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  • Articles  (168)
  • Chemistry  (168)
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  • 1990-1994  (168)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (168)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Nordtest FIRE 007, CEN draft proposal (Radiant Panel) and Cone Calorimeter methods in the fire testing of floor coverings (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Different types of floor coverings were tested using three different methods: the Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660), the Nordtest floor covering test NT FIRE 007 and the German Radiant Panel Method (DIN 4102 Teil 14). The results of the comparisons between both flame spread and smoke production are given. Some correlation is found between the results of the Cone Calorimeter and the NT FIRE 007. Between other methods, no correlations seem to exist.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170406
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependent mass loss rate behavior of wall materials under external radiation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: External radiation in enclosure fires can significantly enhance flame spread and fire growth. One of the effects of external radiation is to increase the mass loss rate of the fuel, which in turn produces larger flames. In this work, a measurement of mass loss with and without applied radiation was made as a function of time for three types of materials: a plastic (polymethylmethacrylate), wood-based products (particle board and hardboard), and a paper-based product (cardboard). The levels of applied radiation ranged from 0 to nearly 12 kWm-2. The purpose of the investigation was to (1) quantitatively determine the effect of external radiation on the mass loss of various materials,(2) measure various parameters which may be used to characterize the mass loss rate history of the materials and (3) determine a method for expressing the mass loss rate as a function of time for input into numerical models. Higher levels of external radiation resulted in higher peak mass loss rates and quicker consumption of the material. Quantities which are useful for ranking the flammability of materials have been measured for the samples tested and are tabulated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170507
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170601
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Intermediate-Scale Calorimeter for building materials and assemblies (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new Intermediate Scale Heat Release Rate Test Method is being developed primarily for testing assemblies in the vertical mode. Using the oxygen consumption calorimetry methodology and exhaust collection systems that already exist in many laboratories in the US and around the world, the apparatus is very economical to install. The sample size lends itself to reptitive testing in a short period of time. Sample preparation is generally quick and easy. Further development of the method should progress now that the method has been introduced at ASTM and will be introduced formally into ISO in the near future. There has been a favorable response by several laboratories who are considering construction of the apparatus. Additional assemblies tests are already underway and additional data will be presented in the near future.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170602
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of effectiveness of smoke suppressants - using a He-Ne laser in a flow system (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the study of smoke suppressants the measurement of gross amount of smoke from a given sample is essential. However, smoke being a complex phenomenon, its measurement with optical methods presents practical problems. The paper describes a flow system for the measurement of smoke production. Effectiveness of smoke-suppressant formulations for poly(vinyl chloride) as assessed in a flow system is reported. Results of experiments conducted to probe and establish the capability of smoke measurement in a flow system using a helium-neon laser are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The flammability of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers III. Effect of flame retardants (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper extends previously reported work 1,2 and describes the influence that a range of selected flame retardants have on the burning behaviour and pyrolyses of homo-and copolymers of acrylonitrile. Various inorganic and organic phosphorus and nitrogen- or sulphur-containing, halogen-containing (in the absence and presence of halogen or antimony (III) oxide) and nitrogen-containing flame retardants and red phosphorus were studied using LOI, TGA, DSC and residual char measuring techniques. Flame retardancy relates directly to char-forming tendency for all retardants and their ability to reduce the dominance of flammable volatiles formed during the first stage of acrylic polymer pyrolysis. Ammonium phosphates are particularly effective flame retardants for the selected copolymers. Possible mechanisms of retardant activity are discussed, including the char-forming tendency of antimony-bromine combiniations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180406
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short communication: Temperature profiles in wood members exposed to fire (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 263-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180410
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  • 8
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    News (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Long-term reproducibility of small-scale tests used for measuring the flammability of conveyor belting (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Three small-scale flammability tests were evaluated for potential use in quality control. The small-scale flame test produced excessive scatter of data, the hot-plate ignition test gave reasonably reproducible data, but the critical oxygen index yielded superior results and is recommended for quality control testing.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    A study of the synergistic action of antimony oxide in fire-retardant polyethylene (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fire-retardant effectiveness of mixtures of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and artimony oxide (Sb2O3) in polyethylene (PE) was examined utilizing differential thermal analysis (DTA), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and limited oxygen index (LOI) techniques. It was determined that the normal practice of mixing Sb2O3 with HBCD induced a synergistic chemical reaction at 250°C whose main product, SbBr3, was responsible for enhanced fire retardancy. The mixing of SbBr3 directly into the PE produces a superior fire-retardant polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150107
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150201
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High honour for Wolfram Backer (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 51-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150202
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Cone calorimetry - a review of tests carried out on plastics for the association of plastic manufacturers in Europe (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 65-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An evaluation of the cone calorimeter by the Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe (APME) involved testing of 25 plastic materials together with two natural polymers. Specimen preparation is identified as having an important influence on the results, especially for certain types of material. Ignition time, rate of heat release (RHR) and smoke results are presented to show the influence of external heat flux. The dynamic smoke results (which should be measured from the time of exposure) are only relevant to well-ventilated fires unless the cone calorimeter is specially modified. For a complete evaluation a cumulative smoke measurement may be needed in addition. Although the cone calorimeter is a valuable research tool, and may be used frequently in industry, it needs to be made more robust and user friendly to avoid excessive downtime and to reduce calibration time. If the instrument is to be used for routine development and quality assurance, only one or two heat flux levels should be selected. These could represent a developing and a developed fire and should depend on the product application.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150205
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ignition temperatures of dust layers: Flaming and non-flaming (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Combustible dusts, based on tests conducted in the Setchkin Furnace on five representative dusts, are shown to have two distinct layer minimum ignition temperatures, designated MITnon-flaming and MITflaming. The MITnon-flaming is the one usually reported in the literature; the MITflaming is determined by starting at a much higher temperature and working downwards. MITflaming can yield a different ranking of dust flammability than MITnon-flaming. The MITflaming appears to be more closely correlated to the MIT of dust clouds and to the test prescribed for flammable solids in the US Code of Federal Regulations than the MITnon-flaming.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150207
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  • 15
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    The influence of antimony trihalides on flammability and ignitability of polyethylene (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flammability and ignitability of polyethylene using antimony trihalide compounds as fire retardants was evaluated by standard methods to determine retardant effectiveness. Compared with other retardants, the antimony trihalide compounds, antimony tribromide and antimony trichloride, substantially reduced both the flammability and the ignitability of the polyethylene. The influence of retardant concentration, heat flux and type of polyethylene was also studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150304
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    The performance of aluminium building products in bushfires (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of the behaviour of aluminium building products in bushfires was carried out to test the validity of assertions that they perform poorly under bushfire conditions. The work was conducted in two parts: an examination of data from bushfire damage surveys and laboratory experiments in which window assemblies were exposed to radiant heat from a furnace. Data from surveys conducted after major bushfires were augmented with information from a questionnaire related specifically to this work. Analysis of these data did not provide any support for the belief that houses incorporating aluminium building products are at greater risk of being destroyed. The laboratory experiments on both timber- and aluminium-framed windows showed their performance under simulated bushfire conditions to be similar. It was found that bending of glass through distortion of the frames was not a factor in crack initiation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150303
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    A study of the fire behaviour of polypropylene letter trays (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of the fire behaviour of polypropylene plastics trays being considered for letter handling has been carried out. Various ignition sources and configurations of trays (both empty and filled with letters) were examined. In particular, stacks of trays contained in large steel-mesh unit load devices (ULDs), protected by automatic sprinklers, were ignited and the progress of the fires, release of heat and smoke, and sprinkler activation recorded. It was found that, when examined singly or in stacks in scenarios which might be encountered in sorting areas and post offices, the trays made from fire-retardant plastics were more difficult to ignite and took longer to become involved in fire than those made from standard grade plastics. The benefits of this slower build-up fire with the retarded plastics formulation were reduced to some extent by the greater amounts of smoke released by the burning of the retarded plastics. For stacks of ULDs filled with trays, typical of a scenario in a mail exchange, the fire-retardant plastics gave significant benefits in terms of life safety and fire damage to the trays and mail.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150302
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combustibility of building materials (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Until the 1960s ASTM E136 and CAN/ULC-S114 test methods were adequate for determination of non-combustibility in materials being used to construct most buildings. However, since then there has been a very large increase in the use of products that are considered safe for construction of buildings required to be noncombustible but which are classified as combustible by these simple pass/fail tests. Therefore, Forintek Canada Corp. have developed an approach to define the combustibility of these new materials, based upon their release of heat when tested using the ASTM E1354 cone calorimeter.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150305
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  • 19
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    Letter to the editor (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 147-147 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150308
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  • 20
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    News (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 149-149 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150309
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  • 21
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    Fire performance of gusset connections in glue-laminated timber (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes a comprehensive experimental investigation of the fire performance of nailed gusset connections between large glue-laminated timber members. Both plywood and steel gusset plates were investigated with a range of loaded and unloaded test methods. The principal conclusions are that unprotected gussets have poor fire performance, but that a layer of solid wood or gypsum plasterboard will provide at least one hour of fire protection to typical joints.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150306
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  • 22
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    Note: Differential thermal analysis and limiting oxygen index of papyrus and its treatment with fire retardants (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 145-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal behaviour of cellulose obtained from both the pith and rind of papyrus was studied and the flammability properties of paper produced from papyrus and other papers were measured. The use of flame retardants did not significantly alter the flammability properties of the papyrus paper.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150307
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  • 23
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    Some properties of hardened cement paste and reinforcing bars upon cooling from elevated temperatures (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The post-cooling properties of reinforced concrete constituents are of great relevance in the assessment of a structure for re-use after fire. The expansive rehydration of dissociated calcium hydroxide on post-cooling exposure to air can cause a total loss in strength if cement paste specimens are heated to and maintained at 400°C or above. The use of cement replacement agents can mitigate this effect. The strength and ductility of hot-rolled mild steel and cold twisted steel on gradual cooling or quenching from various temperatures can be correlated with microstructural phenomena. There is a significant increase in strength and loss of ductility when both types of steel are quenched from temperatures above 723°C. Some practical implications of these properties are described, using examples of fire-damaged structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160105
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  • 24
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    Oxygen index: Correlations to other fire tests (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 159-167 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A review of the literature shows that, although there is abundant information on the test, it is not clear that its results correlate well with those of any other test, or indeed with those of real fires. Theoretical considerations indicate that the test could be improved by using it with bottom ignition rather than with the standard top ignition. A number of materials were tested in the cone calorimeter and in the LOI, and various correlations were attempted. In general, correlations between some of the cone calorimeter properties measured and the inverse of the LOI made sense. These correlations were not, however, sufficiently sensitive, even when investigating small effects on a single base polymer system, to justify using the LOI as a proxy for the cone in any way. The LOI is likely to continue to be used extensively. This work suggests that quality control and, possibly, mechanistic or other flame-retardant additive studies, are its only applications where the results can be justified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160402
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  • 25
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    Ignition and flame propagation of electric cables in a laboratory-scale gallery fire test (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The authors have conducted a laboratory-scale gallery fire test on eight different samples of electric cable in a horizontal airflow. The number of speciments and the distances between them on the trestle were varied for each test. As a result, it was found that both ignitability and flame-propagation properties depended on the distance between the specimens as well as on their number. Such flammability properties obtained for each cable sample were also found to be considerably consistent with the critical oxygen index. In addition, it is proposed that the flammability should be classified largely into five categories in this laboratory-scale gallery fire test for fire-retardance evaluation of solid combustible materials such as electric cables.
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    Fire performance of fire-retardant wood fiberboard ceiling tile (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Wood fiberboard-based, cellulose ceiling tiles have been used for many years. While various fire-retardant technologies have been developed to reduce the surface flammability of these products to acceptable levels, questions of their suitability for use due to their intrinsic fuel value and the impact of attachment methods used on fire performance have been raised from time to time. This paper reviews the history of these products from a fire-performance perspective and presents materials property data on surface flamespread, thermal conductivity and ignition phenomena. In addition, large-scale room fire test results are presented including compartment tests conducted on a variety of assemblies (including those installed with mastic construction adhesives) according to ASTM E 603 - Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160405
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    An experimental facility for determination of steady flame spread rate of materials employing the Quasi-stationary flame front technique (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 169-180 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental facility based on the Quasi-stationary Flame Front Technique for determination of steady flame spread rate of materials at discrete levels of external radiant heat flux was developed. The method employs an external radiant heat source in front of which an element of a specimen of the material is positioned at a location corresponding to the desired level of external radiant heat flux. A specimen movement assembly, which can be operated manually, was designed for moving the specimen towards the stationary external radiant heat source such that the flame front could be maintained quasi-stationary. The experimental technique employed is simple in operation yet is capable of yielding reliable flame fornt displacement-time data. In the paper the design considerations of the experimental facility, details of its components, calibration and typical experimental results obtained are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160403
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    News (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 207-208 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160407
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170101
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    Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 197-206 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Burning rate is a key factor in modeling fire growth and fire endurance of wood structures. This study investigated the burning rate of selected wood materials as determined by heat release, mass, loss and charring rates. Thick samples of redwood, southern pine, red oak and basswood were tested in a heat release rate calorimeter. Results on ignitability and average heat release, mass loss and charring rates are reported for a heat flux range between 15 and 55 kw m-2. In this range, burning rate increased linearly with heat flux. Burning rate was very species dependent. Heat release rate was related to mass loss by effective heat of combustion, which also increased with heat flux. Charring rate was related to mass loss rate and original wood density. Important char property data such as yield, density and contraction are reported. A simplified calculation method is proposed for calculating mass loss rate and charring rate based on heat release rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160406
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    Evaluation of the fire-retardant properties of zinc hydroxystannate and antimony trioxide in halogenated polyester resins using the Cone Calorimeter method (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation of the burning behaviour of a series of halogenated polyester resin formulations has been carried out using the Cone Calorimeter technique. The data obtained clearly indicate that zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) is more effective than antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in reducing the average and peak rates of heat release in a chlorinated resin and in decreasing the peak rate of heat release in a brominated resin. The decreases in average heat release rate in the brominated resin are similar for ZHS and Sb2O3. Hence, at an addition level of 2 phr (parts per hundred of resin), ZHS reduces the average heat release rates of a chlorinated and a brominated resin by 41% and 26%, respectively, and the peak heat release rates of the same resins by 38% and 39%, respectively. The degree of smoke suppression exhibited by ZHS in these Cone experiments is significantly greater than that given by Sb2O3. In general, the correlation between Cone Calorimeter data and results obtained using other laboratory fire tests (UL-94, LOI) is poor, except in the case of smoke density measurements, where the correlation with NBS Smoke Box data is remarkably good. No correlation is observed between the measured values of CO and CO2 output by different test methods, although it is now generally considered that small-scale fire tests cannot be used to predict gaseous concentrations in real-fire situations.
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    Hybrid fibres in fire protection (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 21-24 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A series of cellulose-polysilicic acid hybrid fibres with 15-35% silica contents were spun and their flammabilities were assessed by the LOI oxygen index test. Also, the rate of heat release and toxicities of fumes evolved during the combustion process for hybrid fibre with 33% SiO2 loading was obtained using the cone calorimeter and FT-IR techniques. The low flammability and toxicity indices indicate that this hybrid fibre can be used as a flame-retardant fibre.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170104
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    The effects of geometry and ignition mode on ignition times obtained using a cone calorimeter and ISO ignitability apparatus (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 25-32 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Three timber-based materials were investigated by subjecting them to a constant uniform heat flux in the range 20-70 kW m-2 using a Cone Calorimeter and the ISO Ignitability Apparatus. The specimens were examined in the vertical and horizontal orientations in the Cone Calorimeter using gas flame pilot, spark pilot and spontaneous methods of ignition. They were also studied using the ISO Ignitability Apparatus in the normal and inverted horizontal orientations using gas flame pilot and spontaneous methods of ignition. The results obtained are compared by specimen, orientation and mode of ignition.
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    One- and two-sided burning of thermally thin materials (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 103-110 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The rate of heat release from a thermally thin material burning on both sides will be more than twice the value seen when only one side is burning. Two simplified models demonstrate that this is a consequence of the Arrhenius temperature dependence of the gasification rate of the solid. Experiments carried out on three composite materials over a range of incident heat fluxes confirm this effect. It is inferred that a further consequence of this heat release enhancement is an increased tendency for concurrent flame spread in the two-sided burning case. Materials whose application could lead to two-sided burning should thus be assessed in this mode to obtain a true picture of their flammability potential.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170302
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    The behaviour of commercially important di-isocyanates in fire conditions Part 1: Toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several -i-isocyanates have become commercially important materials, used as intermediates in the manufacture of a wide variety of polyurethane products, yet little is recorded on their behaviour if involved in fire. This paper describes a series of programmes carried out under the auspices of the International Isocyanate Institute Inc. First, a small-scale laboratory investigation of the ignition, heat release, smoke and toxic gas production characteristics of di-isocyanates was carried out. Second, their behaviour in drumstock and pool fires, respectively, was examined, using full-sized samples and selected real-fire scenarios. Part 1 records the results for toluene di- isocyanate (TDI) showing the need for a modest energy input to ignite it from a pilot flame. It then burns in a steady rather than vigorous manner, leaving no residues. Toxic gases evolved are mainly carbon monoxide, while free isocyanate is likely in the early stages of the fire, and hydrogen cyanide may be important in well-developed fires. Drumstock material behaviour in a fire is dictated mainly by the rupture characteristics of the containers, which can be violent. A series of simple guidelines is suggested, which includes the need for firefighters to wear full protective clothing and fresh-air breathing equipment. It is also recommended that drumstock TDI should be stored away from easily ignitable materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170206
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    Flame height behavior from multi-fire sources (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flame height behavior of merged or inclined flames from two rectangular fire sources in a parallel configuration and from three and four circular pools of 120 mm diameter in a symmetrical configuration were studied experimentally. A rectangular gas diffusion burner, 20 mm × 400 mm or 20 mm × 800 mm was used as line fire sources. Propane gas gave 9.5-57 kW per meter for each burner. Hexane was utilized for the flame merging test using circular pool fires. The height of the flame tip when merged or inclined due to interaction of the flames and|or convective flow was estimated from picture analysis of 300 successive frames of video-recorded data. The flame extension behavior was expressed in dimensionless form as L/Lm = (fs)2/5 for square pool fires and L/Lm = (f1)2/3 for rectangular fires. The correction factors of fs and f1 are fs = (nD2 + S2) / n(D2 + S2) and f1 = (2DW + S2) / 2(DW + S2), respectively. When a rectangular or a circular fire source approaches the wall, the same correlation on flame extension behavior was obtained and simulated successfully considering an imaginary fire source inside a wall.
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    Non-dimensional heat of gasification measurements in the intermediate scale rate of heat release apparatus (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Wall-fire spread models require heat of gasification or non-dimensional heat of gasification to calculate mass loss rate or rate of heat release from the wall material. An intermediate scale rate of heat release apparatus was used to measure all the parameters needed to calculate non-dimensional heat of gasification for wood materials. An infra-red pyrometer was used to measure surface temperature. The results of measurements on six wood materials indicate that non-dimensional heat of gasification, if plotted against mass remaining, does not change significantly with external heat flux, but is material dependent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170304
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    Evaluation of polymer combustion and fire retardance by using thermography (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 125-129 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The temperature distribution in the condensed and gas phase during combustion of polymer materials in fire tests was measured by means of thermography. It is shown that these data are very useful for mechanistic rationalization of the diagnostically poor, fail-pass rating of most of these tests. Preliminary data were obtained for polymer materials, fire retarded or not, burning in the widely used Glow Wire and UL 94 tests. It is shown that the relative fire hazard and test rating may depend strongly on the combustion parameter on which the rating is based. Furthermore, detailed data on temperature distribution are helpful in eliminating intrinsic ambiguity of the UL 94 classification in the case of fire-retarded materials burning with dripping.
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    Transient hot-strip (THS) method for measuring thermal conductivity of thermally insulating materials (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fast and precise transient hot-strip (THS) method is well suited for thermal conductivity measurements on solid materials. The THS method may, however, give large experimental errors when applied to thermally insulating materials of low heat capacity per unit volume. Models to deal with those potential error sources and some indications about the precautions to be taken in order to minimize them are described in the present work. Measurements of thermal conductivity of a styrofoam insulating material (thermal conductivity 0.036 W m-1K-1, density 25.4 kg m-3) was performed to verify the models. The result obtained is in good agreement with the standard hot plate method, indicating that the THS method is also well suited for thermal conductivity measurements of thermal insulators.
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    Comments on ‘analysis and interpretation of the plumbing materials file of the New York state combustion toxicity databank’ by D. Wallace (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 145-145 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Current Japanese standards for flammability tests on electric cables (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper outlines the flammability test methods and requirements for electric cables specified in some Japanese standards. Only two different methods of a small-scale flame test as specified in Clause 28 of JIS C 3005 are applied to electric cables for general use, and whether or not the flammability test should be conducted and which method should be adopted depends on the type of cables, both of which are specified in each separate standard. Cables for electrical equipment of ships have to pass another small-scale flame test as prescribed in Section 6.7 of JIS C 3410. A flame test method for flame-retardant telecommunication cables has been introduced in JIS C 3521. This specifies a vertical open tray flame test on grouped cables, almost in accordance with IEEE Standard 383. In addition to the method for a vertical open tray flame test, one for a vertical closed duct flame test on grouped cables is also specified in a Japanese Cable Makers' Association Standard, i.e. JCS 366. Some flame-retardance requirements for electric cables in Japan are listed and discussed.
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    Physical properties of a sprinkler water spray (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 279-292 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports an experimental study on the physical properties of a sprinkler water spray. The mass flux density, shape of spray pattern, size distribution and velocity of water droplets discharged from two types of 15 mm orifice sprinkler heads were measured. Three operating flow conditions of the sprinkler system, including one specified for the Ordinary Hazard class under the LPC rules for sprinkler design, were set. The sprinkler head was installed above finished floor levels of either 2 m or 2.2 m. The median droplet size was found to be related to the water pressure and the orifice diameter of the sprinkler head as proposed by Dundas. The droplet size distribution function can be fitted by a Rosin-Rammler function.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180101
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    Physical modelling fire performance of wall-covering materials (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 293-303 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A small-scale enclosure was constructed for characterizing the contribution of interior finish wall-lining materials to fire growth in compartments. The enclosure was based upon refinements to a design devised by scientists at the National Institute for Standards and Technology for quarter-scale modelling of room fire tests on interior-finish materials. A large volume of evidence is presented demonstrating how this small-scale enclosure could provide the information about surface flammability, heat release, smoke generation and contribution to fire growth that is required for a reasonable assessment of the fire performance of interior wall-finish materials.
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    Phospham - A stable phosphorus-rich flame retardant (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Phospham is an iminophosphazene polymer of unusually high thermal stability. We have found that phospham imparts a substantial level of flame retardancy to nylon-4,6, a high-melting crystalline engineering thermoplastic. It did not appear to produce degradation of the polyamide in the processing temperature range. The flame retardant efficacy of phospham in nylon-4,6 was similar to that of stabilized red phosphorus, when compared on an equal phosphorus basis. In nylon-4,6, it did not display nitrogen-phosphorus synergism. Limited evidence from TGA suggested a condensed phase mode of action in nylon-4,6. Phospham showed orders-of-magnitude better hydrolytic stability than did ammonium polyphosphate, and did not produce detectable phosphine on processing as did red phosphorus.
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    The behaviour of commercially important diisocyanates in fire conditions. Part 2: Polymeric diphenyl methane-4,4′-diisocyanate (pmdi) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 17-30 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The behaviour of polymeric diphenyl methane-4,4′-diisocyanate (PMDI) is described when examined in a laboratory small-scale test for its reaction to fire (ease of ignition; heat release and toxic gas production). Full-scale real fire scenarios have also been staged to predict events if (1) drumstock PMDI and (2) sizeable pools of liquid PMDI become enveloped in a fire. PMDI requires a stimulus (e.g. heat) before it will ignite from an applied flame. It then burns in a self-sustaining manner for a few minutes, during which main emissions take place. Then a polymerization reaction begins, producing a low density non-burning residue, which progressively dampens down the burning events by blanket action. Residues of 30-80% sample weight were recorded. The major toxic gas produced is carbon monoxide, though free isocyanate is to be expected in the early stages of the fire, and hydrogen cyanide could be important, especially in well-developed fire conditions. Firefighters should therefore wear full protective clothing and fresh-air breathing equipment. Events when drums of PMDI are exposed to fire depend heavily on the characteristics of the containers, with some rupture steps proceeding with considerable violence. Drumstock PMDI should be stored separately from easily ignitable materials.
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    Fibre mortar composites in fire conditions (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A small-scale test series was carried out using the heating system (radiant exposure) of a cone calorimeter to detect any differences in the way different fibres affect the thermal properties of a standard mortar. The fibres were different polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, aramide, carbon or steel. Fibres affect the release of moisture from the fibre mortar material. Local pressures caused by water vaporization due to rapid heating can be decreased by incorporating fibres. Fibres have a weak insulating effect. However, use of polyacrylonitrile fibres in mortar may increase the risk to spalling under rapid thermal exposure such as fire. The moisture level in specimens is highly significant for their thermal properties and hence their fire behavior.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180106
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    Fire and rice husk particleboard (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experimental investigations were made to assess the fire behaviour of rice husk particleboard, a potential substitute for wood particleboards. Releveant fire properties, namely non-combustibility, ignitability, fire propagation index, surface spread of flame classification, specific optical density of smoke generated, flammability and flame penetration were determined in accordance with existing standard methods. In this paper the salient results obtained are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180107
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    Application of a transport and decay model for hydrogen chloride to hydrogen chloride generation in the presence of various fluids and surfaces but without poly(vinyl chloride) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a total of 63 experiments, all of them carried out in a 200 L Plastic chamber, a large amount of HCI (800-1000 ml) was injected. In no case was the HCI generated from decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride). The chamber contained a variety of surfaces. Furthermore, various fluids were injected into the chamber together with the HCI. The fluids used were: water, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol/water 50/50 mixture, a model for airborne smoke particulates (and several partial models for such synthetic smoke) and mineral oil. The surfaces used were PMMA, painted gypsum board, ceiling tile and soot. The results showed the efficiency of many of these fluids as sinks for HCI: hydrophilic fluids are good HCI sinks, with water and synthetic smoke being the most effective. A previously developed zone model for HCI transport and decay, contained within the NIST fire model Hazard 1.1 and used most often to investigate HCI formation from PVC combustion or pyrolysis, was used to predict the results of the experiments in this work. The correlation between experimental and predicted atmospheric HCI concentrations was made without fitting any new parameters. The results were excellent. This work shows that the HCI transport and decay model is robust enough to be applied to a number of scenarios where HCI is present, even in the absence of PVC. The model is thus of particular use in fire hazard assessment.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180105
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    Fire-gas hazards in rail traffic (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 131-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A review is given of the various national requirements and test procedures concerning testing and classification of smoke produced in the case of a fire in rolling stock. A comparison of the various test methods is made using the relevant available literature. The toxic potency philosophy of SC3 ‘Toxic Hazard in Fire’ from ISO TC92 is used to provide a concept for assessing the possible smoke hazard in the case of a fire.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180302
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    The importance of char-forming reactions in thermoplastic polymers (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 151-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flammability and smoke generated from burning blends of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) are discussed. Flammability was measured using standard oxygen index techniques and smoke production determined by the NBS method. The incorporation of some specific iron containing inorganic compounds into a range of blends of ABS and PVC considerably changes the burning characteristics of the polymer blend. Thermal stability at elevated temperatures and carbonaceous char formation are also discussed. The chemical role of iron compounds in reducing both the flammability and smoke production in ABS/PVC is considered.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180303
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    Correlation between cone calorimeter data and time to flashover in the room fire test (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Correlations based on linear regressions between data as time to ignition and heat release in the cone calorimeter and time to flashover in the room fire test have been developed. They are a further development of an earlier approach which has been modified and extended to a wider range of surface linings. The correlations apply so far only to surface linings on both walls and ceilings. When the density of the linings as a simplified measure of the thermal inertia is included, the correlations are improved significantly.The new correlations are based on data readily available from the cone calorimeter test at one heat flux level, 50 kWm-2. The correlation coefficient for the basic relationship, including the density of the linings, is now 0.98 when applied to the 13 linings investigated earlier. This is slightly better than the previous study, in which the best correlation coefficient was 0.96. When applied to 28 linings, the correlation coefficient remains about the same (0.97).Very similar regression equations have been obtained when analysing only 13 products and all 28. This is a strong indication of the general predictive capacity of this approach. The inclusion of other data such as thickness of linings or mass loss during fire does not improve the correlation coefficients. The approach is quite straightforward and simple. However, it has provided a useful prediction which is also valid for an extended range of linings.
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    Short communication: Drying agents' effects on CO2 readings (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 261-262 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180409
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    Bench-scale evaluations and mechanistic studies of intumescent/fire-protective coatings for polyvinyl chloride nitrile rubber (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The object of this study was to identify, for future large-scale testing, and adequate fire-protective coating for the substrate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nitrile rubber (MIL-P-15280 Rev H). Fifteen fire protective coatings which included ten intumescent, two ablatives, two fire retardants and one photon diffusive coatings were evaluated using bench-scale thermal insults. To discern the possible mechanism(s) whereby the coatings offer fire protection, the effect of radiant heat versus the flame source employed was investigated and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the neat coatings was performed. In selected cases, the effect of coating thickness and repeatability of the results were evaluated. The differences in coating effectiveness, and the varied repeatability in three of the four cases examined, focus on the inherent complexity of intumescence, as well as on the importance of scaled-up testing of coatings that appeared promising. Thermogravimetric analyses of the coatings indicate that two selected TGA measurements/parameters, when used in conjunction, appear useful in characterizing mechanistic differences between the less effective and more effective coatings. Based on the rigorous criterion adopted, one candidate (a water-based intumescent coating at 100 mil (2.54 mm) thickness) appears promising for the substrate, PVC nitrile rubber. Its effectiveness is attributable to it exhibiting good insulative and re-radiative properties and an apparent low susceptibility to crack formation.
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    Simulation of sprinkler - hot layer interaction using a field model (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 359-379 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports a study of the interaction of a sprinkler water spray with the fire-induced hot layer using the field modelling technique. Data obtained in the large test room of the recent Swedish experiments reported by Ingason and Olsson (1992) are used to validate the results. The problem is divided into a gas phase and a liquid phase. For the gas phase, the set of conservation equations for mass, momentum and enthalpy of air flow induced by the fire is solved numerically using the Pressure Implicit Splitting Operator (PISO) algorithm. For the liquid phase, the sprinkler water spray is described by a number of droplets with initial velocity and diameter calculated by empirical expressions for the nozzle at different operating water pressures and flow rates. The trajectory of each droplet is calculated by solving the equation of motions, by including the dragging and heat transfer with the hot layer. The water droplet is assumed to be non-evaporating and only the source terms in the gas momentum and enthalpy equations of the air flow included the interaction effects with water droplets, i.e. the ‘Particle-Source-in-Cell’ method. The predicted results include the gas flow, temperature and smoke concentration field; the shape of the water spray; and some relevant macroscopic parameters such as amount of convective cooling, drag-to-buoyancy ratio, etc. The average smoke layer temperature and the smoke layer interface height are also calculated. The effect of the mean droplet size on those parameters is illustrated. Finally, a comparison of the water density received at floor level in cases with and without the fire is made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180604
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    Welding methods with reduced fire hazard for single-ply polymer-modified bituminous roofing materials (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 351-358 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire accidents caused by the use of open gas torching during roof-installation work have led to considerable costs, and between 1985 and 1990 such costs reached 249 Million SKr. The Swedish Fire Protection Association together with the roofing contractors association reached agreement on the education and certification of roofers. Meanwhile, the insurance companies started to demand welding methods with lower temperatures and less fire hazard. This resulted in a marked decrease in fires and in a sharp decrease in the amounts paid out by insurance companies (187 million SKr in 1989, 25 million SKr in 1990 and 2.4 million SKr in 1991). This paper summarises the results of a study of the new welding methods, replacing conventional gas torching, for the installation of polymer-modified bituminous roof-coverings on flat roofs. In all eight different welding methods were evaluated in Stockholm during the installation in October 1992. Four different products of single-ply roof-coverings, namely one of atactic polypropylene (APP)-modified bitumen and three of styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS)-modified bitumen, were studied. The study comprises temperature measurements during welding jobs on-site to evaluate fire hazard, and laboratory measurements of T-peel strength of the seams in order to evaluate the quality of the seam samples prepared on-site. The results showed that by these new welding methods a remarkable decrease in temperatures by weld was made without any significant change in the quality of the seams. However, the mechanical strength of the seam was related to welding speed, which should be limited to form sufficiently strong seams using heat welding.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Note: Smoke measurement and the cone calorimeter (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 385-387 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Announcement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180609
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    Communication: Autoignition temperatures of carbon-filled fluoroelastomers at elevated oxygen pressure (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 389-391 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The autoignition temperature and composition of 15 carbon-filled fluoroelastomers have been determined. These experimental data and three sets of literature data are used to examine the relationship between autoignition temperature and rubber composition. The autoignition temperature at an elevated oxygen pressure is strongly affected by the carbon black content in rubbers. An empirical equation is derived and can be used to predict the autoignition temperature of carbon-filled fluoroelastomers based on the carbon black content.
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150101
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    The thermo-oxidative degradation of PTFE in the NIST cup furnace toxicity test (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Long-lived end-chain peroxy radicals have been detected during the thermo-oxidative degradation of PTFE. These radicals are associated with the fine particulate, which is the established cause of the ultra-high toxic potency of PTFE produced under the conditions employed. The particulate has been further characterized by a vareity of thermo-analytical methods. Fluid-flow modelling analysis has been used to simulate the recirculatory behaviour, characteristic of the NIST cup furnace toxicity test, which may effect the continuous regeneration of the toxicity.
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    Ignition of exterior building details in bushfires: An experimental study (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A laboratory study of the ignition of building details incorporating timber, under bushfire conditions, using ‘mock-ups’ of these details and both realistic (leaves and twigs) and, mainly, artificial (cribs) ignition sources has been carried out. Parameters such as mock-up type, moisture content of the timber comprising the mock-ups, and temperature and relative humidity of the experimental atmosphere were examined. It was found that all these parameters affected the ignition and flame propagation induced and that under conditions typical of a severe bushfire, only very small amounts of fuel were required to cause ignition. These results support the belief, based on field studies, that ignition of exterior building details composed of timber plays an important role in the destruction of buildings in bushfires.
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    Standardization of formats and presentation of fire data - the FDMS (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 85-92 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Effective exchange of fire test data, even within a single laboratory, has been difficult due to the multiple, and often incompatible, data formats and hardware. This issue has been addressed by a careful study of user needs, leading to the development of a series of standard formats whereby fire test data could easily be exchanged among users. These formats have been made practical by the development of a computer program - the Fire Data Management System (FDMS) - and pertinent hardware standards. The system includes the most commonly used of modern-day fire test methods, but also has provisions for future extension to other tests of interest.
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    News (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 103-104 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150210
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    Letter to the editor (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 101-102 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150401
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    Piloted ignition of wood: A review (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 151-167 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The physical phenomenon of piloted ignition of a material is described. A number of mathematical models of this phenomenon are presented in order of decreasing complexity. The most sophisticated models include gas-phase phenomena. Simple models neglect all chemical effects and are purely thermal. The most commonly used criteria for piloted ignition are discussed. Correlations used in piloted ignition studies from the past 40-50 years are summarized. Many investigators have been successful in correlating piloted ignition data of wood using a simplified thermal model in combination with a critical surface temperature criterion. Emphasis of this review is therefore on this approach. The paper concludes with a detailed analysis of various factors affecting piloted ignition of wood. Some of the factors are related to the experimental conditions, others are associated with the characteristics of the material.
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    The role of intumescents for construction products with improved fire safety (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Using a brief review of the history of fire safety technology, the author outlines the development of intumescents and their effect under fire conditions, in particular discussing silicate-based materials. Finally a classification system based on the height of the foam and the foam pressure developed under fire exposure along with the operational stresses to which the intumescent may be subjected is put forward. It is suggested that this kind of classification needs to be taken into account in the development of guidelines for European Technical Approvals.
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    Toward the goal of a performance fire code (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 175-180 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper presents a strategy for the development and implementation of performance-based fire codes on an international scale. The process begins with agreement on a common set of goals which underlie the code. Existing code bodies then decide on an appropriate set of quantitative prediction tools with which they are comfortable, and use them to quantify the degree to which their current code addresses these goals by establishing a standard design fire for each occupancy. By applying standard safety criteria and safety factors appropriate to the choice of predictive methods, the performance of any building can be quantified against the stated goals. To allow for an orderly transition from current codes, an interim code structure under which currently acceptable methods are ‘deemed to satisfy’ the code is presented.
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    Surface parameters from small-scale experiments used for measuring HCl transport and decay in fire atmospheres (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The decay of HCl was investigated in two small-scale scenarios: pure HCl injection into a 31 chamber and combustion of plasticized PVC in a 2001 chamber. The effects investigated included (1) humidity, (2) temperature, (3) concentration of HCl and (4) wall material. Surface materials studied were PMMA, ceiling tile (front and back), Marinite, painted PMMA, unpainted gypsum board and cement. In view of the very rapid HCl decay in most of those surfaces, the effects were often examined with small ‘chips’ of materials in a PMMA chamber, with fresh walls for each experiment. Experiments were also carried out to investigate the effect of surface ageing, with painted gypsum board, painted PMMA and unpainted gypsum board walls. HCl decay is very fast in cement or unpainted gypsum board surface (almost impossible to saturate with HCl) and almost as fast on ceiling tile and Marinite. Saturation of HCl can be reached on painted gypsum board and painted PMMA surfaces, albeit at different rates. An earlier empirical model from mathematical fitting had been followed by a new HCl generation, transport and decay model, with a sound physical basis. This allowed calculations of parameters for all the surfaces used. Much work has already been done in devising and writing a zone model for use together with fire hazard models (particularly the NIST model, FAST) to calculate correct HCL concentrations in various fire scenarios. This work, which concludes the investigation of these two static fire scenarios for the surfaces analysed, represents one more step in the pursuit of that goal.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150405
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160101
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  • 72
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    News (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 195-195 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150407
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  • 73
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    Effect of orientation on burning rate of solid combustible (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 15 (1991), S. 191-193 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of orientation on the combustion phenomena of a PMMA plate was studied experimentally. A PMMA plate was held by a sample holder made of insulation boards with only one face exposed to the air. Observation of burning inclined plates revealed that flame shape varied with inclination angle. The burning behavior of the upper surface of an inclined plate appeared to differ from that of the lower surface. However, the surface regression rate was found to depend on the inclination angle from the vertical plane. This rate for the upper surface was identical to that of the lower one if the absolute value of the inclination angle was identical, and was found to depend on empirical relationships involving natural convective heat transfer around a heated plate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810150406
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    Full-scale/Bench-Scale correlations of wall and ceiling linings (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A complete testing and classification system requires both small- and large-scale test methods. In this article such a system in outlined employing the Cone Calorimeter and the Room/corner Test for testing on a small and a large scale, respectively. Translation models are also described allowing the Room/corner test to be predicted by Cone Calorimeter results only. A proposal for a classification system for wall and ceiling linings is also given together with actual and predicted test results.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Wall fire close to an horizontal surface: Numerical modelling and experimental validation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to contribute to a better understanding of natural fire configurations, three different experimental arrangements were considered. They simulated, at laboratory scale, three simple room fire situations.1-3 First, we tested a gas-fueled porous burner simulating a wall fire. Then an insulated floor was placed close to it. Finally the wall and the floor burnt simultaneously. Velocity and turbulence measurements were performed using a two-component laser-doppler velocimetry (LDV) system operating in the forward-scatter mode. Mean gas temperatures were obtained with a 200 μm butt-welded chromel-alumel thermocouple, located 2 mm downstream of the velocity measurement control volume. Simultaneous measurements of two velocity components proved to be very useful, especially in the characterization of the flame structure and of the entertainment process. A simple field model describing strongly buoyant diffusion flames is proposed in search of computational economy and a basic understanding of the phenomena involved. Our aim is to analyse the suitability of such a simple model for the description of the mean properties of the flow. This work showed the interaction between the burning wall, the floor and the pool fire, and especially the role played by the large-scale structures characteristic of entertainment and mixing processes in free fires.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Effect of condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardants on the ignition behaviour of cotton fabric (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of some well-known flame retardants on the ignition behaviour of cotton fabric. Two types of flame retardants acting in different phases (e.g. condensed phase and gas phase) were used. At low add-on of the retardant acting in the condensed phase the ignition behaviour of the cotton is different from that treated with retardant acting in the gas phase. The condensed-phase retardant caused cotton to burn more rapidly than untreated fabrics. This was attributed to the fact that small add-on of the retardant makes the fuel for the flame available at a lower temperature. However, in the presence of sufficient amounts of retardant, the decomposition of cellulose becomes more directed towards the dehydration mechanism and thus the concentration of the flammable gases is insufficient to reach the flammability limits required. When gas-phase flame retardants were used, a linear dependency of ignition time on the concentration of additive was found. This is explained in terms of the dilution effect of this retardant on the fuel produced from the decomposing fabric.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160104
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    News (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 105-105 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Absract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160208
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    Communication: High-performance liquid chromatography to identify melamine in order to differentiate between combustion modified and traditional polyurethane foam (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 101-103 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the identification and quantification of melamine in polyurethane foam. A trial of this method has been undertaken and the results show a correlation between the presence of combustion-modifying chemicals in the polyurethane foam and its compliance with the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988. This method provides a rapid means of screening materials and supplements the British Standard flame test.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160207
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    Temperature distribution in a nailed gypsum-stud joint exposed to fire (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 95-99 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Performance of wood-stud walls depends on the integrity of nailed connections between the sheathing and the framing members. The performance of nailed connections has been studied at room temperature, but the effects of intense thermal loads, such as those from fire, are still poorly understood. This study examines the temperature distribution within nailed joints exposed to fire; this information is essential in modeling strength and stiffness of connections in wall systems. The finite-element method was used to determine the effects of wood density, nail size, and type of gypsum board on temperature distribution within a set of connections. Temperature distributions were verified in nailed joints exposed in fire tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E119-88. The principal path of heat flow through the connection was along the nail, rather than directly through the interface between gypsum board and wood. Wood species, type of gypsum board, and nail length did not change temperature distribution significantly.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160206
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  • 80
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160301
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  • 81
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    Optical measurement of smoke (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 135-139 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The optical density of smoke liberated by burning seven samples of materials and six commercial plastic products was studied using different light sources in a modified NBS smoke chamber. Materials included plywood, PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate), PF (phenolformaldehyde), PE (polythene), PC (polycarbonate), PP (polypropene) and POM (acetal). The plastic products were a polyvinylchloride pipe, an unplasticized polyvinylchloride pipe, a telephone casing, an insulator, an electrical fitting and floor tiles. Light sources used were a helium-neon laser, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp and a tungsten filament lamp. The errors in optical measurement of smoke due to a forward-scattering effect and the frequency of light beam were investigated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160305
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    Smoke results from a set of over 100 carpets in the NBS smoke chamber: Statistical analysis and investigation of affecting factors (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 127-133 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A large set of carpets was tested vertically in the NBS smoke chamber (ASTM E662), in two ways: along the length and along the width of their grain pattern. The set comprised 104 carpets. The results were analyzed in order to investigate the potential effect of carpet grain direction on the results obtained. It was shown that there is no statistically significant difference between the orientation of the carpet (width or length). Moreover, the degree of agreement was the same whatever the result of the test. Several other variables were found to have an effect. The most important of these is the sample weight, but others are carpet construction, yarn type and backing material. It was found that the testing mode (flaming or non-flaming) did not appear to affect the results of this set of samples in a statistically significant way.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160304
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    Survey of fire testing of electrical cables (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 107-118 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The National Electrical Code (NEC) is the document which regulates electrical cables in the United States. It addresses two fire properties only for which it requires testing: flame spread and smoke obscuration. Thus, a hierarchy of tests exists which cables need to pass to be allowed in occupancies regulated by the NEC. On a flame spread basis they are, in increasing severity: UL VW-1, UL 1581, UL 1666 and UL 910. For smoke obscuration only one test is mentioned in the NEC: UL 910. The /LS category (limited smoke) introduced in NEC '90, as a voluntary label, will probably be addressed in NEC '93 under the new standard UL 1685, a modification of UL 1581. Rate of heat release is measured for cables only for R&D purposes. However, it is by now well established that rate of heat release is the one most important fire property to assess fire hazard. Cable flame spread tests (except for VW-1) have all been modified, in non-standard ways, to measure rate of heat release, which gives much more useful results than char-length determinations. Moreover, small-scale RHR test instruments (cone calorimeter, OSU calorimeter) have also been used extensively to test cables. The results of such tests have been correlated with those of UL 1581 (and of similar cable tray tests) in several cases, with excellent outcome. Work is underway to develop algorithms to predict largescale cable test results from small-scale compound tests. This area of research is very promising, and, once completed, would decrease product development costs considerably and allow faster introduction of advanced materials into the market. However, such work can only be completed by using rate of heat release techniques in both large- and small-scale tests.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160302
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    Improved fire safety of composites for naval applications (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 119-125 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study is based on the use of integral, hybrid thermal barrier to protect the core of the composite structure. Thermal barrier treatments evaluated in this study include ceramic fabric, ceramic coating, intumescent coating, hybrid of ceramic and intumescent coating, silicone foam, and phenolic skin. The composite systems evaluated in combination with thermal barrier treatments included glass/vinyl ester, graphite/epoxy, graphite/bismaleimide, and graphite/phenolic. All configurations were tested for flammability characteristics. These included smoke density and combustion gas generation (ASTM E-662), residual flexural strength (ASTM D-790), heat release rate, and ignitability (ASTM E-1354). ASTM E-662 test method covers the determination of specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials. ASTM D-790 test method covers the determination of flexural properties of composite materials in the form of rectangular bars. ASTM E-1354 (cone calorimeter) covers the measurement of the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor, and is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development. Without any fire barrier treatments, all composite systems evaluated in this study failed to meet ignitability and peak heat release requirements of MIL-STD-2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 75 and 100 kW m-2, respectively. Intumescent coating and a hybrid system consisting of intumescent coating over ceramic coating were the most effective fire barrier treatments for composite systems evaluated in this study. Using either of these treatments, all composite systems met the ignitability requirements of 90 and 60 at 75 and 100 kW m-2, respectively. Except for glass/vinyl ester, all systems also met the peak and average heat release requirements of MIL-STD-2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 25, 75, and 100 kW m-2, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Irritancy of the smoke (non-flaming mode) from materials used for coating wire and cable products, both in the presence and absence of halogens in their chemical composition (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 7-20 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Four wire coating materials (two of them based on PVC and the two others based on XLPE) were assessed for the irritancy of their smoke, under non-flaming conditions, by using the respiratory depression method, expressed as the RD50. The DIN 53 436 combustion tube was used as the fire model, at a temperature of 550°C (smouldering mode), and the animal model was the mouse. Animals were exposed for 10 min, at concentrations too low to cause lethality. It was found that there was relatively little difference between the irritancy of all four smokes. This was an unexpected result, since it had been predicted that PVC smoke would be much more irritating than XLPE smoke. In fact, the smoke from the PVC compounds had an RD50 roughly in the range of 100-1000 ppm, while the smoke from the XLPE compounds had an RD50 roughly in the range of 10-100 ppm. This means that PVC smoke is somewhat less irritating than XLPE smoke. The components in the smoke of all materials were determined by a combination of continuous gas analysis, ion chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, with the objective of understanding the factors causing the irritancy. Hydrogen chloride, one of the major decomposition products of PVC, is also the most important smoke constituent causing irritancy of the smoke. Its irritancy, however, was insufficient, by a considerable margin, to explain the full degree of irritancy found. The RD50 of HCl is, like that of PVC smoke, in the range of 100-1000 ppm. On the other hand, the only compound found in the smoke of XLPE compounds with an RD50 in the same 10-100 ppm range as he overall smoke is methyl vinyl ketone. Unfortunately, the concentration of methyl vinyl ketone was much too low to account for the irritancy levels encountered. Literature data indicate that polyethylene smoke is rich in long-lived free radicals and that PVC smoke does not contain them. Moreover, such free radicals are associated with various illnesses, particularly with respiratory symptoms. Thus, it is speculated that such free radicals could be the cause of the high irritancy of the smoke from the XLPE wire coating materials.
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    The pyrolysis of benzonitrile (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The pyrolysis of benzonitrile under nitrogen at atmospheric pressure has been studied at temperatures of 823-873 K in a flow reactor. The results demonstrate that conversion to hydrogen cyanide occurs directly by a free radical mechanism. The dominant products detected are hydrogen cyanide, monocyanodiphenyl, benzene, dicyanodiphenyl and dicyanobenzene. Reaction orders and activation energies have been determined for product formation. A reaction scheme involving three competing chain reactions in the gas phase with chain carriers H., C6H5. and .C6H4CN is proposed to explain the observed kinetics. A mechanism is advanced for the formation of significant quantities of polymer, consistent with infra-red spectra and elemental analysis.
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    Flame-retardant treatment of some tropical timbers (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Superphosphate Fertilizer, to be referred to simply as fertilizer, was used to impregnate some tropical timbers. It was observed that this treatment drastically altered the thermal characteristics of these materials. The results are interpreted as arising from the fact that on heating, fertilizer evolves molecules that interfere with the chemistry of pyrolysis/combustion of wood cellulose.
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    Communication: Retainer frame effects on Cone calorimeter results for building products (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 43-46 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Cone Calorimeter has been used for fire testing of different products on a small scale for almost a decade. However, the number of users has been increasing in the last two to three years. More experimentation with the apparatus has led to practical questions. One of these is about the use of a retainer frame which has been used mainly for building products, but very few direct comparisons have been presented.
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    Communication: Raised grid for ignitability and RHR testing (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 47-48 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170109
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    News (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 49-50 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170110
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170201
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    Surface modification of hybrid fibres for fire protection (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The formation of polyaluminosiloxane networks through surface modification of cellulose-polysilicic acid hybrid fibres with inorganic aluminium compounds enhances flame retardancy and laundry performance of these fibres. Fibres of cellulose-polysilicic acid (VISIL) have been reported as a flame retardant. In contrast to their thermal property, these fibres undergo a significant change, in terms of flame retardancy, when subjected to alkaline conditions (pH 〉 10). Surface modification of these fibres with inorganic aluminium compounds not only reduces the solubility behaviour but also increases the flame retardancy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170203
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  • 93
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    Smoke development and engineering aspects of smoke-extraction systems for atria in Hong Kong (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The smoke-filling process in an atrium is studied in this paper using the plume equation of Thomas et al. A time constant is proposed to describe the smoke-filling time of the atrium space. This parameter is recommended to be used as a guideline for local projects in determining whether a smoke-extraction system has to be installed. Finally, the engineering aspects to be noted in designing smoke-extraction systems for an atrium space are introduced.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170204
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  • 94
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    The effects of specimen edge conditions on heat release rate (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: When bench-scale specimens are tested for heat release rate, it is generally of interest that the behavior of the specimen simulate, as much as is possible, that of a real-scale product performing in a real fire. A number of issues have been raised recently by workers trying to understand the optimal conditions of specimen preparation and mounting. In the present study a large number of materials were explored in the Cone Calorimeter to determine the effect of edge conditions and edge frames. It was found that by the use of an insulated edge frame, heat release rate values can be obtained which are slightly closer to expected true values. The testing procedure, however, is significantly more complicated. This makes the insulated edge frame useful for collecting specialized data for fire modeling, but not for conducting routine reaction-to-fire tests. For routine testing use, it is recommended: (1) that no edge frame needs to be used unless the test specimen presents special difficulties, such as due to intumescence; (2) that in those cases where the use of the steel edge frame is found necessary, the results should be reported on the basis of an effective exposure area of 0.0081 m2. When reported on such a basis, the heat release rate results do not show a systematic bias, compared to results with no edge frame.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170202
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  • 95
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170301
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  • 96
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    Comparison of the smoke toxicity of four vinyl wire and cable compounds using different test methods (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Four vinyl wire and cable materials were tested using five smoke toxic potency test methods: the NBS cup furnace test (in its flaming and non-flaming modes), the NIST radiant test, the NIBS IT50 test (also using the radiant apparatus) and the UPITT test. One of the materials is a standard poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flexible wire and cable material, used commercially for wire insulation. The three other materials tested represent a new family of vinyl thermoplastic elastomer alloys, which are advanced materials with good fire performance, particularly in terms of heat release and smoke obscuration. It was found that the smokes from all four materials are similar in terms of their toxic potencies, and that they are all within the ‘common’ range of toxic potency found. In particular, the toxic potencies of the smoke from the new vinyl thermoplastic elastomer alloys are not significantly different from those of other traditional vinyl wire and cable compounds. The results of the tests were also interpreted in terms of the toxicities and concentrations of the individual gases emitted. The fractional effective dose of the toxicants analysed was sufficient to account for the toxicity of the smoke for the NBS cup furnace and the NISt radiant test. It was not able to account for the toxicity found in the UPITT test. The adequacy of the test protocols themselves was also investigated. It was found that the UPITT and the NIBS IT50 method are inadequate for measurement of smoke toxicity. It was also found that the NIST radiant test protocol is the one most likely to lead to the smallest amount of future testing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170205
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  • 97
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    Reply to comments by Dr J. B. Zicherman (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 146-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170309
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  • 98
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    Note: Fire test data available for your purpose (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The EUREFIC (European Reaction to Fire Classification) has produced many fire test data made available through a Data Converting System (DCS). DCS is a simple PC-based program which transfers data logger files into a standard fire test data format, given by FDMS (Fire Data Management System). DCS is also capable of transferring standard data files into data formats of common spreadsheets. The EUREFIC programme has made two models for assessing large-scale performance of test materials. These models are integrated into a PC program called CT (Cone Tools).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170307
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  • 99
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    Combustion behaviour of fabric and polyurethane flexible foam mock-up combinations under Cone Calorimetry test conditions (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The relative contributions of fabric and foam on important fire hazard parameters as measured in the cone calorimeter were determined for various mock-up combinations. Three commercial types of high-resilience PU flexible slabstock foams, representing a wide range of combustion performance, were combined with three different fabrics: polyester, polypropylene and combustion-modified cotton. Total heat release of the combinations correspond well with the value calculated from the individual components and is determined by the density and effective heat of combustion of the components, and the foam/fabric weight ratio. The foams show a smaller variation in effective heat of combustion than the fabrics. Covering of PU flexible foams with a fabric results in general in a delay of ignition and peak rate of heat release. Performance of the mock-ups is mainly determined by the fabric but is also influenced by the quality of the foam.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170404
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  • 100
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    An attachment for use with the NBS smoke density chamber for measurement of smoke obscuration at different orientations (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The NBS smoke density chamber (ASTM E662) is the most popular test instrument used to measure smoke obscuration. In its standard use, it can accommodate only samples in the vertical orientation. In this work, the smoke generated by 12 materials was measured in the smoke chamber in the normal way and by using a proposed attachment, with a dual-burner system which can be oriented both horizontally and vertically. Results obtained were different for many of the materials, due particularly to melting characteristics of some of them, which then led to inaccurately small smoke values. Most of the materials were also tested in the cone calorimeter, which gave the same trends (albeit with a mediocre correlation) as the smoke chamber in the horizontal orientation. The correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical orientation (traditional or dual-burner) results in the smoke chamber was virtually non-existent. This suggests that the use of the NBS smoke chamber in a horizontal orientation may result in it yielding more meaningful data.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170405
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