ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - I. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CRYOGENESIS OF LITHOSPHERE. - I.1. Concept of Lithosphere Cryogenesis and how the book is Structured. - I.2. Development of the Earth Lithosphere Cryogenesis. - I.3. Principle Stages of Development for Recent Permafrost. - II. ZONAL AND REGIONAL REGULARITIES OF SPREADING AND THERMAL REGIME FOR PERMAFROST, TALIKS, SEASONAL FREEZING AND THAWING OF SOILS. - II.l. The Role of Radiation, Climatic and Landscape Factors in the Formation of Thermal Regime for Earth Surface and Soils. - II.2. Causes and Features of Geocryological Latitudinal Zonality and "Sectorality". - II.3. Geocryological Altitudinal Zonality, Its Types and Peculiarities of Manifestation in Connection with Altitude and Geographical Location of Mountain Areas. - II.4. The Influence of Regional Factors on Distibution and Thermal Regime of Permafrost. - II.5. Regularities of Talik Distribution and Existence. - II.6. Principal Regularities of Seasonal Soil Freezing and Thawing. - Ill. ZONAL AND REGIONAL REGULARITIES OF PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT AND SPREADING OF PERIGLACIAL PHENOMENA. - III.l. The Relations Between Periglacial Processes and Phenomena in the System of Cryogenesis. - III.2. Frost Weathering (Zonal and Regional Regularities) Phenomena of Frost Heaving and Its Regional and Zonal Location. - III.3 Regularities of recent spreading of frost heaving. Phenomena of frost heaving and its regional and zonal location. - III.4. Regularities of Frost Cracking and Polygonal-Wedge Structures Formation. - III.5. Spot Medallions and Cryoturbation. - III.6. Solifluction and Solifluction Phenomena. - III.7. Regularities of Kurum Spreading, Composition and Mobility. - III.8. Rock- Glaciers. Regularities of Formation and Distribution. - III.9. Thermocarst Phenomena. Regularities of Formation, Spreading and Mobility. - III.10. Thermoabrasion. Regularities of Spreading and Development. - III.11. Regularities of Icing and Icing Features Formation. - IV. ZONAL AND REGIONAL REGULARITIES OF SYNGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PERMAFROST STRATA FORMATION. - IV.l. Syngenetic and Epigenetic Permafrost Strata. Their Role in Permafrost Zone Formation. - IV.2. Regional and Zonal Regularities of Syngenetic Perennially Frozen Deposits Formation. - IV.3. Regional and Zonal Regularities of Spreading and Cryogenetic Building of Epigenetic Perennially Frozen Soils. - IV.4. Epigenetic Frozen Rocks and Their Cryogenic Building in Massifs. - IV.5. Taber and Taberlike Deposits. - V. REGIONAL AND ZONAL REGULARITIES OF PERMAFROST BUILDING AND PERMAFROST THICKNESS FORMATION. - V.l. Method of Analysis for Regional and Zonal Features of Permafrost Building and Permafrost Thickness. - V.2. To the Question of Thermal Properties of Soils and Rocks in Massifs. - V.3. Regularities of Influence of Geostructural and Geothermal Conditions on Permafrost Thickness and Permafrost Building. - V.4. Influence of Geomorphology and Topography on Permafrost Thickness and Permafrost Building. - V.5. Influence of Ground Water on Permafrost Distribution, Building and Thickness. - V.6. Gases and Gas Hydrates in Aquasphere and Their Interaction with Permafrost. - V.7. Influence of Arctic Seas Transgression and Regression on Permafrost Building and Thickness. - V.8. Glaciation and Deglaciation. Their Relations and Interaction with Permafrost. - VI. BASIC FEATURES OF CRYGENESIS AND PECULIARITIES OF PLATFORM PERMAFROST. - VI.1. Main Geostructural Features of Platforms. Their influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VI.2. Relief and Late Cepozoic Deposits. Their Influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VI.3. Cryohydrogeological Features of Platforms. - VI.4. Zone of Gas Hydrate Formation of Oil and Gas regions in Permafrost Area. - VI.5. Natural History and Building of Platforms Permafrost. - VII. BASIC FEATURES OF CRYOGENESIS AND PECULIARITIES OF MOUNTAIN AREAS PERMAFROST. - VII.1. Main Geostructural Features of Mountain Areas. Their Influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VII.2. Reliefs and Late Cepozoic Deposits. Their Influence on Permafrost Conditions. - VII.3. Cryohydrogeological Features of Orogenic Areas. - VII.4. Natural History and Features of Mountain Areas Permafrost. - VIII. SUBSEA PERMAFROST OF ARCTIC BASIN. - VIII.1. Types of Offshore Permafrost in Arctic Basin. Hypothesis of Its Formation. - VIII.2. Regularities of Temperature Formation for Near Bottom Water and Deposits in Arctic Basin. - VIII.3. Thickness and Building of Subsea Permafrost. - Conclusion. - References. - Contents. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis auch in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhalt VORWORT 1 FORM UND VERFÜGBARKEIT DER DATEN 1.1 Einheiten 1.1.1 Basisgrößen und abgeleitete Einheiten 1.1.2 Umrechnungen 1.2 Analysenumfang 1.2.1 Allgemeine Beschaffenheitsuntersuchungen des Grundwassers 1.2.2 Trinkwasseruntersuchung 1.2.3 Mineralwasseruntersuchung 1.2.4 Heilwasseruntersuchungen 1.2.5 Untersuchungen bei Baumaßnahmen 1.2.6 Untersuchungen von Grundwasserverunreinigungen 1.3 Genauigkeitsanforderungen 2 GRAPHISCHE AUSWERTUNGEN 2.1 Einzeldiagramme 2.1.1 Säulendiagramme 2.1.1.1 Einfaches Säulendiagramm 2.1.1.2 Doppeltes Säulendiagramm 2.1.1.3 Logarithmisches Säulendiagramm nach PREUL 2.1.2 Kreisdiagramme 2.1.2.1 Kreisdiagramm nach CARLE 2.1.2.2 Kreisdiagramm nach UDLUFT 2.1.3 Strahlendiagramme 2.1.3.1 Strahlendiagramm nach TICKEL 2.1.3.2 Strahlendiagramm nach STIFF 2.1.3.3 Strahlendiagramm nach DALMADY 2.1.3.4 Strahlendiagramm nach GIRARD 2.1.3.5 Strahlendiagramm nach MAUCHA 2.2 Sammeldiagramme 2.2.1 Dreieckdiagramme 2.2.1.1 Einzeldiagramme für Ionen 2.2.1.2 Dreieckdiagramm für Kationen und Anionen 2.2.1.3 Härtediagramm 2.2.2 Viereckdiagramme 2.2.2.1 Kationen-Anionen-Viereckdiagramm 2.2.2.2 Fünfstoffdarstellung nach KÄSS 2.2.3 Kombinations-Diagramme 2.2.3.1 PIPER-Diagramm 2.2.3.2 Kombinationsdiagramm nach SCHWILLE 2.2.3.3 SCHOELLER-Diagramm 3 TYPISIERUNG 3.1 Gegenseitige funktionale Beziehungen von Ionen oder Ionengruppen 3.1.1 Ionenverhältnisse 3.2 Hydrogeochemische Typisierung 3.2.1 Typisierung nach einem Parameter 3.2.2 Typisierung nach FURTAK & LANGGUTH 3.2.3 Mineral- und Heilwässer 3.2.3.1 Modifiziertes Dreieckdiagramm für Heilwassertypisierung 3.2.4 Gesteinsbezogene Typisierung 4 STATISTISCHE AUSWERTUNGEN 4.1 Häufigkeitsverteilung einzelner Parameter 4.1.1 Graphische Häufigkeitsverteilung 4.1.2 Maßzahlen der Häufigkeitsverteilung 4.1.2.1 Mittelwertbildung 4.1.2.2 Streuungsparameter 4.1.2.3 Schiefe und Steilheit 4.1.2.4 Normalverteilung 4.2 Prüfung und Vergleich von Stichproben 4.2.1 Vertrauensintervalle 4.2.1.1 Vertrauensintervalle für Mittelwerte 4.2.1.2 Vertrauensintervalle für Varianzen 4.2.2 Testverfahren 4.2.2.1 Der t-Test 4.2.2.2 Der F-Test 4.2.2.3 Der Chi-Quadrat-Test 4.3 Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Parametern 4.3.1 Korrelationsanalyse 4.3.2 Regressionsanalyse 4.4 Räumliche und zeitliche Veränderung der Grundwasserbeschaffenheit 4.4.1 Ganglinien 4.4.2 Interpolative Darstellungen 4.4.2.1 Gleichenkarten für einzelne Parameter 4.4.2.2 Gleichenkarten von Ionenverhältnissen und hydrochemische Schnitte 4.4.3 Statistische Darstellungsverfahren 4.4.3.1 Variogramme 4.4.3.2 Gleitender Mittelwert, Krigeage 4.4.3.3 Zeitreihenanalyse 4.5 Multivariate Klassifikationen 4.5.1 Clusteranalyse 4.5.2 Diskriminanzanalyse 4.5.3 Faktorenanalyse 5 CHEMISCHE GLEICHGEWICHTSBERECHNUNGEN 5.1 Berechnung und/oder Definition einzelner Basisgrößen 5.1.1 Berechnung des Sättigungszustandes des Wassers 5.1.2 Gleichgewichtskonstanten insbesondere Löslichkeitsprodukte 5.1.3 Aktivitäten und Aktivitätskoeffizienten 5.1.4 Ionenpaar und/oder Komplexbindung 5.2 Einfache Löslichkeitsprodukt-Berechnungen 5.3 Chemisch-thermodynamische Computermodelle 5.3.1 Computermodelle der WATEQ-Serie 6 BEISPIELE FÜR DIE ANWENDUNG VON PC-STANDARD-SOFTWARE BEI BESCHAFFENHEITSDATEN 6.1 Formblätter, Umrechnungen, Ionenbilanz 6.2 Einfache graphische Auswertungen SCHRIFTTUM Verwendete Fachbegriffe (deutsch - englisch, englisch - deutsch) Verwendete Formelzeichen

Note: Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss

Note: Inhalt Vorwort zur zweiten Auflage Vorwort zur ersten Auflage Physikalische Größen, Einheiten und Umrechnungsfaktoren Abkürzungen und vorkommende Symbole Erläuterungen zu den Karten mit der ökologischen Gliederung der Kontinente Teil A: Zonobiom VI: Temperierte nemorale Zone Europas 0 Einleitung 0.1 Allgemeines 0.2 Gliederung des Zonobioms VI und abgeleitete Biome in Europa 1 Klima 2 Böden 3 Produzenten 3.1 Subzonobiom (oc) der Atlantischen Heidegebiete 3.1.1 Die Heidevegetation Schottlands 3.1.2 Heiden im westlichen Mitteleuropa 3.2 Subzonobiom (eumi) der Mitteleuropäischen Vegetation 3.2.1 Die rationelle Forstwirtschaft 3.2.2 Die Erforschung der Vegetation Mitteleuropas 3.3 Subzonobiom (miru) der Laubwälder Osteuropas 3.4 Die Waldstatistik der ehemaligen USSR 4 Konsumenten / (Mathilde RAHMANN) 4.1 Allgemeines 4.2 Die zonale Verteilung der Zoomasse 4.2.1 Verteilung der Zoomasse warmblütiger Wirbeltiere in verschiedenen Zonobiomen der Subarktischen und Gemäßigten Zone 4.2.2 Verteilung der Zoomasse in den bodennahen Schichten und im Boden in Abhängigkeit von der Wärme/Wasser-Bilanz 4.2.3 Abhängigkeit der Zoomasse von der Wärme/Wasser-Bilanz in den Böden verschiedener Laubwaldtypen in der ehemaligen USSR 4.3 Die Bedeutung der Bodenorganismen 4.4 Das Klima im Boden 4.5 Die Bedeutung des Humus für den Boden 4.6 Besondere Merkmale der Bodenfauna und ihre Hauptvertreter 5 Destruenten 5.1 Destruenten im eigentlichen Sinne 6 Ökologische Untersuchungen und Ökosystemforschung 6.1 Anpassungen an eine kalte Jahreszeit 6.2 Kälteresistenz des krautigen Unterwuchses 6.3 Ökophysiologie der nemoralen Baumarten 6.4 Ökophysiologie der Krautschicht 6.5 Ökosysteme 6.5.1 Das Solling-Projekt 6.5.2 Andere Ökosystemforschungsergebnisse und -projekte 6.6 Faunistische und tierökologische Aspekte der Ökosysteme Mitteleuropäischer Laubwälder / (Mathilde RAHMANN) 6.6.1 Einleitung 6.6.2 Räumliche Untergliederung und Jahreszeitenwechsel in seiner Bedeutung für die Tierwelt des Laubwaldes 6.6.3 Faunistisch-ökologische Übersicht über die Tierwelt des Waldes 6.4.4 Aspekte der Nahrungsansprüche und damit im Zusammenhang stehende Besonderheiten der Fauna des Laubwaldes 6.6.5 Bodentiere (Edaphon) und periodische Bodenbewohner 6.6.6 Zusammenfassung der tierökologischen Aspekte hinsichtlich der Ernährung im Ökosystem des mitteleuropäischen Laubwaldes 7 Orobiom VI - Mittelgebirge und Nordrand der Alpen 7.1 Mitteleuropäische Mittelgebirge 7.1.1 Harz / (Helmut DALITZ) 7.1.2 Schwarzwald und Vogesen 7.2 Alpen (Nordrand) 7.2.1 Klima der Alpen 7.2.2 Böden der Alpen 7.2.3 Produzenten 7.2.3.1 Erforschung der Alpenvegetation 7.2.3.2 Die hochmontane Fichtenwaldstufe 7.2.3.3 Ökologische Untersuchungen zur Waldgrenzfrage 7.2.3.4 Zur Ökophysiologie von Pinus cembra an der Waldgrenze 7.2.3.5 Subalpine Stufe 7.2.3.6 Alpine Stufe 7.2.3.7 Nivale Stufe 7.3 Nordkarpaten 8 Pedobiome des ZB VI 8.1 Amphibiome und Helobiome der Flußauen 8.2 Halo- und Psammobiome an der Küste 9 Zono-Ökotone 9.1 Zono-Ökoton VI/VIII der boreo-nemoralen Laub-Nadel-Mischwälder 9.1.1 Allgemeine Übersicht 9.1.2 Der Urwald von Bialowiyesh 9.1.3 Andere Mischwälder 9.1.4 Kiefernwälder der Ukraine 9.1.5 Eichenreiche Kiefernwälder (Querceto-Pineta) 9.2 Zone-Ökoton VI/VII der Waldsteppe Osteuropas 10 Der Mensch im Zonobiom VI Teil B: Subzonobiom VII der semiariden Steppen Eurasiens 0 Allgemeines 0.1 Vorbemerkungen (Zonobiom VII) 0.2 Gliederung der Steppen 1 Klima 2 Böden 2.1 Zonale Steppen 2.2 Salzböden der südlichen Steppen und der Halbwüsten 3 Produzenten 3.1 Typische Wiesensteppen 3.2 Federgrassteppen 3.2.1 Pedobiome der Federgrassteppen 3.2.2 Anthropogene Eingriffe 3.3 Wermut-Federgrassteppen 3.4 Demutation der Pflanzendecke in den Steppen 3.5 Ökophysiologie der Steppenpflanzen 3.6 Periglaziale Steppenrelikte in Mitteleuropa 3.7 Westsibirische Steppen 3.8 Ostasiatische Steppen 3.8.1 Die Onon-Argun-Steppe 4 Konsumenten 5 Destruenten 6 Steppenökosysteme 7 Orobiome 7.1 Das Krimgebirge 7.2 Kaukasien, ein multizonales Gebirgssystem 7.3 Altaigebirge 8 Pedobiome der Steppenzone 8.1 Pods (Amphibiome) 8.2 Moore (Helobiome) 8.3 Salzwiesen (Halobiome) 8.4 Wasserpflanzengemeinschaften (Hydrobiome) 9 Zono-Ökoton VII/VIII in Sibirien 9.1 Klimatische Verhältnisse 9.2 Bodenverhältnisse 9.3 Floristische Verhältnisse 9.4 Ökologische Untersuchungen 9.5 Phytomasse der Kiefernbestände 9.6 Die natürliche Verjüngung der Kiefernwälder 10 Der Mensch im ZB VII der semiariden Steppen Teil C: Subzonobiom Vlla der ariden Halbwüsten und Wüsten in der Kaspischen Niederung und in Kazakhstan 0 Einleitung 0.1 Allgemeines 0.2 Gliederung 1 Klima 2 Böden 3 Produzenten 3.1 Vegetation der nördlichen Halbwüste der Kaspischen Niederung 3.2 Vegetation der südlichen Wüste der Kaspischen Niederung 3.3 Vegetation der Halbwüste in Kazakhstan 3.4 Ökobiomorphologische Untersuchungen 4 Konsumenten 5 Destruenten 6 Ökosystemforschung 6.1 Die Wüste nördlich und um den Aralsee (Aralkum) 6.2 Ökosysteme der Taukum-Wüste 7 Orobiome 8 Pedobiome 9 Der Mensch im Subzonobiom Vlla Teil D: Subzonobiom VII (rill) der ariden Wüsten Mittelasiens 0 Einleitung 0.1 Allgemeines 0.2 Gliederung Mittelasiens in Biome 1 Klima 2 Böden 3 Produzenten 3.1 Salzwüsten (Halobiome) 3.2 Takyre 3.3 Ephemeren-Wüste 3.4 Die Sandwüste der Zentralen Karakum 3.4.0 Allgemeines und Hydrographie der Karakum 3.4.1 Klima der Karakum 3.4.2 Böden der Karakum 3.4.3 Produzenten in der Karakum 3.4.4 Ökologische Untersuchungen an Einzelpflanzen 3.4.5 Die Biogeozöne und Synusien 3.4.5.1 Psammophyten-Biogeozön-Komplex 3.4.5.2 Takyr-Biogeozön-Komplexe der Karakum 3.4.5.3 Halophytenvegetation in der Karakum 3.4.6 Ökologische Gliederung der Karakum 4 Konsumenten 4.1 Allgemeines 4.2 Die Säugetiere im Schutzgebiet bei Repetek 4.3 Andere Wirbeltiergruppen in Schutzgebieten bei Repetek 4.4 Wirbellose des Schutzgebietes bei Repetek 4.5 Konsumenten in Ökosystemen Afghanistans 5 Destruenten 6 Ökosystemforschung 7 Orobiome Mittelasiens 7.1 Kopet-Dag-Gebirge 7.2 Hochgebirge des Tyen Shan und des Pamir-Alai-Systems 7.2.1 Aride Höhenstufenfolge des Talass-Alatau 7.2.2 Höhenstufenfolgen mit einer Nadelwaldstufe 7.2.3 Höhenstufenfolgen mit Laubwaldstufen 7.2.4 Wildobstfluren Mittelasiens 7.3 Höhenstufen der Nordabdachung des Hindukusch 7.4 Ökosystemforschung im Orobiom VII (rill) 7.5 Höhenstufen um den Issyk-Kul 7.6 Obergrenzen der Vegetation und ihre Ökologie im Orobiom Vll(rlll) 8 Die Waldstatistik 9 Pedobiome: Amphibiome der Auenwälder (Amudarya) 10 Zono-Ökoton zu den Wüsten Zentralasiens 11 Der Mensch in der Wüste in Kazakhstan und Mittelasien (sZB Vlla, sZB VII [rill]) Teil E: Subzonobiom VII (rill) der extrem ariden zentralasiatischen Wüsten 0 Allgemeines 1 Das Übergangsgebiet der Äußeren Mongolei (ohne Gobi) 2 Die Wüste Gobi 2.1 Übersicht 2.2 Ökologische Untersuchungen in der nördlichen Gobi 3 Peishan-Wüste 4 Tarimbecken und Takla-Makan-Wüste 5 Kansu-Korridor 6 Alashan-Wüste 7 Ordos-Wüste 8 Tsaidam-Becken 9 Fauna Zentralasiens Teil F: Extrem kalt-arides Subzonobiom VII (tlX) der Kälte- und Hochplateauwüsten Zentralasiens 0 Allgemeines zu den kalten Wüsten der asiatischen Hochgebirgsebenen 1 Tibet, ein riesiges Hochplateau 2 Pamir - eine ökologisch gut untersuchte Hochgebirgswüste 2.1 Allgemeine Gliederung 2.2 Ost-Pamir 2.2.1 Klima 2.2.2 Böden 2.2.3 Vegetation 2.2.4 Biologisch-Ökologische Untersuchungen im Pamir 2.2.4.1 Biologie der Pamirpflanzen 2.2.4.2 Zur Lichtökologie der Hochgebirgspflanzen 2.2.4.3 Wasserhaushalt der Pamirvegetation 2.2.4.4 Photosynthese und Produktionsanalysen 2.2.4.5 Produktiohswerte aus Hochgebirgswüsten 2.2.4.6 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzung der natürlichen Weiden 2.3 West-Pamir und Badakhshan 2.4 Die Gebirgsflora und die Modellierung der Gebirgsflorengenese 3 Der Mensch im sZB VII (tlX) Teil G: Zonobiom VIII der borealen Nadelwaldzone (Taiga) Eurosibiriens 0 Allgemeine Einführung 0.1 Einleitung 0.2 Gliederung des Zonobioms VIII (Taiga-Zonen) 1 Klima (Subzonobiome) 2 Zonale Böden 3 Produzenten 3.1 Die Flora 3.2 Die klimati

Note: Contents 1. Aims and goals of the studies 2. Work arrangement 2.1 Features of the field season and financing 2.2. Region and targets of the studies 2.3 Expedition participants 2.4 Main stages of the expedition 2.5 Communication and transportation means 3. Scope of the studies 3.1 Aerovisual observations 3.2 Landscape studies 3.3 Hydrological and limnological studies 3.4 Geomorphological and paleogeographical studies 4. Preliminary results of the studies 4.1 Aerovisual studies 4.2 Landscape studies 4.3 Hydrological and limnological studies 4.4 Geomorphological and quaternary studies 5. Nature protection measures Conclusion References Annexes , In kyrillischer Schrift , In russischer Sprache mit englischer Übersetzung

Note: Zugl.: Stockholm, Univ., Diss., 1991

Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [255] - 276. - Includes index

Note: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units

Note: Dissertation, Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Wageningen, 1991 , 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Fields of interest 1.2 Macroscopic freezing test 1.3 Microscopic model 1.4 Aim of the thesis 1.5 Overview of the thesis 2 THEORY 2.0 Introduction to the chapter 2.1 Theory of different soil analyses 2.1.1 Particle size distribution 2.1.2 Specific surface area 2.1.3 Cation exchange capacity 2.1.4 Zeta potential 2.1.5 Water retention 2.1.6 Hydraulic conductivity 2.1.7 Thermal conductivity 2.2 Determination of soil water content by time-domain reflectometry 2. 2.1 Transmission line theory 2.2.2 Water content 2.2.3 Bulk electrical conductivity 2.3 Transfer of heat and mass 2.3.1 Moisture transport 2.3.2 Heat transport 2.3.3 Solute transport 3 NEW MODELS AND METHODS 3.0 Introduction to the chapter 3.1 A new model for the nonsteady-state probe method to measure thermal properties of porous media 3.1.0 Abstract 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Present approach 3.1.3 Experimental set-up 3.1.4 The perfect line source model 3.1.5 The modified Jaeger model 3.1.6 Gauss-Newton iteration 3.1.7 Calibration measurements 3.1.8 Conclusions 3.2 A new method to measure bulk electrical conductivity in soil using time-domain reflectometry 3.2.0 Abstract 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Measurement theory 3.2.3 Materials and methods 3.2.4 Results and discussion 3.2.5 Conclusions 3.3 Application of dispersion theory to time-domain reflectometry in soils 3.3.0 Abstract 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Dielectric constant as a function of water content 3.3.2.1 Soil as a two phase dielectric medium 3.3.2.2 Unfrozen soils 3.3.2.3 Frozen soils 3.3.3 Bulk electrical conductivity as a function of water content 3.3.4 Materials and methods 3.3.5 Results and discussion 3.3.5.1 Validation of the model for bulk electrical conductivity 3.3.5.2 Comparison with other models 3.3.6 Conclusions 3.3.7 Appendix 3.4 Description of the experiments to measure heat and mass transfer in freezing porous media 3.4.1 Experimental set-up 3.4.2 Used materials 3.4.3 Relations between soil physical and electrochemical properties 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.0 Introduction to the chapter 4.1 Thermal conductivity of unsaturated frozen sands 4. 1.0 Abstract 4.1. 1 Introduction 4.1. 2 Experimental set-up 4.1. 3 Theoretical approach 4. 1.4 Properties of the used sands 4.1.5 Measured heat flows 4.1. 6 Measured thermal conductivities 4.1. 7 Discussion 4.2 Heat transfer 4.2.1 Heat capacity 4.2.2 Thermal conductivity 4.2.2.1 Influence of the temperature dependence of the pore ice versus unfrozen water content 4.2.2.2 Contribution of the apparent thermal conductivity 4.2.2.3 Segregated ice content 4.2.2.4 Presence of the freezing front close to the measuring probe 4.2.3 Latent heat of in situ freezing 4.2.4 Heat balances 4.2.5 Temperature fields 4.2.6 Dynamics of heat flows in frozen porous materials 4.3 Moisture transfer 4.3.1 Segregation potential 4.3.2 Influence of soil physical and electrochemical properties 4.4 Application of time-domain reflectometry to measure solute concentration during soil freezing 4.4.0 Abstract 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Materials and methods 4.4.3 Results and discussion 4.4.3.1 Influence of temperature 4.4.3.2 Influence of liquid water content 4.4.3.3 Redistribution of solutes 4.4.4 Conclusions 4.5 Influence of added solutes on moisture transfer 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL DISCUSSION 5.1 General discussion 5.2 Recommandations in connection with frost in porous media , Zusammenfassung in niederländischer Sprache

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction Oil - Catalyst for change The Haul Road - Highway to the Arctic Origins: The geologic setting Glaciers shape the land Glaciation and wildlife distribution Permafrost and the periglacial environment The Dalton Highway road log Glossary Selected references

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgements List of figures List of tables List of plates preamble CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 1.3 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 1.3.1 Bedrock geology 1.3.2 Glacial history 1.3.2 Surficial geology 1.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND PARALLEL STUDIES 1.5 SITE INVESTIGATIONS 1.5.1 Introduction 1.5.2 Water sampling methods 1.5.3 Piezometer methods 1.5.4 Measuring hydraulic conductivity 1.S.S Surface flow monitoring 1.5.6 Seepage meters 1.5.7 Coring and porewater squeezing 1.5.8 Frost table probing 1.5.9 Geological mapping 1.5.10 Weather records 1.5.11 Depth sounding 1.6 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 1.6.1 Sample collection, filtration, and alkalinity 1.6.2 Analytical methods 1.6.3 Quality of chemical analyses 1.6.4 Grain-size distributions and organic matter contents in till 1.6.5 Core logging and porewater squeezing 1.6.6 SEM examination of mineral weathering CHAPTER 2: HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY synopsis 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 LOCATION AND CLIMATE 2.3 FIELD AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.3.1 Field methods 2.3.2 Analytical methods 2.4 SETTING 2.5 HYDROLOGY 2.5.1 Surface hydrology 2.5.2 Groundwater hydrology 2.5.2.1 Thawing of the active layer 2.5.2.2 Structure and composition of the active layer till 2.5.2.3 Groundwater flow 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY abstract 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 STUDY AREA 3.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.4 VEGETATION AND ACTIVE LAYER PROPERTIES 3.5 STABLE ISOTOPE DATA 3.6 WATER CHEMISTRY 3.7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 4: ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF EVAPORATION synopsis 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 STUDY AREA 4.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 4.3.1 Materials and field methods 4.3.2 Analytkal methods 4.4 THEORY 4.4.1 Theoretical development 4.4.2 Basis of this approach 4.5 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 4.7 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5: WATER BALANCE AND GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONS abstract 5.l INTRODUCTION 5.2 SETTING 5.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS 5.4 HYDROLOGY 5.5 WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS 5.6 GEOCHEMISTRY 5.7 DISCUSSION 5.8 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH References LIST OF APPENDICES A. Part A: Stable isotope analyses of water samples Part B: Tritium analyses Part C: Field geochemical measurements Part D: Major ion analyses of water samples B. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING FROM PIEZOMETERS C. RELIABILITY OF Eh MEASUREMENTS D. PIEZOMETER DESIGNS/INSTALLATION PROCEDURES Part A: 1988 Part B: 1989 E. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY TESTING/DATA F. SURFACE FLOW MEASUREMENTS Part 1: Weir Part 2: Stream gauging G. SEEPAGE METER METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS H. CORING AND SQUEEZING METHODS I. CORE AND SOIL PIT DESCRIPTIONS J. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS TO ADDRESS WATER QUALITY Part A: Duplicates, blanks, and comparative analyses Part B: Filtration experiment Part C: Dissolved organic carbon Part D: Carbon-13 K. CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSES OF POREWATERS EXTRACTED FROM CORES L. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TILL M. WATER BALANCE THEORY

Note: Bachelorarbeit, Wilfrid Laurier University, 1993 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Water Balance 2.3 Nutrient Inputs 2.4 Models Chapter 3 Study Site and Site Characteristics 3.1 Study Site Location 3.2 Geology 3.3 Surface Cover 3.4 Permafrost Depth 3.5 Lake Formation 3.6 Lake Characteristics 3.7 Lake Sub Basin Characteristics 3.8 Climate 3.9 Precipitation and Melt 3.10 Evaporation Chapter 4 Methods 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical Sampling 4.2.1 Water Level 4.2.2 Stream Discharge 4.2.3 Precipitation 4.2.4. Radiation 4.2.5 Evaporation 4.2.6 Groundwater 4.3 Chemical Sampling 4.3.1 Total Phosphorus 4.4 Biological Sampling 4.4.1 Chlorophyll a 4.5 Water Balance 4.6 Nutrient Inputs 4.7 Models 4.7.1 Predicting Total Phosphorus Concentrations 4.7.2 Chlorophyll a Chapter 5 Results 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Water Balance 5.2.1 Lake Storage 5.2.2 Stream Discharge 5.2.3 Precipitation 5.2.4 Radiation 5.2.5 Evaporation 5.2.6 Groundwater 5.3 Nutrient Inputs 5.4 Models 5.4.1 Predicting Total Phosphorus Concentrations 5.4.2 Chlorophyll a Chapter 6 Discussion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Water Balance 6.3 Nutrient Inputs 6.4 Models Chapter 7 Further Study Appendices Appendix 1 Lake Storage Appendix 2 Discharge Data Appendix 3 Precipitation Appendix 4 Radiation Appendix 5 Evaporation Appendix 6 Nutrient Data Appendix 7 Chlorophyll a Bibliography , Englisch

Note: Masterarbeit, Queen's University (Kingston, Ont.), 1990 , TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Study 1.2 Site Description 1.2.1 Climate 1.2.2 Geology 1.2.3 Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Queen Elizabeth Islands 1.2.4 Origin of Colour Lake 1.2.5 Lake and Basin Morphometry and Morphology CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General Arctic Limnology 2.1.1 Thermal Regimes and Circulation 2.1.2 Biological Limnology 2.2 Sedimentation in Arctic Lakes 2.2.1 Sedimentary Processes 2.2.2 Deposits 2.3 Phycology and Paleophycology of High Arctic Lakes CHAPTER 3: METHODS 3.1 Basin Factors 3.1.1 Weather 3.1.2 Stream Sampling 3.1.3 Snowmelt, Depth of Ground Thaw, and Soil parameters 3.1.4 Measurement of Mass Wasting 3.2 General Limnology 3.3 Sediment Sampling and Analysis 3.3.1 Sediment Collection 3.3.2 Sediment Analysis 3.3.3 Microfossil Analysis 3.3.3.1 Diatoms and Chrysophytes 3.3.3.2 Chironomids CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Basin Factors 4.1.1 Weather 4.1.2 Stream Discharge and Water Quality 4.1.3 Snow, Active Layer Thickness, and Soil Parameters 4.1.4 Mass Wasting 4.1.4.1 Gelifluction survey 4.1.4.2 Mudflows and other Observations 4. 2 Limnology 4.2.1 General Limnology - 1987 4.2.1.1 Lake Temperature 4.2.1.2 Lake Chemistry 4.2.1.3 Water Stage 4.2.1.4 Suspended Sediment 4.2.1.5 Algae 4.2.2 General Limnology - 1988 4.3 Sedimentology 4.3.1 Surficial Sediments 4.3.1.1 Structure and Grain Size 4.3.1.2 Organic Matter 4.3.1.3 Microfossils 4.3.2 Long Cores 4.3.2.1 Structure and Grain Size 4.3.2.2 Organic Matter 4.3.2.3 Dating 4.3.2.4 Microfossils CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Basin Factors 5.1.1 Inflows 5.1.2 Mass Wasting 5.1.2.1 Rates of Soil Movement 5.1.2.2 Gelifluction as a Sediment Source 5.2 Limnology 5.3 Sedimentology 5.3.1 Recent Sedimentary Environment 5.3.2 Late Holocene Sedimentary Environment 5.3.2.1 Signal from Alluvial Fan River 5.3.2.2 Signal from Gelifluction 5.3.2.3 Signal from Lake Ice Cover 5.2.3.4 General Sedimentology 5.2.3.5 Paleophycology 5.3.3 Modelling Colour Lake Sedimentology . CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX A: CORRECTION OF TALL BURIED STAKES APPENDIX B: TEST OF EFFECT OF IGNITION BEFORE SEDIGRAPHING APPENDIX C: DIATOM SPECIES LIST APPENDIX D: SEDIMENT VOLUME IN A SMALL MUDFLOW APPENDIX E: ICE RECORD VITA

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / Ming-ko Woo and Denis J. Gregor No Great Change: A Commentary on 50 Years of Watching Arctic Science / F. Kenneth Hare Arctic Climate in the Future / David Etkin and Tom Agnew Ice and Snow in the Arctic and Global Change / Peter Adams Snow, Sea· Ice and Climate: A Study of Scales / Ellsworth F. LeDrew and David G. Barber Past Climate Changes as Deduced from Canadian Ice Cores / Roy M. Koerner Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Chemical Composition of the Arctic Troposphere / Leonard A. Barrie Organic Micropollutants in Arctic Snow and Pim / Denis J. Gregor Climatic Change and the Permafrost Landscape / Antoni G. Lewkowicz Arctic Streamflow / Ming-ko Woo Ecology and Palaeocology of the Northern Treeline / Glen M. MacDonald and K. Gajewski Climate Change and its Effects on Canadian Arctic Plant Communities / Sylvia A. Edlund Environmental Change and Prehistory in Arctic Canada / Patricia D. Sutherland Concluding Remarks / George D. Hobson Glossary

Note: Masterarbeit, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, 1992 , Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 introduction 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Literature review 1.3.1 Overland flow 1.3.2 Overland flow from partial areas 1.3.3 Subsurface stormflow 1.3.4 The variable source area subsurface stormtlow concept 1.3.5 Groundwater and the capillary fringe effect 1.3.6 Preferential flow 1.3.6.1 Macropore flow 1.3.6.2 Unstable flow 1.4 Summary of uncertainties in the vadose zone Chapter 2 Methodology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Harp 4-21 basin: site description 2.2.1 Basin topography 2.2.2 Bedrock and surficial geology 2.2.3 Vegetation 2.2.4 General hydrology 2.3 Basin instrumentatio 2.3.1 Stream 2.3.2 Phreatic zone 2.3.3 Vadose zone 2.3.3.1 Soil moisture 2.3.3.2 Preferential flowpaths 2.4 Hillslope transect instrumentation 2.4.1 The hillslope transect 2.4.2 Time domain reflectometry 2.4.3 Vadose water extraction 2.5 Sampling techniques, frequency and chemical analyses 2.5.1 Precipitation 2.5.2 Stream 2.5.3 Phreatic zone 2.5.4 Vadose zone 2.5.4.1 Soil moisture measurement and analysis of the TDR trace 2.5.4.2 Vadose water sampling 2.5.5 Chemical analysis Chapter 3 Results and Discussion: Antecedent Moisture Conditions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Runoff events ~ampled during the May 1990 - April 1991 field season 3.3 Assessment of antecedent moisture conditions in the Harp 4-21 basin 3.3.1 Seasonal basin yield 3.3.2 Seasonal depth to water-table 3.3.3 Tensiometric data 3.3.4 Soil moisture conditions in the hillslope transect (Time Domain Reflectometry) 3.3.4.1 Soil water content/depth to water-table relationship 3.3.4.2 Estimation of the capillary fringe thickness and the temporal variation of basin area in which it extends to the ground surface 3.4 Assessment of the origin of water in the vadose zone of near-stream and lower slope areas which experience significant water-table responses during runoff generating events 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Near-stream 07 piezometer nest 3.4.3 Lower slope TD4 mini-piezometer nest Chapter 4 Preferential flowpathways: Results and discussion 4.1. Discharge contributions to streamflow during runoff events 4.2. Assessment of the origin of water emmitted from the soil pipes during runoff events Chapter 5 Conclusions References Appendix I Appendix II Appendix Ill Appendix IV Appendix V , Englisch

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Physiographic map and field trip localities of the Upper Cook Inlet area, Alaska / compiled by R. D. Reger and R. G. Updike (1982) , CONTENTS Introduction General statement Organization and acknowledgments Selected references Middle Tanana River valley R&sum& of the permafrost and Quaternary geology Road log and locality descriptions Selected references Delta River area. Alaska Range R&sum& of the permafrost and Quaternary geology Road log and locality description Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Thawing problems Construction modes Conventional burial Special burial Conventional elevated and anchor support Selected references Copper River basin Rèsumè of Quaternary geology Road log and locality description Gakona section Richardson Highway Simpson Hill roadcut Copper River Bluff section Glenn Highway Selected references Overview of the Matanuska Glacier Selected references Upper Cook Inlet region and the Matanuska Valley Introduction Physiography and geology Upper Cook Inlet region Matanuska Valley Climate Vegetation. Soils Rèsumè of Quaternary geology General statement Late Pliocene-early Pleistocene glaciations and interglaciations Mt. Susitna Glaciation Mt. Susitna-Caribou Hills interglaciation Caribou Hills Glaciation Late Pleistocene glaciations and interglaciations Caribou Hills-Eklutna interglaciation Eklutna Glaciation Eklutna-Knik interglaciation Knik Glaciation Knik-Naptowne nonglacial interval Naptowne Glaciation Early Holocene Glaciations Middle to Late Holocene events Alaskan Glaciation Tustumena advances Tunnel advances Other events Road log and locality descriptions Selected references Appendix A - Radiocarbon dates related to late Quaternary events in the Upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska

Note: Zürich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Dissertation, 1993 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Zusammenfassung Abstract 1. Einleitung 1.1 Permafrost und Blockgletscher 1.2 Die Permafrostforschung in der Schweiz 1.3 Klassische Untersuchungsmethoden 1.4 Problemstellung 1.5 Glossar 2. Die untersuchten Gebiete 2.1 Allgemeines 2.2 Der Blockgletscher Murtel-Corvatsch 2.2.1 Lokalitätsbeschreibung 2.2.2 Feldarbeiten 2.3 Der Blockgletscher Muragl 1 2. 3.1 Lokalitätsbeschreibung 2.3.2 Feldarbeiten 2.4 Der Blockgletscher Suvretta 2.4.1 Loka!itätsbeschreibung 2.4.2 Feldarbeiten 2.5 Pontresina - Schafberg 2.5.1 Lokalitätsbeschreibung 2.5.2 Feldarbeiten 3. Geophysikalische Sondiermethoden im Permafrost 3.1 Allgemeines 3.2 Refraktionsseismik 3.2.1 Einleitung 3.2.2 Zielsetzung der Refraktionsseismik im Permafrost 3.2.3 Ausrüstung, Messtechnik 3.2.4 Herauslesen der Ersteinsätze 3.2.4.1 Ersteinsätze mit geringer Amplitude und grosser Periode 3.2.4.2 Rauschen 3.2.5 Auswertungsmethoden 3.2.5.1 Intercept-Methode, Knickpunkt-Methode 3.2.5.2 Die Plus-Minus-Methode 3.2.5.3 Hales-Methode 3.2.5.4 Die 'Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM) 3.2.5.5 Auswertung der Sprengseismik im Pennafrost 3.2.5.6 Abfolge der Auswertung mittels dem GRMVerfahren am Beispiel des Profils MGL S5 3.2.6 Blockgletscher Murtel-Corvatsch 3.2.6.1 Profil MRT S1 3.2.6.2 Profil MRT S2 3.2.6.3 Schlussfolgerungen Seismik Murtel-Corvatsch 3.2.7 Blockgletscher Muragl 3.2.7.1 Profil MGL S1 3.2.7.2 Profil MGL S2 3.2.7.3 Profil MGL S3 3.2.7.4 Profil MGL S4 3.2.7.5 Profil MGL S5 3.2.7.6 Zusammenfassung Seismik Blockgletscher Muragl 3.2.8 Blockgletscher Suvretta 3.2.8.1 Profil SUV S1 3.2.8.2 Profil SUV S2 3.2.8.3 Profil SUV S3 3.2.8.4 Profil SUV S4 3.2.8.5 Profil SUV S5 3.2.8.6 Zusammenfassung Blockgletscher Suvretta 3.2.9 Pontresina - Schafberg 3.2.9.1 Profile beim Bohrloch 2/1990 3.2.9.2 Profile beim Bohrloch 1/1990 3.2.9.3 Zusammenfassung Pontresina - Schafberg 3.2.10 Schlussfolgerungen Refraktionsseismik 3.3 Gleichstrom - Geoelektrik 3.3.1 Einleitung 3.3.1.1 Allgemeines 3.3.1.2 Spezifischer Widerstand verschiedener Eisarten 3.3.1.3 Geoelektrik im Permafrost 3.3.2 Ankoppelungsversuche 3.3.3 Beispiel einer Auswertung 3.3.3.1 Allgemeines 3.3.3.2 Schlumberger-Anordnung (symmetrisch) 3.3.3.3 Hummel-Anordnung oder Halbe Schlumberger-Anordnung 3.3.4 Blockgletscher Murtel-Corvatsch I 3.3.4.1 Diskussion der einzelnen Sondierkurven 3:3.4.2 Zusammenfassung Blockgletscher Murtel-Corvatsch 3.3.5 Blockgletscher Muragl 1 3.3.5.1 Diskussion der einzelnen Sondierkurven 3.3.5.2 Zusammenfassung Blockgletscher Muragl 3.3.6 Blockgletscher Suvretta 3.3.6.1 Diskussion der einzelnen Sondierkurven 3.3.6.2 Zusammenfassung Blockgletscher Suvretta 3.3.7 Pontresina-Schafberg 3.3.7.1 Diskussion der einzelnen Sondierkurven 3.3.7.2 Zusammenfassung Pontresina-Schafberg 3.3.8 Schlussfolgerungen Gleichstrom-Geoelektrik 3.4 Georadar 3.4.1 Allgemeines 3.4.2 Messungen auf dem Blockgletscher Murtel-Corvatsch 3.4.3 Schlussfolgerungen Georadar.und Ausblick 3.5 Gravimetrie 3.5.1 Einleitung 3.5.2 Theoretische Grundlagen 3.5.2.1 Effekt der geographischen Breite 3.5.2.2 Effekt der Höhe über Meer 3.5.2.3 Topographischer Effekt 3.5.3 Gravimetrische Messungen und Korrekturen 3.5.4 Modellierung 3.5.5 Resultate und Diskussion 3.5.6 Schlussfolgerungen Gravimetrie 3.6 Very-Low-Frequency Resistivity (VLF-R) 3.6.1 Einleitung 3.6.2 Theoretische Grundlagen 3.6.2.1 Messungen mit mehreren Frequenzen 3.6.2.2 Messungen in mehreren Richtungen 3.6.3 VLF0R Messungen im alpinen Permafrost 3.6.3.1 Allgemeines 3.6.3.2 Bohrloch Murtel-Corvatsch 3.6.3.3 Pontresina-Schafberg 3.6.3.4 Blockgletscher Muragl I 3.6.3.5 Gruben 3.6.4 Zusammenfassung VLF-R und Ausblick 4 Bohrlochsondierungen 4.1 Allgemeines 4.2 Bohrlochlogging 4.2.1 Das Kaliber-Log 4.2.2 Das Garnma-Ray-Log 4.2.3 Das Gamma-Gamma-Log 4.2.4 Das Neutron-Neutron-Log 4.2.5 Das Resistivity-Log 4.2.6 Das Sonic-Log 4.2.7 Korrelationen zwischen den einzelnen Logs im Bohrloch 1/1990 4.2.8 Schlussfolgerung Bohrloch-Logging 4.3 Bohrlochseisrnik im Bohrloch 2/1987 (Murtel-Corvatsch) 4.3.1 Einleitung 4.3.2 Konzept der Messung 4.3.3 Schwierigkeiten bei der Auswertung der bohrlochseismischen Daten 4.3.3.1 Bestimmen der Nullzeit 4.3.3.2 Herauslesen der Ersteinsätze 4.3.3.3 Korrektur der Einsatzzeiten 4.3.4 Berechnung der seismischen Geschwindigkeiten 4.3.4.1 P-Wellen 4.3.4.2 S-Wellen (average velocity) 4.3.5 Spezialexperirnent 4.3.6 Schlussfolgerungen Bohrlochseisrnik 5 Temperaturmessungen im Permafrost 5.1 Einleitung 5.2 Ausrüstung.und Messgenauigkeit 5.3 Temperaturen im Bohrloch Murtel-Corvatsch 5.3.1 Analyse der Jahreszeitenschwankungen 5.3.2 Kommentar zu den Temperaturreihen im Bohrloch 2/1987 5.3.2.1 Temperaturentwicklung in 1.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 9°C) 5.3.2.2 Temperaturentwicklung in 2.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 5°C) 5.3.2.3 Temperaturentwicklung in 3.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 3.5°C) 5.3.2.4 Temperaturentwicklung in 7.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 1.5°C) 5.3.2.5 Temperaturentwicklung in 11.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 0.6°C) 5.3.2.6 Temperaturentwicklung in 15.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 0.2°C) 5.3.2.7 Temperaturentwicklung in 21.6 m Tiefe (mittlere Differenz der Extremwerte: 〈 0.1 °C) 5.3.3 Vertikale Temperaturverteilung im Bohrloch 2/1987 5.3.4 Saisonale Temperaturschwankungen zwischen 52 m und 56 m Tiefe 5.4 Temperaturen in den Bohrlöchern am Pontresina-Schafberg 5.4.1 Vertikale Temperaturverteilung auf dem Pontresina-Schafberg 5.5 Auswirkungen von Variationen der Oberflächentemperaturen auf vertikale Temperaturprofile 5.6 Schlussfolgerungen Permafrosttemperaturen 6 Schlussfolgerungen 7 Literaturverzeichnis ANHANG Geoelektrische Tiefensondierungen Blockgletscher Murtel-Corvatsch Sondierung MRT E1 Sondierung MRT E2 Sondierung MRT E3 Sondierung MRT E4 Sondierung MRT E5 Blockgletscher Muragl Sondierung MGL E1 Sondierung MGL E2 Sondierung MGL E3 Blockgletscher Suvretta Sondierung SUV E1 Sondierung SUV E2 Sondierung SUV E3 Pontresina-Schafberg Sondierung SFB E1 Sondierung SFB E2 Sondierung SFB E3 Sondierung SFB E4 Temperaturreihen im Bohrloch 2/1987 (Murtel-Corvatsch)

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 1. NORTHERN HYDROLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Definition of "North" 1.2.1. Physical North 1.2.1.1. Polar Circles 1.2.1.2. Temperature 1.2.1.3. Snow/Ice Covers 1.2.1.4. Frozen Ground 1.2.1.5. Vegetation 1.2.1.6. Run-Off Direction 1.2.1.7. Composite Definition 1.2.1.8. Guideline Definition 1.3. Natural Landscape, Climate and Hydrology 1.3.1. General Landscape 1.3.2. Hydroclimatic Characteristics 1.3 .2.1. Precipitation/Snowcover 1.3.2.2. Drainage/Run-Off 1.3.2.3. Surface Storage 1.3.2.4. Permafrost 1.3.2.5. Ground Water 1.3.2.6. Evaporation/Evapotranspiration 1.3.2.7. Freshwater Ice Cover 1.3.2.8. Data-Collection Networks 1.4. Hydrological Classifications 1.4.1. Church (1974) Classification 1.4.1.1. Arctic-Nival 1.4.1.2. Subarctic-Nival 1.4.1.3. Proglacial 1.4.1.4. Muskeg 1.4.2. Network Classification 1.5. Development and Water Use 1.5.1. Historical Resource Development 1.5.2. Present Resources 1.5.2.1. Hydro-Power 1.5.2.2. Diversions 1.5.2.3. Mining 1.5.2.4. Oil and Gas 1.6. Evolving Issues 1.6.1. Northem Pollution 1.6.2. Global Change Effects 1.6.2.1. Precipitation/Snow/Glaciers 1.6.2.2. Floating Ice 1.6.2.3. Permafrost 1.6.2.4. Other 1.6.3. Monitoring Global Change 1.7. Reflections 2. SNOW HYDROLOGY 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. Basic Processes 2.1.1.1. Atmospheric Processes 2.1.1.2. Snowcover Formation 2.1.1.3. Snowmelt Run-Off Processes 2.1.1.4. Snowcover Chemistry 2.1.2. Geographical Variations 2.1.2.1. Snowfall 2.1.2.2. Snowcover 2.1.2.3. Nival Streamflow Regimes 2.1.3. Relationship to Other Hydrological Variables 2.2. Historical Background 2.2.1. Snowfall 2.2.2. Snowcover Properties 2.2.3. Snowmelt Run-Off 2.3. Current Research 2.3.1. Blowing Snow 2.3.2. Meltwater Infiltration 2.3.3. Water Flux Through Cold Snowcovers 2.3.4. Remote Sensing 2.3.5. Snow Chemistry 2.3.6. Snow/Ground Interface Temperature 2.3.7. Snow Radiative Properties 2.4. Future Research Needs 2.4.1. Snowfall 2.4.2. Snowcover 2.4.3. Snowmelt 2.4.4. Snowmelt Run-Off 2.4.5. Removal of Solutes from Melting Snowcovers 3. PERMAFROST HYDROLOGY 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Historical Background 3.2.1. Streamflow Studies 3.2.2. Water-Balance Studies 3.2.3. Hillslope Hydrological Studies 3.2.4. Studies of Lake and Wetland Hydrology 3.3. Recent Trends 3.4. Current Research 3 .4.1. Coupling Snowmelt, Infiltration and Soil Moisture 3.4.2. Hydrological Modelling 3.5. Future Research Needs 3.5.1. Regional Hydrology 3.5.2. Climatic Change and Permafrost Hydrology 3.5.2.1. Application of Spatial Analogues 3.5.2.2. Application of Climatic Variability Analogues 3.5.2.3. Use of Simulation Models 4. GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY 4.1. Introduction 4.1.1. Permafrost 4.1.2. Properties of Frozen Ground and Permafrost 4.1.2.1. Ice and Water Contents 4.1.2.2. Hydraulic Conductivity 4.1.3. Effects on Water Chemistry 4.1.3.1. Low Temperatures 4.1.3.2. Permafrost 4.2. Aquifers in Permafrost Areas 4.2.1. Position Relative to Permafrost 4.2.2. Suprapermafrost Aquifers 4.2.2.1. Subtype I Aquifers 4.2.2.2. Subtype II and III Aquifers 4.2.2.3. Chemical composition of suprapermafrost water 4.2.3. Intrapermafrost Aquifers 4.2.3.1. Open Taliks 4.2.3.2. Lateral Taliks 4.2.3.3. Isolated Taliks 4.2.3.4. Chemical Composition of Intrapermafrost Water 4.2.4. Subpermafrost Aquifers 4.2.4.1. Unconsolidated Deposits 4.2.4.2. Sedimentary Bedrock 4.2.4.3. Karst 4.2.4.4. Igneous and Metamorphic Terrain 4.2.4.5. Chemical Composition of Subpermafrost Water 4.3. Ground-Water Hydrology 4.3.1. Comparison with Non-Permafrost Areas 4.3.2. Infiltration and Ground-Water Recharge 4.3.3. Lateral Movement of Ground Water 4.3.4. Discharge of Ground Water 4.3.4.1. Springs 4.3.4.2. Base Flow 4.3.4.3. Icings 4.3.4.4. Ground-Water Discharge Rates from Icing Volumes 4.3.4.5. Chemical Composition of Icings and Meltwater 4.3.5. Importance of Ground Water 4.3.5.1. Fisheries 4.3.5.2. Vegetation 4.3.5.3. Water Supply 4.3.5.4. Recreation and Space Heating 4.4. Historical Background 4.4.1. Pre-1970 Situation 4.4.2. Recent Advances 4.4.3. Agencies Involved in Recent Research 4.4.4. Incentives for Recent Research 4.5. Current Research 4.6. Future Research Needs 4.6.1. Major Unknowns 4.6.2. Subjects Requiring Research 4.6.3. Future Incentives for Ground-Water Research 4.6.4. Major Impediments 5. HYDROLOGY OF FLOATING ICE 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Ice Processes on Rivers and Lakes: an Overview 5.3. Historical Background 5.3.1. Floods and High Stages 5.3.2. Low Flow 5.3.3. Flow Duration 5.3.4. Flow Measurement 5.4. Current Research 5.4.1. Ice Jams, Break-Up and Freeze-Up 5.4.2. Low Flows 5.4.3. Flow Duration 5.4.4. Flow Measurement 5.5. Future Research Needs 5.5.1. Ice Jams, Break-Up and Freeze-Up 5.5.2. Low Flows 5.5.3. Continuous Simulation 5.5.4. Flow Measurement 5.6. New Research Approaches 5.7. Conclusion 5.8. Acknowledgements 6. GLACIER HYDROLOGY 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Glacier Hydrology: an Overview 6.2.1. Run-Off 6.2.2. Local Variability in Climatic Inputs 6.2.3. Regional Variability 6.2.4. Temporal Variability in Climatic Inputs 6.2.5. Glacier Outburst Floods 6.2.6. Distribution and Characteristics of Canadian Glaciers 6.3. Process and Regional Examples 6.3.1. Typical Run-off Components from a Glacierized Catchment 6.3.2. Western Cordilleran Example - Peyto Glacier 6.3.3.1. Basin Description 6.3.3.2. Meteorological Inputs and Snow-Line Movement 6.3.3.3. Internal Hydrology of the Glacier 6.3.3.4. Specific Yield within the Basin 6.3.3.5. The Resultant Hydrographs 6.3.3.6. Detailed Interrelationship (1970/74) 6.3.4. High-Arctic Example - White Glacier 6.4. A History of Glacier Hydrology Studies 6.4.1. Studies in the Western Cordillera 6.4.2. The Arctic lslands 6.4.3. Studies in the Yukon 6.4.4. Studies in Labrador 6.4.5. The International Hydrological Decade 6.4.6. International Hydrological Programme 6.5. The Main Achievements of Hydrology Studies in Glacierized Basins 6.5.1. Basic Description of Resources 6.5.2. Achievements in Glacier Mass Balance 6.5.3. Achievements in Glacier-Run-Off Studies 6.5.3.1. Meltwater Generation 6.5.3.2. Glacier Outburst Floods 6.5.3.3. Models of Basin Run-Off 6.5.4. Achievements in Surveying and Remote Sensing 6.6. The Future 7. WATER-QUALITY RESEARCH 7.1. Introduction 7 .2. Historical Background 7.2.1. Activities Prior to 1969 7.2.2. Overview ofN.W.T. Water-Quality Network Data 7.2.3. Mackenzie River Basin 7.2.4. Yukon River Basin 7.2.5. Limnological Research Activities near Resolute, Cornwallis Island and at Saqvaqjuac 7.3. Current Research - Long-Range Atmospheric Transport and Deposition 7.4. Future Research Needs 7.5. Acknowledgements 8. THE REGIONAL ENERGY BALANCE 8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Basic Processes 8.1.2. Regional Variations 8.1.3. Relationship to Other Hydrological Variables 8.1.4. Importance to the Northern Environment 8.2. Historical Background 8.2.1. Subarctic 8.2.2. Arctic Tundra 8.2.3. Glacierized Basins 8.3. Current Research 8.4. Future Research Needs 9. REGIONAL HYDROLOGY 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Hydrological Regions 9.2.1. Shawinigan Engineering Studies 9.2.2 Acres Consulting Services Ltd 9 .2.2.1. Annual Yield 9.2.2.2. Low Flow 9.2.2.3. Floods 9.2.3. Joint DOE-DIAND Studies 9.2.4. 1985-86 IWD Network Evaluation in Western and Northern Region 9.2.5 The Maekenzie River Basin Flow Model 9.3. River Elements in the Northern Hydrological Cycle 9.3.1. Snowfall Components 9.3.2. Ice Proeesses and Northem Streamflow 9.3.2.1. The Freeze-Up 9.3.2.2. Midwinter Flows 9.3.2.3. Streamflow in the Annual Break-Up 9.4. Northern Streamflow Data Collection 9.5. Conclusions 10. WATER MANAGEMENT NORTH OF 60° 10.1. lntroduction 10.2. Legislative Framework 10.3. Water Boards 10.4. Licensing and Authorization 10.4.1. Lieensing 10.4.2. Authorization 10.5. Enforcement 10.6. Data Collection 10.6.1. Water Quantity 10.6.2. Water Quality 10.6.3. Preeipitation 10.7. Planning 10.7.1. Comprehensive Planning 10.7.2. Integrated Planning 10.8. Major Ma

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE INTRODUCTION SECTION 1: GENERAL PAPERS Case Study of a Grounded Jam; Restigouche River, New Brunswick / by S. Beltaos and B.C. Burrell Water Balance and Geochemistry Studies in a Tundra Watershed, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories / by G.G. Bursey, T.W.D. Edwards and S.K. Frape River Icing Mounds: a Winter Water Source on the Eastern North Slope of Alaska / by E.F. Chacho, C.M. Collins, A.J. Delaney and S.A. Arcone Geochemical Evolution of Water in a Continental High Boreal Wetland Basin: Preliminary Results / by D. Craig A Physical Model of Ice Overthn.ist during the Break-Up of Intact River-Ice Covers / by M.N. Demuth and T.D. Prowse Seasonal Changes in the Hydrochemistry of Land Drainage: Colour Lake Catchment, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T. / by M. English, S. Schiff, M. Ecclestone, W.P. Adams, M. Hinton, L. Pezzutto, R. Elgood, C. Allan and D. Pierson Shape, Length and Flow· Conditions of Conduits at South Cascade Glacier, Washington State, U.S.A. / by A.G. Fountain CO2-Rich Ground Waters of the Flat River Valley, N.W.T. / by S.M. Hamilton, F.A. Michel and C.W. Jefferson Regional Snow Ablation in the Alaskan Arctic / by L.D. Hinzman, D.L. Kane and R.E. Giec Regionalization of Low Flows in Yukon Territory / by J.R. Janowicz Discharge Regimes of a Glacierized Basin, Slims River, Yukon / by P.G. Johnson Pulses in Glacier Discharge: Indicators of the Internal Drainage System of Glaciers / by P.G. Johnson Drainage of an Ice-Dammed Lake, Kaskawulsh Glacier Basin, Yukon / by J.N. Kasper and P.G. Johnson On Areal Distribution. of Snowcover in a Mountainous Area / by A. Killingtveit and K. Sand Hydrogeochemical Aspects of Two Selected Sites in a Fringe Zone of Discontinuous Permafrost / by Y.T.J. Kwong, D. Craig and M. Griffin Ice-Cover Growth and Freeze-Out of Solutes in a Mackenzie Delta Lake / by L.F.W. Lesack, P. Marsh and R.E. Hecky Hydrological Processes in a Small Catchment Containing a Perennial Snowbank, Melville Island, N.W.T. / by A.G. Lewkowicz and K.L. Young On Modelling Surface Meltwater Discharge from Arctic and Alpine Glaciers / by D.S. Munro A High Arctic Occurrence of Seasonal Frost Mounds / by W.H. Pollard Relationships between Snow Chemistry and Blowing Snow: Initial Findings / by J.W. Pomeroy, T.D. Davies and M. Tranter Peatlands of the Lake Melville Coastal Plain, Labrador / by J.S. Price, D.A. Maloney and F.G. Downey Constraints on the Origin of Acidity in Colour Lake, Axel Heiberg Island (79°25'N) / by S. Schiff, M. English, M. Ecclestone, R. Elgood, M. Hinton and L. Pezzutto Longitudinal Dispersion in the Ice-Covered Athabasca River / by G. Van Der Vinne and D. Andres Economic Impact of River Ice Jams in Canada / by G. Van Der Vinne, T.D. Prowse and D. Andres Estimation of Mass-Balance and Run-Off Component of Urumqi Glacier No. I from Water-Balance Analysis / by Z. Yang SECTION 2: MODELLING Interactive Modelling of Cold Regions Watersheds with SSARR / by E.A. Cassell and T. Pangburn Estimates of Evaporation in the Yukon and Northwest Territories / by J. Haas A Basin Water-Storage Model to Forecast Columbia River Discharge / by W. Tangborn Preliminary Findings from Experiments on Frazil and Anchor Ice in a Circular Flume / by G. Tsang and B. Trapp On Computer Simulation of Ice Motion in Rivers / by O.G. Vinogradov, A. Springer and P. Wierzba SECTION 3: OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS Transformation of Heavy Metals under Tidal Flows in the Severnaya Dvina Estuary / by V.F. Brekhovskikh, A.N. Malutin and M.A. Mordasov Northern River: BOD-DO Model / by V.F. Brekhovskikh and G.V. Volpian Water Storage in Alpine Glaciers (Abstract) / by M.M. Brugman Snowmelt Infiltration into Frozen Soil at Sites in the Discontinuous Permafrost Zone Near Mayo, Yukon Territory / by C.R. Bum Use of Periphyton Indices as a Biological Measure of Water Quality in Small Rivers / by E.A. Goncharevich Yukon and Northwest Territories Ground-Water Data Base / by P. Hardisty, V. Schilder, T. Dabrowski and J. Wells Some Aspects of Glacier Hydrology in China / by X. Hu and Z. Yang Modelled Estimates of Changes in the Water Balance of Forested Northern River Basins / by Yu.G. Motovilov and N.A. Nazarov Study of Surface Water Quality in the Northern Region Subject to Pollution / by A.N. Shammasov Response of Riverine and Lacustrine Biocenoses to Human Impact / by N.S. Zolotareva and M.A. Mordasov APPENDIX A: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Appendix 4: Geological map of the Suomenniemi complex 〈1: 100000〉 , Zugl.: Helsinki, Univ., Diss., 1991

Note: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ Глава 1. АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР 1.1. Об основных пoнятияx криоморфологии. Криоморфокомплскс и криоморфогенетический анализ 1.2. Некоторые проблемные вопросы гeoкpиологии, палеогеографии и четвертичной гeoлoгии paйона исследований 1.3. Основные проблемы геоморфологии и неотектоники Глава 2. КРАТКАЯ ГЕОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАЙОНА 2.1. Физико-географический очерк 2.2. Главные черты структурно-геологического строения Глава 3. МЕРЗЛОТНО-ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ГЕОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ 3.1. Сезонно-талые и мноrолетнемерзлые породы 3.2. Рельеф 3.3. Распространение и региональная специфика основных современных рельефообразующих процессов Глава 4. РОЛЬ ПРОЦЕССОВ КРИОМОРФОГЕНЕЗА В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ РЕЛЬЕФА Глава 5. МЕСТО КРИОМОРФОГЕНЕЗА В ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ЛАНДШАФТОВ 5.1. Криоморфогенез в позднем плейстоцепе 5.2. Криоморфогенез в голоцене 5.3 Криоморфогенез на современном этапе Глава 6. ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ КРИОМОРФОКОМПЛЕКСОВ КАК ВАЖНЕЙШЕЕ ЗВЕНО МЕТОДА КРИОМОРФОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА (на примере устьевой обпасти р. Лены) ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Habil.-Schr.

Note: Preface Introduction Magmatic and hydrothermal processes in ore-bearing systems Judith L. Hannah and Holly J. Stein Theoretical and Experimental Studies Theoretical contraints on the chemistry of the magmatic aqueous phase Philip A. Candela Partitioning of F and Cl between magmatic hydrothermal fluids and highly evolved granitic magma James D. Webster and John R. Holloway Internal differentiation of rare-element pegmatites; A synthesis of recent research David London Fluorine-rich Granite-Rhyolite Systems The petrogenetic and metallogenetic significance of topaz granite from the southwest England orefield D.A.C. Manning and P. I. Hill The role of fluorine in the petrogenesis of magmatic segregations in the SL Francois volcano-plutonic terrane, southeastern Missouri P. I. Nabelek and C. Russ-Nabelek Melt inclusions in the quartz phenocrysts of rhyolites from Topaz and Keg Mountains, Thomas Range, Utah Christine Payette and Robert F. Martin Rare-metal enriched peralumininous rhyolites in a continental arc, Sierra Bianca area, Trans-Pecos Texas; Chemical modification by vapor-phase crystallization Jonathan G. Price, Jeffrey N. Rubin, Christopher D. Henry, Thomas L. Pinkston, Steven W. Tweedy, and David W. Koppenaal Tin and Tungsten-bearing Granitoids Comparative petrologic evolution of the Sn and W granites of the Fairbanks-Circle area, interior Alaska R. J. Newberry, L. E. Bums, S. E. Swanson, and T. E. Smith Mineralogical variation as a guide to the petrogenesis of the tin granites and related skarns, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Samuel E. Swanson, Rainer J. Newberry, Gary A. Coulter, and Thomas M. Dyehouse Geochemistry of highly fractionated I- and S-type granites from the tin-tungsten province of western Tasmania W. N. Sawka, M. T. Heizler, R. W. Kistler, and B. W. Chappell Genesis and fluid evolution of the East Kemptville greisen-hosted tin mine, southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada Jean M. Richardson, Keith Bell, David H. Watkinson, and John Blenkinsop Mica chemistry as an indicator of oxygen and halogen fugacities in the CanTung and other W-related granitoids in the North American Cordillera W. T. van Middelaar and J. D. Keith The Black Pearl mine, Arizona; Wolframite veins and stockscheider pegmatite related to an albitic stock Christopher Schmitz and Donald M. Burt Tin-bearing Rhyolites, Black Range, New Mexico Genesis of the rhyolite-hosted tin occurrences in the Black Range, New Mexico, as indicated by stable isotope studies Robert O. Rye, John L. Lufkin, and Michael D. Wasserman Eruptive fountains of silicic magma and their possible effects on the tin content of fountain-fed lavas, Taylor Creek Rhyolite, New Mexico Wendell A. Duffield Origin of Taylor Creek rhyolite magma, Black Range, New Mexico, based on Nd-Sr isotope studies Cadi Reece, Joaquin Ruiz, Wendell A. Duffield, and P. Jonathan Patchett Other Pre-Tertiary Granitoid Examples Petrogenesis of the Proterozoic rapakivi granites of Finland Ilmari Haapala and O. Tapani Rämö The Topsails igneous suite, western Newfoundland; Fractionation and magma mixing in an "orogenic" A-type granite suite Joseph B. Whalen and Kenneth L. Currie Anorogenic, bimodal emplacement of anorthositic, charnockitic, and related rocks in the Adirondack Mountains, New York James McLelland and Philip Whitney Geochemistry and metallogeny of Arizona peraluminous granitoids with reference to Appalachian and European occurrences Anne L. Shaw and John M. Guilbert Index

Note: Contents Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: Preface --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: On the description and modelling of glacimarine sediments and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.01 --- G. S. Boulton: Sedimentary and sea level changes during glacial cycles and their control on glacimarine facies architecture / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:15-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.02 --- Ross D. Powell: Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:53-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.03 --- Ellen A. Cowan and Ross D. Powell: Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord, Alaska, U.S.A. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:75-89, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.04 --- Eugene W. Domack: Laminated terrigenous sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula: the role of subglacial and marine processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:91-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.05 --- Robert Gilbert: Rafting in glacimarine environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:105-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.06 --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and Tavi Murray: Modelling rates of sedimentation from icebergs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:121-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.07 --- Paul R. Carlson, Terry R. Bruns, and Michael A. Fisher: Development of slope valleys in the glacimarine environment of a complex subduction zone, Northern Gulf of Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:139-153, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.08 --- Alec E. Aitken: Fossilization potential of Arctic fjord and continental shelf benthic macrofaunas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:155-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.09 --- James P. M. Syvitski, K. William G. LeBlanc, and R. E. Cranston: The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:177-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.10 --- Ian J. Fairchild and Baruch Spiro: Carbonate minerals in glacial sediments: geochemical clues to palaeoenvironment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:201-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.11 --- C. M. T. Woodworth-Lynas and J. Y. Guigné: Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:217-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.12 --- Jens Bischof, Joachim Koch, Michaela Kubisch, Robert F. Spielhagen, and Jörn Thiede: Nordic Seas surface ice drift reconstructions: evidence from ice rafted coal fragments during oxygen isotope stage 6 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:235-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.13 --- Anders Solheim, Lars Russwurm, Anders Elverhøi, and Mona Nyland Berg: Glacial geomorphic features in the northern Barents Sea: direct evidence for grounded ice and implications for the pattern of deglaciation and late glacial sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:253-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.14 --- Tore O. Vorren, Erland Lebesbye, and Kjell B. Larsen: Geometry and genesis of the glacigenic sediments in the southern Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:269-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.15 --- D. Huddart and J. D. Peacock: Early Holocene morainal bank sedimentology and marine ecology, Skjoldungebrae gorge, North Scoresby Land, East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:289-305, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.16 --- Rodney L. Stevens: Proximal and distal glacimarine deposits in southwestern Sweden: contrasts in sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:307-316, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.17 --- A. R. Lord: The Pleistocene—Holocene transition in Southwestern Sweden and the recognition of deglaciation effects in adjacent seas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:317-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.18 --- J. D. Scourse, W. E. N. Austin, R. M. Bateman, J. A. Catt, C. D. R. Evans, J. E. Robinson, and J. R. Young: Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of glacimarine sediments from the Central and Southwestern Celtic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:329-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.19 --- M. S. Stoker: Glacially-influenced sedimentation on the Hebridean slope, northwestern United Kingdom continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:349-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.20 --- Carolyn H. Eyles and Martin B. Lagoe: Sedimentation patterns and facies geometries on a temperate glacially-influenced continental shelf: the Yakataga Formation, Middleton Island, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:363-386, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.21 --- A. C. M. Moncrieff and M. J. Hambrey: Marginal-marine glacial sedimentation in the late Precambrian succession of East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:387-410, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.22

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Антропогенные изменения климата криоэкология / М.К.Гаврилова Изменчивость параметров гидротермического режима грунтов на склоновых ландшафтах Центральной Якутии / С.П.Варлатов, Ю.Б. Скачков, П.Н.Скрябин Влияние инверсии воздуха на температурный режим маревых ландшафтов Западной Якутии / П.Я. Копстаптинов К вопросу типизации деятельного слоя на примере Якутии / И.С. Васильев Склоновая микрозональность ландшафтов долины среднего течения р. Амги / А.Н. Горохов. Криогенные "мезы" - специфическая особенность высокогорных ландшафтов Центральных Анд / А.П. Горбунов. Засоление почв при аласообразовании / Р.В. Десяткин Радиационный баланс и микроклимат листвсннично-березовоrо леса Центральной Якутии / И. Сугаров Оценка чувствительности мерзлотных ландшафтов на примере трассы маmстрального водовода р Лена-Татта / А.Н. Федоров, Н.П. Босиков, П.Я. Константинов, Я.И. Торговкин, И.С.Василъев, Т.А. Ботулу Дистанционный контроль естественной и антропогенной динамики природной среды Севера / М.М. Шаи, А.Г. Корев, С.И.Сериков О развитии криогенных процессов и устойчивости агроземель в Якутии / П.П. Гаврилъев О влиянии техногенных нарушений на температурный режим грунтов на Приленском плато / П.Н.Скрябин, Г.Г. Пудов Прокладка газопровода на маревых и аласных участках Центральной Якутии / И.П. Константинов, В.А. Попов Криогенное разрушение сенокосных угодий Заполярья / В.П. Босиков Формирование и режим техногенных криопэщв в ландшафтах долины р. Лены / B.Н. Kиpeeв Температура rорных пород техногенных ландшафтов месторождения трубки "Удачная" / И.В. Климовский, С.П. Готовцев Изменение водно-физических свойств почв аласов под антропогенным воздействием / В.Г. Тарабукина Подземные льды и хозяйственное освоение высокогорных территорий Тянь-Шаня и Памира / Е.Д. Ермолин Уточненная методика сглаживания для решения одномерной задачи Стефана / А.С. Тетельбаум , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: ОГЛАВАВНИВ Введение Глава I. ИСТОРИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ ОБ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ AЛACOB Глава 2. ФИЗИКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ Глава 3. ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ Глава 4. МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ AЛACOB 4.1. Морфометрия и морфология аласов 4.2. Распространение аласов 4.3. Ориентированные аласы и их происхождение Глава 5. ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ ОТ УВЛАЖНЕННОСТИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ 5.1. О ритмичности природных процессов и явлений 5.2. Изменения суммы атмосферных осадков 5.3. Изменения обводнения аласов 5.4. Колебания уровня аласных озер за период инструментальннх наблюдений 5.5. Связь колебаний уровня озер с общей увлажненностью территории Глава 6. ОТЛОЖЕНИЯ АЛАСНЫХ ОЗЕР - ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ИСТОРИИ РАЗВИТИЯ АЛАСОВ 6.1. Методика проведенного исследования 6.2. Механизм формирования донных отложений аласных озер 6.3. Стратификация и состав донных отложений аласных озер 6.4. Спорово-пыльцевой спектр донных отложений и природные особенности прошлых эпох 6.5. Колебания уровня аласных озер за многолетний период rлава 7. НАРОДНОХО3ЯЙСТВЕННОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРОВЕДЕННЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРА , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einführung. - 1.1 Spuren von Eiszeiten in der Erdgeschichte. - 1.2 Eiszeitursachen. - 2 Gletscherdynamik. - 2.1 Gletscherentstehung. - 2.2 Fließverhalten. - 2.3 Entstehung des Eisstromnetzes. - 2.4 Entstehung des Inlandeises. - 2.4.1 Verformbarer Untergrund. - 2.4.2 Spontane Vereisung. - 2.5 Rekonstruktion der Gletscherdynamik. - 2.5.1 Oberflächenformen. - 2.5.2 Gletscherschrammen. - 2.5.3 Geschiebe-Einregelung. - 2.5.4 Kluftsystem. - 2.5.5 Stauchungsrichtungen. - 2.5.6 Geschiebetransport. - 2.6 Gletscherdynamik am Beispiel der Weichsel-Vereisung. - 3 Gletscherablagerungen. - 3.1 Ablagerungen heutiger Gletscher. - 3.1.1 Grundmoräne. - 3.1.2 Andere moränale Sedimente. - 3.2 Pleistozäne Gletscherablagerungen. - 3.3 Zusammensetzung der Gletscherablagerungen. - 3.3.1 Korngrößenverteilung. - 3.3.2 Geschiebe. - 3.3.3 Feinkies. - 3.3.4 Schwerminerale. - 3.3.5 Tonminerale. - 3.3.6 Geochemie. - 3.3.7 Mikrofossilien. - 3.3.8 Magnetische Suszeptibilität. - 3.4 Postsedimentäre Veränderungen. - 3.5 Oberflächenformen. - 3.5.1 Drumlins. - 3.5.2 Endmoränen. - 3.5.3 Eiszerfallslandschaft. - 3.5.4 Abflußlose Hohlformen. - 4 Schmelzwässer. - 4.1 Abflußverhalten heutiger Gletscherflüsse 4.2 Spuren pleistozäner Schmelzwassertätigkeit. - 4.2.1 Rinnen. - 4.2.2 Oser. - 4.2.3 Sanderflächen. - 4.2.4 Eisstauseen. - 4.2.5 Kames. - 4.2.6 Urstromtäler. - 5 Periglazial. - 5.1 Heutige periglaziale Prozesse. - 5.1.1 Kryoplanation. - 5.1.2 Blockgletscher. - 5.1.3 Kryoturbation. - 5.1.4 Solifluktion. - 5.1.5 Frostspalten und Eiskeile. - 5.1.6 Pingos. - 5.1.7 Palsas. - 5.1.8 Strangmoore. - 5.1.9 Thufur. - 5.2 Spuren pleistozäner periglazialer Prozesse. - 5.3 Fluviale Vorgänge. - 5.4 Terrassen. - 5.5 Äolische Sedimentation. - 5.5.1 Flugdecksand. - 5.5.2 Löß. - 6 Mariner Bereich. - 6.1 Schwankungen des Meeresspiegels. - 6.2 Marine Sedimentation. - 6.2.1 Tiefsee. - 6.2.2 Schelfmeere. - 6.3 Küsten. - 7 Warmzeiten. - 7.1 Vegetationsentwicklung. - 7.2 Entwicklung der Fauna. - 7.3 Verwitterung und Bodenbildung. - 7.4 Spuren menschlicher Tätigkeit. - 8 Ablauf des quartären Eiszeitalters in Nordeuropa. - 8.1 Paläogeographische Ausgangssituation. - 8.2 Grundgliederung des Pleistozäns in Norddeutschland und den Niederlanden. - 8.3 Prätegelen. - 8.4 Tegelen. - 8.5 Eburon. - 8.6 Waal. - 8.7 Menap. - 8.8 Bavel. - 8.9 Cromer. - 8.10 Elster-Kaltzeit. - 8.11 Holstein-Warmzeit. - 8.12 Fuhne-Kaltzeit. - 8.13 Wacken-Warmzeit. - 8.14 Saale-Kaltzeit. - 8.14.1 Älterer Saale-Eisvorstoß. - 8.14.2 Mittlerer Saale-Eisvorstoß. - 8.14.3 Jüngerer Saale-Eisvorstoß. - 8.15 Eem-Warmzeit. - 8.16 Weichsel-Kaltzeit. - 8.17 Holozän. - 8.18 Entwicklung der Nordsee. - 8.18.1 Die Nordsee im Pleistozän. - 8.18.2 PostglazialeTransgression. - 8.18.3 Entstehung der Küstenbarriere. - 8.18.4 Entstehung der Barriereinseln. - 8.19 Entwicklung der Ostsee. - 8.19.1 Entstehung der Ostsee. - 8.19.2 Postglaziale Entwicklung der Ostsee. - 9 Alpine Vereisung. - 9.1 Tektonischer Rahmen. - 9.2 Entstehung der Täler und Becken. - 9.3 Grundgliederung des alpinen Quartärs. - 9.4 Alte Vereisungsspuren. - 9.5 Uhlenberg-Warmzeit. - 9.6 Günz-Eiszeit. - 9.7 Haslach-Eiszeit. - 9.8 Mindel-Eiszeit. - 9.9 Mindel/Riß-Warmzeit. - 9.10 Riß-Eiszeit. - 9.11 Riß/Würm- Warmzeit. - 9.12 Würm-Eiszeit. - 9.13 Holozän. - 10 Vergletscherung der Mittelgebirge. - 11 Entwicklung der Flüsse. - 11.1 Donau. - 11.2 Rhein und Nebenflüsse. - 11.2.1 Rhein. - 11.2.2 Main. - 11.2.3 Mosel. - 11.3 Norddeutsche Flüsse. - 11.3.1 Lippe und Ems. - 11.3.2 Weser. - 11.3.3 Saale und Mulde. - 11.3.4 Elbe. - 11.3.5 Oder. - 11.4 Flußentwicklung im Holozän. - 12 Lößgliederung. - 13 Stellung der europäischen Vereisungen innerhalb der weltweiten Entwicklung. - 14 Ausblick. - 15 Literatur. - 16 Sachregister. - 17 Quellen der Abbildungen und Tabellen.

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeiner Teil. - 1. Terminologie. - II. Spezieller Teil. - A. Ordnung Centrales. - 1. Melosira Agardh [Krammer]. - 2. Orthoseira Thwaites [Krammer]. - 3. Ellerbeckia Crawford [Krammer]. - 4. Aulacoseira Thwaites [Krammer]. - 5. Cyclotella (Kützing) Brébisson [Håkansson]. - 6. Cyclostephanos Round [Håkansson]. - 7. Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg [Håkansson]. - 8. Thalassiosira Cleve [Håkansson]. - 9. Stephanocostis Genkai & Kuzmin [Håkansson]. - 10. Skeletonema Greville [Krammer]. - 11. Acanthoceras Honigmann [Krammer]. - 12. Chaetoceros Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - 13. Rhizosolenia Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - 14. Pleurosira (Meneghini) Trevisan [Krammer]. - 15. Actinocyclus Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - B. Ordnung Pennales. - Familie Fragilariaceae Hustedt. - 1. Tetracyclus Ralfs [Krammer]. - 2. Diatoma Bory [Krammer]. - 3. Meridion Agardh [Krammer]. - 4. Asterionella Hassall [Krammer]. - 5. Tabellaria Ehrenberg [Lange-Bertalot]. - 6. Synedra Ehrenberg [Lange-Bertalot]. - 7. Fragilaria Lyngbye [Lange-Bertalot]. - 1. Untergattung Fragilarias ensu Lange-Bertalot. - 2. Untergattung Alterasynedra Lange-Bertalot. - 3. Untergattung Ctenophora (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot. - 4. Untergattung Tabularia (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot. - 5. Untergattung Staurosira (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot. - 8. Opephora Petit [Lange-Bertalot]. - 9. Hannaea Patrick [Lange-Bertalot]. - 10. Centronella Voigt [Lange-Bertalot]. - Familie Eunotiaceae Kützing [Lange-Bertalot unter Mitarb. v. Nörpel]. - 1. Eunotia Ehrenberg. - 2. Actinella Lewis. - 3. Peronia Brébisson & Arnott. - Tafeln 1-166. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Contents Preface Introduction List of Symbols Part I Fundamentals Chapter 1 Identification of Clouds 1.1 Atmospheric Structure and Scales 1.2 Cloud Types Identified Visually 1.2.1 Genera, Species, and Étages 1.2.2 Low Clouds 1.2.3 Middle Clouds 1.2.4 High Clouds 1.2.5 Orographic Clouds 1.3 Cloud Systems Identified by Satellite 1.3.1 Mesoscale Convective Systems 1.3 .2 Hurricanes 1.3.3 Extratropical Cyclones Chapter 2 Atmospheric Dynamics 2.1 The Basic Equations 2.1.1 Equation of Motion 2.1.2 Equation of State 2.1.3 Thermodynamic Equation 2.1.4 Mass Continuity 2.1.5 Water Continuity 2.1.6 The Full Set of Equations 2.2 Balanced Flow 2.2.1 Quasi-Geostrophic Motion 2.2.2 Semigeostrophic Motions 2.2.3 Gradient-Wind Balance 2.2.4 Hydrostatic Balance 2.2.5 Thermal Wind 2.2.6 Cyclostrophic Balance 2.3 Anelastic and Boussinesq Approximations 2.4 Vorticity 2.5 Potential Vorticity 2.6 Perturbation Form of the Equations 2.6.1 Equation of State and Continuity Equation 2.6.2 Thermodynamic and Water-Continuity Equations 2.6.3 Equation of Motion 2.6.4 Eddy Kinetic Energy Equation 2.7 Oscillations and Waves 2.7.1 Buoyancy Oscillations 2.7.2 Gravity Waves 2.7.3 Inertial Oscillations 2.7.4 Inertio-Gravity Waves 2.8 Adjustment to Geostrophic and Gradient Balance 2.9 Instabilities 2.9.1 Buoyant, Inertial, and Symmetric Instabilities 2.9.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability 2.9.3 Rayleigh-Benard Instability 2.10 Representation of Eddy Fluxes 2.10.1 K-Theory 2.10.2 Higher-Order Closure 2.10.3 Large-Eddy Simulation 2.11 The Planetary Boundary Layer 2.11.1 The Ekman Layer 2.11.2 Boundary-Layer Stability 2.11.3 The Surface Layer Chapter 3 Cloud Microphysics 3.1 Microphysics of Warm Clouds 3.1.1 Nucleation of Drops 3.1.2 Condensation and Evaporation 3.1.3 Fall Speeds of Drops 3.1.4 Coalescence 3.1.5 Breakup of Drops 3.2 Microphysics of Cold Clouds 3.2.1 Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles 3.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles 3.2.3 Deposition and Sublimation 3.2.4 Aggregation and Riming 3.2.5 Hail 3.2.6 Ice Enhancement 3.2.7 Fall Speeds of Ice Particles 3.2.8 Melting 3.3 Types of Microphysical Processes and Categories of Water Substance in Clouds 3.4 Water-Continuity Equations 3.5 Explicit Water-Continuity Models 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Explicit Modeling of Warm Clouds 3.5.3 Explicit Modeling of Cold Clouds 3.6 Bulk Water-Continuity Models 3 .6.1 Bulk Modeling of Warm Clouds 3.6.2 Bulk Modeling of Cold Clouds Chapter 4 Radar Meteorology 4.1 General Characteristics of Meteorological Radars 4.2 Reflectivity Measurements 4.2.1 Obtaining Reflectivity from Returned Power 4.2.2 Relating Reflectivity to Precipitation 4.2.3 Estimating Areal Precipitation from Radar Data 4.3 Polarization Data 4.4 Doppler Velocity Measurements 4.4.1 Radial Velocity 4.4.2 Velocity and Range Folding 4.4.3 Vertical Incidence Observations 4.4.4 Range-Height Data 4.4.5 Velocity-Azimuth Display Method 4.4.6 Multiple-Doppler Synthesis 4.4.7 Retrieval of Thermodynamic and Microphysical Variables Part II Phenomena Chapter 5 Shallow-Layer Clouds 5.1 Fog and Stratus in a Boundary Layer Cooled from Below 5.1.1 General Considerations 5.1.2 Turbulent Mixing in Fog 5.1.3 Radiation Fog 5. 1.4 Arctic Stratus 5.2 Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Small Cumulus in a Boundary Layer Heated from Below 5.2.1 General Considerations 5.2.2 Cloud-Topped Mixed Layer 5.2.3 Mesoscale Structure of Mixed-Layer Clouds 5.3 Cirriform Clouds 5.3.1 General Considerations 5.3.2 Cirrus Uncinus 5.3.3 Ice-Cloud Outflow from Cumulonimbus 5.3.4 Cirriform Cloud in a Thin Layer Apart from a Generating Source 5.4 Altostratus and Altocumulus 5.4.1 Altostratus and Altocumulus Produced as Remnants of Other Clouds 5.4.2 Altocumulus as High-Based Convective Clouds 5.4.3 Altostratus and Altocumulus as Shallow-Layer Clouds Aloft 5.4.4 Ice Particle Generation by Altocumulus Elements 5.4.5 Interaction of Altocumulus and Lower Cloud Layers Chapter 6 Nimbostratus 6.1 Stratiform Precipitation 6.1.1 Definition and Distinction from Convective Precipitation 6.1.2 Radar-Echo Structure 6.1.3 Microphysical Observations 6.1.4 Role of Convection 6.2 Nimbostratus with Shallow Embedded Convection Aloft 6.3 Nimbostratus Associated with Deep Convection 6.4 Radiation and Turbulent Mixing in Nimbostratus Chapter 7 Cumulus Dynamics 7.1 Buoyancy 7.2 Pressure Perturbation 7.3 Entrainment 7.3.1 General Considerations 7.3.2 Continuous, Homogeneous Entrainment 7.3.3 Discontinuous, Inhomogeneous Entrainment 7.4 Vorticity 7.4.1 General Considerations 7.4.2 Horizontal Vorticity 7.4.3 Vertical Vorticity 7.5 Modeling of Convective Clouds 7.5.1 General Considerations 7.5.2 One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Model 7.5.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models Chapter 8 Thunderstorms 8.1 Small Cumulonimbus Clouds 8.2 Multicell Thunderstorms 8.3 Supercell Thunderstorms 8.4 Environmental Conditions Favoring Different Types of Thunderstorms 8.5 Supercell Dynamics 8.5.1 Storm Splitting and Propagation 8.5.2 Directional Shear 8.6 Transition of the Supercell to the Tomadic Phase 8.7 Nonsupercell Tornadoes and Waterspouts 8.8 The Tornado 8.8.1 Observed Structure and Life Cycle 8.8.2 Tornado Vortex Dynamics 8.9 Gust Fronts 8.10 Downbursts 8.10.1 Definitions and Descriptive Models 8.10.2 Effects of Microbursts on Aircraft 8.10.3 Dynamics of Microbursts 8.11 Lines of Thunderstorms Chapter 9 Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.1 General Characteristics of the Cloud and Precipitation Patterns 9.1.1 Satellite Observations 9.1.2 Precipitation Structure 9.1.3 Life Cycle of a Precipitation Area 9.2 The Squall Line with Trailing Stratiform Precipitation 9.2.1 General Features 9.2.2 The Convective Region 9.2.3 The Stratiform Region 9.3 General Kinematic Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.3.1 Divergence Associated with Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.3.2 Vorticity in Regions Containing Mesoscale Convective Systems Chapter 10 Clouds in Hurricanes 10.1 General Features of Hurricanes 10.1.1 Definition and Regions of Formation 10.1.2 General Pattern of Clouds and Precipitation 10.1.3 Storm-Scale Kinematics and Thermodynamics 10.2 The Inner-Core Region 10.3 Basic Hurricane Dynamics 10.4 Clouds and Precipitation in the Eyewall 10.4.1 Slantwise Circulation in the Eyewall Cloud 10.4.2 Strength of the Radial-Vertical Circulation in the Eyewafl Cloud 10.4.3 Vertical Convection in the Eyewall 10.4.4 Downdrafts 10.4.5 Eyewall Propagation 10.5 Rainbands Chapter 11 Precipitating Clouds in Extratropical Cyclones 11.1 Structure and Dynamics of a Baroclinic Wave 11.1.1 Idealized Horizontal and Vertical Structure 11.1.2 Dynamics Governing Large-Scale Vertical Air Motion 11.1.3 Application of the Omega Equation to a Real Baroclinic Wave 11.1.4 Low-Level Cyclone Development 11.2 Circulation at a Front 11.2.1 Quasi-Geostrophic Frontogenesis 11.2.2 Semigeostrophic Frontogenesis 11.2.3 Moist Frontogenesis 11.2.4 Some Simple Theoretical Examples 11.3 Horizontal Patterns of Frontal Zones in Developing Cyclones 11.4 Clouds and Precipitation in a Frontal Cyclone 11.4.1 Satellite-Observed Cloud Patterns 11.4.2 Distribution of Precipitation within the Cloud Pattern 11.4.3 Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.4 Wide Cold-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.5 Warm-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.6 Clouds and Precipitation Associated with the Occlusion 11.5 Clouds in Polar Lows 11.5.1 Comma-Cloud System 11.5.2 Small Hurricane-like Vortex Chapter 12 Orographic Clouds 12.1 Shallow Clouds in Upslope Flow 12.2 Wave Clouds Produced by Long Ridges 12.2.1 Flow over Sinusoidal Terrain 12.2.2 Flow over a Ridge of Arbitrary Shape 12.2.3 Clouds Associated with Vertically Propagating Waves 12.2.4 Clouds Associated with Lee Waves 12.2.5 Nonlinear Effects: Large-Amplitude Waves, Blocking, the Hydraulic Jump, and Rotor Clouds 12.3 Clouds Associated with Flow over Isolated Peaks 12.4 Orographic Precipitation 12.4.1 Seeder-Feeder Mechanism over Small Hills 12.4.2 Upslope Condensation 12.4.3 Orographic Convection References Index

Note: Zugl.: München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 1992

Note: Inhalt Vorwort 1. Allgemeines 1.1 Abgrenzungsmerkmale in der Gattung Pinnularia 1.2 Ökologische Bemerkungen 1.3 Anton Mayers Pinnularia-Bearbeitung 2. Spezieller Teil 2.1 Vorbemerkungen 2.2 Schalenmorphologie und Terminologie 2.3 Von Mayer beschriebene Pinnularia-Taxa 2.4 Gruppierung der Taxa 2.5 Erläuterungen zu den Beschreibungen der Taxa 2.6 Erläuterungen zum Bestimmungsschlüssel der Arten, wichtigen Varietäten und Morphotypen 2.7 Bestimmungsschlüssel 2.8 Beschreibungen der Taxa 3. Bemerkungen zu den Fundorten und Tafeln 3.1 Fundorte der Proben von Anton Mayer und ihre Diatomeenassoziationen 3.2 Die 80 Tafeln von Anton Mayer 3.3 Die Tafeln mit Mikrophotographien 4. Literatur 5. Tafeln 6. Index der Taxa und wichtigsten Synonyme

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS ECOLOGY 1 Sea ice: its formation, distribution and properties 2 Ice-associated ecosystems 3 Ice diatoms 4 Techniques for sampling sea-ice algae 5 The Antarctic planktonic ecosystem 6 Some aspects of the large-scale physical oceanography of the Arctic Ocean influencing biological oceanography 7 Arctic planktonic ecosystems 8 Arctic plankton diatoms: dominant species, biogeography 9 The paleontological significance of fossil diatoms from the high-latitude oceans TAXONOMY 10 Key to diatom families and glossary 11 Family Thalassiosiraceae Section 1: the genera Skeletonema, Pororsira, Bacterosira, and Detonula and the genus Thalassiosira from the Arctic Section 2: the genus Thalassiosira from the Antarctic 12 Family Leptocylindraceae: the genus Corethron 13 Family Coscinodiscaceae: the genus Stellarima 14 Family Hemidiscaceae: the genera Actinocyclus and Azpeitia 15 Family Rhizosoleniaceae: the genera Rhizosolenia and Proboscia 16 Family Biddulphiaceae: the genus Eucampia 17 Family Diatomaceae: the genera Thalassiothrix and Trichotoxon 18 Family Naviculaceae: Arctic species of the genera Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Haslea, Navicula, Pinnularia, Pleurosigma, Stauroneis and Stenoneis 19 Family Naviculaceae: the genera Plagiotropis, Manguinea, Membraneis, and Banquisia 20 Family Naviculaceae: the genus Pseudogomphonema 21 Family Auriculaceae and Bacillariaceae: the genera Auricula, Hantzschia, and Nitzschia 22 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Pseudonitzschia 23 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Nitzschiella 24 Family Bacillariaceae: the genus Nitzschia section Fragilariopsis BIBLlOGRAPHY

Note: INHALT Summary Verzeichnis der Abbildungen Verzeichnis der Tabellen Erläuterung der verwendeten Abkürzungen 1. EINLEITUNG 2. UNTERSUCHUNGSGEBIETE 2.1 Oberbayerische Alpenrandseen 2.2 Maarseen der Eifel 2.3 Hessische Baggerseen 2.4 Sonstige Seen 3. MATERIAL UND METHODEN 3.1 Probenahme und Substrat 3.2 Präparation und Auszählung 3.3 Chemisch-physikalische Parameter 3.4 Bestimmung der trophischen Kenngrößen 3.4.1 Toleranzen und Artengruppen 3.4.2 Präferenzen und Indikationssystem 3.5 Weitere statistische Verfahren und Kenngrößen der Gesellschaftsstruktur 4. ERGEBNISSE 4.1 Trophie-Indikation anhand von Aufwuchs-Diatomeen 4.1.1 Gesellschaftsstrukturen und trophischer Status 4.1.2 Trophische Valenzen und Artengruppen 4.1.3 Die Diatomeenflora der Seen: Vorkommen und Autökologie 4.1.4 Trophische Charakterisierung der Alpenrandseen anhand der Diatomeenflora Anwendung des Indikationssystems 4.1.5 Diversität und Trophie 4.2 Substrateinfluß 4.2.1 Gesellschaften natürlicher Substrate 4.2.2 Gesellschaften künstlicher Substrate 4.3 Bemerkungen zur Saisonalität: Der Aspektwechsel in den Alpenrandseen 5. DISKUSSION 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7. LITERATUR 8. ARTENREGISTER

Note: Diplomarbeit, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 1992

Note: Dissertation, Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 1990

Note: INHALT Vorwort Die neue Dimension Herzog Carl Eugen und die erste Stuttgarter Luftmaschine Die Gebrüder Bader in Augsburg Mannheim 1784 Frühe Ballone in der Schweiz Anton Tschann Stuttgart entdeckt die Oberluft Johann Carl Enslen Freiherr von Lütgendorf Mechanikus Friedrich Drechsler Luftschiffgedanken Luftsegler Der Höllenballon des Franz Leppich Die Zeit des Biedermeier Charles George Green Pariser Luftbrücke 1870/71 Luftschiffer Werzinger Theodor Sivel Die Luftschiffer Securius, Rüb, Herzog und Paulus Adolf Friedrich Heim Hermann Wölfert Luftreisen Eduard Spelterini August Riedinger Augsburger Verein für Luftschiffahrt »Graf Zeppelin« und sein »LZ 1« Luftschiffprojekte Luftschiffer Josef Leitz Vereine für Luftschiffahrt Herrliche Zeiten - »LZ 4« Neue Ballone Luftschiffe 1909 Der Schweizer Aero-Club und die Gordon-Bennett-Wettfahrt 1909 »LZ 6« in Stuttgart Die Stuttgarter Fuchsfahrt 1910 Luftfahrtvereine Graf Zeppelins Huldigungsfahrt »Württemberg II«, »Schwaben« und »SL 1« Gordon-Bennett-Wettfahrt 1912 in Stuttgart Luftschiffe im Ersten Weltkrieg Die Luftschiffe »Bodensee« und »Nordstern« Atlantiküberquerung des »ZR III« »LZ 127« - »Graf Zeppelin« »Stragula« Frankreich und der deutsche Zeppelin Portrait eines Luftschiffes August Piccard Martin Schrenk »Stragula II« und »NoMotta« Professor Erich Regener »LZ 129« - »Hindenburg« »Stuttgart, Stadt der Auslandsdeutschen« »LZ 130« - »Graf Zeppelin II« Flugblätter Zukunft für Luftschiffe? Ballonsportgruppe Stuttgart Der Heißluftballon »HBS-1-2300« »The 36th Coupe Aeronautique Gordon Bennett -Stuttgart/Germany 1992« Ballonsport heute Literatur Namenregister Bildnachweis

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX