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  • American Institute of Physics  (55,638)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (35,242)
  • 1985-1989  (65,866)
  • 1960-1964  (25,014)
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  • 1
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    American Institute of Physics
    In:  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78 (4). pp. 1348-1355.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Additional data from sonobuoys and the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) justify separating sound‐velocity‐depth functions and velocity gradients (in the first layer of soft marine sediments) into some geographic areas and sediment types. Based on sonobuoy and core measurements (where V is sound velocity in km/s, and h is depth in sediments in km), the following data are obtained: continental shelf basins off Sumatra and Java—V=1.484+0.710h−0.085h2; U. S. Atlantic continental rise—V=1.513+0.828h−0.138h2; deep‐sea terrigenous sediments—V=1.519+1.227h−0.473h2; and siliceous sediments of the Bering Sea— V=1.509+0.869h−0.267h2. Selected DSDP data (through leg 74) in similar areas yield: continental terrace silt–clays—V=1.505+0.712h; deep‐sea terrigenous sediments—V=1.510+1.019h; and deep‐sea siliceous sediments—V=1.533+0.761h. Computed velocity gradients from sonobuoy measurements are generally supported by the DSDP gradients. Only DSDP data give the following: hemipelagic sediments—V=1.501+1.151h; deep‐sea calcareous sediments—V=1.541+0.928h; and deep‐sea pelagic clay—V=1.526+1.046h. Where fast sediment accumulation occurs, there has not been enough time to reduce sediment pore spaces under overburden pressure; areas of slow accumulation may have relatively high sediment structural strength. Both cases have lower velocity gradients because higher porosities and consequent lower velocities persist to deeper depths.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    American Institute of Physics
    In:  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32 (6). pp. 641-644.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Tables for the speed of sound in sea water are presented. These tables have been prepared from an empirical formula which was derived to fit measured sound‐speed data obtained over the temperature range −3°C to 30°C, the pressure range 1.033 kg/cm2 to 1000 kg/cm2, and the salinity range 33‰ to 37‰. The discrepancy of −3.0 m/sec found by Del Grosso at 1 atm., as compared to the tables of Kuwahara, is substantiated. In addition, the pressure coefficient of sound speed observed in the present work differs from that predicted by Kuwahara.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    American Institute of Physics
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78 (6). pp. 2115-2121.
    Publication Date: 2020-05-11
    Description: The acoustic backscatter of eight well‐curated ferromanganese nodules has been measured in 1 °C seawater at frequencies from 45 to 167 kHz. The nodules have diameters from 37 to 121 mm and are thought to be representative of the Cu–Ni–Co‐rich nodules from the area around 14° 40’ N, 125° 25’ W (DOMES site C). They had been collected in box cores on the Echo 1 expedition and were kept refrigerated and water soaked in air‐tight plastic bags. Acoustic backscatter variations of over 10 dB were observed while the nodule was rotated 10° to 30° about one of its principal axes. The complicated fine structure, as well as the target strength, makes it clear that nodules cannot be modeled as simple spheres.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A new method of measuring susceptibility to poaching is described, based on the concept that poaching is caused by a progressive loss of soil strength during repeated treading in wet weather. Susceptibility was measured by the rate of loss of strength in response to concurrent treading and irrigation at standard rates. The pressures exerted on the ground by a walking dairy cow were simulated by a purpose-built penetrometer, whilst water was applied via a network of plastic pipes fitted with syringe needles. Measurements were performed on four pasture soils having a range of clay contents and compared in relation to a mechanism proposed for the process. The results show susceptibility to be a property not wholly determined by the clay content of the soil, but suggest that it is influenced by bulk density and the strength of the sward, which will van, according to weather and pasture management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: IT IS now almost two years since the Royal Society published its authoritative study group report, The Nitrogen Cycle of the UK, the first comprehensive account of the nitrate issue. For the first time a complete picture was revealed of the nitrogen cycle in the UK and the Study Group was able to make a wide-ranging series of recommendations for future research.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Sugarcane yields in the Herbert Valley in North Queensland have been declining over the past 15 years. Better yields are obtained where crops are grown on previously unused land. Soils under cane are more compacted, more acid, contain less organic matter and are lower in cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations. These differences reflect soil degradation caused by intensive cultivation.Contributing factors to the degradation of soils include soil compaction and structural breakdown occurring during harvest and cultivation operations, losses of organic matter due to burning of crop residues and acidification of soils due to large applications of nitrogen fertilizers.Soil management practices should aim to increase soil organic matter levels, provide a more favourable biological environment, reduce physical damage to soils during harvesting and cultivation, reduce soil acidity and improve the effectiveness of fertilizing practices.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Information on rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and land capability is combined to produce a map of England and Wales showing areas with a risk of soil erosion at rates above the soil loss tolerance level. About 20 500 km2 or 37% of the arable area is at risk. Given the shallow soils and current rates of erosion, sustained use of this area for cereal, sugar beet and vegetable production beyond the first quarter of the next century is threatened. A further 4000 km2 is at risk in non-arable areas, mainly associated with blanket peat in the uplands and with coastal sand dunes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Data on lime loss and soil acidification obtained from a range of ADAS experiments are reviewed. The trials, which include drainage and lysimeter studies and long-term liming, manuring and soil management experiments, indicate a wide range of annual lime losses, with maximum rates in excess of 1000 kg ha−1 CaCO3.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Survey information on the use of lime in England and Wales between 1974 and 1983 shows year-to-year fluctutions but no marked trend. Areas limed per year are compared for different types of region and cropping, and estimates given of the percentages of agricultural soils by pH according to rotation type. There was no general change in soil acidity between 1969–73 and 1974–78 but recent data show some reductions in grassland pH.
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