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  • Journals
  • Articles  (14,779)
  • 1995-1999  (14,779)
  • Technology  (14,779)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airway Wall Mechanics (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 47-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dimensions, composition, and stiffness of the airway wall are important determinants of airway cross-sectional area during dynamic collapse in a forced expiration or when airway smooth muscle is constricted. Under these circumstances, airway caliber is determined by an interaction between the forces acting to open the airway (parenchymal tension and wall stiffness) and those acting to close it (smooth-muscle force and surface tension at the inner gas-liquid interface). Experimental measurements and theoretical models of the airway tube law (relationship between cross-sectional area and transmural pressure) are presented. Data are presented for the elastic properties of the wall tissue. Simulations of airway constriction in normal and asthmatic airways are discussed. To the extent possible, comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.47
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Dedication in Memoriam of Dr. Richard Skalak (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Richard Skalak (1923-1997) played a leadership role in the formative decades of the discipline of biomedical engineering through his technical contributions in biomechanics, his educational influence on students, and his service to many developing societies and journals. But always, the distinguishing marks of his involvement with any activity or person were his generosity, respect and tolerance for others, integrity, and curiosity. These very qualities are what first brought him as a traditional engineer trained in engineering mechanics into the young field of biomedical engineering in the 1960s, and they are what led him to new approaches to cellular and molecular engineering, tissue engineering, and orthopedic biomechanics. His technical papers and lectures on blood cell mechanics, pulmonary circulation, dental implants, and tissue growth were models of clarity and often pointed the way to new areas of exploration, while his personal writings offer advice on life, academic organizations, and the pursuit of significant work. He would be deeply appreciative that this first volume of the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering is dedicated to his memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.1
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue Engineering: Orthopedic Applications (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 19-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because of an aging population and increased occurrence of sports-related injuries, musculoskeletal disorders have become one of the major health concerns in the United States. Current treatments, although fairly successful, do not provide the optimum therapy. These treatments typically rely on donor tissues obtained either from the patient or from another source. The former raises the issue of supply, whereas the latter poses the risk of rejection and disease transfer. This has prompted orthopedic surgeons and scientists to look for viable alternatives. In recent years, tissue engineering has gained increasing support as a method to treat orthopedic disorders. Because it uses principles of engineering, biology, and chemistry, tissue engineering may provide a more effective approach to the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders than traditional methods. This chapter presents a review of current methods and new tissue-engineering techniques for the treatment of disorders affecting bone, ligament, and cartilage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.19
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering and Material Considerations in Islet Cell Transplantation (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 103-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The successful application and optimization of cell transplantation will require quantitative engineering design and analysis of cells and materials in which relevant biological processes remain complex and incompletely defined. This report primarily reviews the engineering and material considerations in islet cell transplantation, including established biological constraints and biohybrid devices for cell delivery, as well as available barrier materials and the associated processing strategies directed at the control of solute transport, barrier permeability, and host responses at the biological-material interface. Also described are current areas of investigation with particular promise as enabling technologies for accelerating the clinical effectiveness of islet cell transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioreactors for Hematopoietic Cell Culture (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 129-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hematopoietic cell culture, or ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells, is an enabling technology with many potential applications in bone-marrow transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and the production of blood products. Hematopoietic cultures are complex, with many different cell types at different stages of development present at any given point in time and never in steady state. Moreover, these cells interact strongly with each other and the environment through cytokines (growth factors) and adhesion molecules, as well as through their metabolism. Despite these significant challenges, cell products produced in bioreactors have shown promise in recent phase 1 clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.129
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implanted Electrochemical Glucose Sensors for the Management of Diabetes (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 153-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By maintaining a near normal (70-120 mg/dL) glucose concentration, diabetic patients can drastically reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of diabetes complications. In the near future, subcutaneously implanted electrochemical glucose sensors will be available to provide frequent or continuous information on which timely treatment decisions, such as insulin injection or glucose source intake, can be based, as well as timely alarm signals. The currently engineered devices are of three types: (a) innocuous microsensors, with actively mass-transporting areas 〈10-3 cm2, replaced twice a week by the patient; (b) self-contained, surgeon-implanted, transmitter-containing packages of 〉1 cm2 area, operating for 〉100 days; and (c) devices transporting subcutaneous fluid to an external sensor, based on implanted microfiltration or microdialysis fibers or on iontophoretic transport of the subcutaneous fluid through the skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.153
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of Molecules, Particles, and Cells in Solid Tumors (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 241-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extraordinary advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to the development of a vast number of therapeutic anti-cancer agents. To reach cancer cells in a tumor, a blood-borne therapeutic molecule, particle, or cell must make its way into the blood vessels of the tumor and across the vessel wall into the interstitium, which it then must migrate through. Unfortunately, tumors often develop in ways that hinder these steps. The goal of research in this area is to analyze each of these steps experimentally and theoretically and integrate the resulting information into a unified theoretical framework. This paradigm of analysis and synthesis has fostered a better understanding of physiological barriers in solid tumors and aided in the development of novel strategies to exploit and/or overcome these barriers for improved cancer detection and treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.241
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Injectable Electronic Identification, Monitoring, and Stimulation Systems (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 177-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Historically, electronic devices such as pacemakers and neuromuscular stimulators have been surgically implanted into animals and humans. A new class of implants made possible by advances in monolithic electronic design and implant packaging is small enough to be implanted by percutaneous injection through large-gauge hypodermic needles and does not require surgical implantation. Among these, commercially available implants, known as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, are used for livestock, pet, laboratory animal, and endangered-species identification. The RFID tag is a subminiature glass capsule containing a solenoidal coil and an integrated circuit. Acting as the implanted half of a transcutaneous magnetic link, the RFID tag is powered by and communicates with an extracorporeal magnetic reader. The tag transmits a unique identification code that serves the function of identifying the animal. Millions of RFID tags have been sold since the early 1980s. Based on the success of the RFID tags, research laboratories have developed injectable medical implants, known as micromodules. One type of micromodule, the microstimulator, is designed for use in functional-neuromuscular stimulation. Each microstimulator is uniquely addressable and could comprise one channel of a multichannel functional-neuromuscular stimulation system. Using bidirectional telemetry and commands, from a single extracorporeal transmitter, as many as 256 microstimulators could form the hardware basis for a complex functional-neuromuscular stimulation feedback-control system. Uses include stimulation of paralyzed muscle, therapeutic functional-neuromuscular stimulation, and neuromodulatory functions such as laryngeal stimulation and sleep apnea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.177
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid Mechanics of Vascular Systems, Diseases, and Thrombosis (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 299-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cardiovascular system is an internal flow loop with multiple branches circulating a complex liquid. The hallmarks of blood flow in arteries are pulsatility and branches, which cause wall stresses to be cyclical and nonuniform. Normal arterial flow is laminar, with secondary flows generated at curves and branches. Arteries can adapt to and modify hemodynamic conditions, and unusual hemodynamic conditions may cause an abnormal biological response. Velocity profile skewing can create pockets in which the wall shear stress is low and oscillates in direction. Atherosclerosis tends to localize to these sites and creates a narrowing of the artery lumen-a stenosis. Plaque rupture or endothelial injury can stimulate thrombosis, which can block blood flow to heart or brain tissues, causing a heart attack or stroke. The small lumen and elevated shear rate in a stenosis create conditions that accelerate platelet accumulation and occlusion. The relationship between thrombosis and fluid mechanics is complex, especially in the post-stenotic flow field. New convection models have been developed to predict clinical occlusion from platelet thrombosis in diseased arteries. Future hemodynamic studies should address the complex mechanics of flow-induced, large-scale wall motion and convection of semisolid particles and cells in flowing blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.299
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular Microtransport Processes: Intercellular, Intracellular, and Aggregate Behavior (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 463-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ionic and molecular transfer among cells occurs by a variety of transport processes operative at different length scales. Cell membrane permeability and electrical conductance derive from channel proteins producing pores at the molecular (ultrastructural) scale. Intracellular mobility involves the dynamics of motion through the complex ultrastructure of the cytoplasm. These phenomena unite in the larger-scale (microscopic) process of gross intercellular transfer. When such movement occurs among sufficiently many cells, it in turn begins to reflect their average collective (macroscopic) behavior as bulk tissue. This article surveys selected aspects of intercellular and intracellular transport, with emphasis on detailed mechanistic theory, experimental probes of cellular permeability, and systematic transcendence from small to large length scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.463
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering Design of Optimal Strategies for Blood Clot Dissolution (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 427-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Blood clots form under hemodynamic conditions and can obstruct flow during angina, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral thrombosis, or dialysis access graft thrombosis. Therapies to remove these clots through enzymatic and/or mechanical approaches require consideration of the biochemistry and structure of blood clots in conjunction with local transport phenomena. Because blood clots are porous objects exposed to local hemodynamic forces, pressure-driven interstitial permeation often controls drug penetration and the overall lysis rate of an occlusive thrombus. Reaction engineering and transport phenomena provide a framework to relate dosage of a given agent to potential outcomes. The design and testing of thrombolytic agents and the design of therapies must account for (a) the binding, catalytic, and systemic clearance properties of the therapeutic enzyme; (b) the dose and delivery regimen; (c) the biochemical and structural aspects of the thrombotic occlusion; (d) the prevailing hemodynamics and anatomical location of the thrombus; and (e) therapeutic constraints and risks of side effects. These principles also impact the design and analysis of local delivery devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.427
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasound Processing and Computing: Review and Future Directions (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 559-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since the introduction of medical ultrasound in the 1950s, modern diagnostic ultrasound has progressed to see many major diagnostic tools come into widespread clinical use, such as B-mode imaging, color-flow imaging, and spectral Doppler. New applications, such as panoramic imaging, three-dimensional imaging, and quantitative imaging, are now beginning to be offered on some commercial ultrasound machines and are expected to grow in popularity. In this review, we focus on the various algorithms, their processing requirements, and the challenges of these ultrasound modes. Whereas the older, mature B and color-flow modes could be systolically implemented using hardwired components and boards, new applications, such as three-dimensional imaging and image feature extraction, are being implemented more by using programmable processors. This trend toward programmable ultrasound machines will continue, because the programmable approach offers the advantages of quick implementation of new applications without any additional hardware and the flexibility to adapt to the changing requirements of these dynamic new applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.559
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumentation for the Genome Project (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 649-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Much of the recent rapid progress in large-scale genomic sequencing has been driven by the dramatic improvements both in the area of biological protocols and in the availability of improved laboratory instrumentation and automation platforms. We discuss recent developments in the area of bioinstrumentation that are contributing to the current revolution in genetic analysis. Examples of systems for laboratory automation are described together with specific single-purpose instruments. Emphasis is placed on those tools that are contributing significantly to the scale-up of genomic mapping and sequencing efforts. In addition, we present a selection of more advanced measurement techniques and instrumentation developments that are likely to contribute significantly to future advances in sequencing and genome analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.649
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillators (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 331-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ventricular fibrillation, a loss of synchronus electrical activity in the heart which leads to hemodynamic collapse, is a leading cause of death. Because of the devastating personal and societal effects of this phenomenon, the automatic cardioverter-defibrillator has been developed for automatic detection and termination of the arrhythmia and is in widespread clinical use. Advances in circuits, leads, waveforms, and signal processing along with increased knowledge of the mechanisms of fibrillation have led to continuing improvements in this device, extending its use to many patients. A device has also been developed for the automatic or semiautomatic treatment of atrial fibrillation, an arrhythmia less life-threatening than ventricular fibrillation, but still a serious health problem. Continued improvement of these devices and the development of qualitatively new approaches hold great promise for exciting therapeutic advances in this area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.331
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microfabrication in Biology and Medicine (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 401-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microfabrication uses integrated-circuit manufacturing technology supplemented by its own processes to create objects with dimensions in the range of micrometers to millimeters. These objects can have miniature moving parts, stationary structures, or both. Microfabrication has been used for many applications in biology and medicine. These applications fall into four domains: tools for molecular biology and biochemistry, tools for cell biology, medical devices, and biosensors. Microfabricated device structures may provide significantly enhanced function with respect to a conventional device. Sometimes microfabrication can enable devices with novel capabilities. These enhancing and enabling qualities are conferred when microfabrication is used appropriately to address the right types of problems. Herein, we describe microfabrication technology and its application to biology and medicine. We detail several classes of advantages conferred by microfabrication and how these advantages have been used to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.401
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Strategies for Protein Crystal Growth (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 505-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein crystallization is the most difficult and time-consuming step in the determination of a protein's atomic structure. As X-ray diffraction becomes a commonly available tool in structural biology, the necessity for rational methodologies and protocols to produce single, high-quality protein crystals has come to the forefront. The basics of protein crystallization conform to the classical understanding of crystallization of small molecules. Understanding the effect of solution variables such as pH, temperature, pressure, and ionicity on protein solubility allows the proper evaluation of the degree of supersaturation present in protein crystallization experiments. Physicochemical measurements such as laser light scattering, X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy provide a clearer picture of protein crystal nucleation and growth. This ever deepening knowledge base is generating rational methods to produce protein crystals as well as means to improve the diffraction quality of such protein crystals. Yet, much remains unclear, and the protein crystallization research community will be quite active for many years to come.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.505
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging Transgenic Animals (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 611-648 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic and eugenic animals as small as 30 g can be studied noninvasively by radionuclides with resolutions of 1-2 mm, by MRI with resolution of 100 mum and by light fluorescence and bioluminescence with high sensitivities. The technologies of radionuclide emission, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical tomography, optical fluorescence and optical bioluminescence are currently being applied to small-animal studies. These technologies and examples of their applications are reviewed in this chapter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.611
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3-D Visualization in Biomedical Applications (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 377-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Visualizable objects in biology and medicine extend across a vast range of scale, from individual molecules and cells through the varieties of tissue and interstitial interfaces to complete organs, organ systems, and body parts. These objects include functional attributes of these systems, such as biophysical, biomechanical, and physiological properties. Visualization in three dimensions of such objects and their functions is now possible with the advent of high-resolution tomographic scanners and imaging systems. Medical applications include accurate anatomy and function mapping, enhanced diagnosis, accurate treatment planning and rehearsal, and education/training. Biologic applications include study and analysis of structure-to-function relationships in individual cells and organelles. The potential for revolutionary innovation in the practice of medicine and in biologic investigations lies in direct, fully immersive, real-time multisensory fusion of real and virtual information data streams into online, real-time visualizations available during actual clinical procedures or biological experiments. Current high-performance computing, advanced image processing, and high-fidelity rendering capabilities have facilitated major progress toward realization of these goals. With these advances in hand, there are several important applications of three-dimensional visualization that will have a significant impact on the practice of medicine and on biological research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.377
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic Engineering (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 535-557 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metabolic engineering is the science that combines systematic analysis of metabolic and other pathways with molecular biological techniques to improve cellular properties by designing and implementing rational genetic modifications. As such, metabolic engineering deals with the measurement of metabolic fluxes and elucidation of their control as determinants of metabolic function and cell physiology. A novel aspect of metabolic engineering is that it departs from the traditional reductionist paradigm of cellular metabolism, taking instead a holistic view. In this sense, metabolic engineering is well suited as a framework for the analysis of genome-wide differential gene expression data, in combination with data on protein content and in vivo metabolic fluxes. The insights of the integrated view of metabolism generated by metabolic engineering will have profound implications in biotechnological applications, as well as in devising rational strategies for target selection for screening candidate drugs or designing gene therapies. In this article we review basic concepts of metabolic engineering and provide examples of applications in the production of primary and secondary metabolites, improving cellular properties, and biomedical engineering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.535
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Telemedicine: Emerging e-medicine (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 589-610 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the emergence of telemedicine and its recent expansion and use within the healthcare industry. Through this review, several examples of telemedicine within a variety of applications provide a broad context to discuss the challenges and opportunities facing the emergence of e-medicine. These examples provide snapshots of a teleradiology system used by the military, teleconsultations used in neurosurgery and hemodialysis, and home telemedicine used in diabetes care. Based on the discussion of telemedicine's history and expansion and the examples provided, a framework is offered for understanding the evolution of telemedicine applications through four stages. These stages include: (a) development of basic technological capabilities, (b) development of relevant applications, (c) the integration of technical applications within a complex environment, and (d) transformation of the operating environment. Implications for this framework are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.589
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomechanics of Microcirculatory Blood Perfusion (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 73-102 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The microcirculation represents a region of the circulation in which blood vessels are directly surrounded by the tissue and cells to which they supply nutrients and from which they collect metabolites. The cellular elements that make up the microcirculation have now been identified, and a large body of evidence has become available that provides molecular definitions of these elements. The blood flow is in a domain in which viscous stresses dominate, but the viscoelastic and active properties of cells lead to nonlinear problems. The ability of cells to actively control cytoplasmic mechanical properties and shape, as well as their membrane adhesion, leads to unique cell behavior in microvessels that has a direct influence on organ transport and function. There is also increasing evidence that the properties of the cells are in turn influenced by fluid shear stresses. These issues have greatly expanded the scope of microvascular analysis. The microcirculation is one of the sites in which diseases manifest themselves at an early stage. The application of biomechanical analysis of the microcirculation is starting to focus on diseases. The field is rich with problems of high significance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.73
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  • 22
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    Nucleic Acid Biotechnology (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 265-297 
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    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Driven by advances in the acquisition of genetic sequence information and the ability to manipulate small quantities of nucleic acid, a number of technologies are emerging that exploit nucleic acids for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic utility. In this review, we cover three technologies based on nucleic acids-DNA microarrays, antisense technology, and gene therapy-that are especially promising and may make a substantial impact in the laboratory and in the clinic during the coming years. For each of these areas, an overview of the current status and applications is provided, followed by a discussion of critical issues and challenges to be faced for further advancement of the technology; an emphasis is placed on quantitative and engineering aspects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.265
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  • 23
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    Robotics for Surgery (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 211-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Robotic technology is enhancing surgery through improved precision, stability, and dexterity. In image-guided procedures, robots use magnetic resonance and computed tomography image data to guide instruments to the treatment site. This requires new algorithms and user interfaces for planning procedures; it also requires sensors for registering the patient's anatomy with the preoperative image data. Minimally invasive procedures use remotely controlled robots that allow the surgeon to work inside the patient's body without making large incisions. Specialized mechanical designs and sensing technologies are needed to maximize dexterity under these access constraints. Robots have applications in many surgical specialties. In neurosurgery, image-guided robots can biopsy brain lesions with minimal damage to adjacent tissue. In orthopedic surgery, robots are routinely used to shape the femur to precisely fit prosthetic hip joint replacements. Robotic systems are also under development for closed-chest heart bypass, for microsurgical procedures in ophthalmology, and for surgical training and simulation. Although results from initial clinical experience is positive, issues of clinician acceptance, high capital costs, performance validation, and safety remain to be addressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.211
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    Engineering Aspects of Hyperthermia Therapy (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 347-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The continuing accrual of positive results in clinical cancer trials of adjunctive, synergistic hyperthermia therapy remains a strong motivation for the development of improved hyperthermia equipment and software. Indeed, the lack of needed engineering tools can be viewed as the major stumbling block to hyperthermia's effective clinical implementation. Developing clinically effective systems will be difficult, however, because (a) it requires solving several complex engineering problems, for which (b) setting appropriate design and evaluation goals is currently difficult owing to a lack of critical biological, physiological, and clinical knowledge, two tasks which must (c) be accomplished within a complicated social/political structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.347
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    Year 2000 preparedness at Firstlogic: a case study (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The Year 2000 (Y2K) problem threatens the effective functioning of all Information Technology-enabled organizations. This paper illustrates the Y2K preparedness at Firstlogic, a software company in Wisconsin, USA. At Firstlogic, products have been tested for Y2K compliance, solutions have been suggested for non-compliant systems, resources have been allocated to modify or replace affected systems, and relevant legal issues have been addressed to protect the company from Y2K-related lawsuits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910275391
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    Disaster stress: an emergency management perspective (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper examines the sources of stress likely to be encountered by emergency managers when responding to a disaster. Stressors relating to environmental (e.g. time pressure, level of risk, heat), organisational (e.g. bureaucracy, appropriateness of information, decision support and management systems) and operational (e.g. incident command, decision making, interagency liaison, team and media management) demands are considered. The mediating role of personality and transient states of physical (e.g. fitness and fatigue) and psychological (e.g. high levels of occupational stress) states are reviewed in terms of their influence on stress, judgement and decision making. Strategies for identifying which of these potential stress factors can be controlled or reduced and for training emergency managers to deal with the others are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910283897
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    Dimensions of biological terrorism: to what must we mitigate and respond? (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The emergence of biological weapons of mass destruction as likely terrorist means of reigning terror on domestic urban populations is outlined. The dimensions of such a possible future catastrophe are described. The lack of preparedness to mitigate and respond to such an event is noted and it is argued that the disaster research literature should be consulted as a guide to help develop effective mitigation and response plans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910258192
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    Managing information systems' contingencies in banks: a case study (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As information systems (IS) become indispensable, EDP disaster recovery has to become an essential IS function. In this paper, after discussing the criticality of sound planning for information systems disaster recovery in banks, the approach to contingency planning adopted by Banca Commerciale Italiana, one of the largest banks of Italy, is presented. The most crucial point of the whole decision-making process was the selection of the most reliable layout configuration. Hence, the steps and the simulation methodology followed to such a purpose are illustrated. Finally the benefits and pitfalls of the solution adopted in Banca Commerciale Italiana are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910266139
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    Issues in disaster relief: progress, perpetual problems and prospective solutions (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 351-361 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: What is the present state of international disaster relief? Seeks to answer this important inquiry because the increased emphasis on prevention does not make post-disaster response unnecessary. In so doing, this article will explore three important questions. Have practitioners overcome the obstacles to effective and efficient relief which have been identified in previous studies? What problems remain? What are the solutions to those issues which have not been resolved? Suggests numerous opportunities for improvement in both disaster management and scholarship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910298279
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    Fire safety management at passenger terminals (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 362-369 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses fire safety management in passenger terminals. Describes the design, development, implementation and validation of a fire safety management model for use in airports, railway and bus stations. The research carried out is based on a comprehensive analysis of 25 terminals (air, bus, rail and sea) in the UK and Europe. Develops the relationship existing between fire risk, people and fire safety management. Although the model is still being reviewed and augmented, it has already produced interesting results and has proved to be an efficient, robust and quantifiable tool for use by fire safety managers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910298288
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    Communication and cultural distortion during crises (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 33-41 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The paper starts with a description of a risk management model more suited to the current business environment. Key to the introduction of the model is the success of organizational communication and culture. Aspects of culture are explained using cultural theory. This is followed by a discussion of the critical role of communication, and the theory of the social amplification of risk is presented and analysed. From here the paper moves to the development of a framework explaining communications behaviour during crisis. The notions of structural distortion and communications degradation during crises are used to explain behavioural (cultural changes) distortion. Total risk management is presented as a notional solution to these problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910258219
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    Disaster business continuity: promoting staff capability (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 127-133 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The object of business continuity planning is minimising loss after a disaster. Achieving this goal requires that management and information systems are available to facilitate the recovery of core business operations as soon as possible. While safeguarding systems and/or arranging for substitutes is vital, it is equally important to ensure the availability of staff capable of operating these system under adverse disaster conditions. Adopting a human resource perspective, this paper discusses the implications of staff vulnerability, hazard and risk assessment, organisational systems, training and recovery management for disaster business continuity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910266175
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    Critical issue for business area impact analysis in business crisis management: analytical capability (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 184-189 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Crisis management and organizational continuity have become increasingly critical areas of competence for managers in organizations. The approach of typical business organizations to the problems of business area impact analysis (BAIA) has been fragmented. In particular, the potential problem is the lack of an analytical capability to identify business functions/processes. The research objective is to describe how business functions/processes can be identified to analyze business area impact for corporate crisis management. In order to conduct the BAIA efficiently, it is first necessary to identify business functions/processes according to a scientific approach such as that described in the Information Engineering methodology for systems development. Next, to investigate the financial impacts on business functions/processes, which level of function/process hierarchy decomposition is used as a basis must be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910275382
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    Modelling psychological and work-situation processes that lead to traffic and on-site accidents (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 342-350 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In a large scale survey of almost 2,500 medical professionals working in practice throughout Germany, a comprehensive questionnaire was designed to assess diverse socio-demographic factors, as well as job-related features such as occupational stress, work satisfaction and working climate, and attitudes towards safety and risk-taking. Clinical outcome risk variables were also monitored, including on-site accidents and driving accidents. An attempt was made to apply Lisrel analyses to provide a more detailed insight into the multidimensional nature of the interactions between the various categories of data. Background and personal variables (demographic and attitudes towards risk-taking and safety-consciousness) have differential effects on accident behaviour. Overall, on-site accidents (within the medical practice) were directly and exclusively related to risk-taking, in contrast to moving vehicle accidents, which were determined by gender, recklessness and safety consciousness. The results explained 6-7 per cent of the variance which, whilst small, was significant, and more importantly, offers information and implications for understanding accident-related behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910298260
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    Recruits' predictions of positive reactions in diasaster and emergency work (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Recruits entering a firefighting training program gave predictions about the likelihood of positive or negative reactions after a stressful emergency call-out. Their results were compared with a group of experienced firefighters. Recruits more frequently checked positive than negative reactions, a pattern resembling that of the experienced firefighters. The recruits, however, were generally more optimistic than the experienced group, and this did not change significantly across training. Expectations of positive reactions are not necessarily good or bad. Excessive expectation about positive reactions may increase vulnerability when emergency workers cannot do anything to save lives or prevent destruction. Alternatively, an excessive reliance on positive reactions may form a type of addiction making the emergency worker vulnerable to subsequent breakdown in coping and performance. Recruits' expectations can be addressed during training, especially those expectations that put emergency workers at risk in disaster and emergency environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910275373
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    Behaviourally-based interventions for children following volcanic eruptions: an evaluation of effectiveness (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Represents the first systematic attempt to examine the effects of school-based interventions on children's self-reported PTSD-related distress and coping ability following a series of volcanic eruptions in a sample of 112 children. Pretreatment assessments carried out after the eruptions revealed that time was more of an ally for PTSD symptoms than for active coping ability. In terms of randomly assigned intervention conditions, both an exposure and a cognitive behavioural intervention were found to lead to significant improvement in both PTSD-related distress and coping ability. In terms of effect sizes (Cohen's d), the coping scores changed more following the one-hour intervention than they had during the entire two-month pretreatment interval; PTSD-related scores changed over half as much as during the two-month pretreatment interval. In addition, at four-month follow-up, either children continued to improve (PTSD-distress scores) or gains were maintained (coping scores). Treated children's PTSD and coping scores were significantly more adaptive than those of untreated children. Finally, multiple regression analyses did not reveal any significant, prospective predictors of treatment responsivity. Includes consideration of the value of self-report methodologies at the "early gates" of a multiple gating intervention model and the value of collaborations between scientists in the wake of a disaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910275364
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    The impacts of disaster exercises on participants (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 241-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: There is a prevailing assumption in the research literature that disaster exercises produce a wide variety of benefits that promote effective emergency management. Unfortunately, there are few studies available that confirm this assumption. This paper reviews the role of exercises in disaster management and places them within the context of preparedness activities. Within this context, the links among planning, training and exercising are explicated. The potential benefits of exercises are reviewed and hypotheses generated that link exercise experiences with emergency responders' perceptions of planning adequacy, training adequacy, teamwork, response network effectiveness, equipment adequacy and job risk. The effects of two exercises - one dealing with hazardous materials and one with medical mass casualties - are examined using a quasi-experimental research design. The subjects were professional firefighters. Results indicated that successful exercises can enhance perceptions of teamwork, training adequacy, response network effectiveness, job risk, and equipment adequacy. The link between exercise participation and perception of planning adequacy was found to be equivocal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910283879
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    Volcanic hazard perceptions: comparative shifts in knowledge and risk (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 118-126 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Residents of two North Island, New Zealand, communities were surveyed in March 1995 to measure their understanding of volcanic hazards. This was repeated in November 1995, following the Ruapehu eruptions of September-October 1995. Both communities were subjected to intense media coverage during the 1995 Ruapehu eruption. Whakatane was spared any direct effects, whereas Hastings experienced the hazard directly, in the form of ash falls. Only Hastings' respondents showed a significant change in threat knowledge and perceived volcanic risk. While experiencing the direct and indirect impacts of the 1995 Ruapehu eruption may make subsequent warnings and information releases more salient, thereby enhancing the likelihood of engaging in successful protective actions or other forms of response, the characteristics of hazard impacts may increase susceptibility to a "normalisation bias", reducing future community preparedness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910266166
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    Emergency inter-organizational relationships (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Emergencies usually require inter-organizational co-operation in order to meet the unusual demands of emergency response. By their orientation, however, emergency organizations tend toward formal structures and organizational cultures that make such co-operation difficult. The paper reviews a number of salient findings regarding emergency services. On the strength of these findings several directions are suggested that hold the promise to improve inter-organizational relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910258183
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    Contingency plan exercises (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This article highlights the value of close co- operation and understanding between those inthe public, private and voluntary sectors who have the responsibility for planning and responding to major incidents. Multi-agency response and co-operation can be improved through joint planning and exercises which serve to validate plans, enable staff to familiarise themselves with the arrangements and assist in training. The whole plan or just part of it may be exercised according to need, and may involve participation by one or more agencies. It has to be decided who needs to be exercised and which type of exercise is appropriate, for example paper feed, table-top, communications-simulated or live. When staging exercise, it is important to plan, conduct and supervise them in a way which will ensure maximum benefit to all participants, enhance response safely and enable weaknesses in the plans to be revealed and corrected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910266157
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    Community vulnerability to volcanic hazard consequences (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper explores some psychological aspects of community vulnerability following the 1995 and 1996 eruptions at Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand. A model comprising three psychological factors (sense of community, coping style and self-efficacy) is used to investigate this issue. The results suggest that self-efficacy and problem-focused coping reduce vulnerability and that this model has a role to play in identifying vulnerable communities. The differential implications of physical and economic hazard consequences for community vulnerability were also examined. Data is presented that reinforces the view that the salience of volcanic hazard consequences is a result of their implications for community functions and resources. The implications for mitigation, threat communication and the development of resilient communities are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910283888
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    Rescue operation and reconstruction of recent earthquakes in Iran (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 8 (1999), S. 5-20 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: From February to May 1997, three devastating earthquakes occurred in rural areas of north and east of Iran. Considering the three consequent earthquakes in bad weather conditions and remoteness of the affected areas, the overall performance of the rescue and relief operations was excellent. In all these earthquakes 95 per cent of people were rescued within first 24 hours and by 48 hours all the affected people were settled in 70,000 tents as temporary shelters. Because of severe winter in north of Iran, reconstruction started one month after the earthquakes and 21,000 new dwellings (out of 29,000 planned) were built before the cold season started. The new seismically designed units are one storey with area of 40 to 60m2. The units were built by the owner with free interest loans, subsidized construction material and under government supervision. By July 1997, 1,500 units and by January 1998, 20,000 units were finished and people were moved in. The overall evaluation of the rescue operation to reconstruction process is satisfactory and the lessons learned during the Manjil earthquake were useful and played a key role in this success. This reconstruction method now so far proved to be successful in rural areas and can be used in future in order to save time, money and reduce social consequences. Gives a brief description of these earthquakes from seismological and structural point of view, evaluation of the rescue and relief operation and reconstruction programme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569910258174
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    A quality competitiveness index for benchmarking (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The operations strategy literature has identified four primary dimensions on which a firm competes with another. These are: price, quality, flexibility, and delivery dependability. Of these, quality is perhaps the most critical dimension in terms of the impact on the degree of competitiveness imparted to a firm by a competitiveness dimension. In this paper, we propose a quantitative measure - quality competitiveness index (QCI) - to determine the degree to which a firm's quality practices and policies are instrumental in improving its competitiveness. The QCI can be effectively employed for benchmarking among competing firms. More importantly, however, the process leading to the determination of QCI is itself an educative one - the weaknesses and strengths of a company with respect to its quality practices and policies come right to the fore and the company can usefully employ this information to improve competitiveness for quality.
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    Competitive benchmarking in the air cargo industry: Part II (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 220-238 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This is the second paper of a series of three, discussing a benchmarking application in the air cargo freight industry. The paper discusses the following: qualitative benchmarking data across a wide range of attributes and an analysis of performance gaps in each area of the questionnaire utilised; qualitative information in the form of practices described by the various managers interviewed during the course of the whole project. Considers areas such as leadership, strategic quality planning, human resources management and development and process management. Offers findings from the research in these areas, giving a snapshot of what each company surveyed is doing in each of the areas covered
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910288479
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    Benchmarking - best practices: an integrated approach (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 254-268 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The essence of benchmarking is the process of identifying the highest standards of excellence for products, services, or processes, and then making the improvements necessary to reach those standards - commonly called "best practices". Various companies have adopted benchmarking and customized the methodology to suit their needs. A five-step benchmarking model is suggested in this paper as a model to be used when undertaking a benchmarking study. Two case studies are enumerated and a comparison presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910289261
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    Internet technology: contributing to agility in the twenty-first century (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 7-13 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: To compete effectively in many developed and emerging global markets firms must develop the capacity to react quickly and successfully to change - they must become agile. Internet technology, in the form of corporate intranets and the Internet, can be an important enabler of agility. Internet technology makes possible the intra- and inter-organizational sharing of data and information in the form of text, graphics, audio, and video, enabling various tasks, activities and processes that help a firm to become agile and ready to compete in the twenty-first century. This manuscript examines Internet technology's contributions to agility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266655
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    A consistent manufacturing data model to support virtual enterprises (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 150-158 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: An integrated, exchangeable, sharable and distributed information environment is one of the crucial factors to ensure the competitive advantage of a virtual enterprise. A manufacturing model that describes an enterprise's manufacturing capability information is an important part of such a distributed information infrastructure. This paper focuses on the definition of an object oriented manufacturing data model that can provide a consistent data structure for the construction of a manufacturing model for a virtual enterprise. The methodology that is employed to carry out the analysis and design of an object oriented manufacturing data model complies with the open distributed processing reference model. Unified modelling language (UML) class diagrams have been employed to represent the object oriented manufacturing data model with links to relevant ISO standards, which can be instantiated to generate a virtual, global manufacturing model. An experimental software system has been developed using ObjectStore OODBMS and Visual C++. An example manufacturing model for a simple virtual enterprise has been populated and can potentially be used to support product design and manufacturing decisions across a virtual enterprise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910296517
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    Assembly process visualization in feature-based design for assembly (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 177-189 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Propoes a methodology that enables a dynamic and interactive 3-Dvisualization model of the assembly process to be developed from the CAD files of each part in the assembly. Makes three main contributions to the research in this area. First, a taxonomy of features for assembly is presented. Second, a process model for generating interactive 3D models of the assembly process is developed and, third, a new algorithm for creating a dynamic assembly model is derived. This algorithm, called the 3D assembly visualization (3AV) algorithm, involves instantiating the motion attributes that specify the motion of each part in the assembly. This dynamic assembly model is then converted to a 3-D renderable format for visualization. An example is presented that uses virtual reality modeling language (VRML) as the 3-D representation language. The result is a dynamic and interactive visual representation of the assembly operation. Such visualization can be of considerable use in DFA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910296562
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    Developing agile manufacturing in Australia (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 60-63 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Traces the development of agile manufacturing in Australia from the early 1980s to the present day. Looks at relevant projects and studies in the field such as the JITVIC program which focused on just-in-time manufacturing during 1985 and major studies carried out by the Australian Manufacturing Council in the early 1990s. Notes that a foundation for the development of agile manufacturing has been laid in Australia and that progress has been made by large companies. Points out, however, that smaller companies still require an initial push.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266745
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    Extended and virtual enterprises - similarities and differences (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 30-36 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In today's global economy, manufacturing enterprises must be viewed in the context of their contribution to the total value chain. Extended or virtual enterprises, consisting of tele-computing mediated chains of suppliers, manufacturers, assemblers, distributors and customers, compete to supply quasi-customised products to discerning markets. This paper reviews the thinking behind the extended enterprise and virtual enterprise models of manufacturing systems, identifies the characteristics of each and the similarities and differences between them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266691
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    CALS: an enabling strategy for agile management systems (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 41-47 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: CALS (continuous acquisition and life-cycle support) strategy which originated in the American military in 1985 is widely embraced by many countries to build a digitized product life-cycle supporting environment for their industries. Given that an enterprise can find it easier to be agile through the implementation of the CALS strategy, it is apparent that CALS is an enabling strategy for an organization toward an agile management system. This paper discusses the key elements of the CALS strategy and derives the necessary tactics to tackle the application of the strategy. A practitioner can use the advice from this paper to implement an agile management system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266718
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    Agile value chains for manufacturing - implications for performance measures (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 76-82 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper will focus on the implications for value chain performance measures arising from the rapidly emerging requirement for agility both within individual business units and across sophisticated manufacturing value chains. Recent developments in the way companies are expected to respond to rapid and unpredictable change in the external environment have resulted in new paradigms for manufacturing which comprise a combination of leanness, agility and virtual enterprises. The primary focus of academic researchers has been in the area of determining how agility is attained in order that organisational structures can best be designed. However, the concept that "what you measure is what you get" is equally valid for virtual organisations as it has always been for stand-alone manufacturing businesses. This paper therefore discusses the requirements for new approaches to performance measures and raises some of the issues that need to be developed further in support of the concept of agility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910280893
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    Importance of employee involvement in world-class agile management systems (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 107-115 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper focuses on one major characteristic of a world-class agile management system, namely, employee involvement and human resources development. The paper provides a method of forming teams for the purpose of improving management systems in an agile environment. It demonstrates that such management systems are progressive and proactive in achieving their goals and objectives and cultivate close communication with their employees and customers. Agile management systems create "people oriented organizations" that highly value their customers and employees. In the paper, the strategic importance of communication and employee involvement for agile world-class management systems has been discussed. Also, a model for employee involvement for agile management systems has been discussed. The paper concludes that the driving force behind employee involvement and human resource development in agile management systems is good communication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910280938
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    Object based information modeling of CIM systems (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 138-150 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with a systematic approach for deriving an object based information model for CIM systems. Owing to the complex nature of CIM environment it is often difficult to identify data structures and functionality of such a system. An object based modeling methodology is presented, along with clustering based procedure for deriving a static structure model from functional requirements. Performance measures for evaluating the "quality" of the derived model are presented and discussed. A sample manufacturing application is provided in order to illustrate the approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910296508
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    Competitive benchmarking in the air cargo industry: Part III (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 302-309 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This is the last of a series of three papers discussing a benchmarking project related to the air cargo freight industry. This paper builds on the analysis covered in the second part, by discussing the gaps between various competitors and highlighting the practices that give respective competitors a key advantage in each of the specific areas scrutinised. Considers the areas of leadership, strategic quality planning, human resources management and development, process management, quality results and customer satisfaction. Notes that most organizations studied have put service at the forefront of their competitive approaches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910297406
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    Comparing American and British practices in AMT adoption (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 310-324 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper compares AMT adoption practices in large American and British companies, investigating their motives, size and nature of their investments, planning processes, fit between AMT and strategy, functional areas involved, nature of financial techniques employed and the anticipated benefits, risks and difficulties. Data collected from 93 large American companies and 67 British companies is used for this comparison. The results show that American and British companies invest in AMT for similar reasons, however, there are differences identified in terms of the nature and size of investments and the AMT planning process. American companies are more sophisticated in their evaluation of AMT proposals and place greater importance on many of the expected benefits of AMT than do British companies. In American companies there is more involvement in AMT adoption from managers in different functional areas than is the case in British companies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910297415
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    Benchmarking health and safety performance through company safety competitions (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 325-337 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A case study is described in which an audit programme was developed as a measure of health and safety performance. The audit programme was implemented as a safety competition in a UK water utility over a period of three years with the results also used for benchmarking the company's health and safety management system. The audit programme, which was based on the Health and Safety Executive's guidance for effective health and safety management, was used to assess; how well health and safety management was understood; how well health and safety procedures were implemented; and accident frequency rates within the company. An important aspect of the audit programme was the inclusion of managers, supervisors, operators and examples of all operational activities in the assessment process. Weaknesses in the company's health and safety management performance, which were identified in the benchmarking exercise, are discussed.
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    The role of benchmarking within the cultural reform journey of an award-winning Australian local authority (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 338-349 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Wollongong City Council in New South Wales, Australia, won the Australian Quality Award in 1997 and the Australian Customer Service Award in 1998, the first local council to receive such awards. This article presents a case history of the cultural reform journey of the council since 1990, in particular the role played by benchmarking within a wider quality-oriented programme. The article traces the evolutionary nature of the reform agenda over this period and shows that benchmarking has been introduced at the council in three stages as an integral part of an evolving and maturing culture based on corporate planning, quality, and performance management: stage 1 (process mapping and improvement), stage 2 (process benchmarking), and stage 3 (cost benchmarking). The article concludes by setting out a number of lessons based on the Wollongong experience for the introduction and use of benchmarking as part of a quality-oriented cultural change programme.
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    Application of lean production and agile manufacturing concepts in a telecommunications environment (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 14-17 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Agile manufacturing, a strategy developed from lean production methods, is aimed at providing companies with the capabilities to succeed in the twenty-first century, serving ever more sophisticated customer demand. In this paper, the application of this strategy, originally developed for manufacturing industry, is described in a telecommunications context. Examples of ways in which it is being used in BT are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266664
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    Strategies for enhancing agility of make-to-order manufacturing systems (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 23-29 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper relates to make-to-order (MTO) manufacturing environment. Initially, the various issues of concern and problems encountered in relation to typical MTO systems are presented to emphasize why agility is required in such systems. The need to have better performance measures is discussed. How some of the problems related to typical MTO systems were dealt with in the past is discussed, by highlighting the salient features of some selected contributions made towards enhancing agility in MTO systems. An outline of the system presently being developed by the author for concurrent and integrated management of MTO manufacturing organisations, which is conceived mainly as an agile management system for MTO environment, is also presented.
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    Enterprise agility: a view from the PRISM lab (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 51-60 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The agility of enterprises is analyzed in this article from two perspectives: business and organizational agility, and operational and logistics agility. Because of the powerful support of information technologies, mainly AI and networking, companies can seek collaborators to accomplish complex customers' requirements without investing to expand their own capacity. The emerging alliances of enterprises are virtually formed for various customers' and markets' needs. This concept sustains business and organizational agility. In terms of operational and logistics agility, this article suggests that the connection between the autonomy functions and agility requires further study. Our research has proposed that error detection and recovery, and conflict resolution are two significant functions of operational and logistics agility, and determine the expected benefits from the business and organizational agility. The link between a given enterprise flexibility and agility is also analyzed.
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    Applications of QFD within a concurrent engineering environment (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 88-98 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Companies needing to establish competitive advantage must ensure their products are brought to market quickly, with the quality features sought by potential customers. Concurrent Engineering techniques can reduce time scales, but quality issues are more difficult, as customers' needs are not readily available to the project team throughout the design process, so design effort may focus on satisfying a functional specification, imperfectly translated from customer requirements, rather than on satisfying the real customer needs as perceived in the market. The research reported here demonstrates how a Concurrent Engineering environment and Quality Function Deployment techniques can be brought together to provide an extended design team with valuable, shared information throughout the design process.
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    Difficulties arising from dysfunctional information systems in manufacturing SMEs - case studies (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 116-126 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The necessity of maintaining optimal operations and becoming an agile and responsive enterprise is becoming increasingly important to survive in the global market. Consequently, all resources in the companies need to be effectively marshalled. Traditionally SMEs have concentrated on the 4Ms ± money, materials, machine and manpower but have often neglected the effective management of information, which many authors suggest is at the heart of any agile organisation. The effect is inadequate or fragmented information systems (IS) that do not address the demands of operational or the wider strategic needs of the company. The study reported here examines the diversities of problems that occur in three different companies and, compares their systems to the ideals of agile manufacturing.
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    A control framework to support responsive manufacturing (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 159-168 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with reducing the barriers imposed on the flexibility and responsiveness of automated manufacturing systems by current control software technology. The general question that is addressed by this research is, how can insights be gained from the manufacturing system that can assist the control system in meeting this goal of responsive behavior? The approach that is taken is to investigate appropriate means of integrating available manufacturing system information into the control system. A framework for integrating status information to control an automated assembly line is introduced that combines both transient information (e.g. station queue length) and steady-state information (e.g. station gradient estimates) obtained by observing the operation of the assembly line. It is shown that, through the use of an appropriately designed fuzzy-logic controller (FLC), the combined information results in flow time performance superior to that achieved using the transient or steady-state measures individually.
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    The viable business structure for managing agility (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 190-199 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper shares the conclusions of the authors with respect to a comparison of Beer's viable systems model (VSM) and modern business process thinking. These conclusions have been arrived at as a result of extensive empirical research over the past five years. Modern business process thinking and the VSM provides the foundations for a viable business structure which maximises opportunities for managing agility. The paper provides a brief background to the research and explains VSM and modern business process thinking. It then goes on to demonstrate how VSM and modern business process thinking combine to provide a powerful structure for planning and managing today's modern organisation in an uncertain and dynamic environment. In developing the theorythe paper also provides empirical evidence to support and demonstrate the application of the theory. The paper concludes with a summary of key messages and lessons learned.
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    Agile manufacturing in the aerospace industry: an industrial viewpoint (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Considers how far the aerospace industry has travelled on the long journey towards lean and agile manufacturing. Starts by comparing the industry with a well-established model of a lean and in some cases agile manufacturing system already well established in the automotive manufacturing industry. Makes some attempts to overcome the difference in output volume of the two industries. Asks whether lean manufacturing can be applied to the aerospace industry. Draws on observations made both by academics and during visits to aerospace supply companies. Evidence is put forward as to deployment of lean practices in the industry and why lean manufacturing must be deployed throughout the industry. Focuses on the tentative steps towards the first phases of agile manufacturing, through Lean production, in an industry that produces a high technology leading-edge product using outdated manufacturing systems.
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    Benchmarking for spare parts logistics (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 22-45 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This article shows the use of benchmarking for the spare parts logistics in the German mechanical industry (investment goods or capital goods). After pointing out the areas of benchmarking application, the use of total function deployment (TFD) for the evaluation of benchmarking metrics is explained. With TFD customer requirements on spare parts supply and the process structure of spare parts logistics are brought together in quality matrices, which are the bases for the metrics derivation. The last paragraph contains the results of a survey in the German mechanical industry. Concrete values of benchmarking metrics from the questioned companies, belonging to metrics on delivery service, costs of logistics and on materials management, are given. All theoretical and empirical results are drawn from a research project conducted in the Institute of Business Administration/Department of Business Management at Darmstadt University of Technology.
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    Benchmarking quality management: How does it apply to the university alumni office? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 40-59 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the extent to which Australian university alumni offices currently apply benchmarking principles. Not surprisingly, there is considerable diversity in the way that the offices measure, evaluate, and progress their operations. Benchmarking has been adopted by only half of the respondents to a survey of management practices. To some extent, the differences reflect differences in alumni officers' perceptions of the primacy of various customer groups, and the extent to which the top echelons of the universities advocate quality management practices. Resource constraints and concerns about meeting target performance measures are key deterrents to the adoption of benchmarking. Those associations that adopt benchmarking out-perform those that do not on the following dimensions: commitment to quality management practices; communication with employees; continuous improvement, emphasis on customer satisfaction; and participative management. Organisations that have adopted quality management principles vary according to how they implement benchmarking, including the types of benchmarking partners adopted.
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    Value stream mapping: A distribution industry application (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 60-77 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the application of a new variant of process benchmarking called value stream mapping to the development of a supplier network around a prominent distributor of electronic, electrical and mechanical components. This involved mapping the activities of the firm, identifying opportunities for improvement and then undertaking with the firm an improvement programme. The resulting supplier association programme involved around 50 key suppliers across eight product category areas. The paper explores the different methods employed together with the support structure that was created. It concludes with evidence of the early results of the programmes as well as a number of key learning points for other organisations wishing to follow a similar path.
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    Quality management in Australian service industries (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 107-125 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Reports the results of a survey of quality management practices (QMP) in Australian service companies. Although service industries are much more important contributors to GNP and employment than manufacturing industries, most quality management literature is oriented toward manufacturing. We review relevant parts of that literature, especially that on QMP, and propose a definition of this concept. Provides basic information on the use of QMP in Australian service industries such as what QM practices are used, what training is undertaken, attitudes to QMP and impediments to its adoption. We draw conclusions and suggest areas of potential improvement. The most interesting findings are that, first, although 94 per cent of the companies used at least one QM practice, there is no link between the use of QMP and company size or success, second, most companies are progressive in their dealings with suppliers and customers and, third, view training positively.
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    The competitive analysis model: A new approach to strategic development for small businesses (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 125-148 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The economic contribution that small firms make is being increasingly recognised. Consequently robust strategic benchmarks for small firms must be extremely valuable not just for the firms themselves but also for the wider economic community. The Competitive Analysis Model (CAM) is a new approach to the strategic benchmarking of small firms. Currently this model comprises 893 firms on which are held 320 separate data items. These data items are used to provide individual firm reports so that participating firms can benchmark their performance in terms of measures such as: growth rates, internal performance measures, external performance measures and strategic priorities. The benchmarks are provided in two major manners: sectoral comparisons so that a firm can benchmark its performance with others of a similar size in the same industry sub-sector and cross-sectional comparisons so that a firm can benchmark its performance with others of similar size irrespective of the industry in which they operate. This article describes the operation of CAM and illustrates its operations through a typical CAM report.
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    A study of successful quality improvement programs in the transportation industry (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 147-163 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This article presents the findings of a comprehensive, exploratory survey concerning transportation quality improvement programs. Various quality improvement program dimensions were compared among two groups of respondents: those who experienced market share increases or cost decreases associated with the quality programs, and those who did not. The survey examined firms' general focus on quality and customers, the use and design of formal quality improvement programs, and the success and current status of these programs. A number of significant quality program differences were found when comparing the two groups, including differences in top management support, benchmarking practices, customer interaction, and program design elements.
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    Benchmarking unveils emerging knowledge management strategies (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 202-211 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Based on the findings of a large-scale benchmarking study, this article highlights the strategies employed by best-practice organizations to identify, capture, and leverage knowledge. Supported by case study examples from several companies, descriptions of six emerging knowledge management strategies discovered during the benchmarking process are provided. The article reveals how organizations seek to incorporate various knowledge management approaches into their business and sheds light on the changing nature of knowledge management in general.
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    Competitive benchmarking in the air cargo industry: Part I (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 164-191 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This is the first of a series of three papers discussing a major benchmarking initiative in the air cargo freight industry sector. The project itself focused on nine major competitors in the cargo industry and included organisations known to be leaders in the areas of service excellence. The methodology used for establishing comparisons was an adaptation of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) (1996 version). A questionnaire was used with prompts covering various areas of quality management, people involvement in continuous improvement, service excellence aspects, customer focus and satisfaction aspects and finally business and operational performance aspects. Paper 1 discusses the changes that are taking place in the air cargo freight industry and sets the scene by presenting profiles of all of the competitors used in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910269768
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    Tools and supporting techniques for design quality (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 212-219 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Rising interest in quality has determined a tangible revision of a new product's design and a great development of tools for supporting it. The present paper is an attempt at systematization of the proposed techniques and methodologies. The analysis is managed with reference to a multidimensional frame (technological and economic-organizational) in which a design of a new product may be considered. Considers four areas relating to aspects such as new design start-up and detailed design activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910245115
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    Benchmarking manufacturing practice using the product life cycle (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 239-253 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The dynamic nature of today's global marketplace places a premium on a firm's ability to anticipate and to respond to customer needs as well as changing competitive pressures. Within this environment, developing a successful manufacturing strategy can be critical to the firm's long-term competitive success. This paper looks at the potential for using the product life cycle (PLC) as a strategic anchor in the manufacturing strategy planning process. Results of an empirical study that investigated the fit of 44 manufacturing techniques across the PLC stage are presented. The implementation status and impact of the various manufacturing techniques is also considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910288523
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    Software benchmarks using function point analysis (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 269-276 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The alternative to using source lines of code (SLOC) for costing software projects is to use function points. Functional point analysis (FPA), which was first introduced in 1979, has now been widely accepted as the industry standard for estimating software size and costs. International standard bodies like the International Function Point Users' Group (IFPUG) has been maintaining a repository of data based on projects that were drawn from 14 countries in North America, Europe and Asia/Australasia. This paper presents the results of the analysis that was performed on these data together with recommendations such as benchmarks for software projects. Project measures such as functional size, work effort, project delivery rate, speed of delivery and project duration were analysed using the statistical package, Systat. Apart from project duration, all distributions were log-normal, thus suggesting that the results can be used for software benchmarking. Regression analysis on the data further identified correlation of functional size with other project measures that can be used as a basis for planning and estimating software projects. Further work on the repository involves other project measures such as team size and software defects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910288532
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    Integrating benchmarking and poor quality cost measurement for assisting the quality management work (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 6 (1999), S. 291-301 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The two quality management concepts of benchmarking and poor quality cost measurement have been developed completely separate from each other and without any interaction between them. Both have also experienced some shortcomings that to some extent have limited their use and results. This paper explores these shortcomings and demonstrates how benchmarking and poor quality cost measurement in some ways are similar and in other ways complement each others' weaknesses. An integrated framework that combines the two concepts into a powerful approach for assisting an organization's quality management work is presented. Different points of intersection between the two concepts in this integrated framework are discussed, and it is demonstrated how they support and enhance each other. Such enhancements occur throughout all phases of the benchmarking process, while benchmarking provides an extra dimension to the use of the poor quality cost measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779910288541
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    Research agenda for agile manufacturing (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 37-40 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Manufacturing agility can be defined as the ability to closely align manufacturing enterprise systems to changing business needs to achieve competitive performance. Agility has therefore three fundamental dimensions: organisation, technology and human, in addition to financial aspects. The paper discusses organisation, technological and human aspects of agility with respect to product design, manufacturing system design and innovation management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266709
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    Integrated clusters - the future basis of competition (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As manufacturing becomes a truly global affair, the basis of competition will switch from individual companies and their supply chains to regional clusters. Large multi-nationals can relocate operations to any part of the world, with significant impact on the regions into and out of which they move. This will introduce new considerations for managers seeking to achieve agile manufacture. In particular, they must recognise the interdependence of all the stakeholders in the economic infrastructure of their part of the world. This contribution discusses the nature of clusters giving some examples. It comments on the role of governmental agencies in economic development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910266727
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    Factory on demand: the shaping of an agile production network (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The competitive advantage in manufacturing has shifted from the mass production paradigm to the one that is based on fast-responsiveness and flexibility. A worldwide wave of industrial restructuring and the re-emergence of "small firms" have paved ways for the evolution of dispersed manufacturing networks in various degrees of complexity. With the rapid advances in internet technology, the emerging Factory-on-Demand mode of electronic production will create a greater opportunity for both producers and customers in the co-creation of products and markets. Such a change will have far-reaching implications in production practice beyond that of mass customization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910280901
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    Network design in supply chain management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 99-106 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The distribution function in a supply chain is an important internal service function for any firm, and has been increasingly recognized as playing a strategic role in achieving competitive advantage. This paper proposes improving the distribution function of the supply chain by employing hub-and-spoke network designs. Such designs have proven to be effective with third party logistics carriers such as Federal Express, UPS, Norfolk Southern, and Yellow Freight. Several models and heuristic solution techniques have been introduced in the literature in the past ten years. However, the performance of such heuristics, under different transportation environments, has not been examined. This paper acts as a first step in this direction. The performance of two heuristics to solve a hub-and-spoke network is compared against the performance of an optimal technique, for various configurations of data. With the results of this study, business managers can, by analyzing the structure of their data, assess the "risk" associated with applying one of the two heuristics. Heuristic developers can also exploit the results of this study to give them insight into areas where heuristics can be developed or strengthened in order to give rise to more robust heuristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910280929
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    Exploring inter-organisational systems and flexibility in Ireland: a case of two value chains (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of agile management systems 1 (1999), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 1465-4652
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper explores the use of inter-organisational systems (IOS) and the impact they have on flexibility. The experiences of ten organisations that constitute two value chains enrich and extend previous survey findings. The paper first defines flexibility, arguing that it has four dimensions: temporal, range, intention and focus. It then investigates inter-organisational systems, assessing how they impact on organisational flexibility. The paper also demonstrates how the case firms perceive flexibility. Next the types of IOS used are outlined, followed by a discussion on how IOS technology affects flexibility. An analysis of the impact of IOS on the flexibility of the complete value chain is presented and conclusions drawn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14654659910296544
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    Information technology: opportunities for maintenance management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 9-24 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The information revolution and its impact on businesses, academic life and everyday life is still receiving much attention at conferences, in business publications and academic journals. This paper addresses some important opportunities created by the information technology (r)evolution for maintenance management. It also indicates how IT is already actively used in a number of normal working situations and points to possible new uses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910257032
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    The use of an analytical hierarchy process in pavement maintenance priority ranking (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 25-39 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the use of an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in determining the rational weights of importance of pavement maintenance priority ranking factors. These weights were obtained by capturing the local people's perception towards this vital part of the pavement management system (PMS). In this regard, different groups of individuals were asked to estimate the weight of importance in pavement maintenance of different factors for ranking pavement sections. These factors were road class, pavement condition, operating traffic, riding quality, safety condition, maintenance cost, and the overall importance of the road section to the community. The AHP method of pair-wise comparison was employed to get the factor weights, which were compared with the weights obtained from the direct assignment method. It was concluded that the two methods were statistically similar which confirms that the results of the direct assignment method can be used safely with a sound reliability and consistency. This conclusion comes from the fact that the AHP method has a high reputation and applications, and it uses a high-precision technique for obtaining the weights (priorities) of alternatives or items. Priority factor weights were used in developing a pavement maintenance priority ranking procedure for a road network. This procedure was validated by real case studies, and found to be logically and efficiently able to handle the ranking of a huge number of pavement sections for maintenance and repair.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910257041
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    Analysis of repairable system failure data using time series models (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 50-61 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Repairable system reliability analysis is very important to industry and, for complex systems, replacing a failed component is the most commonly used corrective maintenance action as it is an inexpensive way to restore the system to its functional state. However, failure data analysis for repairable system is not an easy task and usually a number of assumptions which are difficult to validate have to be made. Despite the fact that time series models have the advantage of few such assumptions and they have been successfully applied in areas such as chemical processes, manufacturing and economics forecasting, its use in the field of reliability prediction has not been that widespread. In this paper, we examine the usefulness of this powerful technique in predicting system failures. Time series models are statistically and theoretically sound in their foundation and no postulation of models is required when analysing failure data. Illustrative examples using actual data are presented. Comparison with the traditional Duane model, which is commonly used for repairable system, is also discussed. The time series method gives satisfactory results in terms of its predictive performance and hence can be a viable alternative to the Duane model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910257069
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    Use mathematical modeling to give your TPM implementation effort an extra boost (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 62-69 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Total productive maintenance, or TPM, represents a major shift in the way an organization approaches the maintenance function and implementation typically requires a significant change in organizational culture. Most references on TPM suggest a variety of ways to promote this cultural change, including top management support, training and changes in reward systems. Despite these efforts, many organizations still find it difficult to create the necessary change in culture. This paper proposes an additional means to help bring about the cultural change necessary to make TPM work: mathematical modeling. Using examples of four mathematical models in the maintenance field, the paper describes how such models might be used to promote this cultural change by making the potential benefits of TPM more tangible and objective to employees and by improving employees' understanding of how their involvement in TPM can affect the organization and its customers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910257078
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    A cost model for condition based overhaul/replacement (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 102-114 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The paper presents a methodology to utilise available information from condition monitoring systems. Before a new approach to determine optimal time for overhaul/replacement is introduced, a brief review of existing mathematical models for this purpose is presented. Unlike the usual approach of looking at failure rates and life time distributions, the focus is put on extracting information from models of continuous-time deterioration processes. Defining a finite number of condition levels of the system, the continuous-time deterioration process is described by a condition transition probability matrix. All input data are modelled as a function of time or system status. We have also the flexibility to include cyclic variation as for example changes in production demand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910271801
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    Profit analysis of a system with mutual changeover of units and correlated failures and repairs (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 128-140 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Profit analysis of a two non-identical unit cold standby system model with mutual changeover of the units is carried out in this paper. With mutual changeover of the unit, the operating unit, after functioning for some random amount of time, becomes standby to take rest, and the standby unit becomes operative. The failure and repair times of each unit are jointly distributed as bivariate exponential (BVE) with different parameters. Various measures of system effectiveness useful to system engineers and designers are obtained by using the regenerative point technique. Behaviour of the mean time to system failure (MTSF) and availability have also been studied graphically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910271829
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    Case study: RCM - yes, no or maybe? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 182-192 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The basic research question of this paper is how to determine the optimum maintenance concept for an industrial installation in a practical, i.e. with a reasonable input effort, way. The paper starts out with a critical review of maintenance concepts available from literature. These concepts are considered for use in a specific case, i.e. a paint spraying robot in an automobile manufacturing plant, and it is decided to implement a RCM-like approach. The original RCM concept is modified in order to better fit the specific needs in terms of technical and organizational requirements of the company in question. The paper concludes with some general thoughts on the applicability of such an RCM-like concept for the company in question.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910282638
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    Optimizing condition-based maintenance decisions for equipment subject to vibration monitoring (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 192-202 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The paper reports the development of an optimal maintenance program based on vibration monitoring of critical bearings on machinery in the food processing industry. Statistical analysis of vibration data is undertaken using the software package EXAKT to establish the key vibration signals that are necessary for risk estimation. Once the risk curve is identified using a proportional hazards model, cost data are then blended with risk to identify the optimal maintenance program. The structure of the decision making software EXAKT is also presented. Concludes that perhaps the most important benefit of the study was the realization by maintenance management that it is possible to identify key measurements for examination at the time of vibration monitoring - thus possibly saving on inspection costs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910282647
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    Age-based opportunity maintenance (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 221-235 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Suggests new ways to construct and update preventive schedules for a complex system by making better use of system failure down time to do preventive work without further productive loss. The methodology is based on age renewal but necessarily approximate. However, it includes the recursive effects of maintenance on system MTBF, and of opportunities insufficient to prevent system deterioration. Opportunity maintenance theoretically self-adjusts; if insufficient opportunities arise, average lateness increases, and failures increase until a balance is achieved, but minimum conditions exist for a given age renewal schedule, and the natural balance may not be economically optimal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910282674
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    An object-oriented decision support system for maintenance management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 248-257 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: As the world approaches a new millennium, more and more industrial and manufacturing processes are being computerized and rapid retrieval and use of necessary information is vital if an organization is to remain competitive. The present work develops a computerized decision support system to assist in maintenance planning. The system design and analysis, and the decision support system design and development are all developed in an object-oriented environment. The support system is driven by maintenance performance indices. Both object-oriented databases and relational databases are used, for transient and permanent entities respectively. A knowledge base with if-then rules is developed for fault diagnosis and repair. The methodology was applied to a powder coating plant to develop its maintenance decision support system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910282719
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    Searching for real maintenance performance measures (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 5 (1999), S. 258-275 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Performance measurement remains a complex issue. This is particularly so if some absolute measure of performance is sought. A definition of performance in terms of value is restated and further developed. Reacting to this strict definition, the systems audit approach to measuring performance is developed and its use illustrated. Concludes that the absolute definition of maintenance performance, in terms of changes in value, presents difficult practical problems. Notes that a systems audit approach to performance measurement can potentially overcome some of these problems while preserving the focus on both business outcomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519910282728
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    A simulation of crystallinity gradients developed in slowly crystallizing injection molded polymers via parallel splitting (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 16 (1999), S. 892-912 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) flow model is used to approximate the crystallinity gradients of slowly crystallizing polymers developed in the injection molding process. A generalized second order parallel splitting formula is constructed to achieve both the accuracy and efficiency of the computation. Calculated values of flow-wise (flow-thickness plane) and width-wise (width-thickness plane) crystallinity distributions are obtained and compared with experimental results. The structure-oriented simulation method developed is not only capable of describing moldability parameters, but is also able to predict the characteristics of ultimate properties of the final products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910304167
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    An integrated software environment for multi-disciplinary computational engineering (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 16 (1999), S. 913-934 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As computer simulation increasingly supports engineering design and manufacture, the requirement for a computer software environment providing an integration platform for computational engineering software increases. The potential benefits to industry are considerable. As a first step in the long-term development of such a system, a computer software environment has been developed for pre- and post-processing for unstructured grid-based computational simulation. Arbitrary computer application software can be integrated into the environment to provide a multi-disciplinary engineering analysis capability within one unified computational framework. Recognising the computational demands of many application areas, the environment includes a set of parallel tools to help the user maximise the potential of high performance computers and networks. The paper will present details of the environment and include an example of, and discussion about, the integration of application software.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910304176
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    Object oriented programming via Fortran 90 (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 16 (1999), S. 26-48 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: There is a widely available object oriented (OO) programming language that is usually overlooked in the OO analysis, OO design, OO programming literature. It was designed with most of the features of languages like C++, Eiffel, and Smalltalk. It has extensive and efficient numerical abilities including concise array and matrix handling, like Matlab®. In addition, it is readily extended to massively parallel machines and is backed by an international ISO and ANSI standard. The language is Fortran 90 (and Fortran 95). When the explosion of books and articles on OOP began appearing in the early 1990s many of them correctly disparaged Fortran 77 (F77) for its lack of object oriented abilities and data structures. However, then and now many authors fail to realize that the then new Fortran 90 (F90) standard established a well-planned object oriented programming language while maintaining a full backward compatibility with the old F77 standard. F90 offers strong typing, encapsulation, inheritance, multiple inheritance, polymorphism, and other features important to object oriented programming. This paper will illustrate several of these features that are important to engineering computation using OOP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910251210
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    Performance of low-order triangular elements during plastic flow (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 16 (1999), S. 70-87 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: An important characteristic of many soil models is a volume change during plastic flow. In computations, this plastic volume change is expressed via a kinematic constraint on the possible deformations. Due to this constraint the plane-strain three-noded triangular element exhibits locking when plastic deformations occur, under dilatant, contractant and isochoric conditions. It is demonstrated that using the method of enhanced assumed strains by Simol this locking cannot be remedied. For six-noded wedges and four-noded and five-noded pyramids the same conclusion is obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910251283
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    Design optimisation of a semi-solid tyre using response surface approximations (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 16 (1999), S. 165-184 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A general approach for the construction of global approximations to structural behaviour using response surface methodology is presented. The computation and use of these approximations are demonstrated using a semi-solid tyre example. The use of these global approximations to the responses made it viable to utilise the capabilities of non-linear analysis software in design optimisation. The insight gained from a preliminary low fidelity model was utilized in a two-stage approach to achieve the maximum benefit from a more expensive high fidelity model. The resulting high-accuracy approximations greatly reduced the cost of subsequent design calculations such as multidisciplinary and discrete optimisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910257449
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    A numerical study of pore-fluid, thermal and mass flow in fluid-saturated porous rock basins (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 16 (1999), S. 202-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: We present a numerical methodology for the study of convective pore-fluid, thermal and mass flow in fluid-saturated porous rock basins. In particular, we investigate the occurrence and distribution pattern of temperature gradient driven convective pore-fluid flow and hydrocarbon transport in the Australian North West Shelf basin. The related numerical results have demonstrated that: (1) The finite element method combined with the progressive asymptotic approach procedure is a useful tool for dealing with temperature gradient driven pore-fluid flow and mass transport in fluid-saturated hydrothermal basins; (2) Convective pore-fluid flow generally becomes focused in more permeable layers, especially when the layers are thick enough to accommodate the appropriate convective cells; (3) Large dislocation of strata has a significant influence on the distribution patterns of convective pore-fluid flow, thermal flow and hydrocarbon transport in the North West Shelf basin; (4) As a direct consequence of the formation of convective pore-fluid cells, the hydrocarbon concentration is highly localized in the range bounded by two major faults in the basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409910257467
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