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  • Articles  (244,211)
  • 1995-1999  (244,211)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (119,697)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (41,337)
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  • Books  (32)
  • Articles  (244,211)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3586-3589 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: There is currently much interest in the thermoelectric properties of materials. A method for measuring the thermoelectric power of small single-crystal or polycrystalline samples is described. For high-pressure measurements, the small samples are loaded into a diamond anvil cell and compressed. An infrared laser system is used to induce a temperature gradient in the sample. The thermoelectric power is measured with a pair of small thermocouples contacting the sample. Reported here is the thermoelectric power of Ni and the previously reported intermetallic compound CePd3 up to 10 GPa. Other standards measured by this method included: Bi, Yb, and CeSn3. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3603-3608 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a technique using a photothermal microscope from which we can make a thermal image of an electronic component working at a "high frequency" using a charge coupled device (CCD) camera and a multichannel lock-in scheme. To do this, we have created an electronic "stroboscope": the frequency F of the thermal signal induced by a high frequency electrical excitation and the frequency of the light F+f that illuminates the device are next to each other; the signal reflected at the surface of the device whose amplitude is proportional to the variation of reflectivity and hence to the variation of temperature and whose frequency is the blinking one f is analyzed by a visible CCD camera. Amplitude and phase images of the high frequency thermal phenomenon can then be made. Moreover, this technique presents a great advantage: the spatial resolution is better than 1 μm. The amplitude and phase images presented show, with a very good spatial resolution, Joule and Peltier heating of a polycrystalline silicon 2.5 kΩ resistor across which a sinusoidal current is forced. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3681-3683 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present design details of and first measurements with a novel continuous wave (cw) high-field/high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer operating at a microwave frequency of 360 GHz and a magnetic field of up to 14 T. The spectrometer design incorporates a heterodyne mixer detection scheme with a quasi-optical transmission line and a bimodal induction mode Fabry–Perot cavity. First cw experiments on polycrystalline 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl benzolate in polystyrene at room temperature and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl in frozen solution at 190 K demonstrate the high Zeeman resolution achievable and allow an estimate of the present detection sensitivity of 4×109 spins/G at a detection bandwidth of 1 Hz. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3696-3700 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A quartz-crystal microbalance technique for measuring total sputter yields in ion–surface collisions is described. The electronic circuit to drive the quartz crystal ensures low noise and high frequency stability. By measuring total sputter yields for impact of singly charged ions on LiF target films a sensitivity limit of 0.5% of a monolayer per minute could be achieved. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3701-3706 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An instrumental system is described that combines an apparatus for pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with a vacuum "suitcase" for transport of air-sensitive compounds. Laser ablation, plume diagnostics, and thin-film deposition are readily accomplished through a flexible design. The PLD apparatus consists of two cubes coupled via a bellows assembly and whose distance is easily changed pneumatically. For both the PLD apparatus and the vacuum suitcase, compact-design considerations have been implemented. Consequently, the footprint of the PLD apparatus is relatively small, and the vacuum suitcase can be transported easily between sites. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3719-3722 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple method for obtaining a comprehensive overview of major compounds desorbing from the surface during temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments is outlined. Standard commercially available equipment is used to perform the experiment. The method is particularly valuable when high molecular mass compounds are being studied. The acquisition of contour temperature programmed desorption (CTPD) spectra, sampling 50-dalton mass ranges at a time in the thermal desorption experiments, is described and demonstrated for the interaction of benzotriazole adsorbed on a Ni(111) surface. Conventional two-dimensional TPD spectra can be extracted from the CTPD by taking vertical slices of the contour. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3723-3734 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: As an alternative to the numerous state-of-the-art versions of voltammetry, a kinetics-sensitive double-step voltcoulometry is introduced. The transient current flowing in response to a potential step across the electrochemical cell is integrated and simultaneously processed by a deliberately selected time-domain "cascade" filter, while scanning the applied potential. In contrast to the widely used sampling scheme of sampling the transient current just before and in the end of the excitation pulse, three values of the transient charge are sampled in the interval between subsequent excitation pulses. Each measuring period is preceded by a single measurement of the steady-state current with the excitation pulse being switched off. The latter measurement makes it possible to actively compensate the parasitic charge across the feedback capacitor of the integrator, due to the steady-state current, while storing the steady-state current data. The goal of introducing the third sampling event resides in discriminating the kinetics of the transient charge via the parameter β that enters the time dependence of the transient charge Δq∝tβ. In general, our filtering scheme is capable of eliminating both any constant or linear components in the transient charge (β=0, 1). Moreover, any superlinear transient charge (β〉1) is detected as a peak of the Δq versus potential plot with its sign being opposite to that one of a sublinear redox reaction (0〈β〈1). This enhanced performance of our double-step voltcoulometry is documented by a series of experiments on aqueous solutions of ascorbic acid using a carbon fiber microelectrode as the working electrode. Finally, how to assess the degree of reversibility of the redox reaction and deduce the time constant RC of the double-layer charging current is shown. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3744-3748 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present tomographic imaging of biological tissues by use of microwave-induced acoustic signal. It was demonstrated that the acoustic signal was proportional to the intensity of the incident microwave and was related to the absorption property of microwave in the medium. Pulsed microwave radiation was used to illuminate the samples. Absorbed microwave energy caused thermoelastic expansion that radiated acoustic waves. A focused ultrasonic transducer detected the time-resolved acoustic signals. Each acoustic signal was converted into a one-dimensional image. A linear scanning of the ultrasonic transducer yielded multiple one-dimensional images, which formed a two-dimensional image. The imaging contrast is based on the difference in the dielectric constants among biological tissues. Because of the large contrast in microwave absorption among different tissue types, microwave-induced acoustic tomography could potentially provide a new modality for detecting early-stage cancers. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3203-3213 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Injection seeding by a single-mode continuous-wave (cw) laser provides a convenient way to achieve narrowband tunable operation of a laser with a broad spectral gain profile, or of an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). Continuous single-mode tunability of the laser or OPO output usually requires the length of the optical cavity to be controlled as the injection-seeding wavelength is scanned. We report a novel variant on established methods of locking the optical cavity length to the seed wavelength. Our approach takes advantage of the resonance properties of an optical cavity. When the cavity is in resonance with the cw seed radiation, the total intensity of that radiation reflected off the cavity displays a pronounced dip; this intensity dip can be used as a locking signal to reset the cavity length piezoelectrically during each interval between the pump pulses that excite the laser or OPO. Our active cavity-locking scheme is realized in the case of a ring-cavity OPO, incorporating periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), pumped at 1.064 μm by a single-mode pulsed Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser and injection-seeded at its signal wavelength by a 1.55 μm single-mode tunable diode laser. The coherent infrared output of this injection-seeded PPLN OPO is shown to be continuously tunable, with an optical bandwidth of ∼130 MHz (0.0045 cm−1) and excellent spatial beam quality. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3222-3226 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A laser-induced Rayleigh light-scattering (RLS) system was assembled and used to noninvasively measure the transient molecular number density in an ideal gas. This information was used to find the transient gas temperature when operating at known pressure. The laser was a 4 W argon ion operating on all lines at a total power of about 2.5 W. The theoretically predicted photon arrival rate at the photomultiplier tube detector was calculated and compared well with the observed photon rates. These rates were high enough that sampling could be averaged over a 1 s period with theoretical uncertainty due to electronic shot noise below 0.1%, and below 2% for a 0.001 s averaging time. A propagated error analysis showed uncertainty in the transient temperature due to all sources was 2–4 K. The RLS system was used to record transient air temperature at several locations above a flat plate during heating from room temperature to 475 K. Results showed buoyancy-induced fluctuations of about 3 Hz, and instabilities in temperature in addition to the overall temperature rise due to plate heating. Excellent transient temperature records were obtained, substantiating the predicted 2–4 K uncertainty. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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