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    Announcement (1985)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 97-97 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820190109
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    The enzymatic degradation of polymers in vitro (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 991-1003 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Specimens of 14C-labeled poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon 66, and poly(methyl methacrylate) have been synthesized and exposed, in vitro, to a number of enzyme solutions. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was found to be affected by esterase and papain, although in different ways, but not by trypsin or chymotrypsin. Nylon 66 was unaffected by esterase but degraded by the other three. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was not affected by any of these enzymes. This indicates that some nominally stable polymers are susceptible to degradation by enzymes under some circumstances. The amount of degradation is small, but could have significant sequelae should it be reproduced in vivo.
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    The influence of postcuring on the fracture properties of photo-cured dimethacrylate based dental composite resin (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 979-989 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The dependence of the fracture behavior of photocured dimethacrylate-based composite resins on the matrix crosslink density (varied by postcuring at various temperatures) was investigated. In general, the fracture toughness (Klc) was increased by posfcuring as has been observed for epoxy-amine networks. The flexural and diametral tensile strength was also raised by postcuring. Calculation of the inherent flaw size (a0) from these properties produced conflicting dependencies on the state of cure. It is suggested that improved wear resistance and incisal edge strength of dental composite resin restoratives may be achieved by increased degree of cure.
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    Adsorbed behavior of spin-labeled silane coupling agent on colloidal silica studied by electron spin resonance (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1029-1038 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption mechanism of silane coupling agent on the colloidal silica surface is studied with spm-labeled silane coupling agent using ESR method. The density of the adsorbed silane molecules was determined to be approximately 1.5-2 molecules per 100 Å2 of the silica surface in 95% ethanol solution. In addition, ESR signal of spin-labeled agent adsorbed on the colloidal silica surface was composed of two components; slow component attributable to the agents adsorbed directly on the Si—OH groups of the silica surface through hydrogen bond formation and rapid one attributable to the agents interacted with such adsorbed silane molecules.
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    Theoretical and experimental analysis of cellular adhesion to polymer surfaces (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1039-1055 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An exact discrete numerical solution to the Grabowski model for predicting cell adhesion to polymer surfaces is discussed. The solution technique allows the possibility of taking into account cell-cell interactions within the flow situation and the multistep process involved in thrombus formation. The proposed solution also allows modification of the wall reaction rate model into a two specie reaction rate which distinguishes between the kinetics of contact adhesion and irreversible adhesion. The solution allows determination of effective diffusivity (De) and surface reaction rate (k) constants. Use of the model to examine available experimental data results in the following conclusions: (1) static or dynamic cell adhesion cannot be considered to be diffusion limited; (2) for flow conditions De is a monotonically increasing function of shear rate; (3) under static, i. e., zero flow conditions, De appears to be markedly larger than for flow conditions.
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    Bonding behavior between two bioactive ceramics in vivo (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1109-1123 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to examine the chemical bonding mechanism between bioactive ceramics in vivo. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, rectangular specimens (5 mm × 5 mm × 25 mm) of apatite-wollastonite containing glass-ceramics (designated A 7middot; W  -  GC) were used. In the second experiment, plates (15 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) of A · W  -  GC and three types of hydroxyapatite (designated HA) were used. The sintering temperature and porosity (%) of the three types of HA were 1200°C (0.4%), 1000°C (4.8%), and 800°C (45%), respectively. In each experiment, two pairs of specimens of identical material, one bound with silk thread, the other not bound, were implanted subcutaneously into rats. In the first experiment, bonding of only bound specimens was observed at 3 and 6 months after implantation. The observation of interface by SEM-EPMA showed that a Ca  -  P-rich layer formed between the two specimens. In the second experiment, bonding of both bound and nonbound A · W  -  GC produced identical results 1 month after implantation. For HA sintered at 800°C and 1000°C, bonding was observed in every specimen. This phenomenon might be caused by the chemical change of hydroxyapatite occurring at different sintering temperatures. The Ca  -  P-rich layer was observed between two plates. These results suggest that self-repair of bioactive ceramic is possible under certain conditions.
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    Announcements (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1169-1175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210910
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    Blood hemolysis by PTFE and polyurethane vascular prostheses in an in vitro circuit (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1187-1196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to improve understanding of the appearance of bright yellow stains in vivo (consecutive to the absorption of bilirubin) on a novel microporous, hydrophilic polyetherurethaneurea vascular prosthesis, the in vitro hemolytic activity of the material was compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber. The results show that the tendency of the polyetherurethaneurea to produce free hemoglobin is low, so that the yellow staining observed is likely to be a result of the contact between the polymer and thrombi: Bilirubin is produced because of hemoglobin degradation in the thrombi rather than an active hemolysis on the surface of the prosthesis itself.
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    Intraocular biocompatibility of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid copolymer/partially hydrolyzed poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (1987)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21 (1987), S. 1247-1253 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A strip of partially hydrolyzed poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) containing 65%-75% H2O was implanted into the anterior eye chamber of 11 Chinchilla rabbits. No pathological changes were found in the iris or in the ciliary body. The pathological findings in the cornea accompanying implanation of a hydrogel strip to the anterior chamber were rare and not significant. The low occurrence of the foreign body giant multinucleate cells was observed on the implant surface 6 months after the implantation. Favorable properties of this hydrogel depend probably on its high water and acidic groups content.
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    Kinetics of cell adhesion to polymer surfaces (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 215-229 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Results of the kinetics of adhesion of granulocytes as well as fresh and glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes, suspended in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS; pH 7.2, ionic strength of 0.15) to various polymeric substrates are presented. Cell adhesion increases rapidly initially and reaches a plateau value after approximately 30 minutes. There is no evidence for a lag-time in the onset of cell adhesion, suggesting that electrostatic double-layer forces are negligible under these experimental conditions. For the experiments in which the cells are suspended in HBSS, which has a surface tension larger than that of the cells, the level of cell adhesion increases with decreasing surface tension of the polymeric substrates. An additional experiment with fresh human granulocytes suspended in HBSS containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide was also performed. The surface tension of the resulting liquid medium is below that of the cells and the pattern of adhesion is reversed, in agreement with the predictions of a thermodynamic model for cell adhesion. The slightly different behavior of siliconized glass as a substrate is discussed in terms of „screening“.
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    The effect of post-sintering heat treatments on the fatigue properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 287-302 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy implant systems provide a biocompatible interface between implant and bone, resulting in firm fixation and potential long-term retention via bony ingrowth. In order to achieve an acceptable porous coating structure, the sintering protocol for Ti-6Al-4V alloy systems often requires that the material be heat treated above the beta transus. This transforms the as-received equiaxed microstructure, recommended for surgical implants, to a lamellar alpha-beta distribution, which has been shown to have the worst fatigue properties of the most common structures attainable in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. However, post-sintering heat treatments may be used to improve these properties by producing microstructures more resistant to crack initiation and propagation. This study investigated the influence of microstructural variations on the fatigue properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy material. Nonporous coated and porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy fatigue specimens were subjected to a standard sintering heat treatment to produce a lamellar microstructure. In addition, two post-sintering heat treatments were used to produce coarse and fine acicular microstructures. Rotating beam (reversed bending) fatigue testing was performed and the endurance limits determined for the noncoated and porous coated microstructures. The values determined were 668 MPa (noncoated asreceived equiaxed), 394 MPa (noncoated lamellar), 488 MPa (non-coated coarse acicular), 494 MPa (noncoated fine acicular), 140 MPa (porous coated lamellar), 161 MPa (porous coated coarse acicular), and 162 MPa (porous coated fine acicular). The noncoated coarse and fine acicular specimens displayed an approximate 25% increase over the noncoated lamellar specimens. The porous coated coarse and fine acicular specimens showed an approximate 15% improvement over the porous coated lamellar specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220404
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    Cellular morphology and distribution on a stretching blood-material interface (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to investigate the interactions of cellular elements and protein on constantly deforming (fatiguing) blood contact surfaces, a series of ex vivo canine arteriovenous shunt experiments were conducted. While fresh blood was flowing through Silastic tubing shunts, portions of the tubing were stretched 20 to 60% at a frequency of 20 to 90 cycles per minute for 10 to 90 min. The surfaces of the tubing that were stretched were compared with control tubing surfaces taken from the arterial side of the test segment using scanning electron microscopy and interference phase contrast microscopy.Approximately the same number of platelets were deposited on the stretched as on the unstretched portions of the tubing in the ten minute experiments. On the control portions of the tubing, the platelets were deposited singly and uniformly in what appeared to be a fairly inactivated state. On the stretched tubing, more pseudopod extension and aggregation was observed. In these preliminary experiments, no differences were noted as a function of frequency of stretch. As the blood contact time and the percent stretch were increased, only nonuniform, scattered aggregations of platelets, and platelets mingled with fibrin were seen. Significant numbers of spread white blood cells were observed on many of the segments of Silastic tubing stretched 20% for as short a time as 15 min. Granulocytes have occasionally been reported on less hemocompatible biomaterials after exposure to canine blood. This helps to confirm that substrate stretching of 20-60% had an adverse effect on the blood compatibility of the Siliastic tubing.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220407
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    Cell adhesion to a series of hydrophili-hydrophobic copolymers studies with a spinning disc apparatus (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 383-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adhesion of cells to substrates strongly influences many of their functions and therefore plays an important role in a variety of processes, including phagocytosis, hemostasis, and the response of tissue to implanted materials. In previous studies, the influence of substrate hydrophilicity on cell adhesion has not been separated from effects due to major differences in other properties of the substrate, such as charge, rigidity, and the specific chemical composition of the materials. In addition, very few careful studies of the force required for cell detachment from various substrates have been performed. In this study, 3T3 cell detachment from a chemically homologous series of copolymers based on hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and ethylmethacrylate (EMA) was measured with a spinning-disc apparatus. The spinning-disc technique allowed measurements of cell detachment over a wide range of applied shear stress on each sample. Cell detachment did not occur until a critical value of shear stress was exceeded. The critical shear stress of detachment decreased linearly with increasing HEMA content, from 18 dynes/cm2 on poly-EMA to 0 on the polymers containing 83% or more HEMA. “Plating efficiency,” calculated as the fraction of cells initially applied which remained after dip rinsing the surfaces, did not vary significantly among most of the copolymers. Dip rinsing, however, exposes the cells to only one, relatively low shear stress (estimated to be somewhat less than 3 dynes/cm2). The existence of a critical shear stress for 3T3 cell detachment suggests that cell adhesion to surfaces cannot be fully understood with single shear stress methods because cells may attach with a wide range of strengths which are either all above or all below the applied shear stress. The influence of surface hydrophilicity on cell adhesion and the variety of forces which may contribute to this phenomenon are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220503
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    Albumin adsorption on alkyl chain derivatized polyurethanes: I. The effect of C-18 alkylation (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 359-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The initial adsorption rate of delipidized Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is increased by addition of C-18 alkyl chains to a poly-urethane. The presence of alkyl chains does not appear to influence the total amount of HSA adsorbed after one hour exposure to a 5.0 mg/mL HSA solution. Neither does the desorption following one hour of adsorption appear to be influenced by the presence of alkyl chains. A study of the effects of solution concentration and temperature showed that the initial adsorption rates on both polymers are proportional to the protein concentration raised to the 0.36 power, and that alkylation of the polymer increases the activation energy of the initial adsorption rate above the 14 kJ/mol observed for the underivatized polyurethane. A new technique is presented to quantify the mass of adsorbed protein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection optics. This technique uses the absorbance of bulk protein as an internal calibration reference, and appears to be as accurate and perhaps more precise than radiolabeling techniques.
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    Announcements (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 441-442 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220507
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    Effects of a grooved epoxy substratum on epithelial cell behavior in vitro and in vivo (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 459-473 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of grooved epoxy substrata on epithelial (E) cell behavior were studied in vitro and in vivo. V-shaped grooves, 10 μm deep, were produced in silicon wafers by micromachining, a process which was developed for the fabrication of microelectronic components. The grooved substrata were replicated in epoxy resin. More E cells attached to grooved surfaces than to adjacent smooth surfaces. Clusters of E cells were markedly oriented by the grooved surfaces in comparison to the adjacent smooth surfaces where the orientation was random. Grooved and smooth epoxy implants were placed percutaneously in the parietal area of rats. One week after implantation E cells were found to adhere tightly to the implant surfaces. In the grooved portion of the implant E cells interdigitated into the grooves and had rounded nuclei. Histomorphometric measurements indicated that there was a shorter length of epithelial attachment and a longer length of connective tissue attachment in the grooved, compared to the smooth, portion of implants. After 10 days the epithelial attachment had migrated down the length of the protruding smooth portion of the implant and was located on the base of the implant. However, epithelium remained attached to the grooved portion of the implant. These observations indicate that grooved surfaces have the potential to impede epithelial downgrowth on percutaneous devices.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220603
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    Announcements (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 589-591 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220612
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    Serotonin and β-thromboglobulin release reaction from platelet as triggered by interaction with polypeptide derivatives (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 595-611 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of wettability of 14 polypeptide derivatives upon adhesion and activation of platelets was investigated with reference to release reactions from adhered platelets, using radioisotope labeling and radio-immunoassay method. The serotonin release was more significant from platelets adhered to polymer materials to which a large number of platelets are adhered. However, no clear relationship was found between adhesion of platelets and β-thromboglobulin release from adhered platelets. Therefore, stimuli inducing serotonin release and β-thromboglobulin release were considered to be from different origins. The trend in β-thromboglobulin release was well correlated with the extent of morphological change of adhered platelets as observed by scanning electron microscope. It was suggested that the determination of released β-thromboglobulin in association with the measurement of platelet adhesion could be useful for evaluation of blood compatibility of materials.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220702
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    Announcements (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 667-669 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220707
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    The hydrolytic stability of mitrathane (a polyurethane urea) - an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 687-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The hydrolytic stability of microporous Mitrathane polyetherurethane urea vascular prostheses has been evaluated at pH 7 and pH 9, at 37°, 60°, and 80°C for time periods of up to 968 days. Mechanical strength was evaluated using a hydrodynamic burst test and surface chemical changes by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The samples held at 80°C showed the greatest mechanical strength loss which corresponded to the hydrolysis of the urethane groups. It was concluded that the gross in vivo surface degradation of Mitrathane prostheses, observed after six months, could not have been caused by simple chemical hydrolysis alone, as the polymer was found to be stable at 37°C for at least 11 months.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220803
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    The study of thermal and gross morphologic properties of polyglycolic acid upon annealing and degradation treatments (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 699-712 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study is to alter the fiber morphology of a linear aliphatic polyester, polyglycolic acid, by annealing treatment and to examine the changes of its degradation properties. The annealing was done at 150°C, 170°C, and 190°C, and the specimens were annealed in four different strained conditions, freely hung, 0, 1, and 10%. After annealing treatments, the specimens were subject to in vitro hydrolytic degradation by immersing them in phosphate-buffer solution of pH 7.4 at 37°C for up to 28 days. The thermal properties and gross morphology of the specimens were obtained. It was found that annealing treatments resulted in initial higher levels of crystallinity, which, in turn, influenced the hydrolytic degradation of the fiber. Among all the annealing conditions, the freely hung specimens annealed at 190°C exhibited the most pronounced annealing effect on hydrolytic degradation, and was consistent with the observed gross morphologic changes. The change in the characteristics of fiber structure (i.e., the return to the stage of less oriented conformation upon freely hung annealing) was thought to be the cause.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220804
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    Effect of particle size on the in vitro and in vivo degradation rates of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 733-746 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three different sieve size fractions of ergotcontaining biodegradable microcapsules were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The sieve sizes and average particle diameter, (μm), were: less than 45-75 (X̄ = 30); 75-106 (X̄ = 79), 106-177 (X̄ = 130). These microcapsules contained ca. 9% drug and were produced from 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide). The objective was to determine the effect of particle size on in vivo and in vitro degradation rates. The microcapsules were injected into rat gastrocnemius muscle and excised and examined at various time points up to 70 days. Initially a minimal tissue response was noted which was characterized by a sharply localized acute inflammatory reaction. Following this, connective tissue and foreign body giant cells engulfed the microcapsules at 20-30 days. Only vestiges of the microcapsules were found surrounded by minimal connective tissue and foreign body giant cells after 60-70 days. The tissue reaction was a minimal, sharply localized foreign body giant cell and connective tissue process for all three size groups of microcapsules. The largest microcapsules (X̄ = 130 μm) exhibited a slightly greater tendency to undergo in vivo and in vitro degradation relative to the other groups. However, it can be concluded that over the microcapsule size ranges examined minimal differences in the degradation properties of the polymeric matrices and consequently those of the microcapsules were noted.
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    Blood compatibility of surfaces modified by plasma polymerization (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 795-818 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tubular blood-contacting polymeric materials were modified by plasma polymerization and evaluated in the baboon with respect to their capacity to induce both acute and chronic arterial thrombosis. Polymer surface composition was determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Steady-state arterial thromboembolism was initiated by introducing tubular segments into chronic arteriovenous shunts. Rates of platelet destruction induced by the test materials were calculated from 111In-platelet survival measurements. Nine plasma polymers based on tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethane, hexafluoroethane/H2, and methane, when deposited on silicone rubber, consumed platelets at rates ranging from 1.1-5.6 × 108 platelets/cm2-day. Since these values were near the lower detection limit for this test system, the plasma polymers were considered relatively nonthrombogenic. Acute thrombus formation was initiated by inserting expanded Teflon (Gore-Tex PTFE) vascular grafts into the shunt system. 111In-platelet deposition was measured by scintillation camera imaging over a 1-h exposure period. Standard PTFE grafts (10 cm × 4 mm i. d.) accumulated approximately 1 × 1010 platelets over this interval. While modification of PTFE grafts with a plasma polymer based on hexafluoroethane/H2 did not alter graft surface morphology, platelet deposition was reduced by 87% as compared to the controls (p 〈 0.001). We conclude that both the surface chemistry and texture of prosthetic materials influence thrombogenesis. The method of plasma polymerization may be useful for assessing the importance of these variables independently and, perhaps, for minimizing certain adverse blood-material interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820220904
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    Attachment and spreading of human gingival fibroblasts on potentially bioactive glasses in vitro (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1043-1059 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The attachment and spreading of cultured fibroblasts on potentially bioactive glasses (bioglasses) of ten different compositions were studied. Human gingival fibroblasts were allowed to attach and spread on bioglasses for 1-72 h. Unreactive silica glass and cell culture polystyrene served as controls. The attachment and spreading of cells were examined by 3H-thymidine labeling of cells, planimetric analysis, cytological staining, immunocytochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy. The cell attachment to bioglasses and silica glass and the cell spreading on bioglasses were slower and cell morphology more elongated compared to control plastic. In spite of great differences in bioglass compositions no great differences in cell behavior on these surfaces were detected. Thus the initial events in the tissue-implant interface might be independent on the bioglass composition, and furthermore the differences in the organization of the tissue-implant interface in vivo might depend on the nature of the surrounding tissues and subsequent changes of the implant surface and the extracellular environement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221108
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221201
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    Samuel F. Hulbert (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1091-1092 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221203
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    The effect of plasma-sprayed calcium phosphate ceramic coatings on the metal ion release from porous titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1137-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bone tissue ingrowth in porous materials is enhanced by the deposition of bioactive calcium phosphate ceramic linings onto the pore walls. These bioactive coatings can be deposited using several methods which yield a variety of coating efficiencies and thereby influence the mechanisms and kinetics of ion release from the metal. We analyzed the effect of plasmaspraying hydroxyapatite onto titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys by measuring the release of Ti, Al, V, Co, and Cr in vitro. Plasma-sprayed coatings significantly reduced the Ti and Al release from titanium-based alloy specimens. The tendencies of release from the cobalt-based specimens are less pronounced. The data substantiate that neither localized enhanced passive dissolution of metal ions nor ceramic shielding of the metal occurs. The Scanning Auger Electron Microprobe Spectroscopic data suggest that the dissipation of thermal and kinetic energy of the ceramic particle at the time of impact can produce compositional and structural changes in the metal surfaces. The resulting effects are significant for the titanium alloy but less significant for the Co-Cr alloy system.
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    Ceramic systems for long-term delivery of chemicals and biologicals (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1245-1266 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evaluation of devices, drugs, and drug delivery systems have been investigated by both in vitro and in vivo procedures. Ceramic drug delivery systems can be used to evaluate chemicals and biologicals by both in vitro and in vivo procedures. The system can also reduce handling of the animals and facilitate long-term evaluations before conducting clinical trials. To date, ceramic systems have been used to deliver aldosterone, androstanedione, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, chymotrypsin, danazol, difluoromeythylornithine, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, gamma globulin, gonadotrophic releasing hormone, gossypol, growth hormone, insulin, methylene blue, pepsin, progesterone, and testosterone. The data obtained suggest that ceramic delivery systems can be used in the near future to treat diseases requiring long-term chronic drug therapy as well as disorders caused by deficiency of certain hormones.
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221301
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    A tribute to Sam (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1089-1090 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221202
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    Analysis of the biocompatibility of ALCAP ceramics in rat femurs (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1101-1126 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramics composed of aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus oxides (ALCAP) were tested for compatibility as bone replacement biomaterials. Implantation of ALCAP ceramics in rat femurs had no deleterious effect on body weights, organ/body weight ratios, muscle, bone, blood, and kidney function. Aluminum resorbed from ALCAP ceramic bone implants was excreted in the urine and was not deposited in adjacent muscle. Plasma levels of aluminum were not elevated in rats implanted with ALCAP ceramics. Alkaline phosphatase activity of excised implant sites indicated greater bone formation in ALCAP ceramic implants than in bone autografts. Radiographs and implant histology demonstrated excellent bone association with implants and ingrowth of new bone into ALCAP ceramic implants. ALCAP ceramics are biocompatible and suitable for reconstruction of bone.
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    Multilayered bead ceramic composite coating for hip prostheses: Experimental studies and preliminary clinical resultsThis research was supported by the Ministero della Sanitá (Progetto Finalizzato “Definizione di modelli di studio di biocompatibilitá e di nuove protesi”) Italy. (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1181-1202 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clinical use of a new ceramic composite material made up of multilayered alumina beads and adhered to a ceramic surface with a high-temperature-melting bioglass is proposed. The result is a structure characterised by a 27% porosity and an average pore diameter of 400 μm. The actual structure of the parts as well as their interface interaction were determined by Raman laser. The mechanical resistance of the adherence of this coating for the ceramic substratum was good enough to resist the stress to which it was submitted when used for a new model of prosthetic acetabulum. Experiments with rabbits revealed the good biocomatibility of the composite. The osteoproductive activity of the tissue surrounding the implant led to the gradual filling of the porosity with trabecular structures. The preliminary results of the clinical experience which began in November 1985, confirm the good compatibility of the ceramic composite.
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    Announcement (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1293-1293 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221214
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    The editor's corner (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221303
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    Biomaterial and implant surfaces: On the role of cleanliness, contamination, and preparation procedures (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 145-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Material specificity in implant-tissue interactions derives primarily from the surface properties (chemical composition, microstructure, etc.) of the implant. This article addresses several questions related to implant and biomaterial surfaces: What is the status of real implant surfaces (composition, cleanliness, contamination, microstructure, etc.), and how does it vary with preparation procedures? Can the surface status be varied and analyzed in a controlled manner? How significant are surface status variations for in vivo function? And so on. We discuss clean surfaces, how they are contaminated, and how the contamination may affect the properties. We also discuss different preparation procedures, such as conventional machining, plasma treatment, and sterilization. Three important conclusions are drawn: (i) The surface status of a particular implant material may vary widely depending on its preparation and handling history. (ii) The surface status of implants is expected to be important for in vivo function, and should thus be controlled and standardized. (iii) It is usually not possible to predict how a change in surface status will affect the longterm, in vivo function of an implant.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221307
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  • 93
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    Wound healing using a collagen matrix: Effect of DC electrical stimulation (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 191-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Rapid fibroblast ingrowth and collagen deposition occurs in a reconstituted type I collagen matrix that is implanted on fullthickness excised animal dermal wounds. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of direct current stimulation on dermal fibroblast ingrowth using carbon fiber electrodes incorporated into a collagen sponge matrix. Preliminary results suggest that fibroblast ingrowth and collagen fiber alignment are increased in collagen sponges stimulated with direct currents between 20 and 100 μA. Maximum fibroblast ingrowth into the collagen sponge is observed near the cathode at a current of 100 μA. These results suggest that electrical stimulation combined with a collagen matrix may be a method to enhance the healing of chronic dermal wounds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221310
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    Masthead (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221401
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  • 95
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    Binding of heparin onto ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer membrane (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 269-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Heparin was ionically bound onto the surface of an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) membrane which was derivatized by aminoacetalization to produce cationic surface charges. The amount of bound heparin was proportional to the ion exchange capacity of the aminoacetalized membrane and the maximal amount obtained in this experiment was 96 Unit/cm2 (0.59 mg/cm2). Plasma recalcification times were measured for the heparinized membrane thus obtained. Recalcification times increased proportionally with the amount of heparin bound on the membrane, while original EVAL membranes and the nonheparinized aminoacetalized membrane did not show increases in recalcification times. This means that the heparinized EVAL membrane has a more nonthrombogenic property due to the release of heparin. The apparent amount of heparin released from the membrane into plasma was estimated from plasma recalcification times. The release rate was 0.30-0.33 Unit/cm2/h (1.8 × 10-3 -2.0 × 10-3 mg/cm2/h) for the membranes whose surface was considered to be saturated with heparin. The release amount was about 0.6% compared to the adsorbed heparin in the case of the 96 Unit/cm2-heparinized membrane incubated in plasma for 60 min.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221407
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  • 96
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    Heat transfer analysis of frictional heat dissipation during articulation of femoral implants (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 281-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Previous studies have shown the tendency for frictional heating to occur during articulation of total hip systems in vitro under simulated hip loading conditions. The magnitude of this heating is sufficient to accelerate wear, creep, and oxidation degradation of the UHMWPE bearing surface. It was shown that ceramic articulating systems generate less frictional heating than polished cobalt alloy against UHMWPE. This fricitonal heating is expected to occur primarily for younger, heavier, and more active patients. Thus, long-term performance of the articulating hip system in these patients may not be that predicted from current, body-temperature wear, creep, and degradation studies. Although the tendency to generate frictional heat has been observed only during in vitro simulated hip loading, a heat transfer analysis of this phenomenon is presented to evaluate the ability of the hip joint to dissipate such heating in vivo. Additional experiments were performed using controlled resistance heaters inside a cobalt femoral head to verify the calculated levels of frictional heat and to assess the heat dissipation under simulated in vivo conditions. The effect of blood perfusion on the effective thermal conductivity of the joint capsule is also discussed. The present study describes and analyzes the various heat dissipation mechanisms present both in vitro and in vivo during articulation of metal and ceramic hip systems. From these tests and analyses, it is concluded that frictional heating in the reconstructed hip cannot be effectively removed, and that degredative elevated temperature processes can be expected to occur in vivo to both the UHMWPE and adjacent tissue under extended periods of excessive patient activity. This is particularly true for metal cobalt alloy femoral heads articulating on UHMWPE versus ceramic heads which generate significantly lower levels of heat.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221408
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  • 97
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    Elastic and ultimate properties of acrylic bone cement reinforced with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study of the fracture behavior of poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement reinforced with short ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (Spectra 900) fibers is presented. Linear elastic and nonlinear elastic fracture mechanics results indicate that a significant reinforcing effect is obtained at fiber contents as low as 1% by weight, but beyond that concentration a plateau value is reached and the fracture toughness becomes insensitive to fiber content. The flexural strength and modulus are apparently not improved by the incorporation of polyethylene fibers in the acrylic cement, probably because of the presence of voids, the poor mixing practice and the weakness of the fiber/ matrix interfacial bond. The present polyethylene/PMMA composite presents several advantages as compared to other composite cements, but overall the mechanical performance of this system resembles that of Kevlar 29/PMMA cement, with a few differences. Scanning electron microscopy reveals characteristic micromechanisms of energy absorption in Spectra 900/PMMA bone cement. A scheme for the strength of random fiber-reinforced composites, which is a simple extension of the Kelly and Tyson model for the strength of unidirectional composites, is presented and discussed. Young's modulus and the fracture toughness results are discussed in the framework of existing theories. More fundamental modeling treatments are needed in terms of fracture micromechanisms to understand and optimize the various mechanical properties with respect to structural parameters and cement preparation technique.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230106
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  • 98
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    Announcements (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 137-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230112
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  • 99
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    Brain biocompatibility of a biodegradable, controlled-release polymer in rats (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We report the biocompatibility in the rat brain of a controlled-release, biodegradable polymer, the polyanhydride poly-[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane-sebacic acid] copolymer (PCPP-SA) in a 20:80 formulation. The biodegradable polyanhydride can be used for drug delivery directly into the brain, circumventing the difficulties posed by the blood - brain barrier and avoiding the consequences of having to administer toxic doses systemically to reach therapeutic doses in the central nervous system. The tissue reaction in the presence of PCPP-SA was compared to that seen with other standard neurosurgical implants. Fifty-six adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of seven groups and underwent bilateral frontal lobe implantation of PCPP-SA (42 hemispheres), Surgicel (oxidized regenerated cellulose) (35 hemispheres), or Gelfoam (absorbable gelatin sponge) (35 hemispheres). None of the animals showed any behavioral changes or neurological deficits suggestive of either systemic or localized toxicity from the biodegradable polyanhydride, all surviving to the scheduled data of sacrifice. PCPP-SA evoked a well localized inflammatory reaction, comparable to that of Surgicel, which resolved as the PCPP-SA polymer degraded over five weeks. The biodegradable polyanhydride has been shown in this study to be nontoxic and biocompatible in the rat brain, when compared to standard neurosurgical implants.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230209
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  • 100
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    The spatial resolution of protein adsorption on surfaces of heterogeneous metallic biomaterials (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 339-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was designed to examine the heterogeneity of the adsorption of proteins onto metallic materials. The materials studied included pure Ag, Au, and Ti and sintered Ag 10% Ti and Ag 10% Ta. The distribution of the protein adsorption was studied using I-125 labeled albumin detected by microautoradiography. The surface morphology of the specimens was examined in the scanning electron microscope prior to exposure to the protein solution. A heterogeneous distribution in albumin adsorption was observed over the Ag surface. Similar regions were observed over parts of the mixed metal specimens, but superimposed on this pattern were distinct regions of very low protein adsorption which appeared to correlate closely with the regions of Ti or Ta observed in the scanning electron microscope. A uniform distribution of adsorbed albumin was observed on the Au and Ti, with Au giving a much denser microautoradiograph than Ti. This work demonstrates that variations in the protein adsorption to heterogeneous materials can be observed on a microscopic scale.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230305
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