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  • Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry  (423)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (423)
  • 1990-1994  (423)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (423)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible role of teratocytes of the gregarious parasitoid, Cotesia ( = Apanteles) glomerata in the suppression of phenoloxidase activity in the larval host, Pieris rapae crucivora (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hemolymph phenoloxidase activity ; encapsulation-inhibiting factor(s) ; Braconidae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of theories have been proposed concerning the means of avoiding host's encapsulation by parasitoid larvae. Our available data, however, are still not sufficient to explain the encapsulation-inhibiting effects of the gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia ( = Apanteles) glomerata on its larval host, Pieris rapae crucivora. This study was prompted initially by the observation that the hemolymph obtained from parasitized fifth instar larvae failed to melanize. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph of parasitized and nonparasitized Pieris larvae was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the degree of dopachrome formation in diluted hemolymph with Ca2+-free saline. PO activity was inhibited in host hemolymph containing young-phase teratocytes, 1.5-day-old cells 40-45 μm in diameter, but not in that containing old-phase teratocytes, 7-day-old cells 90-100 μm in diameter. Similar results with young-phase teratocytes were obtained in vitro. Our data suggest that young teratocytes may suppress PO activity in the host hemolymph and interfere with encapsulation of C. glomerata larvae by the host. However, the mechanism of PO suppression remains to be determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130305
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serosal cells of Biosteres longicaudatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Ultrastructure and release of polypeptides (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 199-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: teratocytes ; extra-embryonic membrane ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; parasitism-specific protein ; parasite proteins ; fruit fly proteins ; hemolymph proteins ; Diptera proteins ; Hymenoptera proteins ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As a prelude to a study in vitro of the function of the embryonic serosa of the parasitic wasp Biosteres longicaudatus (Braconidae), the ultrastructure of serosas of different ages reared in vivo and in vitro were compared. The evidence suggests that the serosal capsule consists of one to three cell layers. The innermost (internal cells) which line the serosal capsule and the outermost (external) cells which are bathed by the host's hemolymph are secretory. Large, coated vesicles in the internal cells increase in number and size with age and, likely, take up and transport molecules into the serosa. Multivesicular bodies, Known for their enzyme-degradative function, occur in external cells and are eventually extruded into the surrounding environment. Distinctive electrondense, rod-shaped particles appear in external cells within 8 h after larvae hatch, increase in number with larval age, and occur at the bases of microvilli. The latter appear electron dense with age and eventually they and the lobulated microvilli in internal cells fragment into the surrounding environment. To determine whether parasites and/or their serosas release substances into the host Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae), hemolymph from unparasitized and superparasitized (〉 1 parasite/host) pharate pupae was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Serosas and/or parasite larvae were incubated in artificial media and each of these was subjected to SDS-PAGE. A polypeptide, approximately 24 kilodaltons (Kd) occurred in the hemolymph of 24-h-old superparasitized pharate pupal hosts but not in the control. A similar polypeptide was observed in medium cultured with parasite larva and serosa as well as serosa alone, but was not in their respective control media. This approximately 24-Kd band in SDS-PAGE gels corresponds to a band in the serosa homogenate and may be identical to it. Serosas and parasite larvae in vivo and in vitro have similar protein profiles. Based upon these ultrastructural and electrophoretic studies, it appears that the serosa of B. longicaudatus has a synthetic function, as has been reported for the extra-embryonic membrane of other parasitic Hymenoptera. It may sequester and degrade molecules from the host hemolymph and likely release newly synthesized as well as degraded products into the host.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130307
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eretmocerus penetration and immature development: A novel approach to overcome host immunity (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: whiteflies ; parasitoid penetration ; endoparasitoids ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mode of penetration of parasitoids belonging to the genus Eretmocerus into whitefly larvae and their immature development were examined. Examination included scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy of stained and unstained whole mounts and sections.The Eretmocerus larva pierces the venter of its host shortly after hatching, and subsequently enters the host through the same hole. The host reacts by forming a cellular capsule around the Eretmocerus larva. This capsule is incomplete, with an opening in its ventral side opposite the penetration hole. The capsule remains intact during most of the second instar of the parasitoid. It then disintegrates, but its remnants are still visible around the third instar. Whenever two Eretmocerus larvae penetrate, they are surrounded by two capsules. The capsule does not prevent parasitoid development, but it apparently precludes contact of cellular elements of the host's blood with the developing parasitoid larva.Adaptive features of Eretmocerus larval biology include the early contact with the host's internal medium that permits host regulation; and the delay of contact with the host's blood cells that may preclude the need to confront host immunological systems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130311
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of the mitochondrial genome of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: mtDNA ; DNA sequence ; mosquitoes ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The entire 15 kilobase (kb) Anopheles quadrimaculatus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was cloned as three EcoRI fragments in a bacteriophage vector and then subcloned into plasmid vectors. The cloned DNA was physically mapped with restriction endonucleases, and the maps were compared to the restriction patterns of native A. quadrimaculatus mtDNA. Several genes were mapped by sequencing the ends of A. quadrimaculatus mtDNA subclones and by hybridization with the previously characterized Aedes albopictus mtDNA clones. These portions of the genetic map were identical in gene order to those of Drosophila yakuba. The predicted amino acid sequence of the protein coding regions that were sequenced were between 72% and 98% homologous to D. yakuba. The cloned mtDNA will be useful as a probe for population genetic analysis of mosquitoes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of teratocyte functions: An overview (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: parasitoid-host interactions ; in vitro techniques ; serosa ; polar bodies ; trophamnion ; Braconidae ; Trichogrammatidae ; Scelionidae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Teratocytes, derived from extra-embryonic tissues of parasitic Braconidae, Trichogrammatidae, and Scelionidae, play several important roles in the parasitoid-host interaction. It is clear from the literature that the specific role (s) vary among species. Only recently have the biochemical and endocrinological roles of these cells been considered. This overview examines the recent literature on teratocytes and stresses the importance of in vitro procedures to elucidate the functional roles (trophic, immunosuppression, secretory) of teratocytes in the parasitoid-host relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and functional maturation of teratocytes of Apanteles kariyai (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 13 (1990), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: braconid parasitoid ; phenoloxidase ; calyx fluid ; venom ; encapsulation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eggs and larvae of Apanteles kariyai avoid the host defense reactions of Pseudaletia separata due to the action of calyx and venom fluids injected by females during oviposition and the teratocytes originated from the embryonic serosal cells 3.5 day postoviposition. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity in host larvae was unaffected during early stages of parasitization (4-6 days postoviposition), relative to unparasitized larvae, but was greatly reduced to 25% during the late stage of parasitization (days 7-10). Hemolymph PO activity was not affected, in vitro, by calyx and venom fluids but was reduced in the presence of teratocytes. An apparent PO inhibitor was detected in older teratocyte cells. First instar parasitoid larvae implanted into unparasitized hosts, following transfer of either young teratocytes (4 day postoviposition) or old teratocytes (8 day post-oviposition) with calyx and venom fluids resulted in avoidance of encapsulation only when calyx and venom fluids with young (4 day) teratocytes were injected. These results indicated that during early parasitization of the host, teratocytes just released from the embryonic serosal cells (4 day) function in conjunction with calyx and venom fluids injected into the host with the parasitoid egg to prevent its encapsulation by host hemocytes. During late parasitization, the older teratocytes (8 day) may also function in preventing host encapsulation by producing an PO inhibitor suppresses host hemolymph PO activity at the time of parasitoid egression.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940130306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental expression, synthesis, and secretion of insecticyanin by the epidermis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 171-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Insecticyanin was found to be synthesized in several isoelectric forms and stored in the pigment granules in the epidermis. Both major epidermal forms (INS-a, pl 5.5; INS-b, pl 5.7) were found in the cuticle, but only the most basic form, INS-b, was present in the hemolymph. In vitro the epidermis synthesized and secreted both forms into both the cuticle and the medium. Isolation of two cDNA clones for insecticyanin followed by hybridization to epidermal mRNA showed the presence of only one 1.1 kb mRNA, but transcription of the longer cDNA yielded a RNA which produced INS-a but no INS-b. Insecticyanin mRNA was present during the intermolt feeding stages of the 4th and 5th instars and absent during the larval molt and after the onset of metamorphosis. Exposure of either day 2 4th-instar or day 1 5th-instar larval epidermis to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) in vitro caused a dose-dependent decline in this mRNA that was not prevented by simultaneous exposure to JH. When synthesis resumes just before ecdysis, INS-b appears before INS-a; then on the final day of feeding, synthesis of INS-a ceases before that of INS-b.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endocrine interrelationship between the parasitoid Chelonus sp. and its host Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 201-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: ecdysteroids ; juvenile hormones ; parasitism ; Chelonus ; Trichoplusia ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus sp. induces the precocious onset of metamorphosis in the 4th (penultimate) stadium of its host Trichoplusia ni, emerges from the prepupa, and then feeds on it. Qualitative and quantitative changes in ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone were measured. Hemolymph of 3rd-to 4th-instar host larvae and the parasitoids they contained, as well as nonparasitized and parasitized eggs, were analyzed. In the host hemolymph a broad peak of ecdysteroids during molting into the 4th stadium and a continuous increase from day 2 (onset of precocious wandering) until day 4 (emergence of parasitoid) were observed; 20-hydroxyecdysone and 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone were predominant. The juvenile hormone titer fluctuated in the 3rd and early 4th stadium and fell to undetectable levels shortly before the precocious onset of wandering. The parasitoid's ecdysteroids started to increase on the molt to the 2nd instar ( = early 4th instar of the host) and thereafter fluctuated on a high level, 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20,26-dihydroxy-ecdysone, and ecdysone being predominant. The juvenile hormone titer was high in late 1st-instar parasitoids, decreased to low levels at ecdysis into the 2nd instar, and increased again to high levels in the 2nd-instar larvae at the time when their shape changed from flat to cylindrical. After ecdysis to the 3rd instar the juvenile hormone titer fell. A comparison revealed that both ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone fluctuate independently in parasitoid and host at most stages, suggesting that the parasitoid produces its own hormones.The first data on ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones in the egg stage of a parasitoid/host system are reported. At the stage of eye pigmentation parasitized eggs contained more immunoreactive midpolar ecdysteroids than nonparasitized ones. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone were the predominant ecdysteroids in both nonparasitized and parasitized eggs, but the latter contained several additional ecdysteroids which were not seen in nonparasitized egges. The titer of juvenile hormone was similar in both. Shortly before hatching the ecdysteroids were low in parasitized and nonparasitized egges, but the content of juvenile hormone was much higher in the former. At this stage the majority of parasitoids have already eclosed and teratocytes are released. The results of HPLC analysis indicated the presence of juvenile hormone lll together with juvenile hormones l and ll in parasitized eggs, but only juvenile hormones l and ll in nonparasitized eggs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and characterization of honey bee vitellogenin (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 14 (1990), S. 253-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Apis ; Hymenoptera ; social insects ; oogenesis ; lipoprotein ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A protocol has been developed for the purification of vitellogenin from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Purification allows for the first characterization of a vitellogenin from the large order Hymenoptera. Hymenopteran vitellogenins are unusual among insect vitellogenins in that they contain only one type of apoprotein. The honey bee vitellogenin was isolated from hemolymph of honey bee queens by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography. The native vitellogenin particle is a very high density glycolipoprotein containing approximately 91% protein, 7% lipid, and 2% carbohydrate. Phospholipid and diacylglycerol are the major lipid components. The equilibrium density (1.28 g/ml) is the same as that for Manduca sexta vitellogenin, which contains a much higher proportion of lipid. The covalently bound carbohydrate moiety of the particle is high in mannose. The amino acid composition of vitellogenin is similar to those of vitellogenins from other insect species. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the apoprotein was determined, the first such sequence for any insect vitellogenin. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis A. mellifera vitellogenin resolved into a single band with an apparent Mr of 180,000. Gel filtration under reducing and native conditions yielded estimated Mr values of about 300,000.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940140405
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    20-hydroxyecdysone triggers the resumption of imaginal wing disc development after diapause in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15 (1990), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cholesterol ; ecdysone ; 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone ; 20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the last-larval instar, Ostrinia may display a facultative larval diapause. Diapausing larvae contain very low ecdysteroid titers and exhibit poorly differentiated imaginal wing discs. After diapause, development resumes when larvae are placed in favorable post-diapause conditions. After a few days in these conditions, a small and transient peak of 20-hydroxyecdysone was observed in hemolymph before any visible resumption of imaginal wing disc development. [3H]Cholesterol-labeling experiment confirmed this result. Conversion of [3H]Cholesterol into [3H]ecdysteroids also began before any visible resumption of wing disc development. These data suggest that the resumption of wing disc development is induced by very low concentrations of molting hormone. After this small first peak, ecdysteroid concentrations increase until a second peak, which precedes ecdysis. Increase of titers was correlated with an increase of biosynthetic activity from [3H]cholesterol. Unexpectedly, biosynthetic activity remained very high after the second peak, but the synthesized ecdysone was immediately inactivated into 20-hydroxyecdysonic acid.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940150102
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