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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (7,332)
  • 1995-1999  (3,916)
  • 1980-1984  (3,416)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the dermal scales in gymnophiona (Amphibia) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 41-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology and cytology of dermal scales of the gymnophionans Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and Hypogeophis rostratus reveal their structure and the nature of their mineralization.Dermal scales are small flat disks set in pockets in the transverse ridges of the skin. Each pocket contains several scales of various sizes. A ring of “hypomineralization” of varying diameter may occur on scales of a particular dermal pocket but bears no relation to the diameter of these scales.Three different layers form the scales and are seen on sections perpendicular to the surface. The cells of the basal layer lie deepest. Each of the two or three more superficial fibrous layers is composed of bundles of fibres that are oriented in parallel. The orientation varies among layers. The striation of the fiber scales has a periodicity comparable to that of the surrounding dermal fibers. Squamulae form a discontinuous layer on the scale surface and are the only mineralized part of the scale. The minerals are deposited both on the collagen fibers passing from the fibrous layers into the squamulae, and in the interfibrillar spaces. Spherical concretions, either isolated or coalescent, reaching up to 1 μm, are found on the surface of the squamulae.The dermal scales of Gymnophiona present some analogies with those of evolved bony fishes. Their characteristics could make them an original model for the study of mineralization.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin-like growth factor II regulation of gene expression in rat and human hepatomas (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 162 (1995), S. 36-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) regulated tissue-specific gene expression in hepatoma cell lines, but had no effect on expression of tissue-specific genes in primary cultures of E14 and newborn rat liver cells depleted of erythroid cells. No change was observed in these primary cultures with respect to α-fetoprotein (α-FP), albumin, cytokeratin 19 (CK 19), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and IGF II receptors. Two well-differentiated hepatomas, HepG2 and FTO-2B, and a poorly differentiated hepatoma, H4AzC2, did not show increased proliferation in the presence of IGF II, yet showed gene expression changes in response to IGF II. In HepG2 cells, IGF II increased albumin mRNA levels and resulted in a shift from clusters of cells positive to 100% of the cells expressing immunohistochemically detectable albumin. The transcription factor HNF-3β mRNA and protein levels of the bile duct markers, CK19 and GGT, were also increased in the presence of IGF II. Other genes tested were not affected, including α 1-antitrypsin, and two liver specific transcription factors, HNF-4 and HNF-3α. In FTO-2B cells, IGF II increased the expression of albumin, CK19, and GGT, without accompanying changes in albumin and GGT mRNAs. In H4AzC2 cells, IGF II reduced CK19 and OC.3 protein levels and GGT, transferrin, and HNF-3β mRNAs. The effects of IGF II on H4AzC2 cells were not blocked in the presence of an anti-rat IGF II receptor antibody. We conclude that IGF II affects tissue-specific gene expression of hepatomas and qualitative and quantitative aspects of its influence on the hepatomas is dependent on their degree of differentiation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041620106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wie steuert das Gehirn komplexe Verhaltensweisen? (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 25 (1995), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Obwohl die Neurobiologie in den letzten Jahren einen enormen Aufschwung erfahren hat, ist noch immer sehr wenig über die zentralnervösen Grundlagen für die Steuerung von Verhaltensweisen bekannt. Voraussetzung für die Erforschung dieses Phänomens ist ein geeignetes Modellsystem: Das zu untersuchende Verhalten muß klar definiert und leicht zu messen sein; die wesentlichen Elemente des zentralnervösen Schaltkreises, der diese Verhaltensweise kontrolliert, sollten bekannt sein; und schließlich muß es möglich sein, die Häufigkeit, mit der diese Verhaltensweise auftritt, im Experiment zu verändern. Alle drei Forderungen sind in besonderer Weise bei schwachelektrischen Messerfischen erfüllt. Diese unscheinbaren Aquarienbewohner eröffnen damit die Möglichkeit, einen Einblick in die Komplexität der Steuerung von Verhalten durch das Gehirn zu erhalten.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19950250115
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XV. Yeast sequencing reports. A 29·425 kb segment on the left arm of yeast chromosome XV contains more than twice as many unknown as known open reading frames (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 11 (1995), S. 975-986 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XV sequencing ; expressed sequence tags ; ADH1 ; COQ3 ; MSH2 and RCF4 ; transmembrane proteins ; organelle targeting ; ARS ; GCN4 ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of a 29·425 kb fragment localized on the left arm of chromosome XV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined. The sequence contains 13 open reading frames (ORFs) of which four encode the known genes ADH1, COQ3, MSH2 and RCF4. Predictions are made concerning the functions of the unknown ORFs. Some of the ORFs contain sequences similar to expressed sequences tags (EST) found in the database made available by TIGR. In particular, the highly expressed ADH1 gene is represented in this database by no less than 20 EST sequences. Two ARS sequences and a putative functional GCN4 motif have also been detected. One ORF (O0953) containing nine putative transmembrane segments is similar to a hypothetical membrane protein of Arabidopsis thaliana. Characteristic features of the other ORFs include ATP/GTP binding sites, a fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear centre, an endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence, a β-transducin repeat signature and in two instances, good similarity to the prokaryotic lipoprotein signal peptide motif. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X83121.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320111009
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteinabbau nach Maß Das Proteasom - eine vielseitige Protease mit bemerkenswerter Struktur (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 28 (1998), S. 64-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Viele Erkenntnisse über das Geschehen in einer Zelle vermitteln uns das Bild eines Fließgleichgewichts, das es der Zelle erlaubt, sich flexibel auf änderungen der Umwelt einzustellen. Während dieses Prinzip für Stoffwechselprozesse schon lange akzeptiertes Lehrbuchwissen darstellt, haben Untersuchungen zum Proteinabbau dieses Dogma nun auch auf proteolytische Prozesse erweitert. Die meisten zelluläen Proteine werden ständig neu gebildet und ebenso auch wieder abgebaut. Hierbei können sich ihre individuellen Halbwertszeiten je nach Funktion der Proteine stark voneinander unterscheiden. So besitzen Enzyme, die wichtige metabolische Kontrollfunktionen in der Zelle ausüben, Halbwertszeiten im Bereich von Minuten, während andere Proteine über Monate stabil vorliegen können. Der gezielte Proteinabbau stellt für die Zelle ein wirkungsvolles Kontrollinstrument dar, um die Konzentrationen wichtiger regulatorischer Proteine schnell und irreversibel zu senken. Auf diese Weise kann sich die Zelle zudem von abnormalen, wie zum Beispiel falsch gefalteten oder mutierten, und damit funktionsunfähigen Proteinen befreien, deren Ansammlung sie auf längere Sicht hin schäadigen würde. überdies werden wertvolle Aminosäurebausteine im Sinne eines effektiven Recyclings wieder zur Synthese neuer Proteine eingesetzt. Da die Proteinbiosynthese ein energieaufwendiger Prozeß ist, muß der regulierend eingesetzte Proteinabbau einer strikten Kontrolle unterliegen. Wir beginnen gerade zu verstehen, wie die Zelle das Kunststück fertigbringt, aus der großen Vielzahl aller zelluläen Proteine mit hoher Präzision diejenigen auszuwählen, die zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt abgebaut werden sollen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960280208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbendazim (MBC) disrupts oocyte spindle function and induces aneuploidy in hamsters exposed during fertilization (meiosis II) (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 42 (1995), S. 200-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Embryo ; Pronucleus ; Microtubules ; Chromosome analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Peri-fertilization exposure to Carbendazim (MBC; a microtubule poison) induces infertility and early pregnancy loss in hamsters. Presently, both in vivo and in vitro techniques were employed to characterize the effects of MBC on cellular aspects of fertilization in hamsters. Exposure to MBC during either in vivo or in vitro fertilization (IVF) induced identical morphological abnormalities in the maternal chromatin of zygotes and embryos. These abnormalities included either multiple second polar bodies (PB2), and/or multiple small female pronuclei (PN), or meiotic arrest. Multiple PB2, multiple female PN, multiple PB2 with multiple female PN, or meiotic arrest were exhibited by approximately 31%, 15%, 12%, and 2% of the in vivo zygotes; and 3%, 16%, 36%, and 20% of IVF zygotes, respectively. The effects of MBC persisted to day 2 of pregnancy as indicated by decreased (P ≤ 0.05) embryo development to the two-cell stage and the presence of micronuclei in 6% of two-cell embryos from MBC-treated females. Immunofluorescence analysis of microtubules (MTs) confirmed that MBC disrupted spindle MTs during IVF. Numerical chromosome analysis revealed that a single dose of MBC administered during in vivo fertilization induced aneuploidy in the resulting pronuclear-stage zygotes. The present data point to two mechanisms by which peri-fertilization MBC exposure may induce early pregnancy loss: 1) arrested meiosis with no zygotic cleavage; or 2) induction of zygotic aneuploidy with subsequent developmental arrest. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080420209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcription of chick genes by mammalian RNA polymerase II in chick erythrocyte-mammalian cell heterokaryons (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 113 (1982), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The introduction of chick erythrocyte nuclei into mammalian cell cytoplasms results in their reactivation as evidenced by the de novo transcription of chick genes and the synthesis of both globin and constitutive proteins. In the present study, chick erythrocytes have been fused to L6 rat myoblasts and to alphaamanitin-resistant variants of L6 to determine whether the chick or the mammalian RNA polymerase II was responsible for transcription of chick genes. Heterokaryons formed by fusing chick erythrocytes with alpha-amanitin-resistant L6 myoblasts synthesize both chick globin and chick constitutive proteins in the continued presence of 5 μg/ml alpha amanitin ten days postfusion. Both the synthesis of globin and other chick polypeptides occurs at levels comparable to those observed for untreated heterokaryons. Synthesis occurs under conditions in which insignificant chick RNA polymerase II activity can be detected irv wild-type heterokaryons by autoradiography. These results demonstrate that RNA polymerase II is one of the mammalian proteins that is selectively taken up by the chick nucleus during reactivation in the presence of alpha amanitin. Furthermore, the mammalian RNA polymerase II alone can account for the transcription of both differentiation specific and constitutive genes in the chick nucleus.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041130117
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatin organization during mouse oocyte growth (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 41 (1995), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Folliculogenesis ; Meiosis ; Chromatin structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We investigated the changes in the organization of oocyte nuclear chromatin and nucleolar-associated chromatin throughout folliculogenesis. Zona-free oocytes were isolated from ovaries, grouped into seven classes according to size and chromatin organization, and analyzed after staining with Hoechst 33342. We show that oocyte differentiation from the dictyate stage to the conclusion of maturation is associated with either of two chromatin configurations. Initially, all oocytes are in the NSN configuration (nonsurrounded nucleolus oocytes; characterized by a Hoechst positive-chromatin pattern of small clumps forming a network on the nuclear surface, with a nucleolus nonsurrounded by chromatin). While growing, some of these NSN oocytes continue their development in the NSN configuration, whereas others shift (from class IV on) into the SN configuration (surrounded nucleolus oocytes; characterized by a threadlike chromatin organization that may partially surround the nucleolus or project towards the nuclear periphery). The percentage of SN oocytes increases both with increasing size of the oocyte (class I-III, 10-40 μm in diameter: 100% NSN vs. 0% SN; class VII 70-80 μm in diameter: 47.3% NSN vs. 52.3 SN, in 4-6-week-old females), and with aging (class VII: 94.1% NSN vs. 5.9% SN in 2-week-old females; 11.8% NSN vs. 8.2% SN in 56-week-old females). Further, we suggest as a working hypothesis that those oocytes that switch to the SN chromatin organization early in maturation may not be ovulated, even though this particular chromatin structure normally occurs just prior to ovulation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080410410
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene amplification as a mechanism of reversion at the HPRT locus in V79 chinese hamster cells (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 119 (1984), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spontaneous phenotypic revertants of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) temperature-sensitive V79 Chinese hamster cells were selected by plating a temperature-sensitive mutant in HAT medium at 39°C. The incidence of such revertants was approximately 2 × 10-4 per cell. The majority of the revertants examined had increases of between three- and tenfold in their specific activity of the enzyme, and they were able to grow continuously in the presence of HAT medium at 39°C. When the revertants were cultivated in the absence of HAT, they recovered their HAT-sensitive phenotype and their lowered level of HPRT. Three of the revertants were examined for their temperature inactivation profiles, and all were found to have profiles identical to the ts parent, and quite different from the V79 wild type. The kinetic properties of the cell lines were studied:the Km for both PRPP and hypoxanthine was significantly different in the temperature-sensitive cells but was not significantly altered in the revertants with respect to the ts mutants. A specific antibody to Chinese hamster brain HPRT was employed in immunoprecipitation experiments. By measuring the point at which the immunoprecipitation of the antibody to HPRT was overcome by increasing concentrations of cell supernatant, it was possible to estimate the relative amount of enzyme molecules in the cell lines. From these data, it could be concluded that the revertants overproduced an enzyme with the same immunological properties as the ts line. Southern blots of the Hind Ill restricted DNA from the ts mutant and two revertant cell lines were examined with an HPRT cDNA probe. This established that the HPRT gene was amplified twofold in one of the revertants, and threefold in the other. However, if the revertants were reintroduced into nonselective medium, the gene copy number declined to one. Finally, northern blots of RNA extracted from the various cell lines demonstrated that the HPRT mRNA was augmented 1.5-fold in one revertant and 1.4-fold in the other. Reintroduction into non-selective medium resulted in a decline in mRNA level for the second mutant, whereas the first mutant appeared to be stabilized.We conclude that gene amplification and concomitant amplification of messenger RNA and enzyme levels are mechanisms of phenotypic reversion at the HPRT locus in Chinese hamster cells.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041190313
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimal selection requirements for the correlation between heterozygosity and growth, and for the deficiency of heterozygotes, in oyster populationBased on a lecture delivered in September 1983, at the International Conference in Biochemical and Developmental Genetics, Kos, Greece. (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 393-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: marine molluscs ; heterozygosity ; growth ; selection models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examine several models that may account for the observation that in populations of marine molluscs in general, and of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in particular, the growth of an individual is related to its degree of heterozygosity and, also, that the number of heterozygous individuals in the population is less than expected on the assumption of random mating and no selection. We classify these models into nonselective, selective, and mixed models. We conclude that mixed models are the most likely to apply to real populations, but cannot exclude selective models. Nonselective models appear least likely. Current evidence favors a model that assumes that heterozygotes enjoy a fitness advantage as adults, primarily because of their faster growth, and that the lower numbers of heterozygotes in the population result from some form of nonrandom fertilization. One possible source of nonrandom fertilization is variation in the time of spawning of individuals due to differences in body size.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040413
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