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  • GEOPHYSICS  (4,119)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (2,968)
  • 1985-1989  (7,084)
  • 1900-1904  (3)
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Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Global Climate Study (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Global Surface Radiation Budget Experiment, which determines if current climate models are accurate, is explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASR-250 , NASA-TM-109612 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190410
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  • 2
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    Application of a semianalytical technique for sensitivity analysis of unsteady aerodynamic computations (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A semianalytical approach is developed for the sensitivity analysis of linear unsteady aerodynamic loads. The semianalytical approach is easier to implement than the analytical approach. It is also computationally less expensive than the finite difference approach when used with panel methods which require a large number of panels. The semianalytical approach is applied to an isolated airfoil in a two-dimensional flow and rotating propfan blades in three-dimensional flow. Sensitivity coefficients with respect to nonshape-dependent variables are shown for some cases.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 88-2377 , Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference; Apr 18, 1988 - Apr 20, 1988; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 3
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    Magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting of the Twenty-sixth COSPAR Plenary Meeting, Toulouse, France, June 30-July 11, 1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Papers are presented on satellite observations of new particle and field signatures associated with SAR arc field lines at magnetospheric heights, the structure of the polar oval from simultaneous observations of the optical emissions and particle precipitations during the period of high solar activity between 1981 and 1982, and SAR-arcs and emissions in the main trough of the electron concentration. Also considered are a model calculation of hydrogen Balmer emissions under various modes of proton precipitation, electron precipitation near L = 4, and an investigation of the thermosphere-ionosphere interaction by means of the neutral post-storm effect. Other topics include auroral electric field penetration into the middle-latitude trough, field-aligned currents and related phenomena in the cust, and the positive phase of ionospheric storms and its connection with the dayside cusp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 4
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    New data on the formation conditions and age of the Kamensk and Gusev astroblemes (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Discussed is new information recently published on the higher contents of siderophilic in the block breccia, fragments of coesite rocks in the Glubokinskiy series within the Kamenskiy astrobleme. New geological data which have refined the concept regarding the structure and age of the Kamenskiy astrobleme are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20212 , NAS 1.77:20212
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  • 5
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    Into the thermosphere: The atmosphere explorers (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The need to study the lower thermosphere with the new instrument, data handling, and spacecraft technology available in the 1960s led to the formulation and establishment of the Atmospheric Explorer program. This book provides an overview of this program with particular emphasis on the AE3, AE4, and AE5 satellites, which represent early examples of problem-dedicated missions. Both the satellites and their instrumentation on the one hand and the experimental and scientific considerations in studying the thermosphere on the other are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-490 , NAS 1.21:490 , LC-87-14156
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  • 6
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    Future plans for the NASA suborbital program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of more reliable heavy-lift balloons and a fine pointed gondola; the development of the Black Brant-12 rocket for auroral research; and the development of a collaborative Orbiting Payload Using Scout program are outlined. Through 1989 NASA will conduct a comprehensive program of aircraft, balloon, and rocket campaigns in conjunction with Shuttle and satellite measurements on the Supernovae 1987a.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 8th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Research; p 397-400
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  • 7
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    Carbon monoxide measurements over the eastern Pacific during GTE/CITE 1 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment's Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 1) intercomparison, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements were made from the NASA CV-990 aircraft during the fall of 1983 and again in the spring of 1984. The experimental measurements for CO obtained during those flight series over the eastern and mid-Pacific are presented here. Data were acquired from 10 to 20 deg N latitude over the mid-Pacific and from 30 to 37 deg N latitude over the eastern Pacific off the coast of California. A seasonal variation of approximately 34 parts per billion by volume was measured over the altitudes and latitudes sampled, and a small latitudinal variation was also noted. The data are discussed in terms of the meteorological context in which they were collected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2095-210
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  • 8
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    Plasma diagnostics package measurements of ionospheric ions and Shuttle-induced perturbations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The plasma diagnostics package (PDP) on the Space Shuttle STS-3 mission in March 1982 carried among its instrument complement a retarding potential analyzer. This instrument measured both the ambient ion plasma density and temperature, and perturbations to the plasma produced by Shuttle Orbiter effects. Whenever the plasma flow streamline at the instrument was more than a distance of the order of thermal ion gyroradii away from any Orbiter surface, the measurements were characteristic of the ambient ionosphere. In several situations, the PDP was positioned so as to scan the wake in the plasma flow produced by Orbiter surfaces. The density profile of the major species O(+) was consistent with a classic Mach cone. However, strong perturbations extended for several meters outside the Mach cone, which resulted in failure of flowing Maxwellian distributions to represent the data. Configurations where the plasma-flow-impacted Orbiter surfaced downstream of the PDP resulted in generation of a suprathermal ion component. The observations are discussed in terms of a recent model of the mechanism for generation of Shuttle glow.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 13463-13
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  • 9
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    Space opportunities for tropospheric chemistry research (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use of the Space Shuttle to measure tropospheric trace species is examined. Factors which affect the measurement of tropospheric trace species are discussed. The Academy of Sciences 1985 report categorized the trace species into levels: first-level gases include water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4, and the second-level gases are N2O, NO2, NH3, SO2, chlorofluoromethanes, and HCl. The effects of first-level gases on the earth's climate, the photochemistry/chemistry of the troposphere, and the photochemical/chemical production and destruction of the hydroxyl radical are studied; the distribution and magnitude of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere are analyzed in terms of water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 10
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    Some numerical calculations by using linear classical sonic theories approached from sub- or supersonic speeds (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The unsteady aerodynamics of a two-dimensional wing at sonic speed are studied by using so-called classical sonic theories (linear), approached from supersonic flow (M=1+0) or subsonic flow (M=1-0). In the former approach, the exact expressions of lift and lift distribution are obtained in terms of Fresnel integrals, while in the latter approach an integral equation must be solved, the kernel function of which is obtained from the subsonic Possio's equation and has a root singularity. The discrete analysis is adopted on the basis of the semicircle method (SCM) and the weighting function for subsonic-flow-Gauss-quadrature, as well as modified characteristics obtained from both approaches agree quite well with each other. The results obtained by the present computations are compared with those of DLM-C (subsonic 2D code) developed by ANDO et al, and are found to give a reasonable outer boundary for subsonic unsteady aerodynamics.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20112 , NAS 1.77:20112
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  • 11
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    The paradox of age: Tectites and tectite showers (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: When discussing the problem of tectite origin, the age of the tectites themselves (actual glasses) must be distinguished from the date of their fall on the earth's surface, i.e., the geological age of tectite fields. The considerable difference between their two ages is the essence of the paradox which will be discussed here.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20102 , NAS 1.77:20102
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  • 12
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    The Aerodynamic Optimization of Wings at Subsonic Speeds and the Influence of Wingtip Design (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some of the objectives of modern aircraft development are related to the achievement of reduced fuel consumption and aircraft noise. This investigation is mainly concerned with the aerodynamic aspects of aircraft development, i.e., reduction of induced drag. New studies of wing design, and in particular wing tips, are considered. Induced drag is important since, in cruising flight, it accounts for approximately one-third of the entire drag for the aircraft, and one-half while climbing. A survey is presented for the wing geometries and wing tip designs studied, and theoretical investigations of different planar wings with systematically varied wing tip forms are conducted. Attention is also paid to a theoretical study of some planar and nonplanar wings and their comparison with experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88534 , NAS 1.15:88534
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  • 13
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    Iridium in the Vredefort Bronzite Granophyre - Impact melting and limits on a possible extraterrestrial component (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Bronzite Granophyre was analyzed for Ir and other elements to examine whether its origin was due to impact melting or conventional igneous assimilation and to search for a possible extraterrestrial component in the melt. No such component is identified. Ir values range from 50-130 pg/g, equivalent to less than 0.05 percent C1 material. Further evidence against an extraterrestrial source of siderophiles are the low Ir/Au ratios and the absence of systematic correlations between Ir and other elements. However, the Granophyre is significantly enriched in Ir over other Vredefort granitic rocks, implying a fundamental difference between them. Geochemical mixing models indicate that the Ir observed in the Granophyre can be supplied from high-Ir local shales and quartzites during an impact melting event. The results are consistent with the view that the Granophyre is an impact melt and that Vredefort is an impact structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 14, 1988 - Mar 18, 1988; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 14
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    Boundary layer dynamics in the description of magnetospheric substorms (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of eleven magnetospheric substorm events for which good-quality ground-based magnetometer data and ISEE satellite data were both available. It is shown that the magnetotail particle and field observations associated with a substorm expansive phase can be explained through the spatial movement of the boundary layers and central plasma sheet in the magnetotail. The sweeping of these regions past the satellite, even in the absence of temporal variations within the various regions, can lead to a set of plasma flow observations typical of what is observed in the magnetotail during substorm activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A209803 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 14411-14
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  • 15
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    A boundary layer model for magnetospheric substorms (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An alternative framework for understanding magnetospheric substorm activity is presented. It is argued that observations of magnetic field and plasma flow variations in the magnetotail can be explained in terms of the passage of the plasma sheet boundary layer over the satellite detecting the tail signatures. It is shown that field-aligned currents and particle acceleration processes on magnetic field lines threading the ionospheric Harang discontinuity lead to the distinctive particle and field signatures observed in the magnetotail during substorms. It is demonstrated that edge effects of field-aligned currents associated with the westward traveling surge can lead to the negative B(z) perturbations observed in the tail that are presently attributed to observations made on the anti-earthward side of a near-earth neutral line. Finally, it is shown that the model can provide a physical explanation of both the driven system and the loading-unloading system whose combined effects provide the observed substorm perturbation pattern in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A194400 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12187-12
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  • 16
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    Plasma waves in the range of the lower hybrid frequency - ISEE 1 and 2 observations at the earth's bow shock (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This report presents a characterization of plasma wave noise in the range of the lower hybrid frequency associated with 65 crossings of earth's bow shock observed by the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites. Wave growth generally becomes detectable at the upstream edge of the shock foot, increases at the upstream edge of the shock ramp, peaks within the ramp, and then quickly decays to steady downstream values. The upstream extent of the noise is on the same order as that of specularly reflected gyrating ions. Similar profiles were observed in subcritical and supercritical shocks, and no special behavior was associated with the first critical Mach number. Spectra in the foot and ramp were similar in shape, although the noise was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more intense in the shock ramps than in the feet. Electric field intensities are positively correlated with solar wind speed and inversely related to electron beta and Mach number. Magnetic components are positively correlated with Mach number and beta. The results are generally consistent with suggestions that the noise consists of lower hybrid waves driven by reflected gyrating ions in the foot, and by additional instabilities, such as the cross-field current, in the shock ramp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 9695-970
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  • 17
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    Energy spectra of plasma sheet ions and electrons from about 50 eV/e to about 1 MeV during plamsa temperature transitions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: ISEE-1 charged-particle measurements obtained during eight plasma temperature transitions (PTTs) in 1978-1979 are compiled in tables and graphs and analyzed in detail, comparing the ion and electron differential energy spectra with the predictions of theoretical models. PTTs are defined as approximately 1-h periods of low bulk plasma velocity and steadily increasing or decreasing thermal energy. A Maxwellian distribution is found to be inadequate in describing the PTT energy spectra, but velocity-exponential and kappa distributions are both successful, the latter especially at higher energies. The power-law index kappa varies from PTT to PTT, but the high-energy spectral index and overall shape of the distribution remain constant during a PTT; both spatial and temporal effects are observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 2562-257
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  • 18
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    Aeronautical engineering: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 225) (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 429 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in March, 1988.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(225) , NAS 1.21:7037(225)
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  • 19
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    Finite element calculations for aerodynamic coefficients of a 3-dimensional body in subsonic flow using Green's function method (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An accurate method for evaluating the derivatives along circular paths on the surface is proposed. Calculations are made on various practical configurations such as wing-body combinations, tandem wings, wings with dihedral angles at sideslip, ground effects, interference between a sphere and wind tunnel, etc. Comparisons with experiment show good agreement.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20208 , NAS 1.77:20208
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  • 20
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    Calculation of non-stationary aerodynamic forces in the near sonic range (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of a mathematical method for calculating nonstationary supersonic flow in the near-sonic range is described. A perturbation formula is derived based on the exact stationary values; it is applicable to the equation for potential. The problem can thus be divided into stationary and nonstationary fields. The pressure distribution in an oscillating profile is determined, based on hyperbolic differential equations. It is shown that there are important corollaries concerning the application of linear theory. With suitable extrapolations, linear theory can be used up to about Mach 0.8. Linear theory is not applicable, however, when determining the moment coefficients; for this case, a special technique is described.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20310 , NAS 1.77:20310
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  • 21
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    Aeronautical engineering: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 219) (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 586 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in October, 1987.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(219) , NAS 1.21:7037(219)
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  • 22
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    Calculation of aerodynamic heat transfer for blunt-nosed thin wings at different angles of attack at supersonic speeds (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A method for calculating aerodynamic heat transfer on thin wings at angles of attack is provided, based on the assumption of small cross flow and the calculation of an infinite cylinder. It is valid in the range of supersonic and hypersonic speeds. The method does not require calculation of the details of the stream lines and can be used for various swept wings at moderate angle of attack or yaw angle. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results is given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20127 , NAS 1.77:20127
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  • 23
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    Plasma and field observations of a Pc 5 wave event (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The particle detector and electric field data collected by the Dynamo Explorer 1 on the Pc 5 wave event encounter on July 14, 1982 are presented, yielding a nearly complete picture of the event. The overall structure of the Pc 5 seems to order the event into two distinct halves, suggesting a temporal or spatial variation of the micropulsation. Thermal plasma measurements showed that the dominant ion throughout both lobes was H(+). Significant quantities of He(+), O(+), N(+), and O(2+) were also observed to be present and rotating together in a plane normal to the magnetic field direction, due to the Pc5 E x B drift. The plasma parameters determined for the two lobes were used in theoretical calculations to predict the period of the observed resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11147-11
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  • 24
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    Cratering mechanics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Main concepts and theoretical models which are used for studying the mechanics of cratering are discussed. Numerical two-dimensional calculations are made of explosions near a surface and high-speed impact. Models are given for the motion of a medium during cratering. Data from laboratory modeling are given. The effect of gravitational force and scales of cratering phenomena is analyzed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88477 , NAS 1.15:88477
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  • 25
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    The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The significant ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica during recent austral springs was studied by instrumented ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft. Data on the homogeneous gas composition, polar stratospheric clouds, and on tracers for dynamic motion are provided. The mission design is described, the aircraft and their payloads are documented, and the flight tracks are specified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11181-11
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  • 26
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    Plasma flows near the neutral sheet of the magnetotail (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Lepedea on board ISEE 1 is used to investigate the bulk flow plasma in the neutral sheet region (defined as the area where BX approx = O) of the magnetotail. For the majority of crossings there is no appreciable change in the macroscopic plasma parameters, i.e., the density, temperature and velocity of the plasma remain constant through the neutral sheet. This is true even during active periods, when AE is somewhat greater than 100nT. However, for a small number of crossings, all during disturbed times, large plasma bulk velocities abs. val V is greater than or = 300 km/s are observed. The velocity distributions during these events are qualitatively similar to those of the plasma sheet boundary layer that is usually observed at higher latitudes. The acceleration mechanism which creates the plasma sheet boundary layer extends to relatively small radial distances during these active periods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 27
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    Calculation of the distributed loads on the blades of individual multiblade propellers in axial flow using linear and nonlinear lifting surface theories (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In recent years much attention has been given to the development of methods and programs for the calculation of the aerodynamic characteristics of multiblade, saber-shaped air propellers. Most existing methods are based on the theory of lifting lines. Elsewhere, the theory of a lifting surface is used to calculate screw and lifting propellers. In this work, methods of discrete eddies are described for the calculation of the aerodynamic characteristics of propellers using the linear and nonlinear theories of lifting surfaces.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20173 , NAS 1.77:20173 , (ISSN 0321-3429)
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  • 28
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    NASA's geodynamics program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The NASA geodynamics program covers dynamics of the core; dynamics and structure of the mantle; dynamics and structure of the lithosphere; evolution and composition of the Earth; and comparative planetology. Projects include crustal dynamics/Earth observations; gravity field modelling; and magnetic field studies. Planned space flights include global gravity and magnetic field mapping; magnetic field secular changes; gravity gradiometer mission; LAGEOS-2; and Earth Observing System.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of an ESA-NASA Workshop on a Joint Solid Earth Program; p 11-16
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  • 29
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    Aeronautical engineering: A cumulative index to a continuing bibliography (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography is a cumulative index to the abstracts contained in NASA SP-7037(210) through NASA SP-7037(221) of Aeronautical Engineering: A Continuing Bibliography. NASA SP-7037 and its supplements have been compiled through the cooperative efforts of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This cumulative index includes subject, personal author, corporate source, foreign technology, contract number, report number, and accession number indexes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(222) , NAS 1.21:7037(222)
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  • 30
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    The interference of the model support mast with measurements of the longitudinal and lateral aerodynamic coefficients (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effects the single-bottom support masts used in the ONERA S1 and S4 wind tunnels have on aerodynamic data collected with scale model aircraft were examined experimentally and analytically. Systematic studies were performed on the flow characteristics around different diameters for the mounts. Scaling methods used to make data from one wind tunnel correspond to data from the other are described. Airbus 320 models were introduced into the tests and mast-body flow interactions were observed. A summary is presented of restrictions on the mast diameters, relative to cylindrical model diameters, which will minimize the effects the masts have on longitudinal and lateral aerodynamic stability data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20079 , NAS 1.77:20079 , ONERA-TP-1986-181
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  • 31
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    Causes and effects of a hole (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Preliminary results from the U.S. National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) to Antarctica are reviewed. The NOZE ozonesonde measurements showed significant vertical structure in the hole, with 80 percent depletion in some of the 1 km layers but only 20 percent in adjacent layers. The depletion was confined to the 12-20 km region, beginning first at higher altitude and progressing downward. This is strong evidence against the theory that the ozone hole is due to solar activity producing odd nitrogen at high altitudes which is transported downwards, leading to enhanced odd-nitrogen catalytic cycles that destroy ozone. Nitrous oxide data show unusually low concentrations within the polar vortex, which is evidence against the theory that the hole is caused by a purely dynamical mechanism in which rising air motions within the polar vortex lead to reduced column densities of ozone. It is tentatively concluded that a chemical mechanism involving man-made chlorofluorocarbons is the likely cause of ozone depletion in the hole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 297
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    Tectites of Vietnam. Tectites delivered by a comet: A hypothesis (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Tectites (tektites) are mysterious natural acid glasses that differ dramatically from terrestrial volcanic or impact glasses. There are many arguments that speak in favor of their non-terrestrial origin, and that is why the problem of their origin has an important scientific and historical significance. It is no accident that hundreds of publications written by specialists of various fields from all over the world are devoted to this issue. It is discussed at length in a collection of articles entitled 'Tectites' (1963,1973), as well as in the excellent monograph by O'Keefe (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20103 , NAS 1.77:20103
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    Hypersonic aerodynamic coefficients and convection flow estimation in a HERMES type project (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An analysis of all the experimental and computation requirements of the HERMES project is presented. The discussion includes the influence of the upper atmosphere composition and possible chemical reactions, the information collected in Orbiter experiments, the possibility of utilizing plasma generators and CF4 in wind tunnel tests, the development of parabolized Navier-Stokes models and solutions, and the computing capacity requirements.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20019 , NAS 1.77:20019
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    Rock flows (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Rock flows are defined as forms of spontaneous mass movements, commonly found in mountainous countries, which have been studied very little. The article considers formations known as rock rivers, rock flows, boulder flows, boulder stria, gravel flows, rock seas, and rubble seas. It describes their genesis as seen from their morphological characteristics and presents a classification of these forms. This classification is based on the difference in the genesis of the rubbly matter and characterizes these forms of mass movement according to their source, drainage, and deposit areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88485 , NAS 1.15:88485
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    Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of Our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Topics addressed include: stratospheric chemistry; tropospheric trace gas (sources, distributions, and trends); tropospheric chemistry (processes, controlling the ozone and hydroxyl radicals); stratosphere-troposphere exchange; dynamic processes; and radiative processes (solar and terrestrial).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-89237 , NAS 1.15:89237 , WMO-REPT-16-VOL-1
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    Observations of ionospheric magnetospheric coupling - DE and Chatanika coincidences (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Observations from several experiments on board the Dynamics Explorer 1 and 2 (DE 1 and 2) spacecraft and ground-based radar measurements from the Chatanika radar are combined in order to examine the details of ionospheric/magnetospheric coupling in the local evening sector. DE 1 and DE 2 were in coplanar polar orbits that provided measurements almost simultaneously in time and magnetically coincident with the Chatanika radar from L = 3 to L = 17. The coupling processes are inferred from the density, temperature, composition, and angular distributions of the low-energy plasma observed from the E region of the ionosphere to magnetospheric altitudes of 2.5 earth radii. Plasma characteristics of the plasmasphere, main trough, auroral zone, and polar cap can be studied in this data set. The observations imply that as L increases, the dominant coupling mechanism between the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the measured energy range changes from equilibrium diffusion to perpendicular acceleration and finally to parallel acceleration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 5803-581
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    The menagerie of geospace plasma waves (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The sounding rocket and satellite observations of space plasma waves within geospace in the frequency range from millihertz to megahertz are studied. Characteristic frequencies and source mechanisms of the plasma waves are described. The use of the Dynamic Explorer-1 Plasma Wave Instrument spectrograms to represent the plasma wave antenna and receiver system of geospace is examined. The ray tracing technique calculates the path of energy flow; the equations required for the analysis are presented. Cross-correlation of the wave electric and magnetic components provide data used to calculate the wave polarization, the direction of propagation, and the wave distribution function.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 42; 257-274
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  • 38
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    Monthly mean distribution of ozone and temperature (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Global monthly mean charts for both hemispheres are given for four mid-season months, and for the pressure levels 30, 10, 1, and 0.1 mbar for temperature and 0.4 mbar for ozone. Charts of total ozone are provided separately. This set of charts shows clearly the very close coupling between the temperature and ozone distributions and demonstrates the influence of the large-scale planetary waves which give rise to very large longitudinal variations. The regular and interannual variability of temperature and ozone are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 54 p
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    Spectroscopic database (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Several aspects of quantitative atmospheric spectroscopy are considered, using a classification of the molecules according to the gas amounts in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, and reviews of quantitative atmospheric high-resolution spectroscopic measurements and field measurements systems are given. Laboratory spectroscopy and spectral analysis and prediction are presented with a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy capabilities. Spectroscopic data requirements for accurate derivation of atmospheric composition are discussed, where examples are given for space-based remote sensing experiments of the atmosphere: the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule) and UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) experiment. A review of the basic parameters involved in the data compilations; a summary of information on line parameter compilations already in existence; and a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy studies are used to assess the data base.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 41 p
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    Trace gas effects on climate (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The two primary objectives are to describe the new scientific challenges posed by the trace gas-climate problem and to summarize current strategies, and to make an assessment of the trace gas effects on troposphere-stratosphere temperature trends. Numerous reports on CO2-climate problems are examined with respect to climate modeling issues. The role of the oceans in governing the transient climate response to time varying CO2 concentrations is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 76 p
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    Model predictions of ozone changes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The predictions of several one-dimensional models were examined for a number of prescribed scenarios in steady-state or time-dependent approximations. A small number of two-dimensional steady-state calculations for a limited number of scenarios were compared with the results of one-dimensional models. The sensitivity of the calculated predictions to the values of input parameters were examined in order to assess recognized uncertainties in these predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Its Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 70 p
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    Oxygen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial distribution of ozone, as predicted by numerical models, is compared with observations. A set of reference ozone profiles was developed against which to compare current numerical calculations. Most of the analyses will focus on ozone between 30 and 70 km altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 42 p
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    Assessment models (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The types of models used in assessment of possible chemical perturbations to the stratosphere are reviewed. The statue of one and two dimensional models are discussed. The problem of model validation is covered before the status of photochemical modeling efforts is discussed. A hierarchy of tests for photochemical models is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 74 p
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    Aerodynamics of the Viggen 37 aircraft. Part 1: General characteristics at low speed (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A description of the aerodynamics of the Viggen 37 and its performances, especially at low speeds is presented. The aerodynamic requirements for the design of the Viggen 37 aircraft are given, including the basic design, performance requirement, and aerodynamic characteristics, static and dynamic load test results and flight test results. The Viggen 37 aircraft is designed to be used for air attack, surveillance, pursuit, and training applications. It is shown that this aircraft is suitable for short runways, and has good maneuvering, acceleration, and climbing characteristics. The design objectives for this aircraft were met by utilizing the effect produced by the interference between two triangular wings, positioned in tandem.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88403 , NAS 1.15:88403
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    Evolution of a meteorite crater as a process of random displacements (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An examination of the ages and sizes of 114 terrestrial impact craters shows that their aging kinetics can be described by the diffusion laws. The macrodiffusion coefficient which determines random displacements of mineral masses on the Earth has a mean value of 0.02 sq m/year. The amount of matter in a crater that contains information about the impact event decreases with time according to the 1/T law. The basic characteristic parameter of a crater is its initial area, inasmuch as sufficiently large craters are nearly surficial formations. The relaxation time of a crater is proportional to its initial area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88428 , NAS 1.15:88428
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    Formation of asymmetric separated flow past slender bodies of revolution at large angles of attack (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The paper examines the problem of determining stationary positions of pairs of vortices of unequal intensity in the flow behind a cylinder modeling the axisymmetric separated flow past a slender body at large angles of attack. The possible asymmetric stationary positions of two vortices are calculated, and their stability with respect to small perturbations is determined. Bifurcations of the flow field with changes in vortex intensity are analyzed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88441 , NAS 1.15:88441 , (ISSN 0321-3249)
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    Formation of the central uplift in meteoric craters (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data are presented on the sizes of impact craters with central uplifts on the earth, moon, and terrestrial planets. It is proposed that the central uplift of the Kara crater in the USSR was formed by impact metamorphism of rocks along a crater having a depth of about 600 meters. A theoretical analysis of the mechanics of hypervelocity impact cratering is used to investigate the features of shock-wave attenuation in the depths of the target and the amount of impact melt formed during this process. An attempt is made to determine the velocity of rock motion during the formation of central uplifts in terrestrial craters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88427 , NAS 1.15:88427
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    Electrical conductivity of rocks at high pressures and temperatures (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of studies of the electrical conductivity in the most widely distributed types of igneous rocks, at temperatures of up to 1200 C, at atmospheric pressure, and also at temperatures of up to 700 C and at pressures of up to 20,000 kg/sq cm are described. The figures of electrical conductivity, of activaation energy and of the preexponential coefficient are presented and the dependence of these parameters on the petrochemical parameters of the rocks are reviewed. The possible electrical conductivities for the depository, granite and basalt layers of the Earth's crust and of the upper mantle are presented, as well as the electrical conductivity distribution to the depth of 200 to 240 km for different geological structures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77687 , NAS 1.15:77687
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    Mutual effect of thermochemical surface decomposition and viscous interaction during hypersonic flow past a sharp cone (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Numerical results on the hypersonic gas flow in viscous interaction regime past sharp circular cones with thermally destructible Teflon surface are presented. Characteristics of the mutual influence between the thermochemical decomposition of the surface and the viscous interaction are revealed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78015 , NAS 1.15:78015
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    Three-dimensional boundary layer analysis program Blay and its application (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The boundary layer calculation program (BLAY) is a program code which accurately analyzes the three-dimensional boundary layer of a wing with an undefined plane. In comparison with other preexisting programs, the BLAY is characterized by the following: (1) the time required for computation is shorter than any other; (2) the program is adaptable to a parallel processing computer; and (3) the program is associated with a secondary accuracy in the z-direction. As a boundary layer modification to transonic nonviscous flow analysis programs, it is used to adjust viscous and nonviscous interference problems repeatedly. Its efficiency is an important factor in cost reduction in aircraft designing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77962 , NAS 1.15:77962 , Jun 30, 1983 - Jul 01, 1983; Tokyo; Japan
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    Comparison of computational results of a few representative three-dimensional transonic potential flow analysis programs (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of transonic aerodynamic computation methods and specific examples, as well as examples of three-dimensional transonic computation in design, are discussed. The case of the transonic transport and the case of the small transport are analyzed. Requirements for programs of the future are itemized.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77963 , NAS 1.15:77963 , Jun 30, 1983 - Jul 01, 1983; Tokyo; Japan
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    Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) is a satellite system proposed to determine variations in the gravitational and magnetic fields to a resolution of about 100 kilometers. Knowledge and interpretations of the potential fields on scales of 100 kilometers and greater, to clarify the needs for better data in this range of wavelengths were reviewed. The potential contribution of these data to the determination, by satellite altimetry, of a more accurate geoidal reference was discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2390 , NAS 1.55:2390 , Oct 29, 1984 - Oct 31, 1984; College Park, MD; United States
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    NASA's hypersonic fluid and thermal physics program (Aerothermodynamics) (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This survey paper gives an overview of NASA's hypersonic fluid and thermal physics program (recently renamed aerothermodynamics). The purpose is to present the elements of, example results from, and rationale and projection for this program. The program is based on improving the fundamental understanding of aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic flow phenomena over hypersonic vehicles in the continuum, transitional, and rarefied flow regimes. Vehicle design capabilities, computational fluid dynamics, computational chemistry, turbulence modeling, aerothermal loads, orbiter flight data analysis, orbiter experiments, laser photodiagnostics, and facilities are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 85-0922
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    Rheology of glacier ice (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A new method for calculating the stress field in bounded ice shelves is used to compare strain rate and deviatoric stress on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The analysis shows that strain rate (per second) increases as the third power of deviatoric stress (in newtons/sq meter), with a constant of proportionality equal to 2.3 x 10 to the -25th.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 227; 1335-133
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    Deceleration of a supersonic flow behind a curved shock wave with isentropic precompression (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Three-dimensional supersonic flows of an ideal fluid in the neighborhood of bodies formed by being cut out along the streamlines of an axisymmetric flow are investigated. The flow consists of a region of isoentropic compression and a region of vortex flow. An exact solution with variable entropy is used to describe the flow in the vortex region. In the continuous flow region an approximate solution is constructed by expanding the solution in a series in a small parameter. The effect of the shape of the excision and the vorticity of the flow on compression of the jet and and the total pressure loss coefficient is studied.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77920 , NAS 1.15:77920
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    Presentation of the acoustic and aerodynamic results of the Aladin 2 concept qualification testing (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Wind tunnel tests were conducted of a scale model of the Aladin 2 aircraft. The propulsion system configuration is described and the air flow caused by jet ejection is analyzed. Three dimensional flow studies in the vicinity of the engine installation were made. Diagrams of the leading and trailing edge flaps are provided. Graphs are developed to show the aerodynamic performance under conditions of various airspeed and flap deflection.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77883 , NAS 1.15:77883 , CP-143
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    Discussion of the paper, Some Aspects of Propulsion for the Augmenter-Wing Concept, by D. C. Whittley (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Many modern concepts for STOL and V/STOL aircraft rely on integration of the propulsion system with the wing to create favorable lift interactions, and are known as powered lift concepts. A study of powered lift, concerning management and control of the various propulsive streams or jets is presented, each concept having its own particular objectives and requirements. Some specific objectives of this kind are described which relate to the augmentor wing. Consideration is given to three aspects of the subject, namely the augmentor flap itself, the wind ducting and augmentor primary nozzle, and the choice of powerplant or engine cycle. More generally, comments are made regarding noise attenuation and the prospect for achieving a low overall noise level for jet STOL aircraft of the future.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77884 , NAS 1.15:77884
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    Selection of a model of Earth's albedo radiation, practical calculation of its effect on the trajectory of a satellite (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Theoretical models of Earth's albedo radiation was proposed. By comparing disturbing accelerations computed from a model to those measured in flight with the CACTUS Accelerometer, modified according to the results. Computation of the satellite orbit perturbations from a model is very long because for each position of this satellite the fluxes coming from each elementary surface of the terrestrial portion visible from the satellite must be summed. The speed of computation is increased ten times without significant loss of accuracy thanks to a stocking of some intermediate results. Now it is possible to confront the orbit perturbations computed from the selected model with the measurements of these perturbations found with satellite as LAGEOS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77870 , NAS 1.15:77870
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    Periodic vortex shedding in the supersonic wake of a planar plate (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Vortex sheets in the wake have been mainly studied in incompressible flows and in the transonic region. Heinemann et al. (1976) have shown that for the subsonic region the Strouhal number is nearly independent of the Mach number. Motallebi and Norbury (1981) have observed an increase in the Strouhal number in transonic supersonic flow at Mach numbers up to 1.25. The present investigation is concerned with an extension of the studies of vortex shedding to higher supersonic Mach numbers, taking into account questions regarding the possibility of a generation of stable von Karman vortex paths in the considered Mach number range. It is found that the vortex sheet observed in a supersonic wake behind a rough plate is only stable and reproducible in cases involving a certain surface roughness and certain aspects of trailing edge geometry.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77854 , NAS 1.15:77854
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    Three-dimensional unsteady lifting surface theory in the subsonic range (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The methods of the unsteady lifting surface theory are surveyed. Linearized Euler's equations are simplified by means of a Galileo-Lorentz transformation and a Laplace transformation so that the time and the compressibility of the fluid are limited to two constants. The solutions to this simplified problem are represented as integrals with a differential nucleus; these results in tolerance conditions, for which any exact solution must suffice. It is shown that none of the existing three-dimensional lifting surface theories in subsonic range satisfy these conditions. An oscillating elliptic lifting surface which satisfies the tolerance conditions is calculated through the use of Lame's functions. Numerical examples are calculated for the borderline cases of infinitely stretched elliptic lifting surfaces and of circular lifting surfaces. Out of the harmonic solutions any such temporal changes of the down current are calculated through the use of an inverse Laplace transformation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77812 , NAS 1.15:77812 , European Aeron. Congr.; Sep 25, 1956 - Sep 29, 1956; Scheveningen; Netherlands
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    Study of the physical properties of crystalline rocks in the southeast Voronezh anteclise (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physical properties of rocks, in the crystalline mass of the Voronezh anteclise, were studied. The study of the physical properties of rocks is important for the improvement of geophysical methods for mapping crystalline rocks in the foundation and exploration of different geological objects which are associated with the crystalline foundation, covered by the sedimentary mantle. It is found that: (1) rocks in the crystalline foundation are very different in physical properties; (2) the physical properties are closely related to their substance composition and genesis; (3) petrographic properties give clues of rock afficiation to certain complexes; and (4) physical and magnetic properties should be examined by petrography, chemical and X-ray analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77823 , NAS 1.15:77823
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    Measurements of the temperature profile in the stratosphere from Chanin, Hauchecorne MAP handbook no. 13, 1984 p 87-99 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change; 4 p; NASA-TM-104980
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    The upper atmosphere: Threshold of space (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NP-105 , NAS 1.83:105
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    The role of NASA in geodynamics research - Past and future (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA participation in geophysics and geodynamics studies is addressed. Recent NASA activities in these areas are reviewed and plans and suggestions for the future are outlined. International cooperative activities in geophysics and geodynamics are briefly examined. New technologies that will be applied are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 70; 713
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    Three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion distributions from 200 eV to 2 MeV (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents initial measurements, made with ISEE 1 plasma and energetic-particle instruments, of the three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion flow and the spectrum over the energy range of 200 eV to 2 MeV, obtained on two magnetosheath traversals, one on the dawn (December 19, 1977) and the other on the dusk (July 7, 1978) flanks of the magnetosphere. The data suggest that the magnetosheath plasma ion population often consisted of a shocked solar wind component, of energy not greater than 5 keV, and a magnetospheric high-energy (not below 5 keV) component. The shocked solar wind component generally behaved independently of the magnetic field direction, indicating that the magnetic field was carried along in the bulk plasma flow. The high-energy tail was highly modulated by the magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 12783-12
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  • 66
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    High-alpha aerodynamic characteristics of crescent and elliptic wings (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Static longitudinal and lateral-directional forces and moments were measured for elliptic- and crescent-wing models at high angles of attack in the NASA Langley 14-by-22-ft Subsonic Tunnel. The forces and moments were obtained for an angle-of-attack range including stall and post-stall conditions at a Reynolds number based on the average wing chord of about 1.8 million. Flow-visualization photographs using a mixture of oil and titanium-dioxide were also taken for several incidence angles. The force and moment data and the flow-visualization results indicated that the crescent wing model with its highly swept tips produced much better high-angle-of-attack aerodynamic characteristics than the elliptic model. Leading-edge separation-induced vortex flow over the highly swept tips of the crescent wing is thought to produce this improved behavior at high angles of attack. The unique planform design could result in safer and more efficient low-speed airplanes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 89-2240 , AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference; Jul 31, 1989 - Aug 02, 1989; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere 1988: An assessment report (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This document was issued in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Public Law 95-95, mandating that NASA and other key agencies submit biennial reports to Congress and EPA. NASA is to report on the state of our knowledge of the upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. This is the sixth ozone assessment report submitted to Congress and the concerned regulatory agencies. Part 1 contains an outline of the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program and summaries of the research efforts supported during the last two years. An assessment is presented of the state of knowledge as of March 15, 1988 when the Ozone Trends Panel, organized by NASA and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, NOAA, FAA and the United Nations Environment Program released an executive summary of its findings from a critical in-depth study involving over 100 scientists from 12 countries. Chapter summaries of the International Ozone Trends Panel Report form the major part of this report. Two other sections are Model Predictions of Future Ozone Change and Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling. Each of these sections and the report in its entirety were peer reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1208 , NAS 1.61:1208
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    Bilateral symmetry elements of the Zhamanshin impact crater (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The internal structure of the Zhamanshin impact structure and the nature of rocks developed within it are studied to establish the impact structure parameters. It is found that the diameter of the visible crater is about 13 km. The small annular structures observed are found to not be secondary craters, and no correlation is found between the asymmetrical distribution of ejecta material and the arrangement of these annular forms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20288 , NAS 1.77:20288
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    Stability characteristics of a supersonic boundary layer and their relation to the position of the laminar-turbulent transition point (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: By comparing the calculated results with experimental data, it is demonstrated that the position of the laminar-boundary transition point of a boundary layer can be estimated by using the e-exp-n method. The effect of the Mach number, pressure gradient, and heat transfer on the laminar-turbulent transition is discussed. It is found that under conditions of strong cooling, the effect of the pressure gradient on the position of the transition point is less pronounced than in the absence of heat transfer.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88533 , NAS 1.15:88533
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    Aerodynamic characteristics of general aviation at high angle of attack with the propeller slipstream (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The aerodynamic characteristics of the FA-300 business aircraft at high angle of attack with the propeller stream are described. The FA-300 offers two types, FA-300-700 for 340 HP, and -710 for 450 Hp of the engine. The effects of the propeller slipstream on the high angle of the attack are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88503 , NAS 1.15:88503 , (ISSN 0021-4663)
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  • 71
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    Nitrogen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Total odd nitrogen, NO(y), may be defined as the sum of all active nitrogen species that interchange photochemically with one another on a time scale of the order of weeks or less. As noted, NO + NO2 reactions dominate the processes controlling the ozone balance in the contemporary stratosphere. The observational data from non-satellite platforms are reviewed. The growth in available satellite data in the past four years is considered. Some of the most important scientific issues are discussed, taking into account new results from atmospheric models (mainly 2-D). The model results are compared with the observational data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 110 p
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    Supersonic flow with feeding of energy (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The present work discusses the results of some experimental studies on the possibility of attenuating shock waves in a supersonic flow. The shock waves were formed by an external source of electrical energy. An electromechanical method is described that permits partial recovery of the expended energy.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77912 , NAS 1.15:77912
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    NASA's CFD Validation Program (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: With computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becoming a productive research and design tool, the requirement to validate CFD codes has grown significantly. NASA had emphasized CFD validation activities since 1986 when a separate work element was formed to fund experimental activities related to validation. NASA's CFD and CFD validation programs are closely coordinated to ensure that experimental data bases are available as soon as possible for validating codes. In response to industry and academic requirements, four levels of experimental research have been defined as part of CFD validation with NASA's Aeronautics Advisory Committee (AAC) support although only the fourth level actually has the detailed information necessary for validating codes. Critical flow physics especially turbulence modeling are key to improved CFD codes. NASA has focused additional resources on transition and turbulence physics to meet these requirements. With improved turbulence models, CFD codes will be more accurate, robust, and efficient. However, with the level of detailed information available from CFD codes, highly accurate and detailed experiments are required to capture the critical information for validating codes. Advanced instrumentation especially non-intrusive instrumentation is required to acquire this information in validation experiments. The CFD validation program is being coordinated and managed to address these critical activities. A list of experiments which are currently being supported at least partially are included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, Ames Research Center, NASA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference. Volume 1: Sessions 1-6; p 123-134
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    Global Geospace Science Programme (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Program, an element of the international Solar Terrestrial Physics Program dedicated to the study of the global plasma dynamics of the solar-terrestrial environment, is discussed. Past research on the injection of solar wind ions into the magnetosphere and on the detection of ions in the terrestrial ring current of both solar wind and ionospheric origins is reviewed, showing its relevance for the GGS program. Research on the interplanetary magnetic field, the auroral electrojet, the outer magnetosphere, the geomagnetic tail, the ionospheric electric field and the related electron precipitation is also addressed. The results demonstrate that the solar wind and the ionsophere both contribute to the magnetospheric particle population. Unanswered questions regarding hot plasma sources, transport processes, energy storage in the magnetic field, and energization of plasmas are discussed. The relevant mission strategy, instrumentation, theory and modeling, and data collection are addressed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 41; 81-93
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    A preliminary investigation of drag reduction and mechanism for a blunt body of revolution with slanted base (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This is a preliminary study of the drag reduction effect and its mechanism of a blunt body of revolution with a 21-deg slant angle by using a series of base plates. Drag coefficients were measured to investigate the effect of base installation position and plate height. An effective drag reduction device was found. Through the measurement of base pressure and total pressure distribution and flow pattern display, flow characteristics and drag reduction mechanism in the vortex near the wake were investigated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20349 , NAS 1.77:20349
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    Instrument intercomparisons and assessments (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Over the past few years, several field campaigns were devoted to the goal of assessing instrument reliability, as opposed to solely obtaining data to answer a geophysical question. Some examples of the formal instrument intercomparisons that have occurred in the past decade and those that are planned for the very near future are listed chronologically. Balloon-borne techniques and instruments that address the height profiles of the trace species in the lower stratosphere are emphasized. Beginning with the most extensively studied trace constituent, the approach taken and the results obtained, are described. The current status of the measurement capabilities are summarized, and the needs for future intercomparisons and assessments are listed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 31 p
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    Ozone and temperature trends (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The measurement of temporal changes in ozone and temperature are discussed. The data are examined within the context of natural atmospheric variability and data problems. The results are compared to numerical model calculations. The major issues are defined in terms of goal achievement. Each parameter is considered in terms of instrument type, long term effects, and altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 34 p
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    Effects of chemical releases by the STS 3 orbiter on the ionosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Plasma Diagnostics Package, flown aboard STS-3 as part of the first Shuttle payload (OSS-1), recorded the effects of various chemical releases from the Orbiter. Changes in the plasma environment was observed during flash evaporator system releases, water dumps and maneuvering thruster operations. During flash evaporator operations, broadband Orbiter-generated electrostatic noise was enhanced and plasma density irregularities were observed to increase by 3 to 30 times with a spectrum which rose steeply and peaked below 6 Hz. In the case of water dumps, background electrostatic noise was enhanced at frequencies below about 3 kHz and suppressed at frequencies above 2 kHz. Thruster activity also stimulated electrostatic noise with a spectrum which peaked at approximately 0.5 kHz. In addition, ions with energies up to 1 keV were seen during some thruster events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 3487-349
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    Oscillating airfoils and their wake (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The unsteady phenomena in the wake of an oscillating wing or rotor blade are examined theoretically using the Prandtl approximation of the vortex-transport equation. A mathematical model is developed and applied to such problems as the effect of winglets on the performance of fixed wings and the possibly of employing similar designs in rotor blades. Model predictions for several profiles are compared with published and experimental measurements, and good agreement is found. Graphs and diagrams are provided.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77831 , NAS 1.15:77831 , REPT-42
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    Satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The first satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation were performed by cross-correlating the waveforms detected by the ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 spacecraft. High correlations were found for all projected baselines, with little or no tendency to decrease even for the longest baselines. For incoherent radiation, the correlation as a function of the baseline is the Fourier transform of the source brightness distribution, implying an average source region diameter for all of the bursts analyzed of less than about 10 km. For such small source diameters, the required growth rates are too large to be explained by existing incoherent theories, strongly indicating that the radiation must be coherent. For coherent radiation, an upper limit to the source region diameter can be inferred instead from the angular width of the radiation pattern. The angular width of the radiation pattern must be at least 2.5 deg, implying that the diameter of the source must be less than about 20 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A176460 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1105-110
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    Dynamical processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The techniques used to observe the middle atmosphere; the zonally-averaged and eddy structure of the middle atmosphere; seasonal variations and interannual variability; theoretical understanding of the middle atmospheric circulation are discussed. Recent satellite-based observational studies of stratospheric transport process, as revealed by the behavior of constituents and of potential vorticity (a dynamical tracer) are reviewed. The theory of global transport and its representation in transport models is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 110 p
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    Airflow Research (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This is an overview of research being done in laminar flow at Ames Dryden Flight Research Center and Langley Research Center. Airflow research at Ames Dryden has resulted in a special wing covering that will artificially induce laminar flow on the wing surface; this specially adapted wing is shown being tested in different flying conditions. This video also features research done at Langley in producing a chemical covering for wings that will make visible natural laminar flow and turbulent airflow patterns as they occur. Langley researchers explain possible use of this technology in supersonic flight.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: ASR-239 , NASA-TM-109372 , NONP-NASA-VT-94-198219
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    Observations of plasma distributions during the coordinated data analysis workshop substorms of March 31 to April 1, 1979 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: On March 31 and April 1, 1979, a sequence of substorms was recorded on the ground. During the entire active period the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites were located in the magnetotail, between 22 R(E) and 12 R(E) from the earth. Observations of plasma distributions made at varying levels of activity during these substorms provide good examples of typical magnetotail responses. While the entire magnetotail undergoes temporal variations during substorm activity, the most obvious effect seen is spatial motion of preexisting plasma regimes; for example, at substorm onset the central plasma sheet contracts. This can cause a spacecraft to move from the plasma sheet into the boundary layer. As the plasma sheet boundary layer almost always comprises streaming plasma, the high-speed flows observed there are not necessarily due to the substorm process. The essential nature of the main plasma regions of the magnetotail is relatively unchanged during high activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A180501 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2377-238
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    Tropospheric chemistry (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemistry of the background troposphere, the source region, and the transition regions are discussed. The troposphere is governed by heterogeneous chemistry far more so than the stratosphere. Heterogeneous processes of interest involve scavenging of trace gases by aerosols, cloud and precipitation elements leading to aqueous phase chemical reactions and to temporary and permanent removal of material from the gas phase. Dry deposition is a major removal process for ozone, as well as for other gases of importance in tropospheric photochemistry. These processes are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 36 p
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    Strat-trop exchange (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere is important to the chemical composition of both regions. The export of ozone from the stratosphere provides the troposphere with a means of initiating photochemistry. The precursor molecules originating from the planetary surface provide the stratosphere with its chemical feedstock from which the ozone-controlling HO(x), NO(x), and Cl(x) photochemistries are driven. The tropopause is defined both statistically and in a local, synoptic sense by the value P(sub theta) = .000016 K sq m/kg/s, taken from an objective analysis of 8 years of zonal, temporal mean cross sections of potential temperature, wind and potential vorticity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 92 p
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    Radiative processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Solar radiation and the processes that control its deposition in the Earth atmosphere are considered. The published data obtained since 1978 define a reference solar spectral irradiance for use in atmospheric chemical and dynamical studies, while long term satellite measurements are now providing information on variations in the output of the Sun over a range of time scales. As concerns absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere, new cross section data for molecular oxygen and ozone are now available. Line-by-line calculations used to predict infrared flux divergences, both as regards assumptions made in radiative transfer calculations and in the spectroscopic parameters used as inputs are examined. Also examined are the influence of radiative processes on planetary scale wave activity, photochemical acceleration of radiative damping, and the breakdown of local thermodynamic equilibrium at mesospheric altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 46 p
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    Kinetics and photochemistry Golden, D. M. (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The data for chemical kinetics rate constants and photochemical cross sections taken from a compilation prepared in early 1985, entitled Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 16 p
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    Unsteady aerodynamic characterization of a military aircraft in vertical gusts (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The effects of 2.5-m/sec vertical gusts on the flight characteristics of a 1:8.6 scale model of a Mirage 2000 aircraft in free flight at 35 m/sec over a distance of 30 m are investigated. The wind-tunnel setup and instrumentation are described; the impulse-response and local-coefficient-identification analysis methods applied are discussed in detail; and the modification and calibration of the gust-detection probes are reviewed. The results are presented in graphs, and good general agreement is obtained between model calculations using the two analysis methods and the experimental measurements.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77810 , NAS 1.15:77810 , AAAF-NT-83-16 , Appl. Aerodyn. Colloq.,; Nov 08, 1983 - Nov 10, 1983; Toulouse; France
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    A study of the effect of synoptic scale processes in GCM modelling (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Research was conducted to help modeling groups at NASA to develop better weather forecasting and general circulation models (GCM) for activities relating to the meteorological uses of satellite data. The focus was on the physical processes that were being simulated by models: radiative effects and latent heat release associated with clouds; orographic influences; and heat transfer at the ocean and ice surfaces. An attempt was made to deduce the role of diabatic heating in North Atlantic cyclogenesis and in the global heat budget. Inferences were made in four studies: heat budget statistics from GCM assimilations; dynamics of north Atlantic cyclones; Cage-type energy budget calculations; and grid scale cloud formation. Mechanisms that were responsible for the variability and structure of the atmospheric on a hemispheric scale were studied by a hybrid of statistical analysis and theoretical modeling. Variability and structure are both related to synoptic scale processes through baroclinic and barotropic energy transformations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-184804 , NAS 1.26:184804
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    Outer atmospheric research - One tether capability (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: One specific tether application of far-reaching promise would be to conduct outer atmospheric research by using a tethered subsatellite deployed downward from an orbiting 'mother' craft such as the Shuttle Orbiter. This capability would gather scientific and engineering/technology information about the outer atmosphere, primarily from 150 km down to perhaps 90 km. This paper presents current determinations of specific user needs, tether capabilities, and technological and program requirements to fulfill this application of tethers in space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Intl. Conference on Space Tethers for Science in the Space Station Era; Oct 04, 1987 - Oct 08, 1987; Venice; Italy
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    Variable Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE)-Parametric Pressure Distribution Boundary Layer Stability Study and Wing Glove Design Task (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The Variable Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE) was initiated to establish a boundary-layer transition data base for laminar flow wing design. For this experiment, full-span upper-surface gloves will be fitted to a variable sweep F-14 aircraft. The results of two initial tasks are documented: a parametric pressure distribution/boundary-layer stability study and the design of an upper-surface glove for Mach 0.8. The first task was conducted to provide a data base from which wing-glove pressure distributions could be selected for glove designs. Boundary-layer stability analyses were conducted on a set of pressure distributions for various wing sweep angles, Mach numbers, and Reynolds number in the range of those anticipated for the flight-test program. The design procedure for the Mach 0.8 glove is described, and boundary-layer stability calculations and pressure distributions are presented both at design and off-design conditions. Also included is the analysis of the clean-up glove (smoothed basic wing) that will be flight-tested initially and the analysis of a Mach 0.7 glove designed at the NASA Langley Research Center.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-3992 , NAS 1.26:3992 , D6-52511
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    Sensitivity of F-106B Leading-Edge-Vortex Images to Flight and Vapor-Screen Parameters (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A flight test was undertaken at NASA Langley Research Center with vapor-screen and image-enhancement techniques to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about near-field vortex flows above the wings of fighter aircraft. In particular, the effects of Reynolds and Mach numbers on the vortex system over an angle-of-attack range were sought. The relevance of these flows stems from their present and future use at many points in the flight envelope, especially during transonic maneuvers. The aircraft used in this flight program was the F-106B because it was available and had sufficient wing sweep (60 deg) to generate a significant leading-edge vortex system. The sensitivity of the visual results to vapor screen hardware and to onset flow changes is discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TP-2818 , L-16395 , NAS 1.60:2818
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    Numerical Simulation of Subsonic and Transonic Propeller Flow (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The numerical simulation of 3-D transonic flow about a system of propeller blades is investigated. In particular, it is shown that the use of helical coordinates significantly simplifies the form of the governing equation when the propeller system is assumed to be surrounded by an irrotational flow field of an inviscid fluid. The unsteady small disturbance equation, valid for lightly loaded blades and expressed in helical coordinates, is derived from the general blade-fixed potential equation, given for an arbitrary coordinate system. The use of a coordinate system which inherently adapts to the mean flow results in a disturbance equation requiring relatively few terms to accurately model the physics of the flow. Furthermore, the helical coordinate system presented here is novel in that it is periodic in the circumferential direction while, simultaneously, maintaining orthogonal properties at the mean blade locations. The periodic characteristic allows a complete cascade of blades to be treated, and the orthogonality property affords straightforward treatment of blade boundary conditions. An ADI numerical scheme is used to compute the solution of the steady flow as an asymptotic limit of an unsteady flow. As an example of the method, solutions are presented for subsonic and transonic flow about a 5 percent thick bicircular arc blade of an 8-bladed cascade. Both high and low advance ratio cases are computed and include a lifting as well as nonlifting cases. The nonlifting solutions obtained are compared to solutions from a Euler code.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-100163 , E-3725 , NAS 1.15:100163 , GRC-E-DAA-TN22557
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  • 94
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    Relations between extensional tectonics and magmatism within the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Variations in the geometry, distribution and thickness of Cambrian igneous and sedimentary units within southwest Oklahoma are related to a late Proterozoic - early Paleozoic rifting event which formed the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen. These rock units are exposed in the Wichita Mountains, southwest Olkahoma, located on the northern margin of a Proterozoic basin, identified in the subsurface by COCORP reflection data. Overprinting of the Cambrian extensional event by Pennyslvanian tectonism obsured the influence of pre-existing basement structures and contrasting basement lithologies upon the initial development of the aulacogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 71-75
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  • 95
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    Possible role of crustal flexure in the initial detachment of extensional allochthons (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The existence of low-angle normal faults indicates that the ratio of shear stress (TAU) to normal stress (sigma sub N) needed to cause slip on faults is substantially less than would be predicted based on experimental data. Because the tensional strength of rock at a large scale is exceedingly low, the upper plate of a low-angle normal fault cannot be pulled down the fault ramp, but must be driven down it by its own weight. The active or recently active Sevier Desert detachment fault in western Utah dips regionally at 12 deg. The radio of shear stress to normal stress due to the weight of the upper plate on a 12 deg dipping fault surface is 0.2. In contrast, laboratory experiments indicate that slip on fracture surfaces occurs with almost all rock types when (tau/sigma) reaches values of 0.6 to 0.85, corresponding to normal-fault dips of 30 deg to 40 deg. Seismological data indicate that low deviatoric stresses are associated with movement on faults of other geometrics and are not unique to low-angle normal faults. It thus appears that approximately planar fault zones with surface areas of hundreds to thousands of square kilometers have different mechanical properties than would be predicted based on laboratory studies of fractured rock. Modeling of stresses indicates that deviatoric stresses greater than 5kb exist and are sustainable in oceanic lithosphere, and that failure occurs when tau/sigma sub N approaches 0.6 to 0.85.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 142 - 144
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  • 96
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    Lithospheric and crustal thinning (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: In rift zones, both the crust and the lithosphere get thinner. The amplitude and the mechanism of these two thinning situations are different. The lithospheric thinning is a thermal phenomenon produced by an asthenospherical uprising under the rift zone. In some regions its amplitude can exceed 200%. This is observed under the Baikal rift where the crust is directly underlaid by the mantellic asthenosphere. The presence of hot material under rift zones induces a large negative gravity anomaly. A low seismic velocity zone linked to this thermal anomaly is also observed. During the rifting, the magmatic chambers get progressively closer from the ground surface. Simultaneously, the Moho reflector is found at shallow depth under rift zones. This crustal thinning does not exceed 50%. Tectonic stresses and vertical movements result from the two competing effects of the lithospheric and crustal thinning. On the one hand, the deep thermal anomaly induces a large doming and is associated with extensive deviatoric stresses. On the other hand, the crustal thinning involves the formation of a central valley. This subsidence is increased by the sediment loading. The purpose here is to quantify these two phenomena in order to explain the morphological and thermal evolution of rift zones.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 93-96
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  • 97
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    Heat flow increase following the rise of mantle isotherms and crustal thinning (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Heat flow measurements in the western United States define a zone of high heat flow which coincides with the Basin and Range Province where extension has taken place recently. In this region, the average reduced heat flow is approx 30 mW sq. meters higher than in stable continental provinces; locally (e.g., Battle Mountain High), the heat flow anomaly can be more than 100 mW/sq meters above average. Estimates of the amount of extension range between 30% and 100% for the past 30 Ma. In the Colorado Plateau, which has been uplifted without major tectonic deformation, the heat flow is only slightly above average. Analytical calculations show that an abrupt change in heat flow at the base of the lithosphere 30 Ma ago would not affect the surface significantly. Uplift would proceed at a slow rate. A thermal perturbation at the base of a 40 km thick crust, however, would reach the surface faster and, after 30 Ma, the increase in surface heat flow would be about 75% of the amplitude of the heat flow anomaly. The number of volcanic rocks in the Basin and Range suggests that magma intrusions may provide an effective heat transfer mechanism. It can be show that if the source of the intrusions is at the base of the lithosphere, the response time will be much longer than 30 Ma, and most ot the heat transferred from the asthenosphere will be absorbed in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension and Continents and Planets; p 69-70
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  • 98
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    Shuttle Tethered Aerothermodynamics Research Facility (STARFAC) Instrumentation Requirements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The instrumentation requirements for the Shuttle Tethered Aerothermodynamic Research Facility (STARFAC) are presented. The typical physical properties of the terrestrial atmosphere are given along with representative atmospheric daytime ion concentrations and the equilibrium and nonequilibrium gas property comparison from a point away from a wall. STARFAC science and engineering measurements are given as are the TSS free stream gas analysis. The potential nonintrusive measurement techniques for hypersonic boundary layer research are outlined along with the quantitative physical measurement methods for aerothermodynamic studies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space: Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 251-263
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Losses in Channels with Increased External Turbulence (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: An approximate method for determining the effect of the level of turbulence on the aerodynamic characteristics of convergent and diffuser channels is examined. A momentum equation for the boundary layer is in the method, introducing external flow turbulence on the basis of experimental values of the coefficient of friction and the form factor. It is found that at significant levels of external turbulence, losses must be considered not only in the boundary layer but also in the central region of the channel.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77995 , NAS 1.15:77995
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  • 100
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    On the Solution of the Three-Dimensional Flowfield About a Flow-Through Nacelle (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The solution of the three dimensional flow field for a flow through nacelle was studied. Both inviscid and viscous inviscid interacting solutions were examined. Inviscid solutions were obtained with two different computational procedures for solving the three dimensional Euler equations. The first procedure employs an alternating direction implicit numerical algorithm, and required the development of a complete computational model for the nacelle problem. The second computational technique employs a fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm which was modified to fit the nacelle problem. Viscous effects on the flow field were evaluated with a viscous inviscid interacting computational model. This model was constructed by coupling the explicit Euler solution procedure with a flag entrainment boundary layer solution procedure in a global iteration scheme. The computational techniques were used to compute the flow field for a long duct turbofan engine nacelle at free stream Mach numbers of 0.80 and 0.94 and angles of attack of 0 and 4 deg.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-87448 , NAS 1.15:87448 , N85-22371
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