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  • Springer  (267,449)
  • Cell Press  (9,702)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
  • 1985-1989  (282,909)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhiza of forest trees — structure and function (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of adenine nucleotide and orthophosphate concentrations in buds of deciduous trees during spring reactivation (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 42-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Acer ; Adenine nucleotides ; Alnus ; Buds ; Deciduous trees ; Fagus ; Fraxinus ; Orthophosphate ; Quercus ; Reactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of AMP, ADP, ATP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) were determined in buds of five deciduous tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur) during spring reactivation from February to the middle of May. In closed buds of diffuse-porous wood trees (Acer, Alnus, Fagus), the content of adenine nucleotides (AdN) increased temporarily between the middle of February and the middle of March. The main increase of AdN concentration appeared either when buds became swollen (Fraxinus, Fagus, Quercus), or at the time of bud-break (Acer, Alnus). Pi content in general decreased during the course of reactivation. It was almost zero in buds of Quercus at bud-break and afterwards, but in Fraxinus Pi concentration rose when bud-break took place. The extremely low AdN content in Quercus buds is contrasted by a steep increase in AdN content in Fraxinus following bud-break. The decrease of AdN content in emerging leaves of Quercus and Fagus could be related to the high age of these trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197023
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of cuticular membranes from various conifer needles (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Abies ; Cuticle ; Enzymatic isolation ; Permeance ; Picea ; Pinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method of isolating intact needle cuticles is presented. Cuticles were separated enzymatically from needles of Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Picea pungens Engelm., Pinus mugo Turra, and Taxus baccata L. Cuticle separation depended on the enzyme concentration, the developmental stage of the needles and the duration of incubation in the hydrolytic pectinase/cellulase solution. Cuticles could not be removed from needles older than 2 years. Scanning electron micrographs of enzymatically isolated cuticles are presented. The permeance coefficients for water and oxygen transport across the isolated cuticular membranes indicate their functional intactness. But permeance coefficients also show that isolation of cuticular membranes with chromic acid is an unacceptable method, since they are lo longer structurally or functionally intact following isolation by this method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197024
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canopy structure, light microclimate and leaf gas exchange of Quercus coccifera L. in a Portuguese macchia: measurements in different canopy layers and simulations with a canopy model (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Canopy structure ; Quercus coccifera ; Photosynthesis ; Transpiration ; Simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structural characteristics of a diverse array of Quercus coccifera canopies were assessed and related to measured and computed light attenuation, proportion of sunlit foliage, foliage temperatures, and photosynthesis and diffusive conductance behavior in different canopy layers. A canopy model incorporating all components of shortwave and longwave radiation, and the energy balance, conductance, and CO2 and H2O exchanges of all leaf layers was developed and compared with measurements of microclimate and gas exchange in canopies in four seasons of the year. In the denser canopies with a leaf area index (LAI) greater than 5, there is little sunlit foliage and the diffuse radiation (400–700 nm) is attenuated to 5% or less of the global radiation (400–700 nm) incident on the top of the canopy. Foliage of this species is nonrandomly distributed with respect to azimuth angle, and within each canopy layer, foliage azimuth and inclination angles are correlated. A detailed version of the model which computed radiation interception and photosynthetic light harvesting according to these nonrandom distributions indicated little difference in whole-canopy gas exchange from calculations of the normal model, which assumes random azimuth orientation. The contributions of different leaf layers to canopy gas exchange are not only a function of the canopy microclimate, but also the degree to which leaves in the lower layers of the canopy exhibit more shade-leaf characteristics, such as low photosynthetic and respiratory capacity and maximal conductance. On cloudless days, the majority of the foliage in a canopy of 5.4 LAI is shaded —70%–90% depending on the time of year. Yet, the shaded foliage under these conditions is calculated to contribute only about one-third of the canopy carbon gain. This contribution is about the same as that of the upper 13% of the canopy foliage. Computed annual whole-canopy carbon gain and water use are, respectively, 60% and 100% greater for a canopy of 5 LAI than for one of 2 LAI. Canopy water-use efficiency is correspondingly less for the canopy of 5 LAI than for that of 2 LAI, but most of this difference is apparent during the cool months of the year, when moisture is more abundant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197022
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water permeability of plant cuticles: permeance, diffusion and partition coefficients (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 54-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cuticular transpiration ; Diffusion coefficients ; Plant cuticle ; Water content ; Water permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using isolated cuticular membranes from ten woody and herbaceous plant species, permeance and diffusion coefficients for water were measured, and partition coefficients were calculated. The cuticular membranes of fruit had much higher permeance and diffusion coefficients than leaf cuticular membranes from either trees or herbs. Both diffusion and partition coefficients increased with increasing membrane thickness. Thin cuticles, therefore, tend to be better and more efficient water barriers than thick cuticles. We compared the diffusion coefficients and the water content of cuticles as calculated from transport measurements with those obtained from water vapor sorption. There is good to fair agreement for cuticular membranes with a low water content, but large discrepancies appear for polymer matrix membranes with high permeance. This is probably due to the fact that diffusion coefficients obtained from transport measurements on membranes with high permeance and water content are underestimated. Water permeabilities of polyethylene and polypropylene membranes are similar to those of leaf cuticular membranes. However, leaf cuticles have much lower diffusion coefficients and a much greater water content than these synthetic polymers. This suggests that cuticles are primarily mobility barriers as far as water transport is concerned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197025
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between foliage and conducting xylem in Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Branch cross-sectional area ; Leaf area ; Leaf biomass ; Picea abies ; Sapwood area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship of leaf biomass and leaf area to the conductive area of stems and branches was investigated in Picea abies. A total of 30 trees were harvested to determine if these relationships were different in different crown zones and in trees growing with and without competition for light. Two methods were compared. In the first, data were accumulated from crown zones situated at the top of trees to the bottom; in the second, data were used from individual crown zones. The results indicated that the latter method is much more sensitive in detecting differences in the relationship of leaf biomass or leaf area to conductive area. The analysis also indicated that ratios such as leaf area/sapwood area are frequently size-dependent. This size-dependency can in some cases result in the differences being abscured, but more often leads to the false impression that the relationship between the variables changes. The relationship between leaf biomass and leaf area and conductive area of stems or branches was different in different crown zones and under different growth conditions. The slopes of these regressions appear to increase with decreasing transpirational demand and decrease with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The intercepts are probably related to the amount of identified sapwood actually involved in water conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197026
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid field determination of photosynthetic capacity of cut spruce twigs (Picea abies) at saturating ambient CO2 (1986)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1986), S. 70-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Photosynthetic capacity ; Picea abies ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Routine field determination of the parameters characterizing the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus is often difficult when attached branches of tall trees have to be used for gas exchange measurement. If severed twigs could be used, determining these parameters would be greatly facilitated. Because stomatal conductance changes when twigs or leaves are detached, CO2 assimilation is usually altered. Thus, measurements made at ambient CO2 concentration fail to accurately assess the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus because photosynthetic rates greatly depend on the supply of carbon dioxide. However, when photosynthetic carboxylation reactions are saturated by increased CO2 partial pressure in the mesophyll, CO2 assimilation rates no longer depend on instantaneous stomatal conductance, as shown by gas exchange measurements of spruce (Picea abies) twigs prior to and following detachment. Because net photosynthesis following detachment at saturating CO2 remains constant for a minimum of 15 min, photosynthetic measurements of severed twigs may be reliable. This length of time is sufficient for detaching and recutting the twig, assembling a portable minicuvette system, re-establishing steady-state conditions with the gas analyser system, and reading the data over a reasonable period of time. The method described measures the maximal photosynthetic CO2 assimilation of spruce needles of a single age-class from detached spruce twigs under the following conditions: saturating light, saturating external CO2-partial pressure, standardized temperature and air humidity in the field. The method is applicable as a routine procedure to characterize the status of the photosynthetic apparatus of spruce trees that may be damaged in the process of forest decline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197027
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentration gradients of free sterols, steryl esters and lipid phosphorus in the trunkwood of Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Free sterols ; Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris L ; Sapwood ; Steryl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of free sterols, steryl esters and lipid phosphorus were determined in the sapwood and heartwood of mature, and in the outer and inner sapwood of young Pinus sylvestris trees. In the mature trees (up to 70 years old) the heartwood contains significantly higher amounts of free sterols than the sapwood. No radial gradient can be demonstrated in the amounts of steryl esters. Lipids extracted from the sapwood contain higher amounts of phosphorus than those from the heartwood. Stems of young Pinus sylvestris trees (up to 13 years old) show in the inner sapwood higher amounts of both free sterols and steryl esters than the peripheral younger wood zone. The inner sapwood of the young stems shows slightly higher amounts of lipid phosphorus than the outer sapwood. The results indicate that Pinus sylvestris accumulates both free sterols and steryl esters in the stems at a very early stage of the life cycle. Sterol accumulation in the innermost parts of the stems seems not to depend on heartwood formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203574
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipids and sterols of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; Fatty acids ; Triacylglycerols ; Sterols ; Wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The lipid and sterol content and composition of three lipid fractions (free fatty acids/ sterols, triacylglycerols and sterol/triterpenoid esters) extracted from three stem discs of Pinus sylvestris were assessed to investigate metabolic changes related to heartwood formation. The wood was separated into (1) cambial zone, (2) outer sapwood, (3) inner sapwood, (4) transition zone, (5) outer heartwood and 6) inner heart-wood. The fractions were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The amount of fatty acids of sapwood triacylglycerols was about 1.5% (dry wt.) but a large reduction occurred in the transition zone. In contrast, noticeable amounts of free fatty acids were present only in the heart-wood. The most important fatty acids in the sapwood fractions were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 (the dominant fatty acid in all fractions), 18:3 and 20:3. Together 18:1 and 18:2 formed about 70% of the total triacylglycerol fatty acids. Of the sterol/ triterpenoid esters, 18:2 and 18:3 were predominant. The fatty acid composition of all fractions changed in the transition zone. The sterols found were sitosterol, stigmastanol, campesterol and campestanol. The amount of sterol esters increased towards the heartwood, and the amount of free sterols was lowest in the inner sapwood. Sitosterol was the dominant sterol in both free sterols and sterol esters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203575
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naturally occurring monoterpenoids in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: 1Gas chromatography ; Picea abies ; Solvent extraction ; (Mono)terpene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was made of the effects of different sampling and extraction techniques on the amounts and pattern of monoterpenoids isolated from needles of Norway spruce. The following isolation and analysis procedure was finally adopted: liquid nitrogen-cooled needles were pulverized by a microdismembrator, extracted with pentane overnight at 2°–3°C and concentrated to a volume not less than 3 ml/g fresh weight on a Vigreux column. The crude extract was injected splitless (with solvent split) onto a cold programmed temperature vaporized (PTV) precolumn of a gas chromatograph and the vaporizable compounds heated to a capillary column. This method was tested for production of artefacts and quantitative extraction and applied to needles of eleven 80-year-old spruce trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203576
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoterpene hydrocarbon contents of the resin from seeds of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 94-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Monoterpenes ; Abies alba Mill ; Resin ; Seeds ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using gas-chromatographic methods, the variability of the contents of monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3carene and limonene) in the resin of silver fir seeds (Abies alba Mill.) was studied. Resin cavities were characterized according to their position on the seed surface. It was estabilished that the terpene content of the resin of cavities localized on the abaxialadaxial surfaces of the seed differs significantly, creating a gradient of resin composition around the circumference of the seed. The differences between various resin cavities of single seeds were greater than the differences between different seeds of a single cone and between seeds of various cones on a single tree. An accurate definition of the resin cavity location on the seeds appears to be a fundamental condition for the collection of a sample representing the resin composition of individual trees. Resin biosynthesis in the course of organogenesis and the control of terpene contents in the resin of various locations on the seed and the cone are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203577
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of leaf assimilates in the stem of Picea abies L. (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 102-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Phloem transport ; Radial transport ; Stem chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic and microautoradiographic studies of 2-year-old Picea abies plants show that in summer leaf assimilates from the second-year shoot are translocated basipetally. Leaf assimilates are first transported to the stem via leaf trace phloem, then to the base of the stem in the sieve cells of the latest increment of secondary phloem. On the way down leaf assimilates move radially from sieve cells into cells of the phloem parenchyma, the vascular cambium, the rays, the inner periderm and certain cells of pith and cortex, including the epithelial cells surrounding the resin ducts. Other cells of pith and cortex remain nearly free of label, despite the long translocation time (20 h). With the exception of the vascular cambial cells, the stem cells that gain leaf assimilates by radial distribution coincide with those that contain chlorophyll and starch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203578
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stomatal conductance and transpiration of the two faces of Acacia phyllodes (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 110-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Phyllodes ; Stomatal conductance ; Transpiration ; Water potential ; Acacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The daily course of stomatal conductance and transpiration was monitored on each separate face of vertical phyllodes of various acacias. The selected phyllodes had a north-south orientation so that one side faced eastwards and the other westwards. The principal measurements were made on Acacia longifolia and A. melanoxylon in Portugal in late summer and autumn, and additional measurements were made on A. ligulata and A. melanoxylon in Australia. In Portugal, irrespective of soil moisture status, conductance showed on early morning maximum with a subsequent gradual decline and sometimes a subsidiary peak in the late afternoon. Maximum conductances appeared to be a function of soil moisture status, whereas the decline in conductance in the late morning and afternoon was correlated with changes in phyllode-to-air vapour pressure deficits rather than changes in phyllode water status. The relationship of transpiration to phyllode water potential did not appear to be influenced by soil moisture status, although transpiration was less in drier soils and in the afternoons, this latter factor contributing to a marked hysteresis in the relationship. The opposing faces of the phyllodes exhibited a high degree of synchrony, showing parallel stomatal opening and closing, despite their large differences in irradiance. Stomatal conductance tended to be higher on the eastern faces in the morning and lower in the afternoon. In A. longifolia the daily average of relative conductance was much the same for both faces, but in A. melanoxylon that of the eastern face was higher and was retained even when the normal orientation of the phyllodes was reversed by turning them through 180°. Synchrony must be achieved by the stomata of both sides responding to common environmental or endogenous signals which are perceived by both surfaces with equal sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203579
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some effects of long-term ozone fumigations on Norway spruce (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ozone Photosynthesis ; Picea abies ; Stomata ; Transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potted cuttings of a 12-year-old, and grafts of an 80-year-old, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were subjected to 100 or 300 μg O3·m−3 for 1215 h (45 h of daylight per week) during the growing season of 1985. At the end of the fumigation the plants did not exhibit any visible signs of injury. Whereas in the fumigation with 100μg O3·m−3 we did not detect any significant change in gas exchange, 300 μg O3·m−3 did alter the CO2 uptake after 27 weeks, and in one clone transpiration was also altered. Stomatal reaction to a change of light suggested sluggishness, but the change was not statistically significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203581
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and photosynthesis in cones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Carbon balance ; Cones ; Photosynthetic CO2 refixation ; Picea abies ; Respiration ; Seasonal course
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dark respiration and photosynthetic carbon dioxide refixation in purple and green Picea abies cones were investigated from budbreak to cone maturity. The rate of dark respiration per unit dry weight and CO2 refixation capacity decreased during cone maturation. At the beginning of the growing season, photosynthetic CO2 refixation could reduce the amount of CO2 released by respiration in green and purple cones by 50% and 40%, respectively. The seasonal performance of the components of the cone carbon balance was calculated using information on the seasonal course of respiration, refixation capacity and the light response curves of cone photosynthesis, as well as the actual light and temperature regime in the field. The daily gain of CO2 refixation reached 28%–34% of respiration in green and 22%–26% in purple cones during the first month of their growth, but decreased later in the season. Over the entire growth period refixation reduced carbon costs of cone production in both cone colour polymorphs by 16%–17%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203580
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeat flowering in apple caused by water stress or defoliation (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Flowering ; Malus x domestica Borkh ; Water stress ; Defoliation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments involving defoliation or water stress at different dates indicated that either of these treatments can make potted apple trees flower a second time in any one year, as long as the treatment is given near the end of July. The results suggest that the reflowering after a period of water stress was primarily a result of the loss of leaves that occurred when the plants were subsequently rewatered. Reflowering normally occurred only if flower primordia had already differentiated at the time of the treatment. There was an indication that in early July water stress was more effective than defoliation at stimulating reflowering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193555
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some effects of long-term ozone fumigation on Norway spruce (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ozone ; Picea abies ; Stomata ; Wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potted cuttings of a 12-year-old Picea abies tree were fumigated with ozone, 100 or 300 μg O3· m−3 (50 or 150 ppb O3) being added to charcoal-filtered air during the 1985 growing season for a total of 1215 h. The wax structure of ozone-fumigated needles was no different from that of controls. Because flattened wax structures and fused wax fibrils also occurred in controls, these phenomena could not serve as bioindications for the ozone concentrations applied. A smooth layer was found beneath the soluble wax layer and covered needle surface and stomatal openings of ozone-fumigated needles to a greater extent than in controls. Wax quantity was considerably reduced by fumigation with 300 μg O3 · m−3. Leaf pigments (as extracted with the wax) were less abundant in needles treated with 300 μgO3; the smooth layer probably contributed to the impeded extraction of pigments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193557
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation of neutral lipids in Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The lipid levels and fatty acid composition of three fractions (free fatty acids, triacylglycerols and sterol/triterpenoid esters) extracted from the sapwood and heartwood of three stems of Pinus sylvestris were determined to investigate both seasonal changes in sapwood and possible metabolic changes related to heartwood formation. Seasonal changes were observed only in the amount of the free fatty acids in the sapwood: the level of free fatty acids was greatest at the beginning and end of the growing season. In the January and March samples the amount of the free fatty acid fraction in the sapwood was very small. The amount of the other fractions remained at the same level throughout the study. Marked seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition occurred only in the free fatty acid fraction of the sapwood: the saturation grade increased during the winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193556
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Displacement of frequently occurring heacy metals in autumn leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Deciduous trees ; Fagus sylvatica ; Autumn leaves ; Iron ; Lead ; Manganese ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary By utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis the heavy metals manganese, iron, zinc and lead were determined in different tissues of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) autumn leaves. It was observed that all four metals were accumulated in sieve element-companion cell complexes of the leaf veins in the period from the green (2 October) to the brown (23 October) leaf coloration. Concomitantly, the concentration of these metals decreased in certain tissues of the stems subtending the leaves. The major reservoirs of heavy metals in the stems were periderm, cortex, pith and xylem rays. Since sieve element-companion cell complexes of the stems showed increasing metal concentrations during the transition from the green to the brown leaf stage, and since this temporary increase also occurred in the petiole phloem, it is inferred that symplastic transport can be used in addition to apoplastic transport for the displacement of heavy metals. It is assumed that the accumulation of heavy metals in the veins of autumn leaves indicates the deposition of surplus ions which are excluded when leaves are cast off.
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    Ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region during winter hardening and spring dehardening in Salix dasyclados Wim. grown at two nutrient levels (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 151-163 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Frost hardiness ; Phenology ; Salix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region of Salix dasyclados Wim. (clone 78056) was studied during the development of winter hardiness and the onset of cambial activity in spring. Plants were grown at relative growth rates (RG) of 8% and 12% respectively, resulting in different nitrogen content in the stems. Frost hardiness of the plants was estimated by standardized freezing tests. Plants with a higher nitrogen status ceased growth later and started re-growth earlier in spring than plants with lower nitrogen content. Differences in ability to withstand low temperatures during autumn and spring were found between plants grown in the two nutrient treatments. During the development of frost hardiness in the autumn, the number of meristematic cells in the cambial region decreased. The cessation of meristematic activity was accompanied by cell wall thickening and ultrastructural changes in the cells. Frost hardiness increased from the ability to survive -6° C in October to survival of -80° C at the beginning of December. From November to February the cambial region comprised a layer of 2–3 thick-walled cells with conspicuous ultrastructural features. Starch accumulated in plastids in September, decreased during November to March and then increased again in accordance with changes of frost hardiness. Onset of cambial activity began between the end of March and the beginning of April, as shown by increased vacuolization of meristematic cells and mitotic activity. By April, the starch content had increased and lipolysis was observed. Frost hardiness had decreased, and plants with low and high nitrogen content were able to survive -15° C and -10° C, respectively. After budburst, all axillary shoot parts were damaged at temperatures below-3° C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193558
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    Determination of choline in phloem exudates of trees (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 189-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Aphids ; Choline ; Choline oxidase ; Phloem exudate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Choline, a necessary compound in an artificial diet for phloem-feeding aphids, was determined quantitatively in the phloem exudates of 16 tree species. The method used was a combination of choline oxidase action and oxygen determination with an oxygen electrode. Choline was found in all species, the concentration ranging between 36 and 5340 μM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193561
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    Some distinctive types of spruce mycorrhizae (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 172-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Mycorrhizal types ; Hyphal mantle structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For examination and recognition of mycorrhizal types, the structure of the hyphal mantle in tangential longitudinal sections has proved to be a valuable feature for investigation. Features of hyphal mantle structure have been used for establishing an identification key. The colour of the hyphal mantle is a helpful additional characteristic, but is not useful as a diagnostic feature because of variations in advanced age and under varying environmental conditions. Rhizomorphs yield good taxonomic characteristics. The Hartig net was uniform for all types examined. When differences were observed they had to be interpreted as different stages of development. Ultrastructural examination revealed further features of mycorrhizal types: namely the shape of septal pores, presence and structure of matrix material in the region of the hyphal mantle and characteristic deposits on cell walls of the hyphae. The ten types presented can be distinguished without any ultrastructural features. As far as the fungal partners involved are concerned, basidiomycetes are clearly dominant. For the first time two basidiomycetes with continuous parenthesomes of their dolipores were found to form ectomycorrhizae. Classification of these fungi with the heterobasidiomycetes is discussed.
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    An in vitro method for establishing mycorrhizae on coniferous tree seedlings (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 191-194 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Basidiomycetes ; Coniferous trees ; Ectomycorrhiza ; In vitro culture ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method for in vitro synthesis of mycorrhizae on coniferous tree seedlings is described. Tree seedlings (Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst, and Pinus sylvestris L.) and fungi Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker, Piloderma croceum Erikss. et Hjorst., Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch, and Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer were maintained under sterile conditions in petri dishes. Typical ectomycorrhizae were established within 2–3 weeks after inoculation and within 2 months after germination of seedlings. Eventually a high percentage of mycorrhizal root tips was obtained.
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    Wind-induced tree sways (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 195-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The question of how the results of investigations on wind-induced tree sways can be used in practice is often posed. First, it must be said that, according to information in the literature, no tree species can survive violent storms (with mean wind speeds over a period of 10 min higher than 30 m/s) without any damage. This threshold value for wind speed is related to the height near the top of a forest stand. Taking the results of the spectral method as a basis for the reduction of storm risk of vital conifers, necessary silvicultural action must be: (1) to influence the amount and frequency distribution of the wind force in such a way that its shere of action becomes more and more unsuitable for tree sways, and (2) to raise the characteristic frequencies of the trees' primary sways because then effective wind force takes on lower and lower values due to narrow-band energy transfer. Numerous silvicultural methods for achieving these objectives, such as cutting off the tops of crowns or chaining trees together, are described in detail by Rottman (1986).
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    Steryl glycosides and acylated steryl glycosides ofPinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 215-218 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Acylated steryl glycosides ; Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Sterylglycosides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amounts of steryl glycosides (SG) and acylated steryl glycosides (ASG) were investigated in the sapwood, transition zone, inner heartwood and outer heartwood ofPinus sylvestris L. Only traces of both sterol derivates were present and their amounts decreased slightly towards the heartwood. The amount of SG decreased nearly to zero in the inner heartwood but the amount of ASG in the inner heartwood increased slightly. The suitability of enzymatic methods in SG and ASG hydrolysis, and sterol and glucose quantitative determinations, is discussed.
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    Conductance of needle and twig axis phloem of damaged and intact Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as investigated by application of14C in situ (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 207-214 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Norway spruce diseases ; Phloem conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phloem conductance of14C-labelled assimilates was investigated in natural stands of Norway spruce showing substantial damage from needle yellowing and needle loss disease. Terminal current-year shoots of a branch were allowed to fix14CO2 (300–600 ppm in air) and carbon dioxide net uptake was monitored with a gas analyser. The difference between14C-uptake and the amount of radiocarbon determined in the photosynthesizing needles was interpreted to reflect assimilate export from the needles to the axis of the tree. Compared with an undamaged control tree,14C-export from the assimilating needles was not impaired in the yellowing tree and only slightly reduced in the tree showing needle loss. Incorporation of14C into starch increased significantly during autumn particularly in the tree showing needle loss. Import of radiocarbon from the14C-labelled phloem sap in twig axes and needles older than 1 year was used as a measure of phloem conductivity of older sections of a branch which showed considerable damage. Carbon uptake by these older plant parts was more pronounced than in undamaged twigs. In the case of older needles enhancement of14C-incorporation suggested an increased sink strength, while the same phenomenon in the twig axes was interpreted as a consequence of partially impaired conductivity of individual sieve elements resulting in an inhomogeneous velocity of phloem transport. The hypothesis is put forward that curtailed viability of the sieve cells is responsible for a delay of transport, which is compensated for by an augmented production of phloem elements from the cambium.
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    Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua x leptolepis) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Heterosis ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Individual 33-year-old forest trees of the deciduous conifer speciesLarix decidua, Larix leptolepis andLarix decidua x leptolepis were investigated with respect to the phenomenon of stem heterosis in hybrid larch; the first part of this study compares the gas exchange responses of leaves. CO2 assimilation per leaf area was similar in the three larch species, but on a dry weight basis the nitrogen content of the needles and maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) were slightly higher in the hybrid. This increase was accompanied by a higher protein content than in the Japanese and a lower specific leaf weight than in the European larch. All three species were similar in terms of the photosynthetic “nitrogen use” and stomatal conductance atA max. The similar slopes of the area-related steady-state responses of gas exchange against irradiance, evaporative demand and internal CO2 concentration led to similar rates of CO2 uptake under ambient conditions. The natural combinations and variability of the environmental factors also reduced the small dry weight-related difference inA max between hybrid larch and the parent species, such that all trees achieved similar daily carbon gains. Thus, the ecological significance of small interspecific differences in the metabolism of leaves has very little effect under the natural habitat conditions of a temperate climate. The second part of the study will investigate the effect of growth characteristics on the heterosis of hybrid larch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816819
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    Root histology, and nutrient uptake and translocation in tissue culture plantlets and seedlings ofThuja occidentalis L. (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 232-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Thuja occidentalis ; 32P and86Rb uptake and translocation ; Root histology ; Tissue culture plantlets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Histological studies of the vascular connection in the root-shoot junction of tissue culture-derived plantlets and seedlings ofThuja occidentalis L. (Eastern white cedar) showed that in both plant types the xylem was well developed, smooth and not disrupted. Uptake and translocation of32P and86Rb were also similar for plantlets and seedlings. However, approximately 50% more86Rb could be desorbed from the root Donnan free space of plantlets than from seedlings. Uptake and translocation to the shoot was higher for86Rb than for32P, but no differences were found between the plant types. Tracer translocation rates to the shoot seem to be positively correlated with shoot fresh weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816821
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    Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua x leptolepis) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Heterosis ; Growth ; Branching pattern ; Needle density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among 33-year-old forest trees ofLarix decidua, L. leptolepis andL. decidua x leptolepis, the hybrid possessed an above-ground biomass which was three times greater, although all larches displayed similar relative distributions of biomass. At a “relative growth rate” slightly lower than in the parent species, hybrid larch achieved twice the annual carbon gain, increment in stem length and above-ground production, and its foliage-related stem growth was higher than in European (L. decidua) but similar to Japanese (L. leptolepis) larch. A similar “relative growth efficiency” and foliage-related total above-ground production in all trees did reflect the similarity of photosynthetic capacity of the hybrid found at the leaf level. While the lengths of lateral twigs on hybrid branches were intermediate between the European larch with short, and the Japanese larch with large, twigs the hybrid possessed the longest branches with the highest needle biomass. This resulted in a crown structure of the hybrid crown similar to the Japanese larch together with a high needle density on branches as in the European larch. In total, the foliage biomass per crown length was about 30% higher in hybrid larch than in both of the parent species. Thus, the high carbon input for the stem heterosis was based on a “complementation principle” of advantageous parent features at the crown level. Similar slopes of foliage against sapwood area of stem and branches did not indicate a special need for a thick hybrid stem with respect to water transport.
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    Crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical dicotyledonous trees of the genusClusia (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 238-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Citric acid ; Clusia ; Crassulacean acid metabolism ; Malic acid ; Tropics ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The performance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) by dicotyledonous trees of the genusClusia sampled at three sites in the state of Falcon in northern Venezuela is characterized.Clusia leaves have a somewhat succulent appearance. Unlike leaves of many other CAM plants, which are uniformly built up of very large isodiametric cells, there are distinct layers of palisade and spongy mesophyll, with individual cells being smaller. There is no specialized water storage tissue. δ13C values indicate thatC. multiflora in the elfin-cloud forest on top of Cerro Santa Ana, at ∼800 m altitude, performs C3 photosynthesis (δ13 −27.1‰). However,C. rosea in the tall cloud forest on Cerro Santa Ana (∼600m altitude), andC. rosea andC. alata in the dry forest on Serrania San Luis (∼900 m altitude) perform CAM (δ13C −14.1 to −19.2‰). InC. alta andC. rosea there were large day-night changes in the levels of malic and citric acids ranging from 63 to 240 mmol 1−1 for malid acid and from 35 to 112 mmol 1−1 for citric acid. The sum of the changes in malate and citrate levels accounts for the changes of titratable protons measured. With a day-night change of titratable protons of 768 mmol 1−1 in one of the analyses,C. rosea showed the highest value yet encountered in a CAM plant. Oscillations of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and of starch were also analysed in the CAM performingClusia species. Carbon skeletons of the precursors involved in nocturnal malate and citrate synthesis largely derive from free sugars and not from polyglucan. Unlike some other CAM plants, there is no clear and quantitative correlation between day-night changes of organic acid levels and cell sap osmolality.
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    The effect of industrial pollution on Zinc, Cadmium and Copper concentration in the xylem rings of Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and in the soil (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Tree-rings ; Pine ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings of Pinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.
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    The effect of vessel element structure on element conductivity (1988)
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    Trees 2 (1988), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Vessel elements ; Conductivity ; Perforation plates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A number of structural variables influence the conductivity of simple and scalariform perforation plates, and of vessel lumina. Using a previously developed computer model, the effects on conductivity of over 8,000 permutations of different lumen radii, perforation plate angles, perforation plate rim widths, scalariform slit pore heights, and scalariform bar thicknesses are considered. By taking advantage of basic patterns of similarity in the data, and by using scaling techniques, it has proved possible to calculate a series of factors which may be used to predict the conductivity of a vessel element or perforation plate of known dimensions. A number of previous workers have sought relationships between element structure and evolutionary or adaptive trends. Some important variables have been ignored in these studies in the past.
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    Transport processes in stimulated and non-stimulated leaves of Mimosa pudica (1988)
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    Trees 2 (1988), S. 7-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Leaf movements ; Mimosa ; Osmotic mechanisms ; Phloem translocation ; Sucrose unloading ; Turgor release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mature leaves of Mimosa pudica L. or parts of them were exposed to 14CO2, and translocation was recorded by macroautoradiography. It was observed that considerable amounts of labelled photoassimilates were accumulated in pulvini when the leaf was stimulated. In non-stimulated leaves, no such accumulation of label was observed. Microautoradiographs of pulvinar regions of the non-stimulated leaf showed 14C- label restricted to the phloem. When stimulated, the 14C- label was unloaded from the phloem of the pulvini. Labelled photoassimilates appeared most concentrated in the walls of the collenchymatous cells and beyond in the extensor region of the motor cortex. There, label was accumulated in the apoplastic compartments. Stimulation causes a sudden phloem unloading of sucrose, and its accumulation in the apoplast lowers the water potential which eventually exceeds the osmotic potential of the extensor cells of the motor cortex. By removal of cytoplasmic water the motor cells lose turgidity which results in the closing movement of the leaflets, and — some seconds later — in the bending down of the petiole. In late afternoon night-stimulation triggers sucrose unloading in secondary pulvini. During phases of relaxation, labelled material is taken up by motor cells of the extensor, which concomitantly gain turgor.
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    Transport processes in stimulated and non-stimulated leaves of Mimosa pudica (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 18-24 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Action potential ; Adenine nucleotides ; Aphid stylet ; Mimosa ; Orthophosphate ; Phloem ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and orthophosphate were determined in non-stimulated, stimulated and relaxed pulvini of mature Mimosa pudica L. leaves. Additional determinations were made with leaflets, rhachillae, petiole and the stem in the stimulated condition. Results show that the content of adenine nucleotides is approximately twice as high in the pulvini as in the tissues between the pulvini. Orthophosphate, in contrast, occurs at higher concentrations in the connecting tissues than in the pulvini. ATP content is highest in the primary pulvini (0.8 μmol/mg dry wt.) and lowest in the tertiary pulvini. Stimulation causes consumption of ATP with a simultaneous increase in ADP content; however, the response is different in each type of pulvinus. This difference is best expressed in the ATP∶ADP ratio. Stimulation causes the most marked reduction of the ratio (9.5-1.4) in the secondary pulvini which react nyctinastically. Orthophosphate content is reduced by stimulation in all types of pulvini, and is increased during the recovery phase. By using a stylet bundle severed from a feeding aphid by a laser shot as tip for the microelectrode, changes of sieve tube membrane potentials were recorded. The changes of the electropotentials following stimulation show that the sieve tube is the pathway for the transmission of the excitation signal in the form of an action potential.
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    Adventitious bud development in embryonic tissue of Pinus caribaea and Pseudotsuga menziesii (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 32-38 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Auxin ; Cytokinin ; Gymnosperm ; Micropropagation ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious bud formation was induced on detached cotyledons and on cotyledons attached to excised embryos of Pinus caribaea and Pseudotsuga menziesii. The embryonic tissue was exposed to the cytokinin 6-benzyl amino purine contained within an agar medium. This exposure resulted in the formation of a meristematic zone, involving both epidermal and sub-epidermal cells, and then nodules on the tissue surface. Some of these nodules were induced to differentiate into bud primordia, and thence shoots, following exposure to a combination of auxin (IAA) and cytokinin. Shoots were produced over the entire surface of detached cotyledons of Ps. menziesii but predominantly on the adaxial surfaces of detached cotyledons of Pi. caribaea and the tips and adaxial surfaces of the cotyledons on the entire embryos of both species. Thus, inter-specific differences in the distribution of competent areas for adventitious bud production were detected in embryos.
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    Cytokinin activity in Citrus jambhiri Lush. seedlings colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Citrus jambhiri ; Dihydroeatin ; Symbiosis ; Zeatin ; Zeatin riboside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on cytokinin activity in Citrus jambhiri Lush, seedlings was investigated. C. jambhiri inoculated with cultures of Glomus caledonium (Nicol. and Gerd.), G. epigaeum (Dan. and Trappe), G. etunicatum (Becker and Gerd.), G. fasciculatum Thaxt. (Gerd, and Trappe) or G. mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) was grown from seed for 105 days in a glasshouse. Cytokinin activity in roots and leaves of seedlings was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and a bioassay. Seedling leaf tissue had greater cytokinin activity than root tissue. Zeatin, zeatin riboside, and their dihydro- and glucoside derivatives were isolated from leaves of 105-day-old seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum and G. mosseae. Cytokinin activity in roots and leaves was associated with differences in seedling total dry weight and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The ribose moiety and the saturated side chain apparently influence cytokinin transport and physiological activity in Citrus seedlings.
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    Influence of various factors on quantitative composition of leaf monoterpenes of Picea abies (L.) Karst (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 45-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; (Mono) terpenes ; Needle ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The extractable monoterpenes from needles of two groups of trees — 4-year-old clonal and 20-year-old wild trees — were studied with respect to the influence of individual constitution, needle age, whorl position, and position on branch. Leaf terpene amounts from clonal trees are significantly affected by age and position of the whorl, whereas position on the branch is of minor importance. Developing needles of clonal trees are most strongly affected by age and whorl position and they differ markedly from mature needles in quantitative terpene composition. Wild trees exhibit a very high variation from tree to tree, which obscures the influence of needle age and position. For this reason meaningful tree leaf terpene data will only be derived if large samples of needles of different ages are collected from distinct positions. When comparing different trees, needles should be selected that not only have the same state of development, but also originate from identical positions and have been subjected to the same light treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196979
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    The seasonal variation of 20 elements in 1st and 2nd year needles of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 52-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Seasonal variation ; Correlations ; Elemental concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentration of 20 elements (including eight nutritional elements) in spruce needles was monitored by taking samples at nine different dates in a single year. On each date the youngest and the 1-year-old needles were collected at four different sites. The needles were washed with an organic solvent to remove surface contamination before analysis by instrumental neutron activation. Although the sites showed widely different concentrations for the same element, they could be treated as a uniform population using normalized concentration values. Taking the time dependence of the concentration and the ratio of the concentrations in new and old needles as criteria, the following three groups of elements could be distinguished: 9 group I —Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mn; group II — Al, Br, Co, Fe, Hg, La, Sc, Sb, and Zn; group III — K, Rb, Cs, P, and Cl. Mg and Na did not fit into any of these groups. Within group I and III elements the strongest variations occur during the growing season (late spring and early summer) and the weakest during the dormant season; the variation is greater in the younger needles. Group II elements show an approximately linear increase throughout the year in both the younger and older needles. The concentrations of elements of groups I and II increase with time, while those of group III decrease. Na is unique insofar as its concentration is influenced by foliar uptake of road de-icing salt. The concentration of elements belonging to the same group shows strong inter-element correlations. The grouping of elements deduced here shows similarities with the chemical nature of the elements and with their transportability within the plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196980
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    The effect of industrial pollution on Zinc, Cadmium and Copper concentration in the xylem rings of Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and in the soil (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Tree-rings ; Pine ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc, cadmium, and copper were studied in the xylem rings ofPinus sylvestris trees and in the soil of three heavily polluted sites and one non-polluted site. There was a high correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and recently produced xylem rings. However, the initiation of industrial pollution did not abruptly increase heavy metal concentrations in the xylem rings. There was a high correlation between the zinc content of trees growing near a zinc smelter and the values obtained by other investigators for pine trees growing on the same site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196338
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  • 40
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    Transport processes in stimulated and non-stimulated leaves ofMimosa pudica (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Leaf movements ; Mimosa ; Osmotic mechanisms ; Phloem translocation ; Sucrose unloading ; Turgor release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mature leaves ofMimosa pudica L. or parts of them were exposed to14CO2, and translocation was recorded by macroautoradiography. It was observed that considerable amounts of labelled photoassimilates were accumulated in pulvini when the leaf was stimulated. In non-stimulated leaves, no such accumulation of label was observed. Microautoradiographs of pulvinar regions of the non-stimulated leaf showed14C- label restricted to the phloem. When stimulated, the14C- label was unloaded from the phloem of the pulvini. Labelled photoassimilates appeared most concentrated in the walls of the collenchymatous cells and beyond in the extensor region of the motor cortex. There, label was accumulated in the apoplastic compartments. Stimulation causes a sudden phloem unloading of sucrose, and its accumulation in the apoplast lowers the water potential which eventually exceeds the osmotic potential of the extensor cells of the motor cortex. By removal of cytoplasmic water the motor cells lose turgidity which results in the closing movement of the leaflets, and — some seconds later — in the bending down of the petiole. In late afternoon night-stimulation triggers sucrose unloading in secondary pulvini. During phases of relaxation, labelled material is taken up by motor cells of the extensor, which concomitantly gain turgor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196339
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  • 41
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    The effect of vessel element structure on element conductivity (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Vessel elements ; Conductivity ; Perforation plates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A number of structural variables influence the conductivity of simple and scalariform perforation plates, and of vessel lumina. Using a previously developed computer model, the effects on conductivity of over 8,000 permutations of different lumen radii, perforation plate angles, perforation plate rim widths, scalariform slit pore heights, and scalariform bar thicknesses are considered. By taking advantage of basic patterns of similarity in the data, and by using scaling techniques, it has proved possible to calculate a series of factors which may be used to predict the conductivity of a vessel element or perforation plate of known dimensions. A number of previous workers have sought relationships between element structure and evolutionary or adaptive trends. Some important variables have been ignored in these studies in the past.
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  • 42
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    Adventitious bud development in embryonic tissue ofPinus caribaea andPseudotsuga menziesii (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Auxin ; Cytokinin ; Gymnosperm ; Micropropagation ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious bud formation was induced on detached cotyledons and on cotyledons attached to excised embryos ofPinus caribaea andPseudotsuga menziesii. The embryonic tissue was exposed to the cytokinin 6-benzyl amino purine contained within an agar medium. This exposure resulted in the formation of a meristematic zone, involving both epidermal and sub-epidermal cells, and then nodules on the tissue surface. Some of these nodules were induced to differentiate into bud primordia, and thence shoots, following exposure to a combination of auxin (IAA) and cytokinin. Shoots were produced over the entire surface of detached cotyledons ofPs. menziesii but predominantly on the adaxial surfaces of detached cotyledons ofPi. caribaea and the tips and adaxial surfaces of the cotyledons on the entire embryos of both species. Thus, inter-specific differences in the distribution of competent areas for adventitious bud production were detected in embryos.
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  • 43
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    Transport processes in stimulated and non-stimulated leaves ofMimosa pudica (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Action potential ; Adenine nucleotides ; Aphid stylet ; Mimosa ; Orthophosphate ; Phloem ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and orthophosphate were determined in non-stimulated, stimulated and relaxed pulvini of matureMimosa pudica L. leaves. Additional determinations were made with leaflets, rhachillae, petiole and the stem in the stimulated condition. Results show that the content of adenine nucleotides is approximately twice as high in the pulvini as in the tissues between the pulvini. Orthophosphate, in contrast, occurs at higher concentrations in the connecting tissues than in the pulvini. ATP content is highest in the primary pulvini (0.8 μmol/mg dry wt.) and lowest in the tertiary pulvini. Stimulation causes consumption of ATP with a simultaneous increase in ADP content; however, the response is different in each type of pulvinus. This difference is best expressed in the ATP∶ADP ratio. Stimulation causes the most marked reduction of the ratio (9.5-1.4) in the secondary pulvini which react nyctinastically. Orthophosphate content is reduced by stimulation in all types of pulvini, and is increased during the recovery phase. By using a stylet bundle severed from a feeding aphid by a laser shot as tip for the microelectrode, changes of sieve tube membrane potentials were recorded. The changes of the electropotentials following stimulation show that the sieve tube is the pathway for the transmission of the excitation signal in the form of an action potential.
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  • 44
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    Cytokinin activity inCitrus jambhiri Lush. seedlings colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Citrus jambhiri ; Dihydroeatin ; Symbiosis ; Zeatin ; Zeatin riboside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on cytokinin activity inCitrus jambhiri Lush, seedlings was investigated.C. jambhiri inoculated with cultures ofGlomus caledonium (Nicol. and Gerd.),G. epigaeum (Dan. and Trappe),G. etunicatum (Becker and Gerd.),G. fasciculatum Thaxt. (Gerd, and Trappe) orG. mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) was grown from seed for 105 days in a glasshouse. Cytokinin activity in roots and leaves of seedlings was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and a bioassay. Seedling leaf tissue had greater cytokinin activity than root tissue. Zeatin, zeatin riboside, and their dihydro- and glucoside derivatives were isolated from leaves of 105-day-old seedlings inoculated withG. fasciculatum andG. mosseae. Cytokinin activity in roots and leaves was associated with differences in seedling total dry weight and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The ribose moiety and the saturated side chain apparently influence cytokinin transport and physiological activity inCitrus seedlings.
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  • 45
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    Influence of various factors on quantitative composition of leaf monoterpenes ofPicea abies (L.) Karst (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; (Mono) terpenes ; Needle ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The extractable monoterpenes from needles of two groups of trees — 4-year-old clonal and 20-year-old wild trees — were studied with respect to the influence of individual constitution, needle age, whorl position, and position on branch. Leaf terpene amounts from clonal trees are significantly affected by age and position of the whorl, whereas position on the branch is of minor importance. Developing needles of clonal trees are most strongly affected by age and whorl position and they differ markedly from mature needles in quantitative terpene composition. Wild trees exhibit a very high variation from tree to tree, which obscures the influence of needle age and position. For this reason meaningful tree leaf terpene data will only be derived if large samples of needles of different ages are collected from distinct positions. When comparing different trees, needles should be selected that not only have the same state of development, but also originate from identical positions and have been subjected to the same light treatment.
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  • 46
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    The seasonal variation of 20 elements in 1st and 2nd year needles of Norway spruce,Picea abies (L.) Karst (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 52-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Seasonal variation ; Correlations ; Elemental concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentration of 20 elements (including eight nutritional elements) in spruce needles was monitored by taking samples at nine different dates in a single year. On each date the youngest and the 1-year-old needles were collected at four different sites. The needles were washed with an organic solvent to remove surface contamination before analysis by instrumental neutron activation. Although the sites showed widely different concentrations for the same element, they could be treated as a uniform population using normalized concentration values. Taking the time dependence of the concentration and the ratio of the concentrations in new and old needles as criteria, the following three groups of elements could be distinguished: 9 group I —Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mn; group II — Al, Br, Co, Fe, Hg, La, Sc, Sb, and Zn; group III — K, Rb, Cs, P, and Cl. Mg and Na did not fit into any of these groups. Within group I and III elements the strongest variations occur during the growing season (late spring and early summer) and the weakest during the dormant season; the variation is greater in the younger needles. Group II elements show an approximately linear increase throughout the year in both the younger and older needles. The concentrations of elements of groups I and II increase with time, while those of group III decrease. Na is unique insofar as its concentration is influenced by foliar uptake of road de-icing salt. The concentration of elements belonging to the same group shows strong inter-element correlations. The grouping of elements deduced here shows similarities with the chemical nature of the elements and with their transportability within the plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01196345
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  • 47
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    Transport processes in stimulated and non-stimulated leaves of Mimosa pudica (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Calcium ; Chlorine ; Ion shifts ; Mimosa pudica ; Potassium ; Seismonastic movements ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, the concentrations of ions, especially potassium and chlorine, were determined in different tissues of primary and tertiary pulvini of Mimosa pudica. It was shown that stimulating the leaf was followed by ion displacements which were most striking in the outer extensor cells, resulting in turgor loss. Since Ca concentration remains relatively constant in cell walls of collapsed cells, the changes of K concentration are best described by the K:Ca ratio. After stimulation the K:Ca ratio dropped in the outer extensor of the primary pulvinus from 775.3 to 2.37 in the cytoplasm, and from 542.2 to 9.25 in the cell wall. Changes in chlorine content were less striking in the primary pulvinus. The K∶Cl ratios in some cases were lower than 1.0, which indicates that Cl content can increase, while K content is diminished. In the non-stimulated tertiary pulvini the outer extensor cells show high concentrations of Cl, but much lower Cl concentrations were found after stimulation. In contrast to the primary pulvinus the K content of the tertiary pulvini is very low. In the vascular tissues of both primary and tertiary pulvini stimulation is followed by a release of K and Cl out of the sieve element cytoplasm into the apoplast. K then appears accumulated in the cell walls of the collenchymatous tissue. These displacements lead to the assumption that the collenchymatous apoplast temporarily functions as a reservoir for K and to a lesser extent for Cl. With regard to the mechanism of leaf movement after stimulation, the accumulation of ions in the apoplast seems to be initiated by the decrease of water potential triggered by an apoplastic accumulation of unloaded sucrose (Fromm and Eschrich 1988a). The resulting turgor release in the outer extensor is accompanied by an efflux of ions.
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    Mineral partitioning in the phloem during autumn senescence of beech leaves (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Autumn leaves ; Fagus sylvatica ; Mineral retrieval ; Phloem transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary During the period of leaf senescence in fall, the minerals Mg, Ca, K, P, Cl, S, and Si were compared for occurrence and density in tissue compartments of leaf blade, petiole, and subtending stem of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Measurements were made by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The plant material was collected on 2,9, 16 and 23 October, and showed green, greenyellow, yellow, and red-brown autumn leaf coloration. Mg, K, and P were retrieved from the leaf blade prior to shedding, and deposited mainly in cortex and pith tissues of the stem. S and Ca remained in the leaf, and Si and Cl appeared to accumulate in the leaf prior to shedding. During the four stages of leaf senescence, the phloem compartments of the petiole showed considerable changes in mineral content. In addition, leaf senescence in several cases was accompanied by ion shifting from symplastic to apoplastic compartments and vice versa.
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  • 49
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    Dynamics of leaf minerals, bdleaf area, and biomass from hardwoods intensively grown on a peat bog (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 84-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Alnus ; Fertilization ; Irrigation ; Salix ; Sphagnum peat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Water willow and grey alder were grown on a raised sphagnum bog in central Sweden. The stands were intensively treated by daily irrigation and fertilization during the growing period in order to improve site fertility. After a 2-year establishment period high production rates were achieved in willow stands, 0.8 kg stem dry weight m−2 year−1 on current plus one (C+1) year old shoots. In these stands the canopy was closed with a leaf area index (LAI) that peaked at approximately 7. The canopy in the alder stand did not close during the initial 3 years of growth and the measured production rate was relatively low, at approximately 0.4 kg dry weight m−2 year −1 in the last year. The leaf nitrogen content was 3%–4% of dry weight during the summer and the other studied mineral elements were in almost optimal proportion to nitrogen. This was considered to be an effect of the intensive fertilization regime. Above-ground production close to maximum yield was attained in the prevailing conditions of soil, climate and biomass partitioning.
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  • 50
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    A measuring device to quantify deposition of fogwater and ionic input by fog on small spruce trees (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 92-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Fog ; Deposition ; Measuring device ; Picea abies ; Spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A measuring device is described that allows the monitoring of fogwater deposition on to small spruce trees. The mass of fogwater deposition ranged from 41.9 to 60.5 ml/m2 of needle surface area. Fogwater was collected, and ion concentrations in fogwater and calculated masses of deposited ions are presented.
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    Bias in leaf area — sapwood area ratios and its impact on growth analysis in Pinus contorta (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 104-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Leaf area ; Sapwood cross-sectional area ; Production ; Leaf-area efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two alternative estimators of individual tree leaf area (A1) area are used to derive estimates of leaf-area index (L) for 40 plots in Pinus contorta Dougl. stands. One estimator of A1 is based on the common assumption of a constant ratio between A1 and sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height (As). The second estimator of A1 accounts for tree-to-tree variation in the relation between A1 and As. The apparent relationship between stand growth and leaf-area index is strongly dependent on the way leaf area is estimated. When L is derived from a constant A1∶As ratio, stand growth appears to be strongly correlated with L. However, when L is based on estmates of A1 that account for tree-to-tree variation in the A1 — As relation, stand growth is seen to be only weakly related to L. Stand structure, quantified as percent live-crown, accounts for a great deal of the observed variation in leaf-area efficiency. These contrasting relationships illustrate the importance of unbiased estimates of L in interpreting the link between stand-level processes and leaf area.
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    Recovery from winter depression of photosynthesis in pine and spruce (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 110-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; Pinus contorta ; Picea abies ; Fluorescence ; Gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recovery from winter depression of photosynthesis was studied in Pinus sylvestris, Pinus conforta and Picea abies by means of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange measurements. During the winter 1986–1987 the fluorescence yield was low and no variable fluorescence was detectable before the end of March. In the field recovery of variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) during spring was slow for all three species studied. The temperature dependence of recovery was confirmed from measurements of the potential rate of recovery of Fv/Fm at different temperatures in the laboratory. At 20° C, Fv/Fm increased from 0.1 to 0.8 within 3 days. Recovery of Fv/Fm was paralleled by an increase in apparent photon yield. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the studied tree species in potential rate of recovery in the laboratory or in actual recovery in the field.
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  • 53
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    Microbeam analysis of Ca exchange and uptake in the fine roots of spruce: influence of pH and aluminum (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 96-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Calcium ; Fine roots ; Microbeam analysis ; Picea abies ; Soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A novel stable isotope labelling procedure for microbeam analysis was developed to monitor exchange and uptake of nutrients, primarily Mg, K and Ca, by root tips at the cellular level. Initially root samples were analysed from 2-year-old spruce trees, originating both from a nursery and from a polluted forest site, (1) for the cortex cell wall accessibility and nutrient binding properties, (2) for the influence of low pH and elevated aluminum concentrations on Ca binding to cortex cell walls, and (3) for long-range transport into the secondary xylem, proximal to the labelled root tip. In nursery control plants, Ca is localized mainly in the apoplast of the cortex. Exchange of Mg, K, Ca in the cell wall of the cortex and the primary xylem with label in incubation solutions is almost completed to equilibration within 30 min. In the secondary xylem we could detect Mg, K, and Ca from labelling solutions in minute amounts after 30 min, and as a major fraction after 48 h. This indicates that stable isotope labelling can be used to study both ion-exchange properties of the apoplast and long-range transport. Slight acidification of the labelling incubation media to pH 4.5 reduced Ca binding to the cortex cell walls slightly, but acidification to the extreme value of pH 2.3 reduced binding 41%. A combination of pH 4.5 and increased free aluminum reduced the binding by 83%. In a preliminary attempt to analyse the nutrient binding capability of the root-tip apoplast from pollution affected trees, we exposed fine roots of 2-year-old spruce from an acidified and polluted site showing typical low levels of Ca and Mg in the cortical cell walls to Ca-enriched media. Under these conditions the Ca content of cortex cell walls doubled upon incubation at pH 4.7, reaching 40% of the total binding capacity of our nursey control plants.
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    Comparative studies on the mycorrhization of Larix decidua and Picea abies by Suillus grevillei (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Cell wall protuberances ; Suillus grevillei ; Picea abies ; Larix decidua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mycorrhization of Picea abies has been achieved, for the first time, with six strains of Suillus grevillei by a new culture method, using activated charcoal paper and liquid medium as a substrate. Mycorrhization of P. abies and Larix decidua was compared, and the process was found to be significantly different in the two tree species. S. grevillei is not incompatible with P. abies, but it forms mycorrhizae more readily with L. decidua. Hyphal growth was clearly stimulated on the surface of roots of Larix but retarded on Picea. A well organized Hartig net was formed with both tree species, but wall protuberances were frequently observed on the outer cell walls of Picea cortex cells when the Hartig net was not fully developed. No conspicuous cell wall reactions occurred in Larix roots. Cell wall protuberances may be comparable to those in transfer cells and are interpreted as an alternative to Hartig net development. Anatomical differences between roots of Larix and Picea, and physiologically active substances such as recognition factors on the root surfaces, are discussed with respect to their responsibility for the different reactions of S. grevillei.
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    Ecophysiology of mangroves (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 129-142 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mangroves ; Salt tolerance ; Water-logging tolerance ; Community structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusion Mangrove forests are of major ecological and commercial importance, yet the future of these resources is threatened by pollution, development and over-exploitation. There is an urgent need to develop sound management practices based on a functional understanding of the physical and biological processes underlying mangrove ecosystem dynamics. Such biological processes include dispersal (Rabinowitz 1978), herbivory (Smith 1987) and the physiological bases of species interactions and responses to environmental factors. Understanding these processes is essential for the development of more comprehensive and predictive modelling of mangrove ecosystem dynamics than has previously been possible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196018
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    Surface areas, lengths and volumes of Picea abies (L.) Karst. needles: determination, biological variability and effect of environmental factors (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Frequency distributions ; Needle surface area and length ; Needle volume ; Picea abies ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method for the rapid determination of the lengths and surface areas of very large samples of needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. using a computer-aided image analysis system was developed. Two independent methods for measuring non-destructively the volumes of individual needles and of all needles attached to a twig were devised. The surface areas and lengths of about 38000 needles sampled from the three youngest needle age-classes (1986, 1985, 1984) of 48 trees approximately 130 years old at four sites in the Fichtelgebirge mountains (N. E. Bavaria, FRG) were measured. The frequency distributions of lengths and areas for each site and age-class are given. Variability of needle size was fairly large. Even though the sites differed in climate, soil, and air pollution levels no consistent effect of these factors on needle size could be detected. Needle lengths and surface areas did not correlate with either the total chlorophyll content of the needles or the degree of crown thinning. The needle surface area (in mm2) of fully developed P. abies needles can be estimated by the empirical equation surface area = 4.440 x needle length -24.8 (r = 0.937), and the needle volume (in mm3) by needle volume = 0.208 x projected needle area 1.353 (r = 0.969).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196021
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    The vertical foliage distributions of six understory tree species in a Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. forest (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 143-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Leaf distribution ; Mono-layer ; Multi-layer ; Understory tree species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between the amounts of foliage and heights of trees were studied for the dominant understory tree species, including three evergreen and three deciduous species, in a secondary forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. The relationships showed two phases: leaf increasing and stationary phases. In the leaf-increasing phase, the height growth allowed these species to expand the canopy by increasing the number of leaves. In the stationary phase, the number of leaves was relatively constant number irrespective of tree height from 160 to 400 cm. The number of leaves in the stationary phase represents the maximum number of leaves that can be supported by trees under shady conditions. From the analyses of vertical distributions of leaves in six species, mono- and multi-layer foliage distributions were detected. Two evergreen species, Eurya japonica and Cleyera japonica, showed multi-layer foliage distributions, whereas three deciduous species, Lyonia ovalifolia, Rhododendron reticulatum and Vaccinium hirtum, and one evergreen species, Pieris japonica, showed mono-layer foliage distributions. The relationships between the weights of non-photosynthetic and photosynthetic organs of the six species were examined. The proportion of non-photosynthetic organs increased with tree height. The understory species attained the stationary phase and were maintained by minimizing their investment in non-photosynthetic organs, i.e. their height growth was arrested by the shady conditions under the crown trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196019
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    Shoot elongation, leaf demography and bud formation in relation to branch position on Larix laricina saplings (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 150-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Crown development and structure ; Long shoots ; Patterns of vigour ; Short shoots ; Within-crown phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot development was investigated on branches of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch trees growing in their 8th year in two plantations and in a natural stand approximately 12 years old. Expansion of throughout-crown series of short and long shoots was measured weekly, and later colour change and natural fall of leaves were assessed. Similar shoots were collected at intervals and dissected, the long shoots by 25-leaf segments. Leaf area and weight, as well as time of bud formation, were determined. Increasing acropetal trends were evident in time to bud burst: duration of short-shoot leaf-cluster expansion; size of leaf clusters and number, area and weight of leaves per cluster; duration and rate of long-shoot elongation; number, area and weight of leaves on long shoots; time to terminal-bud formation on long shoots. Along each long shoot, stem and leaf elongation and lateral-axis formation progressed acropetally. Lateral axes were most numerous on second to fourth 25-leaf segments. On longer shoots, some axes in middle segments developed as sylleptic short shoots rather than as lateral buds. Leaves of short shoots and basal leaves on long shoots turned yellow and abscissed sooner than axial leaves on long shoots. Colour change and loss among axial leaves were acropetal along shoots and up the crown. Thus, last-formed leaves, in axils of some of which lastformed lateral buds occurred, were held longest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196020
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    Spruce photosynthesis: possibility of early damage diagnosis due to exposure to magnesium or potassium deficiency (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst ; Water content ; Chlorophyll content ; Oxygen evolution ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Vitality index ; Quenching coefficients of fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of exposure to magnesium or potassium deficiency on spruce needle photosynthesis were studied before symptoms of damage were visible, and recovery was followed. Water content, pigment content and O2 evolution rate were chosen as parameters of physiological activity in addition to chlorophyll fluorescence. In the case of exposure to Mg deficiency, the first symptoms detected by all the physiological parameters were observed in older needles. An effect on chlorophyll fluorescence [decrease in fluorescence index (Rfd) and photochemical quenching (qQ), and increase in non-photochemical quenching (qE)] was detected in younger needles at the beginning of the deficiency treatment with little effect on the other physiological parameters [decrease in water content to 96.5%, and in photosynthetic rate expressed over dry weight (PSDW) to 90.7%]. No recovery was observed. After a K-deficiency exposure, both kinds of needles were affected, but a high recovery rate was observed, especially in the current-year needles, where a complete recovery from damage was detected by fluorescence and confirmed later by visual inspection. Finally, these results indicate the possibility of an important early diagnosis of damage in forest decline and suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence can be used, at least in the laboratory, as a qualitative test of plant health.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196022
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    Plastids and glycolipids in the stemwood of Pinus sylvestris L. (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 180-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Glycolipids ; Pinus sylvestris ; Plastids ; Ray parenchyma cells ; Wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of plastids in xylem ray parenchyma cells of Pinus sylvestris L. was studied and compared with the glycolipid composition of the stemwood. Seasonal changes of the ultrastructure were studied by taking samples regularly throughout the year. The plastids resemble amyloplasts. They usually have one large starch grain, and considerable variation in structure and starch content was observed, especially in the innermost sapwood and in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone. Electron-dense deposits were observed attached to the plastid membranes and envelopes, especially in the transition zone, from April to November. The plastids were aggregated near the nucleus and the starch disappeared during the winter (January–March). The glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and di-galactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), were present only in the sapwood, in trace amounts. The glycolipid content was slightly greater in the outer sapwood than in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone. DGDG was the dominant lipid of the two.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196023
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    Genetic polymorphism in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst, assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of needle proteins (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 188-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Protein polymorphism ; Genetic divergence ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A comparative analysis of three Norway spruce genotypes by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is presented. This study has led to the identification of approximately 970 gene products for each genotype. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences have been identified, and qualitative and quantitative divergence indices between genotypes have been computed. Two-dimensional electrophoresis appears to be an efficient tool for studying modifications of gene expression in Norway spruce in response to climatic and pollution stresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196024
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    Genetic load and its causes in long-lived plants (1988)
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    Trees 2 (1988), S. 195-203 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Genetic load ; Plants ; Mutation ; Heterosis ; Inbreeding depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many long-lived plant taxa are characterized by relatively high genetic load levels. This genetic load is manifested as the proportion of offspring that are physiologically handicapped to various degrees. It is proposed that the majority of this load is mutational load and is a consequence of the higher per generation mutation rates that occur in long-lived plants. Higher per generation mutation rates are a result of the chemostat-like accumulation of mutations in the apical initials as the plant grows. Genetic load, therefore, is a function of the postzygotic accumulation of mutations as well as mutations inherited from previous generations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202374
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    Major and trace elements in the twig axes of Norway spruce and the relationship between twig axis and needles (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 204-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Needles ; Twig axis ; Aerosol ; Soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of 23 elements have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in the needles and axes of 1-year-old spruce twigs from 12 different sites. Although the twigs had been washed with toluene and tetrahydrofuran prior to analysis, it was found that the amounts of eight elements (Al, Cr, Eu, Fe, La, Sc, Th and V) present were predominantly due to aerosol particles still being retained on the surface of the axes. The results of the remaining 15 elements (Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cs, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Sr and Zn) were not or only slightly influenced by this effect and are considered to represent their inherent concentrations within the axes. With most of these latter 15 elements there are highly significant and linear correlations between the concentrations in the needles and in the axis, which testify to the great similarity of needles and axis of a twig. The axis/needles ratios are constant for every element (except K), but the individual elements show considerable differentiation, as evidenced by their ratios, which have values between 0.5 and 2.8. Inter-element correlations in the axes are mainly found within two groups of elements. With Na, Cl and Br these correlations are probably due to different pollution levels of the different sites, whereas with Mn, Co, Rb and Cs they are due to the pH of the soil. The activity of 137Cs from the Chernobyl fallout represents independent confirmation of the results obtained with the stable elements. With twigs sprouted before the deposition of the fallout, 137Cs acts as a tracer for aerosol particles, whereas it forms a tracer for the stable Cs inherent to the plant with twigs sprouted after the deposition.
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    Photosynthesis and transpiration in the upper crown of a mature spruce in purified and ambient atmosphere in a natural stand (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 213-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Immission ; Forest decline ; Spruce ; Gas exchange ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study addresses the question of whether gaseous air pollutants are capable of damaging spruce foliage. For this purpose, several twig pairs of an adult tree in a natural stand from the western part of the Bavarian Forest were supplied with pure and ambient air and gas exchange was monitored. With the exception of insignificant and unexplained differences during winter, the gas exchange of the twigs showed no negative deviation due to the influence of gaseous air pollutants. Because visible damage arises only in older needles, the duration of measurement is not sufficient to exclude a long-term influence of gaseous air pollutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202376
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    Carbon uptake and respiration in above-ground parts of a Larix decidua × leptolepis tree (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 233-241 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Carbon uptake ; Respiration ; Carbon balances ; Water loss ; Sun and shade branches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shade needles of hybrid larch (Larix decidua × leptolepis) had the same rates of photosynthesis as sun needles per dry weight and nitrogen, and a similar leaf conductance under conditions of light saturation at ambient CO2 (Amax). However, on an area basis, Amax and specific leaf weight were lower in shade than in sun needles. Stomata of sun needles limited CO2 uptake at light saturation by about 20%, but under natural conditions of light in the shade crown, shade needles operated in a range of saturating internal CO2 without stomatal limitation of CO2 uptake. In both needle types, stomata responded similarly to changes in light, but shade needles were more sensitive to changes in vapor pressure deficit than sun needles. Despite a high photosynthetic capacity, the ambient light conditions reduced the mean daily (in summer) and annual carbon gain of shade needles to less than 50% of that in sun needles. In sun needles, the transpiration per carbon gain was about 220 mol mol−1 on an annual basis. The carbon budget of branches was determined from the photosynthetic rate, the needle biomass and respiration, the latter of which was (per growth and on a carbon basis) 1.6 mol mol−1 year−1 in branch and stem wood. In shade branches carbon gains exceeded carbon costs (growth + respiration) by only a factor of 1.6 compared with 3.5 in sun branches. The carbon balance of sun branches was 5 times higher per needle biomass of a branch or 9 times higher on a branch length basis than shade branches. The shade foliage (including the shaded near-stem sun foliage) only contributed approximately 23% to the total annual carbon gain of the tree.
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    Photosynthesis and transpiration of healthy and diseased spruce trees in the course of three vegetation periods (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 223-232 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Novel forest decline ; Photosynthesis ; Transpiration ; Natural habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary CO2- and H2O-gas exchange of 20- to 25-year-old spruce trees from a plantation in the Hunsrück mountains were investigated over a period of 3 years. All measurements were made as pair comparisons, i.e., in each case the gas exchange of a damaged tree and of a relatively healthy tree in its immediate vicinity was measured simultaneously. A second plantation in the Westerwald mountains consisted of 18-year-old apparently healthy spruce trees. Pair comparison at this location meant comparison of two healthylooking trees. The investigations at both locations included diurnal course measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration, and light saturation curves and CO2-saturation curves of photosynthesis. The reduced photosynthesis parameters of the phenotypically damaged trees at the Hunsrück location indicates massive damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Measurements of H2O-gas exchange showed that there are disturbances in stomatal regulation of the needles of damaged trees. As a result, the water use efficiency of these needles proved to be significantly lower. In addition, apparent photorespiration of the damaged trees was decreased, whereas their light- and CO2-compensation points and their dark respiration were increased. In contrast to the Hunsrück plantation, no such effects were detectable when the healthy-looking Westerwald trees were subjected to pair comparison of gas exchange. Reduced photosynthetic capacity and disturbances of the stomatal regulation of the phenotypically damaged Hunsrück trees may be due to damage in the cellular membranes. Furthermore, a comparison of three growing seasons led to the conclusion that the gas exchange of spruce trees in their natural habitat is markedly influenced by climatic conditions.
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    Seasonal changes in the efflux of sugars from parenchyma cells into the apoplast in poplar stems (Populus × canademis “robusta”) (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 242-249 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Sugars ; Xylem sap ; Wood ; Parenchyma ; Populus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The efflux of sugars from parenchyma cells into the apoplast has been studied in the wood of Populus × canadensis “robusta” in relation to the sugar level of the tissue and the sugar content of the tracheal sap during all physiological stages of the year. In poplar, the spring maximum in sugar content of the tracheal sap is clearly not the result of continuous exosmosis during winter but is reached within a short period in spring. The seasonal patterns of starch and sugar content of the wood and of the sugar content of the tracheal sap are described. The efflux of sugars from tissue sections changes drastically over the year, i.e., from 0.3 to 8.3 μg mg−1DWT day−1. In general, it is high in fall and winter, and low during late spring and summer. However, high tissue sugar levels proved not always to be correlated with high efflux rates or with high sugar levels in the tracheal sap, indicating that the intracellular compartmentalization of sugars, their passive and catalysed release into, and their re-uptake from the apoplast are all essentially involved in determining the actual sugar content of the sap. Sucrose, which is the dominant sugar in the tracheal sap during winter (pH 7.0–7.5) and in the efflux experiments at pH 7.5, in contrast to the hexoses which prevail in the spring sap (pH around 5.5) and also in the efflux experiments at pH 5.6, is considered to be preferentially released in poplar and to become extraplasmatically hydrolysed. The reasons for tree-specific differences are discussed.
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    Evaluation of various heat-pulse methods for estimation of sap flow in orchard trees: comparison with micrometeorological estimates of evaporation (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 250-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Apple ; Curve-fitting ; Heat-pulse ; Sap flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A microcomputer-controlled heat-pulse system for the measurement of sap velocity in trees is described. Several published methods for determining sap velocity from the temperature rise measured either above or below a heater inserted into the stem were compared and evaluated. All methods could be improved by the use of curve-fitting procedures, with a particularly useful approach involving direct estimation of the parameters of the diffusion equation using the non-linear curve-fitting package maximum likelihood programme. An alternative approach that was based on measurement of the value of the maximum temperature was proposed and tested. This was found to be particularly robust and sensitive to changes in flow rate. Although sap-flow velocity varied markedly with depth in the stem (as shown by the rate of dye movement), the maximum temperature at any given flow rate was found to be relatively insensitive to sensor depth. Estimated sap-flow velocities were compared with evaporation rates estimated either by weighing (for potted trees) or by the Penman-Monteith equation. Several independent methods were used for estimating the values of boundary layer resistance and net radiation that were required for application of the Penman-Monteith equation. There was a close relationship between flow and evaporation with some evidence for hysteresis. Although absolute calibration of the sap-flow estimates is difficult, the methods described are all useful for relative studies and all responded rapidly to altered flow rates caused by changing weather conditions.
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    Ultrastructural and cytochemical examination of the nuclear crystalloid inclusions of Olea europaea L. mesophyll cells (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 261-266 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nuclear crystalloid inclusions ; Olea europaea ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nuclei of mesophyll cells of olive trees contain numerous sizeable crystalloid inclusions. Cytochemical examination using epoxy resin-embedded, semithin-sectioned tissue indicated the presence of proteins and oligoor polysaccharides in these inclusions. Their electron microscopical analysis revealed a crystalline substructure consisting of intersected subunits of high order. The spacing of the lattice fibrils and the angles of intersection were determined and used to establish a model of the unit cell of crystallization. It is suggested that the nuclear crystalloids of olive trees consist of glycoprotein molecules. They differ from the intranuclear crystalloids observed in other species predominantly in the high density of their subunit arrangement.
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    The induction of sun and shade leaves of the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): anatomical studies (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Leaf primordia ; Fagus sylvatica ; Sun shade leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Primordia from buds of sun and shade twigs of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were collected six times a year for anatomical investigations. Differentiation into sun-leaf and shade-leaf primordia was first observed in early August. Sun-leaf primordia had five, and shade-leaf primordia four layers of mesophyll meristem cells. With potted graft unions of beeches possible structural changes of leaf primordia were investigated. Trees adapted to shade develop sun-leaf primordia when put into full daylight, provided the transfer happened before July. Trees adapted to full daylight developed leaf primordia which remained structurally sun-leaf primordia when the plant was kept under shade conditions. Shadeleaf branches of young beech trees cut in February in order to expose the shade buds to full daylight developed either shade leaves or intermediate shade/sun leaves. These experiments show that the subtending leaf may provide the developing axillary bud with photoassimilates, but its character, whether sun or shade leaf, has no influence on the character of the developing leaf primordia.
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    Use of labeled nitrogen to monitor transition in nitrogen dependence from storage to current-year uptake in mature walnut trees (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mineral nutrition ; Xylem sap ; Nitrogen isotope ; Juglans regia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) derived from both the soil during current-year uptake, and the withintree pool of storage N was distinguished in two groups of “Serr” walnut trees using labeled fertilizer (15N-depleted ammonium sulfate) applied in different years. Mass spectrometric analysis of N in xylem sap collected periodically in spring allowed quantification of the relative contributions of N from storage and current season uptake and the transition in N usage from previously assimilated (storage) N to the onset of current season uptake of soil N. N derived from storage accounted for 〉 50% of the xylem sap N during the staminate and pistillate bloom periods and throughout the period of spur leaf expansion.
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    Carbon transfer associated with assimilation of organic nitrogen sources by silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 17-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Heterotrophic carbon assimilation ; Betula pendula ; Hebeloma crustuliniforme ; Shade tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Qualitative and quantitative aspects of heterotrophic carbon assimilation by mycorrhizal plants of birch (Betula pendula) were examined. Plants were grown aseptically from seed in the mycorrhizal condition with the fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme and in the non-mycorrhizal condition, with protein as their sole exogenous nitrogen source. Yields and nitrogen contents were determined in some of the plants, while the roots of others were supplied with 14C-labelled protein and their shoots exposed for up to 72 h to different irradiance regimes. Only mycorrhizal plants utilised the organic nitrogen. Uptake of carbon associated with this utilisation and its translocation to the leaves was demonstrated directly by means of autoradiography. Amounts of activity transferred to shoots were greatest in low irradiance regimes. Calculation of net carbon gain from the heterotrophic source, based upon the assumption that breakdown products of protein are assimilated as amino-acids, indicates that over a 55-day growth period up to 9% of plant C may be derived from protein. The physiological and ecological significance of these findings are discussed.
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    CO2 fixation in stem slices of Picea abies (L.) Karst: microautoradiographic studies (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 24-32 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Stem chlorophyll ; CO2 fixation ; Microautoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Microautoradiography was used to show that chlorophyllous cells of young Picea abies stem slices are able to fix 14CO2, in the dark as well as in the light. The amount of 14CO2 fixed in the dark is much lower than that in the light. In the dark the concentration of radioactive label is equally high in all chlorophyllous cells of the stem. In the light, however, a gradient of radioactive assimilates extends from the stem surface to its centre, with the highest concentration being located in the phelloderm and the outer one-third of the cortex. This is in spite of even illumination and CO2 supply across the whole stem slice. In the dark, stem slices with and without bark show the same amount of radioactive label in the chlorophyllous cells of xylem, perimedullary region and pith. In the light, however, the concentration of radioactive assimilates in these cells is much higher in stem slices with bark than in stem slices without bark. It is assumed therefore that light fixation products of phelloderm and cortex are transported radially into the tissue inside the cambium.
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    Uptake of water and solutes through twigs of Picea abies (L.) Karst (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: P/V curve ; Picea abies ; Aerial uptake ; Bark permeability ; Mass flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Uptake of water and magnesium chloride solution was investigated through the outer surface of twigs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Water uptake was determined by using pressure/volume (P/V) curves of the twigs as a basis for calculation to avoid problems of superficial extraneous water. When water was sprayed on bark and needles of 3- to 7-year-old twigs at a xylem water potential of -1.00 MPa, they absorbed as much as 80 mm3 water in 200 min/g twig dry weight as the twig water potential recovered to -0.15 MPa. With fluorescent dyes, pathways for absorption of water and solutes through the twig bark were found, particularly through the radially orientated ray tissue. In addition to uptake by mass flow, magnesium could also diffuse along a concentration gradient from the twig surface into the xylem. In the field, the magnitude of these uptake processes would depend on the concentration of elements deposited by atmospheric precipitation, the concentration gradient between the plant surface and the xylem sap, the xylem water potential and the intensity and duration of each precipitation event.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202398
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  • 75
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    Characterization of a thermo-osmotic gas transport mechanism in Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Alder ; Alnus glutinosa ; Gas transport ; Root aeration ; Thermo-osmosis of gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A gas transport system based upon the physico-chemical effect of thermo-osmosis of gases in described for the black alder, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Air is transported through the alder's stem to the roots, thus improving O2 supply to respiring tissues of the root system. The gas transport system is investigated by means of a tracer gas technique (11% ethane in air, v/v). Gas transport depends on any source of radiant heat generating a temperature difference between the tree's stems and the atmosphere. The amount of gas transported in leafless trees is four times higher than the amount of gas reaching the roots by gas diffusion. Two-thirds of the gas is transported in the wood, only one-third in the bark. Intercellular spaces inside the porous lenticels of the bark are responsible for this kind of gas transport. Their diameters are estimated by the effusion rates of different tracer gases to be in the range of 1 μm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202399
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  • 76
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    Delignification of subsidiary and guard cell walls of Picea abies (L.) Karst. by fumigation with ozone (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Delignification ; Hydroregulation ; Ozone ; Stomata ; UV absorbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary After fumigation with ozone, the exterior periclinal walls of the stomatal apparatus of Picea abies appear to be partially delignified, as in earlier experiments with SO2. This shows up cytophotometrically as reduced UV absorption. Random samples from the stand named Wank in the Bavarian Alps clearly showed a relation between the degree of lignification of the stomatal cells and the grading of the respective trees in their damage classes. The significance of delignification for the regulatory capacity of the stomata is discussed, and a hypothesis is proposed for a specific disturbance of hydroregulation by ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202401
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  • 77
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    Stomatal conductance and transpiration of Acacia under field conditions: similarities and differences between leaves and phyllodes (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Acacia ; Phyllodes ; Bipinnate leaves ; Stomatal conductance ; Transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf diffusive conductance and transpiration rates in response to situations of high evaporative demand were measured in 40 Acacia species varying widely with regard to the morphological and anatomical characters of their assimilatory organs. The measurements took place in south-eastern and central Australia, central Africa and south-western Europe and included species of all three subgenera of Acacia Mill. Soil moisture conditions and consequently the water status of the experimental plants varied between the different measuring sites, some of which were regularly watered. All the species investigated showed a similar daily pattern of diffusive conductance with a morning peak and a subsequent decrease, which was more pronounced in plants growing under water stress, indicating a decisive stomatal regulation of transpiration. A relationship between the structure of assimilatory organs and leaf diffusive conductance or transpiration rates per unit surface area could not be detected in the Australian acacias. However, there are indications that the leaves of the non-Australian species operate on higher conductances than the foliage of the Australian ones. It is suggested that the observed differences in the performance of African and Australian acacias reflect the deciduous or evergreen nature of foliage rather than structural differences. In regard to taxon-specific differentiation this might implicate an ecophysiological character which separates the evergreen species of the geographically isolated subgenus Heterophyllum from the deciduous species of the subgenera Aculeiferum and Acacia with an overlapping area of distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202400
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  • 78
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    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191535
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  • 79
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    Protein synthesis in Pinus resinosa and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus prior to ectomycorrhiza formation (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mycorrhizae ; Paxillus ; Pinus ; Root exudate ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings of Pinus resinosa Ait. in test tubes were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus Fr. or with discs of sterile modified Melin-Norkrans (MMN) medium. Paxillus involutus was also inoculated to control tubes in the absence of Pinus resinosa seedlings. In vivo labelling of proteins in Pinus resinosa roots and in Paxillus involutus mycelium was carried out using 35S l-methionine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days after inoculation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) of the protein extracts from the four treatments and autoradiography demonstrated that the presence of root exudates altered protein synthesis in Paxillus involutus as three major bands disappeared when Paxillus involutus was exposed to root exudates. Protein synthesis in Pinus resinosa was also altered when Paxillus involutus was introduced into the tubes, since at least two bands were more intense when seedlings were inoculated with Paxillus involutus, as compared to control roots. No difference was observed in the growth and the label incorporation of Paxillus involutus growing with or without root exudates. Ectomycorrhizal roots were not formed during this experiment. Gene regulation in this ectomycorrhizal association occurs, therefore, prior to the formation of ectomycorrhizal roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191536
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  • 80
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    Studies on ectomycorrhiza (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 78-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizomorph function ; Telephora terrestris ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants of Picea abies (L.) Karst were grown in mycorrhizal association with Telephora terrestris (Pers. ex Fr.) and Pisolithus tinctorius (Mich. ex Pers.) Coker and Couch on sphagnum peat in petri dishes or Perspex chambers. After 1 year T. terrestris had formed prominent rhizomorphs which were characterized by light microscopy and investigated for 32P-orthophosphate uptake. The absorbed phosphate was transported to sinks throughout the rhizomorphal system as well as into the plant. The calculated translocation velocity and flux rate in the rhizomorph were in the range of 1–3 cm/h and 0.5–4.0 × 10-10 mol cm-2 s-1, respectively. Label was observed to accumulate in the needles 2–3 days after application. Feeding a non-mycorrhized root with 32P-orthophosphate led to an accumulation of label in needles within 1 h, but no radioactivity appeared in the associated T. terrestris rhizomorphs. The rhizomorphs of P. tinctorius revealed a higher structural differentiation than those of T. terrestris. Translocation of labelled phosphorus through rhizomorphs of P. tinctorius into spruce needles was also demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191537
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  • 81
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    The effect of ozone and season on the pool sizes of cyclitols in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Inositol ; Pinitol ; Ozone ; Pinus sylvestris ; Season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of 100 and 200 μg · m-3 (50 and 100 ppb) ozone and ambient air on 4-year-old grafts of a Scots pine clone was tested in closedtop fumigation chambers. Ozone decreased the myo-inositol and inccreased the pinitol levels in the 1-year-old needles, whereas the effect in the current-year needles was less distinct. In neither case did ambient air lead to any detectable effects on these parameters compared with controls. However, there was a pronounced chamber effect in the levels of myo-inositol and pinitol compared with trees standing in the open field, where inositol was higher and pinitol lower. There is some evidence, based on visible symptoms as well as biochemical changes, that season is an important modifier of the effect of ozone on Scots pine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191538
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  • 82
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    Partitioning of leaf nitrogen with respect to within canopy light exposure and nitrogen availability in peach (Prunus persica) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen partitioning ; Photosyn thesis ; Light acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relationships between leaf nitrogen content and within canopy light exposure were studied in mature nectarine peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Fantasia) that had received 0, 112, 196, 280 or 364 kg of fertilizer nitrogen per hectare per year for the previous 3 years. The relationships between light saturated leaf CO2 assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen concentration were also determined on trees in the highest and lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. The slope of the linear relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light exposure was similar for all nitrogen treatments but the y-intercept of the relationship increased with increasing N status. The slope of the relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light saturated CO2 assimilation rates was greater for the high N trees than the low N trees, but maximum measured leaf CO2 assimilation rates were similar for both the high and low N treatments. A diagrammatic model of the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic capacity with respect to leaf light exposure for high and low nitrogen trees suggests that the major influence of increased N availability is an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of partially shaded leaves but not of the maximum capacity of highly exposed leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191539
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  • 83
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    Structure and function of leaf minor veins in trees and herbs (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 96-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Minor veins (open and closed) ; Phloem loading ; Sugar transport ; Symplastic and apoplastic pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structure of leaf minor veins in 700 species from 140 families of dicotyledons, monocotyledons and conifers has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The presence of several structural types of minor veins has been shown. The main types are open and closed veins characteristic of trees and herbs, respectively. These vein types differ by the structure of intermediate cells, and by the mechanisms of phloem loading and sugar transport. Most woody plants have intermediate cells with numerous plasmodesmal fields, symplastic transport as the main phloem loading mechanism, as well as oligosaccharides and other complex sugars as the main phloem transport substances. By contrast, the majority of herbs have intermediate cells without plasmodesmal connections, and apoplastic loading of sucrose occurs only by membrane proton cotransport. The closed type is divided into three subtypes, differing in the degree of development of the structures used for sugar uptake from the apoplast. A list of the plants investigated with their vein types is given. The evolution of the minor vein structure and phloem loading mechanism are discussed in relation to the evolution of life forms of higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191540
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  • 84
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    Variations in pith eccentricity and ring width in teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pith eccentricity ; Ring width ; Tectona grandis ; Teak
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wood samples were collected from a teak (Tectona grandis) plantation established in Gambari Forest Reserve (Dry Forest) near Ibadan in south-western Nigeria. Values of percentage pith eccentricity (PPE) of bole cross-sections were computed using appropriate geometrical methods. Also the growth rings of the cross-sections were identified and their widths measured. Pith eccentricity and ring width did not vary significantly between plots on the site. Variations in pith eccentricity and ring width between trees on plots were very highly significant (at 0.1% probability level). Pith eccentricity and ring width varied along tree boles: the effect of height above the ground was very highly significant in each case. On average, pith eccentricity was highest at the base and top of the merchantable bole. The magnitudes of variations in both pith eccentricity and ring width along the bole differed between the plots: plots x levels interaction effect was very highly significant in each case. A decrease in ring width corresponded with an increase in the age of the vascular cambium. Only small proportions of the variation in pith eccentricity could be estimated from concomitant variations in radial growth rate (ring width), bole form factor and crown depth; the values of r 2 were 11%, 10% and 11% respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191541
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  • 85
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    Juvenile/total foliage ratios in Eucalyptus nitens and the growth of stands and individual trees (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Canopy structure ; Growth ; Heteroblasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Individual trees and stands of two provenances of Eucalyptus nitens which have marked differences in retention of juvenile foliage were studied in four plantations at different elevations. The proportion of juvenile to total foliage and growth was measured at the end of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th year from establishment. Between the ages of 2 and 4 years annual stem volume increment increased in proportion to the amount of juvenile foliage retained. By age 4 years, stem volume of trees of the juvenile persistent form was significantly larger than that of the early adult form. Increasing differences in height growth with age between provenances, which were highly significant across sites by age 4, contributed to these differences in performance. There was some evidence that the largest trees of the juvenile-persistent form were those which combined mature foliage above juvenile foliage for the longest period during the transition from juvenile to mature foliage. In the early-adult form the largest trees were those which completed the transition to mature foliage rapidly. There was no difference in the ratio of foliage mass to basal area between the two forms. It is suggested that the faster growth of the juvenile-persistent form is related to higher leaf area index and not to foliage type. A provenance of E. globulus which had a higher retention of juvenile foliage at age 4 than a second provenance had a lower stem volume, thus indicating that in this species early growth rate is not determined by foliage type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191542
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  • 86
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    Biochemical symptoms of stress in the mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Ectomycorrhizae ; Physiological ecology ; Forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mycorrhizal activity of spruce in a mixed-wood forest was monitored over 1 year by measuring biochemical characters in fine roots of six canopy trees and of a regrowth stand. The concentration of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), a measure of living biomass, showed two peaks per year, one at bud break and one after main shoot growth. The concentration of storage polysaccharides in mycorrhizae showed the same cycles even more pronouncedly. It is proposed that these changes reflect growth and senescence of mycorrhizae and that the timing of the cycles is controlled by translocation of assimilates from the shoot. Differences between mycorrhizae collected from canopy trees and the regrowth stand were small and not significant. Characters known to be related to fungal activity of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (concentration of trehalose, glucose uptake, respiration) also varied little among the six canopy trees. Large differences among fine-root samples from different canopy trees, however, were detected in the concentrations of ATP and storage polysaccharides, measures which seemed to be physiologically integrated within trees. If low concentrations in roots precede losses of foliage from trees, these two symptoms could be used as early indicators of growth decline in individual spruce trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021068
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  • 87
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    Protein synthesis inPinus resinosa and the ectomycorrhizal fungusPaxillus involutus prior to ectomycorrhiza formation (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Mycorrhizae ; Paxillus ; Pinus ; Root exudate ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings ofPinus resinosa Ait. in test tubes were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungusPaxillus involutus Fr. or with discs of sterile modified Melin-Norkrans (MMN) medium.Paxillus involutus was also inoculated to control tubes in the absence ofPinus resinosa seedlings. In vivo labelling of proteins inPinus resinosa roots and inPaxillus involutus mycelium was carried out using35Sl-methionine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days after inoculation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) of the protein extracts from the four treatments and autoradiography demonstrated that the presence of root exudates altered protein synthesis inPaxillus involutus as three major bands disappeared whenPaxillus involutus was exposed to root exudates. Protein synthesis inPinus resinosa was also altered whenPaxillus involutus was introduced into the tubes, since at least two bands were more intense when seedlings were inoculated withPaxillus involutus, as compared to control roots. No difference was observed in the growth and the label incorporation ofPaxillus involutus growing with or without root exudates. Ectomycorrhizal roots were not formed during this experiment. Gene regulation in this ectomycorrhizal association occurs, therefore, prior to the formation of ectomycorrhizal roots.
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  • 88
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    Studies on ectomycorrhiza (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 78-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizomorph function ; Telephora terrestris ; Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants ofPicea abies (L.) Karst were grown in mycorrhizal association withTelephora terrestris (Pers. ex Fr.) andPisolithus tinctorius (Mich. ex Pers.) Coker and Couch on sphagnum peat in petri dishes or Perspex chambers. After 1 yearT. terrestris had formed prominent rhizomorphs which were characterized by light microscopy and investigated for32P-orthophosphate uptake. The absorbed phosphate was transported to sinks throughout the rhizomorphal system as well as into the plant. The calculated translocation velocity and flux rate in the rhizomorph were in the range of 1–3 cm/h and 0.5–4.0 × 10-10 mol cm-2 s-1, respectively. Label was observed to accumulate in the needles 2–3 days after application. Feeding a non-mycorrhized root with32P-orthophosphate led to an accumulation of label in needles within 1 h, but no radioactivity appeared in the associatedT. terrestris rhizomorphs. The rhizomorphs ofP. tinctorius revealed a higher structural differentiation than those ofT. terrestris. Translocation of labelled phosphorus through rhizomorphs ofP. tinctorius into spruce needles was also demonstrated.
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  • 89
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    The effect of ozone and season on the pool sizes of cyclitols in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Inositol ; Pinitol ; Ozone ; Pinus sylvestris ; Season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of 100 and 200 μg · m-3 (50 and 100 ppb) ozone and ambient air on 4-year-old grafts of a Scots pine clone was tested in closedtop fumigation chambers. Ozone decreased the myo-inositol and inccreased the pinitol levels in the 1-year-old needles, whereas the effect in the current-year needles was less distinct. In neither case did ambient air lead to any detectable effects on these parameters compared with controls. However, there was a pronounced chamber effect in the levels of myo-inositol and pinitol compared with trees standing in the open field, where inositol was higher and pinitol lower. There is some evidence, based on visible symptoms as well as biochemical changes, that season is an important modifier of the effect of ozone on Scots pine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021071
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  • 90
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    Partitioning of leaf nitrogen with respect to within canopy light exposure and nitrogen availability in peach (Prunus persica) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen partitioning ; Photosyn thesis ; Light acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relationships between leaf nitrogen content and within canopy light exposure were studied in mature nectarine peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Fantasia) that had received 0, 112, 196, 280 or 364 kg of fertilizer nitrogen per hectare per year for the previous 3 years. The relationships between light saturated leaf CO2 assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen concentration were also determined on trees in the highest and lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. The slope of the linear relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light exposure was similar for all nitrogen treatments but the y-intercept of the relationship increased with increasing N status. The slope of the relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light saturated CO2 assimilation rates was greater for the high N trees than the low N trees, but maximum measured leaf CO2 assimilation rates were similar for both the high and low N treatments. A diagrammatic model of the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic capacity with respect to leaf light exposure for high and low nitrogen trees suggests that the major influence of increased N availability is an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of partially shaded leaves but not of the maximum capacity of highly exposed leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021072
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  • 91
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    Structure and function of leaf minor veins in trees and herbs (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 96-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Minor veins (open and closed) ; Phloem loading ; Sugar transport ; Symplastic and apoplastic pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structure of leaf minor veins in 700 species from 140 families of dicotyledons, monocotyledons and conifers has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The presence of several structural types of minor veins has been shown. The main types are open and closed veins characteristic of trees and herbs, respectively. These vein types differ by the structure of intermediate cells, and by the mechanisms of phloem loading and sugar transport. Most woody plants have intermediate cells with numerous plasmodesmal fields, symplastic transport as the main phloem loading mechanism, as well as oligosaccharides and other complex sugars as the main phloem transport substances. By contrast, the majority of herbs have intermediate cells without plasmodesmal connections, and apoplastic loading of sucrose occurs only by membrane proton cotransport. The closed type is divided into three subtypes, differing in the degree of development of the structures used for sugar uptake from the apoplast. A list of the plants investigated with their vein types is given. The evolution of the minor vein structure and phloem loading mechanism are discussed in relation to the evolution of life forms of higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021073
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  • 92
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    Variations in pith eccentricity and ring width in teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pith eccentricity ; Ring width ; Tectona grandis ; Teak
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wood samples were collected from a teak (Tectona grandis) plantation established in Gambari Forest Reserve (Dry Forest) near Ibadan in south-western Nigeria. Values of percentage pith eccentricity (PPE) of bole cross-sections were computed using appropriate geometrical methods. Also the growth rings of the cross-sections were identified and their widths measured. Pith eccentricity and ring width did not vary significantly between plots on the site. Variations in pith eccentricity and ring width between trees on plots were very highly significant (at 0.1% probability level). Pith eccentricity and ring width varied along tree boles: the effect of height above the ground was very highly significant in each case. On average, pith eccentricity was highest at the base and top of the merchantable bole. The magnitudes of variations in both pith eccentricity and ring width along the bole differed between the plots: plotsx levels interaction effect was very highly significant in each case. A decrease in ring width corresponded with an increase in the age of the vascular cambium. Only small proportions of the variation in pith eccentricity could be estimated from concomitant variations in radial growth rate (ring width), bole form factor and crown depth; the values ofr 2 were 11%, 10% and 11% respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021074
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  • 93
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    Juvenile/total foliage ratios inEucalyptus nitens and the growth of stands and individual trees (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Canopy structure ; Growth ; Heteroblasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Individual trees and stands of two provenances ofEucalyptus nitens which have marked differences in retention of juvenile foliage were studied in four plantations at different elevations. The proportion of juvenile to total foliage and growth was measured at the end of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th year from establishment. Between the ages of 2 and 4 years annual stem volume increment increased in proportion to the amount of juvenile foliage retained. By age 4 years, stem volume of trees of the juvenile persistent form was significantly larger than that of the early adult form. Increasing differences in height growth with age between provenances, which were highly significant across sites by age 4, contributed to these differences in performance. There was some evidence that the largest trees of the juvenile-persistent form were those which combined mature foliage above juvenile foliage for the longest period during the transition from juvenile to mature foliage. In the early-adult form the largest trees were those which completed the transition to mature foliage rapidly. There was no difference in the ratio of foliage mass to basal area between the two forms. It is suggested that the faster growth of the juvenile-persistent form is related to higher leaf area index and not to foliage type. A provenance ofE. globulus which had a higher retention of juvenile foliage at age 4 than a second provenance had a lower stem volume, thus indicating that in this species early growth rate is not determined by foliage type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021075
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  • 94
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    The effect of desiccation on viability and phospholipid composition of Acer sacharinum L. seeds (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Acer saccharinum ; Desiccation ; Phospholipids ; Seed viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phospholipid biosynthesis and composition in desiccation-intolerant silver maple seeds were determined with respect to the seed's germinability and electrolyte leakage during the desiccation process. An evident increase in the biosynthesis of phospholipids occurs during the period of high viability of the seeds. The electrolyte leakage level during this period is rather low. The more the seed's viability declines the lower is the biosynthesis of phospholipids and the higher the permeability of membranes to solutes. The total content of phospholipids as well as the content of particular phospholipids decreases with a simultaneous increase of phosphatidic acid. Presented data support the hypothesis that membrane destruction takes place during loss of water in desiccation-intolerant seeds. The nature of cell membrane damage is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226649
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  • 95
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    Soluble carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 138-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Heartwood ; Pinus sylvestris ; Sapwood ; Soluble carbohydrates ; Starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The amounts of glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose/galactose, raffinose/stachyose and starch were investigated in the outer sapwood, innermost sapwood, transition zone and heartwood of four stems of Pinus sylvestris L. The samples were taken in October and the determination of the compounds was done enzymatically. It was not possible to distinguish arabinose from galactose and raffinose from stachyose. The amounts of glucose, fructose and sucrose were greatest in the outer sapwood and decreased gradually towards the innermost sapwood and the heartwood. In the outermost heartwood glucose, fructose and sucrose were only present in trace amounts. Raffinose/stachyose showed highest concentrations in the outer sapwood and decreased towards the heartwood. In contrast, the concentrations of arabinose/galactose increased towards the heartwood and the greatest amount was found in the inner heartwood. When identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), arabinose was found to be present in greater amounts than galactose. The amount of starch decreased markedly towards heartwood. However, the amounts of sugars in all the studied stems was very variable. The changes in the amounts of carbohydrates in the different zones of the stems and the possible relationships of these phenomena with heartwood formation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226648
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  • 96
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    Participation of auxin and abscisic acid in the regulation of seasonal variations in cambial activity and xylogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Auxin ; Abscisic acid ; Dormancy ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The current notion that hormonal level and cell response are clearly correlated has often been challenged recently. During the period of cambial activity, auxin content seems to control the intensity of mitosis and some features of the resulting wood, but not the duration of the active period itself. During cambial rest, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level often remains high in the cambium, but the cell sensitivity to auxin is low. The decrease of auxin transport in autumn is sometimes interpreted as a major qualitative change affecting the pattern of transport, and sometimes as a secondary change occurring later than rest onset. The causes of the seasonal variation of cambial response remain unknown. A hypothesis is proposed that accounts for the structural-functional changes occurring in cambial cells during the onset of dormancy. Abscisic acid (ABA) may reduce wood production and xylem cell enlargement in late summer. An important amount of ABA may be present in the cambial zone in autumn after drought stress and in spring in the young growing shoot. Changes in ABA level do not appear to be clearly correlated with the different steps of cambial rest and activity. Beyond the role of ABA as a stress mediator, its participation in the annual regulation of cambial activity remains unclear. Its distribution in the most alkaline compartments may account for the particularities of its seasonal activity. The involvement of IAA and ABA in cambial growth is discussed within the scope of a possible annual alternation of two different metabolisms in the cambial cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226647
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  • 97
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    Proteins as a potential nitrogen storage compound in bark and leaves of several softwoods (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Storage proteins ; Softwoods ; SDS ; Page ; Bark ; Leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of vegetative storage proteins in the leaf and bark tissues of several softwood species during overwintering was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Monthly protein profiles from leaves and bark of six evergreen softwood species (Pinus strobus, P. sylvestris, Picea abies, P. glauca, Abies balsamea, and Thuja occidentalis) and the bark of one deciduous softwood species (Larix decidua) suggest that storage proteins are present in bark tissues of L. decidua, Pinus sylvestris, and P. strobus. The remaining species did not show similar specific proteins. However, the total soluble protein content which was determined during active growth and during overwintering in the same tissues indicated that protein levels were higher in the winter compared to the summer in the bark of all species and in the leaves of Pinus spp. and T. occidentalis. While vegetative storage proteins do not appear prevalent in all softwood species, proteins may constitute a major form of overwintering nitrogen storage for many species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226650
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  • 98
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    Supply and compartmentalization of potassium in mesophyll cells of the needles of spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 154-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst. ; Potassium ; Nutrition ; Compartmentalization ; Cell morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The water and potassium content and the relative vacuolar volume (α = Vvacuole/Vcell) of mesophyll cells of the needles of healthy 21-yearold spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were determined. In 5-year-old needles α was 0.626 ± 0.178 (ovx ± SD). Potassium concentrations in the bulk tissue water ranged from about 65 to 105 mM. Simulations were made using this information and a simple two-compartmental model of the cell with the bulk cytoplasm and the vacuole and assuming that the minimum cytoplasmic and vacuolar K+ concentrations are 100–150 mM and 10–15 mM respectively. It is shown that a K+ content of needles below 50 mmol/1 tissue water would be precarious for maintenance of normal physiological and metabolic performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226651
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  • 99
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    Biochemical differences between embryogenic and nonembryogenic calli of conifers (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Conifer ; Gymnosperm ; Glutathione ; Ethylene ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic and nonembryogenic calli of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), Eastern white pine (P. strobus), pond pine (P. serotina), white spruce (Picea glauca), and European larch (Larix decidua) were analyzed for biochemical parameters previously shown to be indicative of an embryogenic state in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Concentrations of glutathione and total reductants as well as rates of ethylene evolution and incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein in the two callus types were consistent with the Norway spruce observations. Embryogenic potential of loblolly pine and pond pine callus was predicted by biochemical analysis in advance of the appearance of somatic embryos. Other parameters such as isozyme patterns and SDS-PAGE of soluble proteins could also be used to distinguish embryogenic from nonembryogenic conifer callus. Among the species investigated, white spruce was the most difficult to sort by these methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226653
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  • 100
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    Dormancy release in Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings: effects of intermittent warm periods during chilling (1989)
    Springer
    Trees 3 (1989), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Annual cycle of development ; Bud burst ; Chilling requirement ; Rest period ; Simulation models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments designed to test three simulation models were used to study the effects of intermittent warm periods during the chilling period on dormancy release in 2-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. The effect of the intermittent period varied according to its timing. Compared with corresponding continuous chilling treatments, the intermittent periods (1) after 1–3 weeks of chilling increased the proportion of the seedlings for which dormancy was subsequently released, and (2) after 4–7 weeks of chilling substantially diminished this proportion. The intermittent periods did not affect the time required for growth initiation in forcing conditions. These results support a simulation model with a strict end-point for the rest period. On the basis of the experimental results, division of the dormant period into three sub-periods is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226654
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