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  • Articles  (13)
  • biofilm
  • Springer  (13)
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (13)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lectin-biotin assay for slime present inin situ biofilm produced byStaphylococcus epidermidis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 156-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: S. epidermidis ; biofilm ; slime ; lectin marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A lectin-biotin assay was developed for use in the specific detection of slime produced byStaphylococcus epidermidis RP62A and M187sp11 grown in a chemically defined medium. Mature biofilm was formed on polyvinylchloride (PVC) disks using a combined chemostat-modified Robbins device (MRD) model system. Specimens fixedin situ were: 1) stained with ruthenium red; 2) reacted overnight with biotin-labeled lectins (WGA, succinyl-WGA, Con A, or APA) followed by treatment with gold-labeled extravidin; or 3) reacted with antibodies againstS. epidermidis RP62A capsular polysaccharide/adhesin (PS/A) using an immunogold procedure. WGA and succinyl-WGA (S-WGA), which specifically bindN-acetylglucosamine, were shown by TEM to react only with slime, both cell-associated and exocellular. In contrast, Con A, APA and anti-PS/A reacted with the bacterial cell surface but did not react with slime. These results indicate the usefulness of WGA lectin as a specific marker for detection of the presence and distribution of slime matrix material inS. epidermidis biofilm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569820
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous ethanol production byZymomonas mobilis andSaccharomyces cerevisiae in biofilm reactors (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: ethanol ; biofilm ; plastic composite-supports ; Zymomonas ; Saccharomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous ethanol fermentations were performed in duplicate for 60 days withZymomonas mobilis ATCC 331821 orSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 24859 in packed-bed reactors with polypropylene or plastic composite-supports. The plastic composite-supports used contained polypropylene (75%) with ground soybean-hulls (20%) and zein (5%) forZ. mobilis, or with ground soybean-hulls (20%) and soybean flour (5%) forS. cerevisiae. Maximum ethanol productivities of 536 gL−1 h−1 (39% yield) and 499 gL−1 h−1 (37% yield) were obtained withZ. mobilis on polypropylene and plastic composite-supports of soybean hull-zein, respectively. ForZ. mobilis, and optimal yield of 50% was observed at a 1.92h−1 dilution rate for soybean hull-zein plastic composite-supports with a productivity of 96gL−1h−1, whereas with polypropylene-supports the yield was 32% and the productivity was 60gL−1h−1. With aS. cerevisiae fermentation, the ethanol production was less, with a maximum productivity of 76gL−1h−1 on the plastic composite-support at a 2.88h−1 dilution rate with a 45% yield. Polypropylene-support bioreactors were discontinued due to reactor plugging by the cell mass accumulation. Support shape (3-mm chips) was responsible for bioreactor plugging due to extensive biofilm development on the plastic composite-supports. With suspensionculture continuous fermentations in continuously-stirred benchtop fermentors, maximum productivities of 5gL−1h−1 were obtained with a yield of 24 and 26% withS. cerevisiae andZ. mobilis, respectively. Cell washout in suspensionculture continuous fermentations was observed at a 1.0h−1 dilution rate. Therefore, for continuous ethanol fermentations, biofilm reactors out-performed suspension-culture reactors, with 15 to 100-fold higher productivities (gL−1h−1) and with higher percentage yields forS. cerevisiae andZ. mobilis, respectively. Further research is needed with these novel supports to evaluate different support shapes and medium compositions that will permit medium flow, stimulate biofilm formation, reduce fermentation costs, and produce maximum yields and productivities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570029
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity in surface colonization behavior in marine bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 228-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: colonization ; biofilm ; diversity ; proximal vertical packing ; cell-cell interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using laminar flow chambers and time-lapse video imaging, colonization of surfaces by four marine bacteria revealed a diverse range of morphological characteristics and cell-cell interactions. The strain SW5 formed a compact, multilayered single- and double-cell biofilm on hydrophobic surfaces but developed long multicellular chains on hydrophilic surfaces. The morphologically similar SW8 showed unusual proximal vertical packing of cells on both substrata.Vibrio sp strain S14 exhibited cyclical colonization-detachment events on both substrata.Pseudomonas sp strain S9 initially displayed reversible and then irreversible adhesion apparently triggered by a cell density phenomenon that led to the development of regular microcolonies on both substrata with individual cells translocating between the colonies. The length of time bacteria were exposed to and their density at a surface influenced behavioral traits, with diverse and distinctive species-specific behavioral events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574697
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecies bacterial interactions in biofilms (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: bacteria ; interaction ; biofilm ; mixed-species ; community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Interactions among bacterial populations can have a profound influence on the structure and physiology of microbial communities. Interspecies microbial interactions begin to influence a biofilm during the initial stages of formation, bacterial attachment and surface colonization, and continue to influence the structure and physiology of the biofilm as it develops. Although the majority of research on bacterial interactions has utilized planktonic communities, the characteristics of biofilm growth (cell positions that are relatively stable and local areas of hindered diffusion) suggest that interspecies interactions may be more significant in biofilms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569978
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure, function and immunochemistry of bacterial exopolysaccharides (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: polysaccharides ; bacterial capsule ; biofilm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract There has been much written on bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) and their role in virulence. Less has been published regarding EPS in free living species. This review focuses on that subject, emphasizing their functions in the environment and the use of antibody probes to study them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569989
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dual fluorescence technique for visualization ofStaphylococcus epidermidis biofilm using scanning confocal laser microscopy (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 48-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Staphylococcus epidermidis ; biofilm ; laser scanning confocal microscopy ; slime ; lectin marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new dual fluorescence technique is described which, when combined with scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM), can be used to visualize the components of biofilm produced byStaphylococcus epidermidis. Chemostat cultures of RP62A (a well-characterized slime-producing strain ofS. epidermidis) were used to produce mature biofilm on polyvinylcholoride (PVC) disks immobilized in a modified Robbins device using a ‘seed’ and ‘feed’ model system. Serial horizontal and vertical optical thin sections, as well as three-dimensional computer reconstructions, were obtained onin situ biofilm using the dual fluorescence procedure. Bacteria were visualized by green autofluorescence excited at 488 nm with an Argon laser. Cell-associated and exocellular matrix material (slime) was visualized by red fluorescence excited at 568 nm with a Krypton laser after interaction of the biofilm with Texas Red-labeled wheat germ agglutinin which is a slime-specific lectin marker. Structural analysis revealed that the cocci grew in slime-embedded cell clusters forming distinct conical-shaped microcolonies. Interspersed open channels served to connect the bulk liquid with the deepest layers of the mature, hydrated biofilm which increased overall surface area and likely facilitated the exchange of nutrients and waste products throughout the biofilm. The combined dual fluorescence technique and SCLM is potentially useful as a specific noninvasive tool for studying the effect of antimicrobial agents on the process of biofilm formation and for the characterization of the architecture ofS. epidermidis biofilm formedin vivo andin vitro on medical grade virgin or modified inert polymer surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569921
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in sessile microflora during biofilm formation on AISI-304 stainless steel coupons (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 6-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biofilm ; cooling water ; microbiologically influenced corrosion ; microbial fouling ; stainless steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Coupons of stainless steel type AISI-304 were exposed to the industrial cooling system of a petrochemical plant fed by seawater from the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to study thein situ formation of biofilms. Bacteria, microalgae and fungi were detected on the coupons as soon as 48 h after exposure. Their respective numbers were determined at times 48, 96 and 192 h and over the following 8 weeks. Aerobic, anaerobic and sulfate-reducing bacteria were quantified according to the technique of the most probable number, and fungi by the pour plate technique. The number of microorganisms present in the forming biofilm varied over the experimental period, reaching maximal levels of 14×1011 cells cm−2, 30×1013 cells cm−2, 38×1011 cells cm−2 and 63×105 cells cm−2, respectively, for aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria and fungi, and the dynamics of this variation depended on the group of microorganisms.Bacillus sp,Escherichia coli, Serratia sp andPseudomonas putrefaciens were identified among the aerobic bacteria isolated. Additionally, microalgae and bacteria of the genusGallionella were also detected. Nonetheless, no evidence of corrosion was found on the stainless steel type AISI-304 coupons over the experimental period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570140
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dental plaque as a biofilm (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: dental plaque ; biofilm ; adhesion ; co-aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dental plaque is the diverse microbial community found on the tooth surface embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin. Once a tooth surface is cleaned, a conditioning film of proteins and glycoproteins is adsorbed rapidly to the tooth surface. Plaque formation involves the interaction between early bacterial colonisers and this film (the acquired enamel pellicle). To facilitate colonisation of the tooth surface, some receptors on salivary molecules are only exposed to bacteria once the molecule is adsorbed to a surface. Subsequently, secondary colonisers adhere to the already attached early colonisers (co-aggregation) through specific molecular interactions. These can involve protein-protein or carbohydrate-protein (lectin) interactions, and this process contributes to determining the pattern of bacterial succession. As the biofilm develops, gradients in biologically significant factors develop, and these permit the co-existence of species that would be incompatible with each other in a homogeneous environment. Dental plaque develops naturally, but it is also associated with two of the most prevalent diseases affecting industrialised societies (caries and periodontal diseases). Future strategies to control dental plaque will be targeted to interfering with the formation, structure and pattern of development of this biofilm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569822
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous nondestructive monitoring of microbial biofilms: A review of analytical techniques (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biofilm ; on-line monitoring ; nondestructive monitoring ; microscopy ; Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry ; bioluminescence ; microelectrode ; quartz crystal microbalance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A fundamental requirement for the understanding and control of biofilms is the continuous nondestructive monitoring of biofilm processes. This paper reviews research analytical techniques that monitor biofilm processes in a continuous nondestructive manner and that could also be modified for industrial applications. To be considered ‘continuous’ and ‘nondestructive’ for the purpose of this review a technique must: (a) function in an aqueous system; (b) not require sample removal; (c) minimize signal from organisms or contaminants in the bulk phase; and (d) provide real-time data. Various microscopic, spectrochemical, electrochemical, and piezoelectrical analysis methods fulfill these criteria. These techniques monitor the formation of biofilms, the physiology of the microorganisms within biofilms, and/or the interaction of the biofilms with their environment. It is hoped that this review will stimulate development and use of biofilm monitoring techniques in industrial and environmental settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569979
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and chemical characterization of the polysaccharide capsule of the marine bacterium,Hyphomonas strain MHS-3 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: polysaccharides ; bacterial capsule ; adhesion ; biofilm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Hyphomonas MHS-3 is a biphasic, marine bacterium that synthesizes an exopolysaccharide (EPS) capsule, which has a role in attaching the adherent, prosthecate developmental stages to solid substrata. To correlate structure with function, we characterized this integral EPS. It has a relatively homogeneous molecular weight of approximately 60000 daltons, is acidic, and putatively contains large concentrations ofN-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). The theoretical identity of the anionic component of the polymer, and the similarities betweenHyphomonas MHS-3 EPS and other adhesive marine/aquatic bacterial EPS are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569990
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevention of biofilm formation by polymer modification (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 391-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biofilm ; prevention ; polymer modification ; glow discharge treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial biofilm formation on synthetic polymers plays an important role in industry and in modern medicine, leading, for example, to difficult-to-treat infections caused by colonized foreign bodies. Prevention of biofilm formation is a necessary step in the successful prophylaxis of such infections. One approach is to inhibit bacterial adherence by polymer surface modification. We have investigated polymer modification by glow discharge treatment in order to study the influence of the modified surface on bacterial adherence. Surface roughness, surface charge density and contact angles of the modified polymers were determined and related to the adherence ofStaphylococcus epidermidis KH6. Although no influence of surface roughness and charge density on bacterial adherence was noticed, a correlation between the free enthalpy of adhesion (estimated from contact angle measurements) and adherence was observed. There seems to exist a certain minimum bacterial adherence, independent of the nature of the polymer surface. Modified polymers with negative surface charge allow for bacterial adherence close to the adherence minimum. These polymers could be improved further by the ionic bonding of silver ions to the surface. Such antimicrobial polymers are able to prevent bacterial colonization, which is a prerequisite for biofilm formation. It is suggested that modification of polymers and subsequent surface coupling of antimicrobials might be an effective approach for the prevention of bacterial biofilm formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569996
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of plastic composite-supports for enhanced ethanol production in biofilm reactors (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: ethanol ; biofilm ; Zymomonas ; Saccharomyces ; Streptomyces ; plastic composite-supports
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Biofilms are a natural form of cell immobilization that result from microbial attachment to solid supports. Biofilm reactors with polypropylene composite-supports containing up to 25% (w/w) of various agricultural materials (corn hulls, cellulose, oat hulls, soybean hulls or starch) and nutrients (soybean flour or zein) were used for ethanol production. Pure cultures ofZymomonas mobilis, ATCC 31821 orSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 24859 and mixed cultures with either of these ethanol-producing microorganisms and the biofilm-formingStreptomyces viridosporus T7A ATCC 39115 were evaluated. An ethanol productivity of 374g L−1 h−1 (44% yield) was obtained on polypropylene composite-supports of soybean hull-zein-polypropylene by usingZ. mobilis, whereas mixed-culture fermentations withS. viridosporus resulted in ethanol productivity of 147.5 g L−1 h−1 when polypropylene composite-supports of corn starch-soybean flour were used. WithS. cerevisiae, maximum productivity of 40 g L−1 h−1 (47% yield) was obtained on polypropylene composite-supports of soybean hull-soybean flour, whereas mixed-culture fermentation withS. viridosporus resulted in ethanol productivity of 190g L−1 h−1 (35% yield) when polypropylene composite-supports of oat hull-polypropylene were used. The maximum productivities obtained without supports (suspension culture) were 124 g L−1 h−1 and 5 g L−1 h−1 withZ. mobilis andS. cerevisiae, respectively. Therefore, forZ. mobilis andS. cerevisiae, ethanol productivities in biofilm fermentations were three- and eight-fold higher than suspension culture fermentations, respectively. Biofilm formation on the chips was detected by weight change and Gram staining of the support material at the end of the fermentation. The ethanol production rate and concentrations were consistently greater in biofilm reactors than in suspension cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570028
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity of an isothiazolone biocide against Hormoconis resinae in pure and mixed biofilms (1996)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 395-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biocide ; biofilm ; Hormoconis ; immunofluorescence ; Kathon FP ; stainless steel ; sulphate-reducing bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Biofilms containing single or mixed cultures of the fungus Hormoconis resinae and anaerobic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on stainless steel were incubated with an isothiazolone biocide (Kathon FP) at 28°C for 24 h. H. resinae within the biofilm was enumerated by immunofluorescence microscopy using specific antiserum, and SRB were assayed by culture. Fungal numbers in mixed biofilms were considerably reduced in comparison with those in pure biofilms. The biocide was shown to be effective against H. resinae in pure biofilms at 50 and 100 ppm, but in mixed biofilms only at the higher concentration. This concentration also reduced the sessile SRB numbers by 99%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340218
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