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  • Articles  (8)
  • lead
  • sediment
  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture, Rwanda (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 5 (1992), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rwanda ; Ruhengeri Prefecture ; Zaire-Nile Divide ; landslides ; flooding ; sediment ; soil loss ; storm rainfall ; return intervals ; erosion control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km2, or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125232
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The selectivity of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of iron oxyhydroxides andiron sulfides in lake sediments (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 193-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: iron oxyhydroxide ; pyrite ; sediment ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A popular sequential extraction procedure (Tessier et al. 1979) designed t o extract metals partitioned in various sediment phases, was evaluated for its selectivity. Amorphous FeOOH, FeS, and FeS2 were added separately to natural lake sediments and sequentially extracted. The selectivity of the sequential procedure for the added solid phases was evaluated by determining the difference in the mass of Fe extracted from treated and control sediments. In the experiments where sulfide minerals were added, total S was measured in the residual solids in order to confirm selectivity of the method. Concentrations of total carbon remaining in the solid phase after each extraction step were also measured to determine the selectivity of the sequential procedure for carbon. The procedure was moderately selective for Fe added as FeOOH; a mean of 77 ± 12% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added was extracted in the step designed to reduce Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. In experiments where FeS was added, a mean of 69 ± 11% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as FeS was extracted in the fraction designed to oxidize sulfides and organic matter. Approximately 25% of the Fe added as FeS may have been extracted prematurely. Although less precise, total S analyses confirmed that much of the FeS was extracted in the oxidation step, yielding 104 ± 87% (p 〈 0.05) of the S added as FeS. The procedure was highly selective for FeS2; 92 ± 14% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as pyrite was extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Extraction of 80 ± 54% (p 〈 0.05) of S added as pyrite confirmed that FeS2 were selectively extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Carbon in the sediments was also selectively extracted in the oxidation step (77 ± 2.4% of total C; p 〈 0.05). The applications and limitations of sequential extraction procedures as limnological research tools are discussed in light of our results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000807
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrasting two methods for determining trace metal partitioning in oxidized lake sediments (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 205-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: simultaneous extraction ; sediment ; trace metal partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simultaneous (SIM) sediment extraction procedure for low carbonate sediments, which partitions sediment-bound trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd) into easily reducible (associated with Mn oxides), reducible (associated with Fe oxides) and alkaline extracted (bound to organic) metal is presented. The SIM method was compared to the sequential (SEQ) extraction procedure of Tessier et al. (1979). Both methods showed good agreement for the partitioning of Zn and Cd among the easily reducible, reducible and organic components of sediment. Both methods also showed the same general distribution of Mn, Fe and Cu among the three sediment components, however concentrations of metals recovered by the two methods differed; less Mn and Fe and more Cu was recovered from sediments by the SEQ vs. the SIM procedure. Less recovery of Mn is in part attributed to the loss of this metal in the `in between' reagent rinses required in the SEQ procedure. Greater recovery of Cu by the SEQ vs. the SIM method may be due to the pretreatment of sediment with strong reducing agents prior to the step used for liberating organically bound metals. Advantages of a SIM over the SEQ include rapid sample processing time (i.e. the treatment of 40 samples per day vs. 40 samples in three days), plus minimal sample manipulation. Hence, for partitioning metals into easily reducible, reducible and organic sediment components in sediments low in carbonate, we recommend the use of a SIM extraction over that of a SEQ procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004042
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic sulfur turnover in oligohaline estuarine sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 22 (1993), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuarine ; oligohaline ; sediment ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur ; sulfide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic sulfur turnover was examined in oligohaline (salinity 〈 2 g kg-1) Chesapeake Bay sediments during the summer. Cores incubated for 〈 3 hr exhibited higher sulfate reduction (SR) rates (13–58 mmol m-2 d-1) than those incubated for 3–8 hr (3–8 mmol m-2 d-1). SR rates (determined with35SO 4 2- ) increased with depth over the top few cm to a maximum at 5 cm, just beneath the boundary between brown and black sediment. SR rates decreased below 5 cm, probably due to sulfate limitation (sulfate 〈 25 μM). Kinetic experiments yielded an apparent half-saturating sulfate concentration (Ks) of 34 μM, ≈ 20-fold lower than that determined for sediments from the mesohaline region of the estuary. Sulfate loss from water overlying intact cores, predicted on the basis of measured SR rates, was not observed over a 28-hr incubation period. Reduction of35SO 4 2- during diffusion experiments with intact core segments from 0–4 and 5–9 cm horizons was less than predicted by non-steady state diagenetic models based on35SO 4 2- reduction in whole core injection experiments. The results indicate that net sulfate flux into sediments was an order of magnitude lower than the gross sulfur turnover rate. Solid phase reduced inorganic sulfur concentrations were only 2–3 times less than those in sediments from the mesohaline region of the Bay, despite the fact that oligohaline bottom water sulfate concentrations were 10-fold lower. Our results demonstrate the potential for rapid SR in low salinity estuarine sediments, which are inhabited by sulfate-reducing bacteria with a high affinity for sulfate, and in which sulfide oxidation processes replenish the pore water sulfate pool on a time scale of hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002706
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of lead and benzene on the developmental stability of Drosophila melanogaster (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fluctuating asymmetry ; directional asymmetry ; developmental stability ; lead ; benzene ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Fluctuating asymmetry has been proposed as a general and sensitive indicator of developmental instability. Although there have been many field studies of fluctuating asymmetry in populations exposed to toxic chemicals, there have been few laboratory studies. To test the hypothesis that stress from toxic chemicals causes an increase in fluctuating asymmetry, we exposed larval Drosophila melanogaster to six concentrations of lead and benzene in their food. Lead and benzene caused neither a significant reduction in the number of emerging adult flies, nor a significant difference in the average number of sternopleural bristles. Flies exposed to lead at 10mg kg-1 and benzene at 1000 mg kg-1, however, showed increased fluctuating asymmetry of sternopleural bristles. Higher concentrations (10,000 mg kg-1) of benzene caused a transition from fluctuating asymmetry to directional asymmetry. Flies exposed to benzene at 10,000 mg kg-1 also eclosed more than a day earlier than flies exposed to it at 0–1,000 mg kg-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116423
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc, among a ‘cocktail’ of metal pollutants, is responsible for the absence of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber from the vicinity of a primary smelting works (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 68-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; isopods ; lead ; Porcellio scaber ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Porcellio scaber Latreille (Crustacea: Isopoda) of one month in age were reared for a year on leaf litter of field maple (Acer campestre) contaminated in the laboratory with a range of concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead or zinc. The metals were applied topically to the leaves as nitrates. Growth and survival, numbers of live offspring produced by females that matured, and concentrations of metals in adult isopods at the end of the experiment were measured. ‘Critical concentrations’ of metals in food at which all the isopods died before producing offspring were 100 μg Cd g−1, 100 μg Cu g−1, 2000 μg Pb g−1 and 1000 μg Zn g−1 (on a dry weight basis). The relative toxicities of the four metals in the laboratory were compared with concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in surface leaf litter in the vicinity of a primary smelting works at Avonmouth, South West England. The results support the hypothesis that the absence of Porcellio scaber from sites in the immediate vicinity of the factory is due to zinc poisoning. Although cadmium is approximately ten times more toxic to isopods than zinc in the laboratory, zinc is most likely to be killing isopods in the field because its concentration is always at least 30 times higher than cadmium in Avonmouth leaf litter, and more than 100 times higher at most sites. Populations of Porcellio scaber survive in field sites where surface leaf litter contains up to 5000 μg Zn g−1. This is at least five times higher than the ‘critical concentration’ in laboratory experiments. Thus, the methodology for assessing metal toxicity described in this paper, exaggerates the potential effects of metals to isopods in the field. Such differences between laboratory and field toxicities of metals should be taken into account when environmental protection levels for metals are being proposed for soil invertebrates based on ecotoxicological tests conducted in the laboratory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121389
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential expression of biomarkers in Bluegill Sunfish exposed to contaminated sediment (1992)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 1 (1992), S. 45-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: biomarkers ; Bluegill ; sediment ; pollution ; EFPC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The temporal expression of various biological rsponses was determined in Bluegill SunfishLepomis macrochirus exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to sediment containing high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals. Liver, gill, blood, kidney, brain, spleen and intestine were removed from Sunfish sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 40 weeks post-exposure. Biomarker data were recorded for specific proteins, enzymatic activities, DNA integrity, and histopathology. Biomarkers in the laboratory exposed fish were similar to those of indigenous Sunfish sampled from the site of origin of the contaminated sediment. Several patterns of development of biomarkers over time were also evident. For example, the responses of certain biomarkers are not time-dependent (i.e., intestine and gill ATPase activities) while that of others, such as brain ATPase activity, liver cytochrome P450 and NADPH content, stress proteins, chromatin proteins and DNA strand breaks, fluctuate over time. Still other biomarkers, such as EROD activity, zinc protoporphyrin content of the blood, and DNA adducts, showed marked increases over time. Such patterns need to be considered when comparing laboratory and field results and deciding which biomarkers to use for biomonitoring programs. Implications for natural selection and population/community level responses are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702655
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and effects of lead and cadmium on wood ducks near a mining and smelting complex in Idaho (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 139-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: wood ducks ; lead ; cadmium ; reproduction ; protoporphyrin ; ALAD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A study of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) was conducted along the Coeur d'Alene River system in northern Idaho in 1986 and 1987. Most of this area has been subjected to severe contamination from lead and other metals from mining and smelting since the 1880s. In 1986, a preliminary study of wood duck nesting was conducted in the contaminated area; incubating hens captured in nest boxes were bled and weighed. Blood samples were used to determine lead and cadmium concentrations and physiological characteristics. In 1987, an intensive study of wood ducks involved trapping and monitoring nest boxes in the contaminated area. Blood and tissue samples were also taken from wood ducks from a reference area without known contamination from metals. Lead levels in blood and tissues of most wood ducks from the contaminated area frequently exceeded those considered hazardous to birds; maximum levels (wet weight) of lead were 8 μg g−1 in blood and 14 μg g−1 in liver. Changes in physiological characteristics constituted the only evidence of potentially adverse effects from lead. In the contaminated area, nesting success (55% unadjusted, 35% Mayfield estimate) was less than in other areas where predation was low and nest boxes were used; but lead concentrations and physiological characteristics of blood were similar in successful and unsuccessful hens. Values of ALAD, hemoglobin, and body mass were negatively correlated with blood concentrations of lead, whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead levels in the blood. Some of the protoporphyrin values (1,091 μg dl−1 in a male and 756 μg dl−1 in a female) equalled those associated with lead toxicosis in experimental birds. ALAD activity was low in most birds from the contaminated area; values of 0 were obtained from 11 birds. Lead levels in blood, ALAD, protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin were significantly different between birds from the contaminated and reference areas. Concentrations of lead in ingesta of wood ducks ranged from 0.9 to 610 μg g−1 in the contaminated area and 0.2 to 0.6 μg g−1 in the reference area. Levels of cadmium in kidneys of wood ducks ranged from 1μg g−1 to 20 μg g−1 in the contaminated area and from only to 0.1 μg g−1 to 1 μg g−1 in the reference area. Cadmium concentrations were less than known effect levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119436
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