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  • 1
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    Residence time of diffuse waves in the crust as a physical interpretation of coda Q: application to seismograms recorded in Mexico (1999)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Kunming, China, 3-4, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 343-352, pp. 2276, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Quality factor ; Scattering ; Seismology ; GJI ; coda, ; Diffusion ; diffusion, ; multiple ; scattering, ; Q ; Wave propagation ; spherical ; Shear waves ; Velocity depth profile ; radiative ; transfer ; Tiggelen ; SRICHWALSKI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Review of historical monitoring data on Techa River contamination (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Mayak Production Association was the first Russian site for the production and separation of plutonium. The extensive increase in plutonium production during 1948-1955, as well as the absence of reliable waste-management technology, resulted in significant releases of liquid radioactive effluent into the rather small Techa River. This resulted in chronic external and internal exposure of about 30,000 residents of riverside communities; these residents form the cohort of an epidemiologic investigation. Analysis of the available historical monitoring data indicates that the following reliable data sets can be used for reconstruction of doses received during the early periods of operation of the Mayak Production Association: Temporal pattern of specific beta activity of river water for several sites in the upper Techa region since July 1951; average annual values of specific beta activity of river water and bottom sediments as a function of downstream distance for the whole river since 1951; external gamma-exposure rates near the shoreline as a function of downstream distance for the whole Techa River since 1952; and external gamma-exposure rate as a function of distance from the shoreline for several sites in the upper and middle Techa since 1951.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Health physics (ISSN 0017-9078); Volume 76; 6; 605-18
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Analysis of strontium metabolism in humans on the basis of the Techa river data (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Age and sex features of strontium metabolism have been analyzed on studies of the population residing on the banks of the Techa river which was contaminated by fission products during the years 1949-1956. Measurements of 90Sr body burden have been performed since 1974 using a whole-body counter, and these have made it possible to estimate age-specific long-term retention and elimination rates for men and women. Regarding the retention that correlated with the respective maturation ages, distinct sex differences have been observed for adolescents, whereas only postmenopausal women showed a sharp increase of their elimination rates. There were no differences concerning the reproductive ages. Our experimental findings have a clear physiological interpretation and can be used to develop metabolic models for bone-seeking radionuclides.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Radiation and environmental biophysics (ISSN 0301-634X); Volume 36; 1; 25-9
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Diode laser absorption sensors for gas-dynamic and combustion flows (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent advances in room-temperature, near-IR and visible diode laser sources for tele-communication, high-speed computer networks, and optical data storage applications are enabling a new generation of gas-dynamic and combustion-flow sensors based on laser absorption spectroscopy. In addition to conventional species concentration and density measurements, spectroscopic techniques for temperature, velocity, pressure and mass flux have been demonstrated in laboratory, industrial and technical flows. Combined with fibreoptic distribution networks and ultrasensitive detection strategies, compact and portable sensors are now appearing for a variety of applications. In many cases, the superior spectroscopic quality of the new laser sources compared with earlier cryogenic, mid-IR devices is allowing increased sensitivity of trace species measurements, high-precision spectroscopy of major gas constituents, and stable, autonomous measurement systems. The purpose of this article is to review recent progress in this field and suggest likely directions for future research and development. The various laser-source technologies are briefly reviewed as they relate to sensor applications. Basic theory for laser absorption measurements of gas-dynamic properties is reviewed and special detection strategies for the weak near-IR and visible absorption spectra are described. Typical sensor configurations are described and compared for various application scenarios, ranging from laboratory research to automated field and airborne packages. Recent applications of gas-dynamic sensors for air flows and fluxes of trace atmospheric species are presented. Applications of gas-dynamic and combustion sensors to research and development of high-speed flows aeropropulsion engines, and combustion emissions monitoring are presented in detail, along with emerging flow control systems based on these new sensors. Finally, technology in nonlinear frequency conversion, UV laser materials, room-temperature mid-IR materials and broadly tunable multisection devices is reviewed to suggest new sensor possibilities.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Measurement science & technology (ISSN 0957-0233); Volume 9; 4; 545-62
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Estimation of polar stratospheric cloud infrared extinction climatology using visible satellite observations (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's) provide surfaces for heterogeneous processes which can dramatically alter the normal partitioning of odd nitrogen and chlorine families in the winter polar stratospheres, setting up conditions for significant ozone depletion as manifested in the springtime Antarctic ozone hole. The spatial and temporal distribution of PSC's is important for parameterizing PSC occurrence in multidimensional photochemical models whose use is essential for fully understanding observed Antarctic ozone losses as well as for accessing the possibility of a similar phemonenon occurring in the future in the Arctic. The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM) 2 sensor, a single-channel (1mu m) photometer launched into a Sun-synchronous orbit aboard the Nimbus 7 satellite in October 1978, provided a unique database to establish the climatology of PSC's. Poole and Pitts (1994) used the record of high-latitude aerosol extinction obtained by SAM II from 1979-1989 to establish the climatology of PSC occurrences in the Arctic and Antarctic. Unfortunately, little information about PSC composition or type was detectable from the single-wavelength SAM II data.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: ; 108-110
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Simple model for the reconstruction of radionuclide concentrations and radiation exposures along the Techa River (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Techa River (Southern Urals, Russia) was contaminated in 1949-1956 by liquid radioactive wastes from the Mayak complex, the first Russian facility for the production of plutonium. The measurements of environmental contamination were started in 1951. A simple model describing radionuclide transport along the free-flowing river and the accumulation of radionuclides by bottom sediments is presented. This model successfully correlates the rates of radionuclide releases as reconstructed by the Mayak experts, hydrological data, and available environmental monitoring data for the early period of contamination (1949-1951). The model was developed to reconstruct doses for people who lived in the riverside communities during the period of the releases and who were chronically exposed to external and internal irradiation. The model fills the data gaps and permits reconstruction of external gamma-exposure rates in air on the river bank and radionuclide concentrations in river water used for drinking and other household needs in 1949-1951.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Health physics (ISSN 0017-9078); Volume 77; 2; 142-9
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Precision Cleaning Verification of Fluid Components by Air/Water Impingement and Total Carbon Analysis (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: NASA personnel at Kennedy Space Center's Material Science Laboratory have developed new environmentally sound precision cleaning and verification techniques for systems and components found at the center. This technology is required to replace existing methods traditionally employing CFC-113. The new patent-pending technique of precision cleaning verification is for large components of cryogenic fluid systems. These are stainless steel, sand cast valve bodies with internal surface areas ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 m(exp 2). Extrapolation of this technique to components of even larger sizes (by orders of magnitude) is planned. Currently, the verification process is completely manual. In the new technique, a high velocity, low volume water stream impacts the part to be verified. This process is referred to as Breathing Air/Water Impingement and forms the basis for the Impingement Verification System (IVS). The system is unique in that a gas stream is used to accelerate the water droplets to high speeds. Water is injected into the gas stream in a small, continuous amount. The air/water mixture is then passed through a converging-diverging nozzle where the gas is accelerated to supersonic velocities. These droplets impart sufficient energy to the precision cleaned surface to place non-volatile residue (NVR) contaminants into suspension in the water. The sample water is collected and its NVR level is determined by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis at 880 C. The TOC, in ppm carbon, is used to establish the NVR level. A correlation between the present gravimetric CFC-113 NVR and the IVS NVR is found from experimental sensitivity factors measured for various contaminants. The sensitivity has the units of ppm of carbon per mg-ft(exp 2) of contaminant. In this paper, the equipment is described and data are presented showing the development of the sensitivity factors from a test set including four NVR's impinged from witness plates of 0.05 to 0.75 m(exp 2).
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Environmentally Sound Processing Technology: JANNAF Safety and Environmental Protection Subcommittee and Propellant Development and Characterization Subcommittee Joint Workshop; 219-222; CPIA-Publ-626
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Development of CFC-Free Cleaning Processes at the NASA White Sands Test Facility (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) is developing cleaning and verification processes to replace currently used chlorofluorocarbon-113- (CFC-113-) based processes. The processes being evaluated include both aqueous- and solvent-based techniques. The presentation will include the findings of investigations of aqueous cleaning and verification processes that are based on a draft of a proposed NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) cleaning procedure. Verification testing with known contaminants, such as hydraulic fluid and commonly used oils, established correlations between nonvolatile residue and CFC-113. Recoveries ranged from 35 to 60 percent of theoretical. WSTF is also investigating enhancements to aqueous sampling for organics and particulates. Although aqueous alternatives have been identified for several processes, a need still exists for nonaqueous solvent cleaning, such as the cleaning and cleanliness verification of gauges used for oxygen service. The cleaning effectiveness of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), ethanol, hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225 (HCFC-225), tert-butylmethylether, and n-Hexane was evaluated using aerospace gauges and precision instruments and then compared to the cleaning effectiveness of CFC-113. Solvents considered for use in oxygen systems were also tested for oxygen compatibility using high-pressure oxygen autoignition and liquid oxygen mechanical impact testing.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Environmentally Sound Processing Technology: JANNAF Safety and Environmental Protection Subcommittee and Propellant Development and Characterization Subcommittee Joint Workshop; 59-65; CPIA-Publ-626
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Analysis of water from the Space Shuttle and Mir Space Station by ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Drinking water and condensate samples collected from the US Space Shuttle and the Russian Mir Space Station are analyzed routinely at the NASA-Johnson Space Center as part of an ongoing effort to verify water quality and monitor the environment of the spacecraft. Water quality monitoring is particularly important for the Mir water supply because approximately half of the water consumed is recovered from humidity condensate. Drinking water on Shuttle is derived from the fuel cells. Because there is little equipment on board the spacecraft for monitoring the water quality, samples collected by the crew are transported to Earth on Shuttle or Soyuz vehicles, and analyzed exhaustively. As part of the test battery, anions and cations are measured by ion chromatography, and carboxylates and amines by capillary electrophoresis. Analytical data from Shuttle water samples collected before and after several missions, and Mir condensate and potable recovered water samples representing several recent missions are presented and discussed. Results show that Shuttle water is of distilled quality, and Mir recovered water contains various levels of minerals imparted during the recovery processes as designed. Organic ions are rarely detected in potable water samples, but were present in humidity condensate samples.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Journal of chromatography. A; Volume 804; 1-2; 295-304
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Problem to Address: Local Air Quality (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: This presentation discusses the problem of local air quality as it is affected by modern aircraft engine exhaust and the objective of this workshop. It begins with a discussion on the nature and sources of particulates and aerosols. The problems, and the technical considerations of how to regulate the aircraft emissions, are reviewed. There is no local (i.e., state or county) regulations of the aircraft operations. Amongst the conclusions are: (1) there is an inadequate database of information regarding the emittants from aircrafts. (2) That data which does exist represents older engines and aircraft, it is not representative of the advanced and future fleet.
    Keywords: Environment Pollution
    Type: Workshop on Aerosols and Particulates from Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines; 21-44; NASA/CP-1999-208918
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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